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8-1
Chapter 8
EXERGY
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without the prior written permission of McGraw-Hill Education.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
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8-2
8-2C Yes; exergy is a function of the state of the surroundings as well as the state of the system.
8-3C Useful work differs from the actual work by the surroundings work. They are identical for systems that involve no
surroundings work such as steady-flow systems.
8-4C Yes.
8-5C No, not necessarily. The well with the higher temperature will have a higher exergy.
8-6C The system that is at the temperature of the surroundings has zero exergy. But the system that is at a lower
temperature than the surroundings has some exergy since we can run a heat engine between these two temperature levels.
8-7C The second-law efficiency is a measure of the performance of a device relative to its performance under reversible
conditions. It differs from the first law efficiency in that it is not a conversion efficiency.
8-8C No. The power plant that has a lower thermal efficiency may have a higher second-law efficiency.
8-9C No. The refrigerator that has a lower COP may have a higher second-law efficiency.
8-10C A processes with Wrev = 0 is reversible if it involves no actual useful work. Otherwise it is irreversible.
8-11C Yes.
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8-3
8-12 Windmills are to be installed at a location with steady winds to generate power. The minimum number of windmills
that need to be installed is to be determined.
Assumptions Air is at standard conditions of 1 atm and 25C
Properties The gas constant of air is 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K (Table A-1).
Analysis The exergy or work potential of the blowing air is the kinetic energy it possesses,
V 2 (6 m/s)2 1 kJ/kg
Exergy ke 0.0180 kJ/kg
2 2 1000 m 2 / s 2
At standard atmospheric conditions (25C, 101 kPa), the density and
the mass flow rate of air are
P 101 kPa
1.18 m 3 / kg
RT (0.287 kPa m 3 / kg K)(298 K)
and
D2
m AV1 V1 (1.18 kg/m 3 )( / 4)( 40 m) 2 (6 m/s) = 8904 kg/s
4
Thus,
Available Power m ke (8904 kg/s)(0.0180 kJ/kg) = 160.3 kW
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8-4
8-13E Saturated steam is generated in a boiler by transferring heat from the combustion gases. The wasted work potential
associated with this heat transfer process is to be determined. Also, the effect of increasing the temperature of combustion
gases on the irreversibility is to be discussed.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis The properties of water at the inlet and outlet of the boiler and at the dead state are (Tables A-4E through A-6E)
P1 200 psia h1 h f 355.46 Btu/lbm
x1 0 (sat. liq.) s1 s f 0.54379 Btu/lbm R q
P2 200 psia h2 h g 1198.8 Btu/lbm Water
200 psia
200 psia
x 2 1 (sat. vap.) s 2 s g 1.5460 Btu/lbm R sat. liq. sat. vap.
T0 80F h0 h f @ 80F 48.07 Btu/lbm
P0 14.7 psia s 0 s f @ 80F 0.09328 Btu/lbm R
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8-5
8-14 Water is to be pumped to a high elevation lake at times of low electric demand for use in a hydroelectric turbine at
times of high demand. For a specified energy storage capacity, the minimum amount of water that needs to be stored in the
lake is to be determined.
Assumptions The evaporation of water from the lake is negligible.
Analysis The exergy or work potential of the water is the potential energy it possesses,
Exergy = PE = mgh 75 m
Thus,
8-15 A body contains a specified amount of thermal energy at a specified temperature. The amount that can be converted to
work is to be determined.
Analysis The amount of heat that can be converted to work is simply
the amount that a reversible heat engine can convert to work, 650 K
T0 298 K 100 kJ
th,rev 1 1 0.5415
TH 650 K HE
Wmax,out Wrev,out th,rev Qin
(0.5415)(100 kJ) 298 K
= 54.2 kJ
8-16 The thermal efficiency of a heat engine operating between specified temperature limits is given. The second-law
efficiency of a engine is to be determined.
Analysis The thermal efficiency of a reversible heat engine operating
between the same temperature reservoirs is 1200C
th,rev 1
T0
1
293 K
0.801 th = 0.40
TH 1200 273 K HE
Thus,
th 0.40 20C
II 49.9%
th,rev 0.801
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8-6
8-17 A heat reservoir at a specified temperature can supply heat at a specified rate. The exergy of this heat supplied is to be
determined.
Analysis The exergy of the supplied heat, in the rate form, is the amount
1500 K
of power that would be produced by a reversible heat engine,
T0 298 K
th,max th,rev 1 1 0.8013 HE
W rev
TH 1500 K
Exergy W max,out W rev,out th,rev Q in
(0.8013)(150,000 / 3600 kJ/s) 298 K
= 33.4 kW
8-18 A heat engine receives heat from a source at a specified temperature at a specified rate, and rejects the waste
heat to a sink. For a given power output, the reversible power, the rate of irreversibility, and the 2 nd law efficiency are to be
determined.
Analysis (a) The reversible power is the power produced by a reversible heat engine operating between the specified
temperature limits,
TL 320 K
th,max th,rev 1 1 0.7091
TH 1100 K 1100 K
W rev,out th,rev Q in (0.7091)( 400 kJ/s) = 283.6 kW 400 kJ/s
(b) The irreversibility rate is the difference between the reversible HE 120 kW
power and the actual power output:
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8-7
8-19 Problem 8-18 is reconsidered. The effect of reducing the temperature at which the waste heat is rejected on the
reversible power, the rate of irreversibility, and the second law efficiency is to be studied and the results are to be plotted.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
"Input Data"
T_H= 1100 [K]
Q_dot_H= 400 [kJ/s]
{T_L=320 [K]}
W_dot_out = 120 [kW]
T_Lsurr =25 [C]
"The reversible work is the maximum work done by the Carnot Engine between T_H and T_L:"
Eta_Carnot=1 - T_L/T_H
W_dot_rev=Q_dot_H*Eta_Carnot
"The irreversibility is given as:"
I_dot = W_dot_rev-W_dot_out
"The thermal efficiency is, in percent:"
Eta_th = Eta_Carnot*Convert(, %)
"The second law efficiency is, in percent:"
Eta_II = W_dot_out/W_dot_rev*Convert(, %)
300
290
280
Wrev [kJ/s]
270
260
250
240
230
220
210
275 320 365 410 455 500
TL [K]
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8-8
180
160
I [kJ/s]
140
120
100
56
54
52
50
II [%]
48
46
44
42
40
275 320 365 410 455 500
TL [K]
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8-9
8-20E The thermal efficiency and the second-law efficiency of a heat engine are given. The source temperature is to be
determined.
TH
Analysis From the definition of the second law efficiency,
th 0.25
II th,rev th
0.50
th,rev II 0.50 HE
th = 25%
Thus, II = 50%
TL
th,rev 1 TH TL /(1 th,rev ) (510 R)/0.50 = 1020 R
510 R
TH
8-21 A house is maintained at a specified temperature by electric resistance heaters. The reversible work for this heating
process and irreversibility are to be determined.
Analysis We consider a reversible heat pump operation as the reversible counterpart of the irreversible process of heating
the house by resistance heaters. Instead of using electricity input for resistance heaters, it is used to power a reversible heat
pump. The reversible work is the minimum work required to accomplish this process, and the irreversibility is the difference
between the reversible work and the actual electrical work consumed. The actual power input is
Q H 13.89 kW
W rev,in 0.978 kW
COPHP,rev 14.20 ·
W
and
I W u,in W rev,in 13.89 0.978 12.91 kW
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8-10
8-22E A freezer is maintained at a specified temperature by removing heat from it at a specified rate. The power
consumption of the freezer is given. The reversible power, irreversibility, and the second-law efficiency are to be
determined.
Analysis (a) The reversible work is the minimum work required to accomplish this task, which is the work that a reversible
refrigerator operating between the specified temperature limits would consume,
1 1
COPR,rev 8.73
TH / TL 1 535 / 480 1
75F
Q L 75 Btu/min 1 hp
W rev,in 0.20 hp
COPR,rev 8.73 42.41 Btu/min
R 0.70 hp
(b) The irreversibility is the difference between the reversible work and the
actual electrical work consumed, 75 Btu/min
W rev 0.20 hp
II 28.9%
W u 0.7 hp
8-23 It is to be shown that the power produced by a wind turbine is proportional to the cube of the wind velocity and the
square of the blade span diameter.
Analysis The power produced by a wind turbine is proportional to the kinetic energy of the wind, which is equal to the
product of the kinetic energy of air per unit mass and the mass flow rate of air through the blade span area. Therefore,
Wind power = (Efficienc y)(Kinetic energy)(Ma ss flow rate of air)
V2 V 2 D2
= wind ( AV ) wind V
2 2 4
V 3 D 2
wind (Constant )V 3 D 2
8
which completes the proof that wind power is proportional to the cube of the wind velocity and to the square of the blade
span diameter.
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8-11
8-24C Yes, it can. For example, the 1st law efficiency of a reversible heat engine operating between the temperature limits
of 300 K and 1000 K is 70%. However, the second law efficiency of this engine, like all reversible devices, is 100%.
8-25 A fixed mass of helium undergoes a process from a specified state to another specified state. The increase in the useful
energy potential of helium is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 At specified conditions, helium can be treated as an ideal gas.
2 Helium has constant specific heats at room temperature.
Properties The gas constant of helium is R = 2.0769 kJ/kg.K (Table A-1). The
constant volume specific heat of helium is cv = 3.1156 kJ/kg.K (Table A-2).
He
Analysis From the ideal-gas entropy change relation, 8 kg
T2 v 288 K
s 2 s1 cv ,avg ln R ln 2
T1 v1
353 K 0.5 m 3 /kg
(3.1156 kJ/kg K) ln (2.0769 kJ/kg K) ln
288 K 3 m 3 /kg
= 3.087 kJ/kg K
The increase in the useful potential of helium during this process is simply the increase in exergy,
2 1 m(u1 u 2 ) T0 ( s1 s 2 ) P0 (v 1 v 2 )
(8 kg){(3.1156 kJ/kg K)(288 353) K (298 K)(3.087 kJ/kg K)
+ (100 kPa)(3 0.5)m 3 / kg[kJ/kPa m 3 ]}
6980 kJ
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8-12
8-26E Air is expanded in an adiabatic closed system with an isentropic efficiency of 95%. The second law efficiency of the
process is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 2 The process is adiabatic, and thus there is no heat
transfer. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 0.240 Btu/lbm·R, cv = 0.171 Btu/lbm·R, k = 1.4, and R =
0.06855 Btu/lbm·R (Table A-2Ea).
Analysis We take the air as the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the boundaries of the system. The
energy balance for this system can be expressed as
E E E system
inout
Net energy transfer Changein internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential,etc. energies
Air
Wb,out U mcv (T2 T1 ) 180 psia
The final temperature for the isentropic case is 140°F
( k 1) / k 0.4 / 1.4
P 20 psia
T2 s T1 2 (600 R) 320.3 R
P1 180 psia
The actual exit temperature from the isentropic relation is
T 180 psia
T T 1
1 2
T1 T2s 20 psia
T2 T1 (T1 T2 s ) 600 (0.95)(600 320.3) 334.3 R
2
The boundary work output is 2s
wb,out cv (T1 T2 ) (0.171 Btu/lbm R)(600 334.3)R 45.44 Btu/lbm s
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8-13
8-27E Air and helium at specified states are considered. The gas with the higher exergy content is to be identified.
Assumptions 1 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 2 Air and helium are ideal gases with constant specific
heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 0.240 Btu/lbm·R, cv = 0.171 Btu/lbm·R, k = 1.4, and R =
0.06855 Btu/lbm·R = 0.3704 psiaft3/lbm·R. For helium, cp = 1.25 Btu/lbm·R, cv = 0.753 Btu/lbm·R, k = 1.667, and R =
0.4961 Btu/lbm·R= 2.6809 psiaft3/lbm·R. (Table A-2E).
Analysis The mass of air in the system is
PV (60 psia)(20 ft 3 )
m 0.6782 lbm
RT (2.6809 psia ft 3 /lbm R)(660 R)
Helium
T P 20 ft3
s s 0 c p ln R ln 60 psia
T0 P0
200°F
660 R 60 psia
(1.25 Btu/lbm R)ln (0.4961 Btu/lbm R)ln
537 R 14.7 psia
0.4400 Btu/lbm R
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8-14
u u 0 P0 (v v 0 ) T0 ( s s 0 )
cv (T T0 ) P0 (v v 0 ) T0 ( s s 0 )
1 Btu
(0.753 Btu/lbm R )( 200 77)R (14.7 psia)(29.49 97.93)ft 3 /lbm
5.404 psia ft 3
(537 R)(0.4400) Btu/lbm R
142.7 Btu/lbm
m (0.6782 lbm)(142.7 Btu/lbm) 96.8 Btu
Comparison of two results shows that the air system has a greater potential for the production of work.
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8-15
8-28 Steam and R-134a at the same states are considered. The fluid with the higher exergy content is to be identified.
Assumptions Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis The properties of water at the given state and at the dead state are
u 2594.7 kJ/kg
P 800 kPa Steam
v 0.24720 m /kg
3
(Table A - 6)
T 180C 1 kg
s 6.7155 kJ/kg K 800 kPa
u 0 u f @ 25C 104.83 kJ/kg 180°C
T0 25C
v 0 v f @ 25C 0.001003 m /kg (Table A - 4)
3
P0 100 kPa
s 0 s f @ 25C 0.3672 kJ/kg K
mu u 0 P0 (v v 0 ) T0 ( s s 0 )
1 kJ
(386.99 85.85)kJ/kg (100 kPa)(0.044554 0.0008286)m /kg
3
(1 kg) 1 kPa m 3
(298 K)(1.3327 0.32432)kJ/kg K
5.02 kJ
The steam can therefore has more work potential than the R-134a.
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8-16
8-29 A cylinder is initially filled with R-134a at a specified state. The refrigerant is cooled and condensed at constant
pressure. The exergy of the refrigerant at the initial and final states, and the exergy destroyed during this process are to be
determined.
Assumptions The kinetic and potential energies are negligible.
Properties From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-11 through A-13),
v 1 0.034875 m 3 / kg
P1 0.7 MPa
u1 274.03 kJ/kg
T1 60C s 1.0257 kJ/kg K
1
v 0.23373 m 3 / kg
P0 0.1 MPa 0
u 0 248.81 kJ/kg
T0 20C
s 0 1.0919 kJ/kg K
Analysis (a) From the closed system exergy relation,
X 1 1 m(u1 u 0 ) T0 ( s1 s 0 ) P0 (v 1 v 0 )
1 kJ
+ (100 kPa)(0.034875 0.23373)m 3 /kg }
1 kPa m 3
197.8 kJ
and
X 2 2 m(u 2 u 0 ) T0 ( s 2 s 0 ) P0 (v 2 v 0 )
1 kJ
+ (100 kPa)(0.0008160 0.23373)m 3 /kg }
1 kPa m 3
308.6 kJ
(b) The reversible work input, which represents the minimum work input Wrev,in in this case can be determined from the
exergy balance by setting the exergy destruction equal to zero,
Noting that the process involves only boundary work, the useful work input during this process is simply the boundary work
in excess of the work done by the surrounding air,
Wu,in Win Wsurr,in Win P0 (V1 V 2 ) P(V1 V 2 ) P0 m(v 1 v 2 )
m( P P0 )(v 1 v 2 )
1 kJ
(8 kg)(700 - 100 kPa)(0.034875 0.0008160 m 3 / kg) 163.5 kJ
1 kPa m 3
Knowing both the actual useful and reversible work inputs, the exergy destruction or irreversibility that is the difference
between the two is determined from its definition to be
X destroyed I Wu,in Wrev,in 163.5 110.8 52.7 kJ
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8-17
8-30 The radiator of a steam heating system is initially filled with superheated steam. The valves are closed, and steam is
allowed to cool until the pressure drops to a specified value by transferring heat to the room. The amount of heat transfer to
the room and the maximum amount of heat that can be supplied to the room are to be determined.
Assumptions Kinetic and potential energies are negligible.
Properties From the steam tables (Tables A-4 through A-6),
Qout
Steam
v 1 1.0805 m / kg 3
P1 200 kPa 20 L
u1 2654.6 kJ/kg P1 = 200 kPa
T1 200C
s1 7.5081 kJ/kg K T1 = 200C
v 2 v f 1.0805 0.001029
x2 0.3171
v fg 3.4053 0.001029
T2 80C
u 2 u f x 2 u fg 334.97 0.3171 2146.6 1015.6 kJ/kg
(v 2 v 1 )
s 2 s f x 2 s fg 1.0756 0.3171 6.5355 3.1479 kJ/kg K
V 0.020 m 3
m 0.01851 kg
v 1 1.0805 m 3 / kg
The amount of heat transfer to the room is determined from an energy balance on the radiator expressed as
E E E system
inout
Net energy transfer Changein internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential,etc. energies
(b) The reversible work output, which represents the maximum work output Wrev,out in this case can be determined from the
exergy balance by setting the exergy destruction equal to zero,
Wrev,out X 2 X1 Wrev,out X1 X 2 1 2
Substituting the closed system exergy relation, the reversible work during this process is determined to be
Wrev,out m (u1 u 2 ) T0 ( s1 s 2 ) P0 (v 10 v 2 )
m(u1 u 2 ) T0 ( s1 s 2 )
(0.01851 kg)(2654.6 - 1015.6)kJ/kg - (273 K)(7.5081 - 3.1479)kJ/kg K 8.305 kJ
When this work is supplied to a reversible heat pump, it will supply the room heat in the amount of
Wrev 8.305 kJ
QH COPHP,rev Wrev 116 kJ
1 TL / TH 1 - 273/294
Discussion Note that the amount of heat supplied to the room can be increased by about 3 times by eliminating the
irreversibility associated with the irreversible heat transfer process.
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8-18
8-31 Problem 8-30 is reconsidered. The effect of the final steam temperature in the radiator on the amount of actual
heat transfer and the maximum amount of heat that can be transferred is to be investigated.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
T_1=200 [C]
P_1=200 [kPa]
V=20 [L]
T_2=80 [C]
T_o=0 [C]
P_o=100 [kPa]
"When this work is supplied to a reversible heat pump, the heat pump will supply the room heat in the amount of
:"
Q_H = COP_HP*W_rev
COP_HP = T_H/(T_H-T_L)
T_H = 294 [K] 160
Heat Transfer to Room [kJ]
20
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
T2 [C]
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8-19
8-32E An insulated rigid tank contains saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water at a specified pressure. An electric heater
inside is turned on and kept on until all the liquid is vaporized. The exergy destruction and the second-law efficiency are to
be determined.
Assumptions Kinetic and potential energies are negligible.
Properties From the steam tables (Tables A-4 through A-6)
Analysis (a) The irreversibility can be determined from its definition H2O
Xdestroyed = T0Sgen where the entropy generation is determined from an entropy 35 psia
balance on the tank, which is an insulated closed system, We
S gen S system m( s 2 s1 )
Substituting,
X destroyed T0 S gen mT0 ( s 2 s1 )
(6 lbm)(535 R)(1.5692 - 0.70751)Btu/lbm R = 2766 Btu
(b) Noting that V = constant during this process, the W and Wu are identical and are determined from the energy balance on
the closed system energy equation,
E E E system
inout
Net energy transfer Changein internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential,etc. energies
We,in U m(u 2 u1 )
or,
We,in (6 lbm)(1110.9 - 443.47)Btu/lbm = 4005 Btu
Then the reversible work during this process and the second-law efficiency become
Wrev,in Wu,in X destroyed 4005 2766 1239 Btu
Thus,
Wrev 1239 Btu
II 30.9%
Wu 4005 Btu
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8-20
8-33 An insulated cylinder is initially filled with saturated liquid water at a specified pressure. The water is heated
electrically at constant pressure. The minimum work by which this process can be accomplished and the exergy destroyed
are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 2 The cylinder is well-insulated and thus heat
transfer is negligible. 3 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible. 4 The compression or expansion
process is quasi-equilibrium.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4 through A-6),
u1 u f @120kPa = 439.27 kJ / kg
P1 120 kPa v 1 v f @120kPa = 0.001047 m /kg
3
sat. liquid h1 h f @120kPa = 439.36 kJ/kg Saturated
s1 s f @120kPa = 1.3609 kJ/kg K Liquid
H2O We
The mass of the steam is
P = 120 kPa
V 0.008 m 3
m 7.639 kg
v 1 0.001047 m 3 / kg
We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. The energy
balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as
E E E system
inout
Net energy transfer Changein internal, kinetic,
by heat, work, and mass potential,etc. energies
We,in W b,out U
We,in m(h2 h1 )
since U + Wb = H during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process. Solving for h2,
We,in 1400 kJ
h2 h1 439.36 622.63 kJ/kg
m 7.639 kg
Thus,
h2 h f 622.63 439.36
x2 0.08168
h fg 2243.7
P2 120 kPa
s 2 s f x 2 s fg 1.3609 0.08168 5.93687 1.8459 kJ/kg K
h2 622.63 kJ/kg
u u x u 439.24 0.08168 2072.4 608.52 kJ/kg
2 f 2 fg
v 2 v f x 2v fg 0.001047 0.08168 (1.4285 0.001047) 0.1176 m 3 /kg
The reversible work input, which represents the minimum work input Wrev,in in this case can be determined from the exergy
balance by setting the exergy destruction equal to zero,
X X out X destroyed0 (reversible) X system Wrev,in X 2 X1
in
Net exergy transfer Exergy Change
by heat, work,and mass destruction in exergy
Substituting the closed system exergy relation, the reversible work input during this process is determined to be
Wrev,in m(u1 u 2 ) T0 ( s1 s 2 ) P0 (v 1 v 2 )
(7.639 kg){(439.27 608.52) kJ/kg (298 K)(1.3609 1.8459) kJ/kg K
+ (100 kPa)(0.001047 0.1176)m 3 / kg[1 kJ/1 kPa m 3 ]}
278 kJ
(b) The exergy destruction (or irreversibility) associated with this process can be determined from its definition Xdestroyed =
T0Sgen where the entropy generation is determined from an entropy balance on the cylinder, which is an insulated closed
system,
S in S out S gen S system
Net entropy transfer Entropy Change
by heat and mass generation in entropy
S gen S system m( s 2 s1 )
Substituting,
X destroyed T0 S gen mT0 (s 2 s1 ) (298 K)(7.639 kg)(1.8459 1.3609)kJ/kg K = 1104 kJ
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation.
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