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8-1

Solutions Manual for


Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach
8th Edition
Yunus A. Çengel, Michael A. Boles
McGraw-Hill, 2015

Chapter 8
EXERGY

PROPRIETARY AND CONFIDENTIAL

This Manual is the proprietary property of McGraw-Hill Education and protected by copyright and
other state and federal laws. By opening and using this Manual the user agrees to the following
restrictions, and if the recipient does not agree to these restrictions, the Manual should be promptly
returned unopened to McGraw-Hill Education: This Manual is being provided only to authorized
professors and instructors for use in preparing for the classes using the affiliated textbook. No
other use or distribution of this Manual is permitted. This Manual may not be sold and may not
be distributed to or used by any student or other third party. No part of this Manual may be
reproduced, displayed or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of McGraw-Hill Education.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-2

Exergy, Irreversibility, Reversible Work, and Second-Law Efficiency

8-1C The dead state.

8-2C Yes; exergy is a function of the state of the surroundings as well as the state of the system.

8-3C Useful work differs from the actual work by the surroundings work. They are identical for systems that involve no
surroundings work such as steady-flow systems.

8-4C Yes.

8-5C No, not necessarily. The well with the higher temperature will have a higher exergy.

8-6C The system that is at the temperature of the surroundings has zero exergy. But the system that is at a lower
temperature than the surroundings has some exergy since we can run a heat engine between these two temperature levels.

8-7C The second-law efficiency is a measure of the performance of a device relative to its performance under reversible
conditions. It differs from the first law efficiency in that it is not a conversion efficiency.

8-8C No. The power plant that has a lower thermal efficiency may have a higher second-law efficiency.

8-9C No. The refrigerator that has a lower COP may have a higher second-law efficiency.

8-10C A processes with Wrev = 0 is reversible if it involves no actual useful work. Otherwise it is irreversible.

8-11C Yes.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
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8-3

8-12 Windmills are to be installed at a location with steady winds to generate power. The minimum number of windmills
that need to be installed is to be determined.
Assumptions Air is at standard conditions of 1 atm and 25C
Properties The gas constant of air is 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1).
Analysis The exergy or work potential of the blowing air is the kinetic energy it possesses,

V 2 (6 m/s)2  1 kJ/kg 
Exergy  ke      0.0180 kJ/kg
2 2  1000 m 2 / s 2 
At standard atmospheric conditions (25C, 101 kPa), the density and
the mass flow rate of air are
P 101 kPa
   1.18 m 3 / kg
RT (0.287 kPa  m 3 / kg  K)(298 K)

and

 D2
m  AV1   V1  (1.18 kg/m 3 )( / 4)( 40 m) 2 (6 m/s) = 8904 kg/s
4
Thus,
Available Power  m ke  (8904 kg/s)(0.0180 kJ/kg) = 160.3 kW

The minimum number of windmills that needs to be installed is


W total 1500 kW
N   9.4  10 windmills
W 160.3 kW

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
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8-4

8-13E Saturated steam is generated in a boiler by transferring heat from the combustion gases. The wasted work potential
associated with this heat transfer process is to be determined. Also, the effect of increasing the temperature of combustion
gases on the irreversibility is to be discussed.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis The properties of water at the inlet and outlet of the boiler and at the dead state are (Tables A-4E through A-6E)
P1  200 psia  h1  h f  355.46 Btu/lbm

x1  0 (sat. liq.)  s1  s f  0.54379 Btu/lbm R q
P2  200 psia  h2  h g  1198.8 Btu/lbm Water
200 psia
 200 psia
x 2  1 (sat. vap.)  s 2  s g  1.5460 Btu/lbm R sat. liq. sat. vap.
T0  80F  h0  h f @ 80F  48.07 Btu/lbm

P0  14.7 psia  s 0  s f @ 80F  0.09328 Btu/lbm R

The heat transfer during the process is


qin  h2  h1  1198.8  355.46  843.3 Btu/lbm

The entropy generation associated with this process is


qin
sgen  sw  sR  ( s2  s1 ) 
TR
843.3 Btu/lbm
 (1.5460  0.54379)Btu/lbm  R 
(500  460)R
 0.12377 Btu/lbm  R
The wasted work potential (exergy destruction is)
xdest  T0sgen  (80  460 R)(0.12377 Btu/lbm R)  66.8 Btu/lbm

The work potential (exergy) of the steam stream is


 w  h2  h1  T0 ( s2  s1 )
 (1198.8  355.46)Btu/lbm  (540 R )(1.5460  0.54379)Btu/lbm R
 302.1 Btu/lbm
Increasing the temperature of combustion gases does not effect the work potential of steam stream since it is determined by
the states at which water enters and leaves the boiler.
Discussion This problem may also be solved as follows:
Exergy transfer by heat transfer:
 T   540 
xheat  q1  0   (843.3)1    368.9 Btu/lbm
 TR   960 

Exergy increase of steam:


 w  302.1 Btu/lbm

The net exergy destruction:


xdest  xheat   w  368.9  302.1  66.8 Btu/lbm

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-5

8-14 Water is to be pumped to a high elevation lake at times of low electric demand for use in a hydroelectric turbine at
times of high demand. For a specified energy storage capacity, the minimum amount of water that needs to be stored in the
lake is to be determined.
Assumptions The evaporation of water from the lake is negligible.
Analysis The exergy or work potential of the water is the potential energy it possesses,
Exergy = PE = mgh 75 m

Thus,

PE 5 10 6 kWh  3600 s  1000 m 2 / s 2 


  2.45  10 10 kg
m   
gh (9.8 m/s 2 )( 75 m)  1 h  1 kW  s/kg 

8-15 A body contains a specified amount of thermal energy at a specified temperature. The amount that can be converted to
work is to be determined.
Analysis The amount of heat that can be converted to work is simply
the amount that a reversible heat engine can convert to work, 650 K
T0 298 K 100 kJ
 th,rev  1  1  0.5415
TH 650 K HE
Wmax,out  Wrev,out   th,rev Qin
 (0.5415)(100 kJ) 298 K
= 54.2 kJ

8-16 The thermal efficiency of a heat engine operating between specified temperature limits is given. The second-law
efficiency of a engine is to be determined.
Analysis The thermal efficiency of a reversible heat engine operating
between the same temperature reservoirs is 1200C

 th,rev  1 
T0
 1
293 K
 0.801  th = 0.40
TH 1200  273 K HE
Thus,
 th 0.40 20C
 II    49.9%
 th,rev 0.801

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
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8-6

8-17 A heat reservoir at a specified temperature can supply heat at a specified rate. The exergy of this heat supplied is to be
determined.
Analysis The exergy of the supplied heat, in the rate form, is the amount
1500 K
of power that would be produced by a reversible heat engine,
T0 298 K
 th,max   th,rev  1   1  0.8013 HE 
W rev
TH 1500 K
Exergy  W max,out  W rev,out   th,rev Q in
 (0.8013)(150,000 / 3600 kJ/s) 298 K
= 33.4 kW

8-18 A heat engine receives heat from a source at a specified temperature at a specified rate, and rejects the waste
heat to a sink. For a given power output, the reversible power, the rate of irreversibility, and the 2 nd law efficiency are to be
determined.
Analysis (a) The reversible power is the power produced by a reversible heat engine operating between the specified
temperature limits,
TL 320 K
 th,max   th,rev  1  1  0.7091
TH 1100 K 1100 K
W rev,out   th,rev Q in  (0.7091)( 400 kJ/s) = 283.6 kW 400 kJ/s
(b) The irreversibility rate is the difference between the reversible HE 120 kW
power and the actual power output:

I  W rev,out  W u,out  283.6  120  163.6 kW


320 K
(c) The second law efficiency is determined from its definition,
Wu,out 120 kW
 II    0.423  42.3%
Wrev,out 283.6 kW

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
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8-7

8-19 Problem 8-18 is reconsidered. The effect of reducing the temperature at which the waste heat is rejected on the
reversible power, the rate of irreversibility, and the second law efficiency is to be studied and the results are to be plotted.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.

"Input Data"
T_H= 1100 [K]
Q_dot_H= 400 [kJ/s]
{T_L=320 [K]}
W_dot_out = 120 [kW]
T_Lsurr =25 [C]

"The reversible work is the maximum work done by the Carnot Engine between T_H and T_L:"
Eta_Carnot=1 - T_L/T_H
W_dot_rev=Q_dot_H*Eta_Carnot
"The irreversibility is given as:"
I_dot = W_dot_rev-W_dot_out
"The thermal efficiency is, in percent:"
Eta_th = Eta_Carnot*Convert(, %)
"The second law efficiency is, in percent:"
Eta_II = W_dot_out/W_dot_rev*Convert(, %)

TL [K] W rev [kJ/s] I [kJ/s] II [%]


500 218.2 98.18 55
477.6 226.3 106.3 53.02
455.1 234.5 114.5 51.17
432.7 242.7 122.7 49.45
410.2 250.8 130.8 47.84
387.8 259 139 46.33
365.3 267.2 147.2 44.92
342.9 275.3 155.3 43.59
320.4 283.5 163.5 42.33
298 291.6 171.6 41.15

300
290
280
Wrev [kJ/s]

270
260
250
240
230
220
210
275 320 365 410 455 500
TL [K]

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
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8-8

180

160
I [kJ/s]

140

120

100

275 320 365 410 455 500


TL [K]

56

54

52

50
 II [%]

48

46

44

42

40
275 320 365 410 455 500
TL [K]

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-9

8-20E The thermal efficiency and the second-law efficiency of a heat engine are given. The source temperature is to be
determined.
TH
Analysis From the definition of the second law efficiency,
 th  0.25
 II    th,rev  th 
  0.50
 th,rev  II 0.50 HE
 th = 25%
Thus,  II = 50%
TL
 th,rev  1   TH  TL /(1   th,rev )  (510 R)/0.50 = 1020 R
 510 R
TH

8-21 A house is maintained at a specified temperature by electric resistance heaters. The reversible work for this heating
process and irreversibility are to be determined.
Analysis We consider a reversible heat pump operation as the reversible counterpart of the irreversible process of heating
the house by resistance heaters. Instead of using electricity input for resistance heaters, it is used to power a reversible heat
pump. The reversible work is the minimum work required to accomplish this process, and the irreversibility is the difference
between the reversible work and the actual electrical work consumed. The actual power input is

W in  Q out  Q H  50,000 kJ/h = 13.89 kW


50,000 kJ/h
The COP of a reversible heat pump operating between the
specified temperature limits is
1 1
COPHP,rev    14.20 House
1  TL / TH 1  277.15 / 298.15 25 C
4 C
Thus,

Q H 13.89 kW
W rev,in    0.978 kW
COPHP,rev 14.20 ·
W
and
I  W u,in  W rev,in  13.89  0.978  12.91 kW

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
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8-10

8-22E A freezer is maintained at a specified temperature by removing heat from it at a specified rate. The power
consumption of the freezer is given. The reversible power, irreversibility, and the second-law efficiency are to be
determined.
Analysis (a) The reversible work is the minimum work required to accomplish this task, which is the work that a reversible
refrigerator operating between the specified temperature limits would consume,
1 1
COPR,rev    8.73
TH / TL  1 535 / 480  1
75F
Q L 75 Btu/min  1 hp 
W rev,in      0.20 hp
COPR,rev 8.73  42.41 Btu/min 
R 0.70 hp
(b) The irreversibility is the difference between the reversible work and the
actual electrical work consumed, 75 Btu/min

I  W u,in  W rev,in  0.70  0.20  0.50 hp Freezer


20F
(c) The second law efficiency is determined from its definition,

W rev 0.20 hp
 II    28.9%
W u 0.7 hp

8-23 It is to be shown that the power produced by a wind turbine is proportional to the cube of the wind velocity and the
square of the blade span diameter.
Analysis The power produced by a wind turbine is proportional to the kinetic energy of the wind, which is equal to the
product of the kinetic energy of air per unit mass and the mass flow rate of air through the blade span area. Therefore,
Wind power = (Efficienc y)(Kinetic energy)(Ma ss flow rate of air)
V2 V 2  D2
=  wind ( AV )   wind  V
2 2 4
V 3 D 2
  wind   (Constant )V 3 D 2
8
which completes the proof that wind power is proportional to the cube of the wind velocity and to the square of the blade
span diameter.

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If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
8-11

Exergy Analysis of Closed Systems

8-24C Yes, it can. For example, the 1st law efficiency of a reversible heat engine operating between the temperature limits
of 300 K and 1000 K is 70%. However, the second law efficiency of this engine, like all reversible devices, is 100%.

8-25 A fixed mass of helium undergoes a process from a specified state to another specified state. The increase in the useful
energy potential of helium is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 At specified conditions, helium can be treated as an ideal gas.
2 Helium has constant specific heats at room temperature.
Properties The gas constant of helium is R = 2.0769 kJ/kg.K (Table A-1). The
constant volume specific heat of helium is cv = 3.1156 kJ/kg.K (Table A-2).
He
Analysis From the ideal-gas entropy change relation, 8 kg
T2 v 288 K
s 2  s1  cv ,avg ln  R ln 2
T1 v1
353 K 0.5 m 3 /kg
 (3.1156 kJ/kg  K) ln  (2.0769 kJ/kg  K) ln
288 K 3 m 3 /kg
= 3.087 kJ/kg  K

The increase in the useful potential of helium during this process is simply the increase in exergy,
 2   1  m(u1  u 2 )  T0 ( s1  s 2 )  P0 (v 1  v 2 )
 (8 kg){(3.1156 kJ/kg  K)(288  353) K  (298 K)(3.087 kJ/kg  K)
+ (100 kPa)(3  0.5)m 3 / kg[kJ/kPa  m 3 ]}
 6980 kJ

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8-12
8-26E Air is expanded in an adiabatic closed system with an isentropic efficiency of 95%. The second law efficiency of the
process is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 2 The process is adiabatic, and thus there is no heat
transfer. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 0.240 Btu/lbm·R, cv = 0.171 Btu/lbm·R, k = 1.4, and R =
0.06855 Btu/lbm·R (Table A-2Ea).
Analysis We take the air as the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the boundaries of the system. The
energy balance for this system can be expressed as
E E  E system
inout
  
Net energy transfer Changein internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential,etc. energies
Air
 Wb,out  U  mcv (T2  T1 ) 180 psia
The final temperature for the isentropic case is 140°F
( k 1) / k 0.4 / 1.4
P   20 psia 
T2 s  T1  2   (600 R)   320.3 R
 P1   180 psia 
The actual exit temperature from the isentropic relation is
T 180 psia
T T 1
 1 2
T1  T2s 20 psia
T2  T1   (T1  T2 s )  600  (0.95)(600  320.3)  334.3 R
2
The boundary work output is 2s
wb,out  cv (T1  T2 )  (0.171 Btu/lbm R)(600  334.3)R  45.44 Btu/lbm s

The entropy change of air is


T2 P
s air  c p ln  R ln 2
T1 P1
334.3 R 20 psia
 (0.240 Btu/lbm  R)ln  (0.06855 Btu/lbm  R)ln
600 R 180 psia
 0.01021 Btu/lbm  R
The exergy difference between states 1 and 2 is
1   2  u1  u 2  P0 (v 1  v 2 )  T0 ( s1  s 2 )
T T 
 cv (T1  T2 )  P0 R 1  2   T0 ( s1  s 2 )
 P1 P2 
 600 R 334.3 R 
 45.44 Btu/lbm  (14.7 psia)(0.06855 Btu/lbm R)    (537 R)(0.01021 Btu/lbm R)
 180 psia 20 psia 
 37.44 Btu/lbm
The useful work is determined from
T T 
wu  wb,out  wsurr  cv (T1  T2 )  P0 (v 2  v 1 )  cv (T1  T2 )  P0 R 2  1 
 P2 P1 
 334.3 R 600 R 
 45.44 Btu/lbm  (14.7 psia)(0.06855 Btu/lbm R)  
 20 psia 180 psia 
 31.96 Btu/lbm
The second law efficiency is then
wu 31.96 Btu/lbm
 II    0.854
 37.44 Btu/lbm

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8-13

8-27E Air and helium at specified states are considered. The gas with the higher exergy content is to be identified.
Assumptions 1 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 2 Air and helium are ideal gases with constant specific
heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 0.240 Btu/lbm·R, cv = 0.171 Btu/lbm·R, k = 1.4, and R =
0.06855 Btu/lbm·R = 0.3704 psiaft3/lbm·R. For helium, cp = 1.25 Btu/lbm·R, cv = 0.753 Btu/lbm·R, k = 1.667, and R =
0.4961 Btu/lbm·R= 2.6809 psiaft3/lbm·R. (Table A-2E).
Analysis The mass of air in the system is

PV (100 psia)(15 ft 3 ) Air


m   5.704 lbm
RT (0.3704 psia  ft 3 /lbm  R)(710 R) 15 ft3
100 psia
The entropy change of air between the given state and the dead state is 250°F
T P
s  s 0  c p ln  R ln
T0 P0
710 R 100 psia
 (0.240 Btu/lbm  R)ln  (0.06855 Btu/lbm  R)ln
537 R 14.7 psia
 0.06441 Btu/lbm  R
The air’s specific volumes at the given state and dead state are

RT (0.3704 psia  ft 3 /lbm  R)(710 R)


v   2.630 ft 3 /lbm
P 100 psia

RT0 (0.3704 psia  ft 3 /lbm  R)(537 R)


v0    13.53 ft 3 /lbm
P0 14.7 psia

The specific closed system exergy of the air is then


  u  u 0  P0 (v  v 0 )  T0 ( s  s 0 )
 cv (T  T0 )  P0 (v  v 0 )  T0 ( s  s 0 )
 1 Btu 
 (0.171 Btu/lbm  R )(300  77)R  (14.7 psia)(2.630  13.53)ft 3 /lbm 
 5.404 psia  ft 3 
 
 (537 R)(0.06441) Btu/lbm  R
 34.52 Btu/lbm
The total exergy available in the air for the production of work is then
  m  (5.704 lbm)(34.52 Btu/lbm)  197 Btu

We now repeat the calculations for helium:

PV (60 psia)(20 ft 3 )
m   0.6782 lbm
RT (2.6809 psia  ft 3 /lbm  R)(660 R)
Helium
T P 20 ft3
s  s 0  c p ln  R ln 60 psia
T0 P0
200°F
660 R 60 psia
 (1.25 Btu/lbm  R)ln  (0.4961 Btu/lbm  R)ln
537 R 14.7 psia
 0.4400 Btu/lbm  R

RT (2.6809 psia  ft 3 /lbm  R)(660 R)


v   29.49 ft 3 /lbm
P 60 psia

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8-14

RT0 (2.6809 psia  ft /lbm  R)(537 R)


3
v0    97.93 ft 3 /lbm
P0 14.7 psia

  u  u 0  P0 (v  v 0 )  T0 ( s  s 0 )
 cv (T  T0 )  P0 (v  v 0 )  T0 ( s  s 0 )
 1 Btu 
 (0.753 Btu/lbm  R )( 200  77)R  (14.7 psia)(29.49  97.93)ft 3 /lbm 
 5.404 psia  ft 3 
 
 (537 R)(0.4400) Btu/lbm  R
 142.7 Btu/lbm
  m  (0.6782 lbm)(142.7 Btu/lbm)  96.8 Btu

Comparison of two results shows that the air system has a greater potential for the production of work.

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8-15

8-28 Steam and R-134a at the same states are considered. The fluid with the higher exergy content is to be identified.
Assumptions Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis The properties of water at the given state and at the dead state are
u  2594.7 kJ/kg
P  800 kPa  Steam
 v  0.24720 m /kg
3
(Table A - 6)
T  180C  1 kg
s  6.7155 kJ/kg  K 800 kPa
u 0  u f @ 25C  104.83 kJ/kg 180°C
T0  25C 
 v 0  v f @ 25C  0.001003 m /kg (Table A - 4)
3
P0  100 kPa 
s 0  s f @ 25C  0.3672 kJ/kg  K

The exergy of steam is


  mu  u 0  P0 (v  v 0 )  T0 ( s  s 0 )
  1 kJ 
(2594.7  104.83)kJ/kg  (100 kPa)(0.24720  0.001003)m /kg 
3
 (1 kg)   1 kPa  m 3 
 (298 K)(6.7155  0.3672)kJ/kg  K 
 622.7kJ
For R-134a;
u  386.99 kJ/kg
P  800 kPa 
 v  0.044554 m /kg (Table A - 13)
3
T  180C  R-134a
s  1.3327 kJ/kg  K
1 kg
u 0  u f @ 25C  85.85 kJ/kg
T0  25C  800 kPa
 v 0  v f @ 25C  0.0008286 m /kg (Table A - 11)
3
180°C
P0  100 kPa 
s 0  s f @ 25C  0.32432 kJ/kg  K

  mu  u 0  P0 (v  v 0 )  T0 ( s  s 0 )
  1 kJ 
(386.99  85.85)kJ/kg  (100 kPa)(0.044554  0.0008286)m /kg 
3
 (1 kg)   1 kPa  m 3 
 (298 K)(1.3327  0.32432)kJ/kg  K 
 5.02 kJ
The steam can therefore has more work potential than the R-134a.

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8-16

8-29 A cylinder is initially filled with R-134a at a specified state. The refrigerant is cooled and condensed at constant
pressure. The exergy of the refrigerant at the initial and final states, and the exergy destroyed during this process are to be
determined.
Assumptions The kinetic and potential energies are negligible.
Properties From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-11 through A-13),
v 1  0.034875 m 3 / kg
P1  0.7 MPa 
 u1  274.03 kJ/kg
T1  60C  s  1.0257 kJ/kg  K
1

v  v f @ 20C = 0.0008160 m 3 / kg R-134a


P2  0.7 MPa  2 0.7 MPa
 u 2  u f @ 20C = 78.85 kJ/kg P = const.
T2  20C s s
Q
2 f @ 20C = 0.30062 kJ/kg  K

v  0.23373 m 3 / kg
P0  0.1 MPa  0
 u 0  248.81 kJ/kg
T0  20C 
s 0  1.0919 kJ/kg  K
Analysis (a) From the closed system exergy relation,
X 1   1  m(u1  u 0 )  T0 ( s1  s 0 )  P0 (v 1  v 0 )

 (8 kg){(274.03  248.81) kJ/kg  (293 K)(1.0257  1.0919) kJ/kg  K

 1 kJ 
+ (100 kPa)(0.034875  0.23373)m 3 /kg }
 1 kPa  m 3 
 197.8 kJ
and
X 2   2  m(u 2  u 0 )  T0 ( s 2  s 0 )  P0 (v 2  v 0 )

 (8 kg){(78.85  248.81) kJ/kg - (293 K)(0.30062  1.0919) kJ/kg  K

 1 kJ 
+ (100 kPa)(0.0008160  0.23373)m 3 /kg }
 1 kPa  m 3 
 308.6 kJ
(b) The reversible work input, which represents the minimum work input Wrev,in in this case can be determined from the
exergy balance by setting the exergy destruction equal to zero,

X X  X destroyed0 (reversible)  X system


inout
    
Net exergy transfer Exergy Change
by heat, work, and mass destruction in exergy

Wrev,in  X 2  X 1  308.6  197.8  110.8 kJ

Noting that the process involves only boundary work, the useful work input during this process is simply the boundary work
in excess of the work done by the surrounding air,
Wu,in  Win  Wsurr,in  Win  P0 (V1  V 2 )  P(V1  V 2 )  P0 m(v 1  v 2 )
 m( P  P0 )(v 1  v 2 )
 1 kJ 
 (8 kg)(700 - 100 kPa)(0.034875  0.0008160 m 3 / kg)   163.5 kJ
 1 kPa  m 3 
Knowing both the actual useful and reversible work inputs, the exergy destruction or irreversibility that is the difference
between the two is determined from its definition to be
X destroyed  I  Wu,in  Wrev,in  163.5  110.8  52.7 kJ

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8-17

8-30 The radiator of a steam heating system is initially filled with superheated steam. The valves are closed, and steam is
allowed to cool until the pressure drops to a specified value by transferring heat to the room. The amount of heat transfer to
the room and the maximum amount of heat that can be supplied to the room are to be determined.
Assumptions Kinetic and potential energies are negligible.
Properties From the steam tables (Tables A-4 through A-6),
Qout
Steam
v 1  1.0805 m / kg 3
P1  200 kPa  20 L
 u1  2654.6 kJ/kg P1 = 200 kPa
T1  200C 
s1  7.5081 kJ/kg  K T1 = 200C

v 2 v f 1.0805  0.001029
x2    0.3171
v fg 3.4053  0.001029
T2  80C 
 u 2  u f  x 2 u fg  334.97  0.3171 2146.6  1015.6 kJ/kg
(v 2  v 1 ) 
s 2  s f  x 2 s fg  1.0756  0.3171 6.5355  3.1479 kJ/kg  K

Analysis (a) The mass of the steam is

V 0.020 m 3
m   0.01851 kg
v 1 1.0805 m 3 / kg

The amount of heat transfer to the room is determined from an energy balance on the radiator expressed as
E E  E system
inout
  
Net energy transfer Changein internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential,etc. energies

 Qout  U  m(u 2  u1 ) (since W  KE = PE = 0)


Qout  m(u1  u 2 )

or Qout  (0.01851 kg)(2654.6  1015.6) kJ/kg = 30.3 kJ

(b) The reversible work output, which represents the maximum work output Wrev,out in this case can be determined from the
exergy balance by setting the exergy destruction equal to zero,

X  X out  X destroyed0 (reversible)  X system


in    
Net exergy transfer Exergy Change
by heat, work,and mass destruction in exergy

 Wrev,out  X 2  X1  Wrev,out  X1  X 2  1   2

Substituting the closed system exergy relation, the reversible work during this process is determined to be


Wrev,out  m (u1  u 2 )  T0 ( s1  s 2 )  P0 (v 10  v 2 ) 
 m(u1  u 2 )  T0 ( s1  s 2 )
 (0.01851 kg)(2654.6 - 1015.6)kJ/kg - (273 K)(7.5081 - 3.1479)kJ/kg  K   8.305 kJ

When this work is supplied to a reversible heat pump, it will supply the room heat in the amount of
Wrev 8.305 kJ
QH  COPHP,rev Wrev    116 kJ
1  TL / TH 1 - 273/294

Discussion Note that the amount of heat supplied to the room can be increased by about 3 times by eliminating the
irreversibility associated with the irreversible heat transfer process.

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8-18

8-31 Problem 8-30 is reconsidered. The effect of the final steam temperature in the radiator on the amount of actual
heat transfer and the maximum amount of heat that can be transferred is to be investigated.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.

T_1=200 [C]
P_1=200 [kPa]
V=20 [L]
T_2=80 [C]
T_o=0 [C]
P_o=100 [kPa]

"Conservation of energy for closed system is:"


E_in - E_out = DELTAE
DELTAE = m*(u_2 - u_1)
E_in=0
E_out= Q_out
u_1 =intenergy(steam_iapws,P=P_1,T=T_1)
v_1 =volume(steam_iapws,P=P_1,T=T_1)
s_1 =entropy(steam_iapws,P=P_1,T=T_1)
v_2 = v_1
u_2 = intenergy(steam_iapws, v=v_2,T=T_2)
s_2 = entropy(steam_iapws, v=v_2,T=T_2)
m=V*convert(L,m^3)/v_1
W_rev=-m*(u_2 - u_1 -(T_o+273.15)*(s_2-s_1)+P_o*(v_1-v_2))

"When this work is supplied to a reversible heat pump, the heat pump will supply the room heat in the amount of
:"

Q_H = COP_HP*W_rev
COP_HP = T_H/(T_H-T_L)
T_H = 294 [K] 160
Heat Transfer to Room [kJ]

T_L = 273 [K]


140

QH Qout T2 Wrev 120 Maximum


[kJ] [kJ] [C] [kJ]
155.4 46.66 21 11.1 100
153.9 45.42 30 11
151.2 43.72 40 10.8 80
146.9 41.55 50 10.49
Actual
140.3 38.74 60 10.02 60
130.4 35.09 70 9.318
116.1 30.34 80 8.293 40

20
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
T2 [C]

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8-19

8-32E An insulated rigid tank contains saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water at a specified pressure. An electric heater
inside is turned on and kept on until all the liquid is vaporized. The exergy destruction and the second-law efficiency are to
be determined.
Assumptions Kinetic and potential energies are negligible.
Properties From the steam tables (Tables A-4 through A-6)

v  v f  x1v fg  0.01708  0.25  (11.901  0.01708)  2.9880 ft 3 / lbm


P1  35 psia  1
 u1  u f  x1u fg  227.92  0.25  862.19  443.47 Btu / lbm
x1  0.25 
s1  s f  x1 s fg  0.38093  0.25 1.30632  0.70751 Btu / lbm  R

v 2  v 1  u 2  u g @ v g = 2.9880ft 3/lbm = 1110.9 Btu/lbm



sat. vapor  s 2  s g @ v g = 2.9880ft 3/lbm  1.5692 Btu/lbm R

Analysis (a) The irreversibility can be determined from its definition H2O
Xdestroyed = T0Sgen where the entropy generation is determined from an entropy 35 psia
balance on the tank, which is an insulated closed system, We

S in  S out  S gen  S system


    
Net entropy transfer Entropy Change
by heat and mass generation in entropy

S gen  S system  m( s 2  s1 )

Substituting,
X destroyed  T0 S gen  mT0 ( s 2  s1 )
 (6 lbm)(535 R)(1.5692 - 0.70751)Btu/lbm  R = 2766 Btu
(b) Noting that V = constant during this process, the W and Wu are identical and are determined from the energy balance on
the closed system energy equation,
E E  E system
inout
  
Net energy transfer Changein internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential,etc. energies

We,in  U  m(u 2  u1 )

or,
We,in  (6 lbm)(1110.9 - 443.47)Btu/lbm = 4005 Btu

Then the reversible work during this process and the second-law efficiency become
Wrev,in  Wu,in  X destroyed  4005  2766  1239 Btu

Thus,
Wrev 1239 Btu
II    30.9%
Wu 4005 Btu

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8-20

8-33 An insulated cylinder is initially filled with saturated liquid water at a specified pressure. The water is heated
electrically at constant pressure. The minimum work by which this process can be accomplished and the exergy destroyed
are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 2 The cylinder is well-insulated and thus heat
transfer is negligible. 3 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible. 4 The compression or expansion
process is quasi-equilibrium.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4 through A-6),
u1  u f @120kPa = 439.27 kJ / kg
P1  120 kPa  v 1  v f @120kPa = 0.001047 m /kg
3


sat. liquid  h1  h f @120kPa = 439.36 kJ/kg Saturated
s1  s f @120kPa = 1.3609 kJ/kg  K Liquid
H2O We
The mass of the steam is
P = 120 kPa
V 0.008 m 3
m   7.639 kg
v 1 0.001047 m 3 / kg
We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. The energy
balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as
E E  E system
inout  
Net energy transfer Changein internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential,etc. energies

We,in  W b,out  U
We,in  m(h2  h1 )
since U + Wb = H during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process. Solving for h2,
We,in 1400 kJ
h2  h1   439.36   622.63 kJ/kg
m 7.639 kg
Thus,
h2  h f 622.63  439.36
x2    0.08168
h fg 2243.7
P2  120 kPa 
 s 2  s f  x 2 s fg  1.3609  0.08168  5.93687  1.8459 kJ/kg  K
h2  622.63 kJ/kg 
u  u  x u  439.24  0.08168  2072.4  608.52 kJ/kg
2 f 2 fg
v 2  v f  x 2v fg  0.001047  0.08168  (1.4285  0.001047)  0.1176 m 3 /kg
The reversible work input, which represents the minimum work input Wrev,in in this case can be determined from the exergy
balance by setting the exergy destruction equal to zero,
X  X out  X destroyed0 (reversible)  X system  Wrev,in  X 2  X1
in    
Net exergy transfer Exergy Change
by heat, work,and mass destruction in exergy
Substituting the closed system exergy relation, the reversible work input during this process is determined to be
Wrev,in  m(u1  u 2 )  T0 ( s1  s 2 )  P0 (v 1  v 2 )
 (7.639 kg){(439.27  608.52) kJ/kg  (298 K)(1.3609  1.8459) kJ/kg  K
+ (100 kPa)(0.001047  0.1176)m 3 / kg[1 kJ/1 kPa  m 3 ]}
 278 kJ
(b) The exergy destruction (or irreversibility) associated with this process can be determined from its definition Xdestroyed =
T0Sgen where the entropy generation is determined from an entropy balance on the cylinder, which is an insulated closed
system,
S in  S out  S gen  S system
    
Net entropy transfer Entropy Change
by heat and mass generation in entropy

S gen  S system  m( s 2  s1 )
Substituting,
X destroyed  T0 S gen  mT0 (s 2  s1 )  (298 K)(7.639 kg)(1.8459  1.3609)kJ/kg  K = 1104 kJ

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Oli, meni! Kenenkä vuoro nyt on laulaa —

PUOSU

Taitaa olla Soinin.

SOINI

Puosun.

TOISET

Oikein. Puosun, Puosun! Puosu laulaa »Iloisen meripojan».

PUOSU

No eihän teistä mihin pääse.

Laulu n:o 8.
Mä meripojast' iloisesta laulun tein, hän paljon kulki meriä
hei heijuvei. Hän Jaappanissa tyttösiä rakasti, ja Kiinan hilsut
tarkallensa katasti.

Häll’ oma hilsu kuitenkin on Suomessa,


hän sille silkin osti Singaporesta,
mutta kauanpa hän sitä saanut pitää ei,
kun Kons-pa-tanttinoopelissa Fatima sen vei.

Hän uuden lahjan sitten osti Turkissa,


sen aikoi vasta Suomess’ ottaa kirstusta.
Mutta tuskinpa hän Napolihin pääsi kai,
niin Signorina Marita sen hältä sai.

No Napolista koralleja uudelleen


hän osti viedäksensä Suomen Ainolle,
mutta Lissaboniss’ hältä helmet katosi,
kun Donna Petronellan kanssa halasi.

Nyt meripoika viimein suuttui kovasti,


ja päätti lahjat ostaa vasta Englanniss’,
mutta rahat hältä Lily otti silloin juur’,
kun meripoika tälle sanoi I lowe you. [Ai löv juu.]

Hän Kööpenhaminassa jäikin puurihin


ja päätti rauhass’ antaa olla mampsellin,
kun »lille danske pige» vinkkas hälle näin:
»Kom du kjäre dejlig dreng» nyt tännepäin.

No liiat rahat Tivolissa meni kai, mutta meripoika hätäillyt ei,


vielä vai, hän Helsingissä silkin ostaa kaappasi, ja sanoi:
Rakas kulta, tää on Jaappanist’.
(Puosu tekee tanssiliikkeitä joka värssyn jälkisoiton aikana
osoitellen muka eri maiden naisten tanssia. Laulun perästä nostavat
puosua.)

Eläköön puosu! Eläköön, eläköön!

PUOSU

Kiitoksia, kiitoksia! Ei tarvitse nostaa. Sehän on työntekemistä ja


nythän joutiloidaan.

MATTI

Puosu se sentään on paras laulaja koko joukosta tässä laivassa.

KINNARI

Ja hänellä on asioita mistä laulaa. Se on ollut vähän paikassaan ja


aina tiukasti remmissä.

MIKKONEN

Ja aina hyvä menestys naisväen keskuudessa.

SOINI

Mistäpä sen niin varmaan tietää?

MIKKONEN

No kuulithan sen laulustakin.

PUOSU
Vai ei Soini usko? Hänellä kun on morsian Suomessa, niin muka
ylpeilee sillä. Mutta minullapa on hilsut joka paikassa.

SOINI

Suomessakin?

PUOSU

Suomessa hankin minä hilsun ensi päivänä ja komean hankinkin.


Eihän tuo lie miehestä entinen vetovoima niin haihtunut, ettei saa
kun hommaa! Ennen aikaan niitä juoksi jäljessäni niin, että piti
rumimpia kiviä paiskelemalla pitää ulompana. Niitä oli laumoittain
minun vanavedessäni.

KINNARI

Tahtoisin minäkin hiukan epäillä puosun tyttöonnea.

PUOSU

Sinullako muka olisi parempi? Ehkä vieläkin tahtoisit lyödä vetoa


ja hävitä punnan?

KINNARI

Miksi ei, kyllä minä siinä asiassa aina sinulle piisaan.

MATTI

Ja minä!
ARVI

Ja minä!

PUOSU (Matkien Arvia.)

Ja minä! Että aukaisitkin nokkasi! Kaikki tässä nyt minut laudoilta


löisivät, yksin kakaratkin.

KINNARI

Lyödään veto.

PUOSU

Lyödään vain.

MIKKONEN

Millä tavalla?

PUOSU

No se voittaa, jolla on ensiksi morsian, kun maihin päästään.

MUUT

Suostutaan.

PUOSU

Soini pois vedosta, kun sillä on jo hemesti Suomessa. Keitä yhtyy


vetoon?
KINNARI, MIKKONEN, MATTI, ARVI ja joku statisteista.

Minä!

PUOSU

Entä Jaakopsonni!

JAAKOPSONNI

Eipä minua tarvita siinä hommassa.

MIKKONEN

Miksi ei. Kyllähän sinä jonkun ikälopun vielä saat.

JAAKOPSONNI

Minä sain jo ennen vanhaan tarpeekseni naisväestä.

PUOSU

Oletko ollut naimisissa?

JAAKOPSONNI

Olin minä kerran kolme päivää.

(Naurua.)

PUOSU

Aivanko oikein vihittynä ja kuulutettuna?


JAAKOPSONNI

Aivan oikein naimisissa.

KINNARI

No miten sinä niin vähästä kylläännyit?

JAAKOPSONNI

Päivässäkin olisi ollut tarpeeksi… Se sattui semmoinen


lohikäärme — minä karkasin yöllä ja pääsin kalaveneessä Ruotsin
puolelle.

(Naurua.)

PUOSU

Jaakopsonni jääköön pois, koska hän on niin säikytetty. Mikä on


vetosumma?

KINNARI

Kestit koko joukolle, kun asia on lukossa.

PUOSU

Olkoon. Se, joka ei saa morsianta jo toisena päivänä maihin


päästyämme, maksaa kestit.

TOISET

Aivan niin.
KINNARI

Ei, mutta minä jo innostun. Tässä täytyy vähitellen ruveta


ryysyjään korjailemaan ja koristuksiaan katselemaan, että voisi
näyttäytyä kaikessa komeudessaan kotipuolen tyttöihmisille.
Puosunkin täytyy ajaa partansa, että pääsee ihmisten kirjoihin.

PUOSU

Ehei pojat! Parrastahan ne tytöt vasta pitävätkin. — Kunhan vain


pukeudun oikein juhlavaatteisiini, niin siitä saavat olla kitukasvuiset
loitolla.

KINNARI

Älä kehu, lopussa kiitos seisoo.

SOINI

On siinä kaksikin kaunista.

PUOSU

Sitten vielä yksi asia: Muistattehan tuon pulskan merimieslaulun,


jonka opimme Newyorkissa ja johon sitten värkättiin suomalaisia
sanoja?

TOISET

Kyllä, tottahan nyt y.m.

PUOSU
Harjoitetaanpa se oikein hyväksi, että saadaan vetää pulska
engelskalainen merimieslaulu, jos sattuu vieraita tulemaan laivaan
siellä kotona.

MIKKONEN

Veisataan vain.

PUOSU

Sadehatut joka miehen päähän, ja hihat ylös. Kyllä minä tiedän,


miten teatterissa tehdään. Nappula mukaan. Ja nyt pojat!
Repäistäänpäs oikein hurskaasti, että peräänkin kuullaan komea
laulu.

Kuoro n:o 9.

Kun ankkurit ylös hissattiin, niin peli se äänen antoi.


Muiston ne pojat kullastansa kotimaasta kantoi.
Toisto: Siis hurratkaamme vain, sillä se on tapamme ain’,
vaivoja me nähdä saamm’, jotka seilaamme ulkomailla.
Blow boys, blow, to California,
there is plenty of gold,
so I've been told,
in the banks of Sacramento.

[Bloo bois, bloo, tu Kalifoornja, thäär is plenti ov


gold, soo aiv biin told, in the bänks ov Sakramento.]

Ja ne tytöt, jotka Suomessa olivat ystävämme, ne pian


meidät unhoitit, olit pettäjämme. Toisto: Mutta hurratkaamme
vain, j.n.e.
Eikä ne meitä muistakaan kun päivää viisi kuusi;
sitten on heillä ilo taas ja ystäväkin uusi.
Toisto: Mutta hurratkaamme vain, j.n.e.

Kun nämä lasit on maistettu, niin toimi tulee uusi.


Kova oli seelein komento, kun puuriin tuli »luusi».
Toisto: Siis hurratkaamme vain, j.n.e.

(Puosu voi tanssia toiston aikana yksin ja jäädä kauniiseen tanssi-


asentoon esiripun laskiessa; Miehet ovat vetävinään köyttä
tahdissa.)

Esirippu.
TOINEN NÄYTÖS

(Laiva on laiturissa, näyttämö sama kuin edellinen, ainoastaan


tausta toinen. Kauempaa ehkä näkyy kirkontorni, harvametsäinen
kukkula; vasemmalla on kulisseissa satamakatos, jonka katto on
näkyvissä; vasemmalla laivan laidassa on avonainen luukku, josta
näkyy laivaan pistetyn lautakäytävän pää. Edellisessä näytöksessä
näkyvä purje on poissa; sen takaa näkyy ehkä nyt ruorirattaan
yläreunaa. On pyhäpäivä, etäältä kuuluu kirkonkellon ääntä. Miehet
ovat juhlatamineissa.)

Kuoro n:o 1.

Juhlan rauha yli maiden saa, kaukaa hiljaa kellot kumajaa.

Helkkyy, välkkyy helo auringon, muistot vanhat mielessä


nyt on.

(Laulun jälkeen.)

KINNARI

Ja nyt kaupunkiin! Tämän pojan pitäisi kelvata.


MATTI

Entä tämän?

KINNARI

Sinä kelpaat, sanoi piru rokonarpiselle.

PUOSU

Mutta katsokaas minuakin! Näytänkö minä enää miltään


pikihousulta, jukoklavita? Minä käyn kapteenista milloin tahansa.

MIKKONEN

Pitääkö nytkin vahdin olla laivassa, päiväseen aikaan, kun ukko


itsekin vielä on täällä? Eihän hänen kotinsakaan ole tässä
kaupungissa.

PUOSU

Minä käyn kapteenilta kysymässä, kuka vahtiin jää.

(Menee.)

MATTI

Hänelle käy ohraisesti, jonka vahtiin on jäätävä.

KOKKI

Miten niin?
MATTI

No kun hän ei pääse morsianta itselleen katsomaan ja toiset


saavat sillä aikaa vapaasti häärätä.

KINNARI

Kyllähän se on niinkuin vedon hävinnyt, jonka on laivaan jäätävä.


Mikä siinä auttaa.

MATTI

Voisihan hän vuorostaan lähteä yöksi taipaleelle.

KINNARI

Nyt on jo toinen päivä maissa ja toisena päivänä oli määrä hilsun


olla niillä, jotka vetoon rupesivat. Kyllä se siippana siis on
viimeistään tänään saatava.

MATTI

Niinpä taitaa ja eihän se ole toisten syy, jos jonkun on vahtiin


jäätävä, — ukkohan sen määrää — kunhan vain ei sattuisi minun
kohdalleni.

KINNARI

Eikä minun.

ARVI
Eikä minun.

PUOSU (Palaa.)

Ukko sanoi, että jungmannin on jäätävä vahtiin. Siis Arvin.

ARVI (Hämmästyen.)

Minunko?

PUOSU

Sinun juuri. Minkä minä sille mahdan.

ARVI

No nyt se myrkyn lykkäsi.

PUOSU

Sinun vuorosi tulee toisella kertaa.

ARVI

Entä veto?

PUOSU

Sen maksavat ne, jotka häviävät.

TOISET

Aivan niin.
ARVI

Mutta kun minä en saa olla edes mukana yrittämässä.

PUOSU

Kiipeä maston nokkaan ja huuda joka ilmansuunnalle, että tuokaa


morsian minulle.

TOISET (Nauravat.)

Se on hyvä neuvo. Hyvästi, morjensta vain!

PUOSU

Seis pojat! Koettakaa olla tuossa puolen päivän tienoissa laivassa,


sillä silloin minä olen täällä. Silloin aloitetaan ne yhteiset kestit — ja
juodaan minun kihlajaisiani.

KINNARI

Joko niin pian?

MIKKONEN

No on ne muillakin kihlajaiset silloin, kun puosullakin.

PUOSU

No mitä siinä enää leukailette. Marssikaa morsianta hakemaan.

TOISET
Oikein! Kiireesti hakemaan! Hyvästi.

(Menevät.)

ARVI (Huutaa jälkeen.)

Onnea matkalle!

KOKKI

Ja oikein suuri eukko puosun kynkkään.

ARVI

Kummallekin puolelle!

KOKKI

Jos puosu toisi minullekin sieltä hemestin, kun hällä on niin hyvä
saalis.

ÄÄNI (Takaa huutaen.)

Mitä se kokki akalla, kun itse osaa keittää!

KOKKI (Arville.)

Kyllä minun tekisi mieleni sotkea jotakin nuuskaa puosun


keitoksiin sen konjakkivellin edestä. Oikeinko todella aiotte saada
morsiamen itsellenne, joka mies?

ARVI
Kai puoleksi todella, puoleksi leikillä — tietysti. Miehet luulevat
syntyvän siitä jotakin hauskaa. Mutta joka tapauksessa veto on
maksettava ja eikö tuo minun osakseni jääne, sillä kai ne toiset
tuovat naisväkeä tänne laivaan — jollei muuten niin kurillaan.
Turkanen sentään.

KOKKI

No rupeaisitko sinä sitten kurillasi heilaa ottamaan, kenen vastaan


tulevan vain mukaasi saisit?

ARVI

Eipä taitaisi olla luontoa.

KOKKI

Niin minäkin luulen, ja jos häviätkin, niin juotetaan niille jotakin


kuraa. Kyllä minä koetan keksiä. Menen kaupunkiin tarkastelemaan
niiden vehkeitä; kyllä siellä nyt lystiä pidetään, se on varma.

NAPPULA (Tulee.)

ARVI

No eikö Nappula mene maihin?

NAPPULA

Perämies käski minun pysyä laivassa.

KOKKI
No, kuori sitten perunat sillä aikaa kuin minä käväisen kaupungilla.

(Menee.)

ARVI

Olisitko vähän kannella, kun minä pistäyn kojussa.

(Nappula nyökäyttää päätään.)

(Arvi menee. Pitempi väliaika. Kellot soivat taas.


Nappula katsoo haaveillen kaukaisuuteen ja huokaa.)

Laulu n:o 2.

NAPPULA

Orpopoika onnetonna, isätönnä, äiditönnä, yksin kurja


kulkemassa, vaivainen vaeltamassa, itseksensä ilman alla,
tiellä tuntemattomalla. Ikävä on istuskella ikävämpi astuskella,
armopaloja anellen, vaivojansa vaikerrellen. Ei ole tuttuja
tuvissa, kavereita kartanoissa.

Kunhan minä kasvan isoksi, rupean kapteeniksi, tai perämieheksi


ja menen mihin tahdon. Ja minä seilaan vain isoilla vesillä
kesämaissa, löydän jonkun aarteen ja rikastun, ja sitten minä en syö
papuja ja läskiä kuin kerran kuukaudessa. Ja aina pitää olla
pannukakkua, ihan joka syöntikerta. Ja sitten kun minä tulen
rikkaana kapteenina kotipuoleen käymään, haen sisareni, olkoon
missä asti tahansa, ja annan hänelle oikein komean silkin ja vaatteet
ja rintaneulan, ja kengät ja hyvää ruokaa sekä nisu-ankkastukkia niin
paljon kuin haluttaa syödä. Ja sitten puhumme äitivainajasta ja sitten

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