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Full download Critical Service Learning Toolkit: Social Work Strategies for Promoting Healthy Youth Development Annette Johnson file pdf all chapter on 2024
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i
CRITICAL SERVICE
LEARNING TOOLKIT
ii
iii
CRITICAL SERVICE
LEARNING
TOOLKIT
Social Work Strategies for Promoting
Healthy Youth Development
Annette Johnson
Cassandra McKay-Jackson
and
Giesela Grumbach
1
iv
1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 3 2
Printed by WebCom, Inc., Canada
v
Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction xi
vi Contents
Appendices 77
A. Logic Model Template 77
B. Community and School Web Map Template 79
C. Hare Self-Esteem Scale/Elementary School Pre/Post Data, Example 9.1 81
D. Icebreakers and Activities 85
E. Example of Evaluation Resources—Pre-/Posttest 89
F. Resource List 97
Index 99
vii
Preface
The purpose of this toolkit is to provide a means for school-based practitioners to engage
youth in solving problems in their schools or communities by being active agents in the
change process.
We bring years of combined experience as school-and community-based practitio-
ners, as school administrators, and more recently as scholars and researchers in academia.
We have experience in a variety of settings, such as schools, community-based agencies,
hospitals/mental health clinics, and private practice. Together, we have worked with
children and families and school systems in direct practice and as consultants. Our skill
sets were honed through specialized training in youth development, leadership training,
program planning and evaluation, and marriage and family therapy. In addition, we have
worked to advance the development of social and emotional learning standards. More
important, our introduction of critical service learning (CSL) to master’s level students
and social work practitioners has sparked the impetus for this toolkit.
The toolkit was written to provide unique strategies for working effectively with
youth in a participatory manner. Furthermore, it provides tools for empowering youth—
elevating their voices and focusing on community activism, which is particularly impor-
tant for at-promise youth (Rios, 2012; Swadener, 2010). At-promise youth is an asset-based
term that eschews deficit-framed language about youth who are in need of intervention.
Common terminology typically refers to youth who need intervention as “at-risk” youth.
We see this term as a negative label that contextualizes youth only as recipients of serv-
ices and not as individuals who can overcome adversity and contribute to their schools
and communities. In alignment with the nature of CSL, we use the term at-promise youth.
vii
vii
viii Preface
Serving youth from a problem-deficit model places the onus of change on the individ-
ual and does little to examine environmental factors or even youth’s capabilities to influ-
ence change. CSL takes the opposite approach. The methodology starts with youth voice,
taps into youth’s strengths, and provides a forum for youth to act as change agents in their
schools and communities. Through this process, youth are better able to understand their
own identities and capacity to make changes in their communities. The community web-
mapping tool is central to the articulation of student voice and provides a framework to
help them address issues around social justice, power, and privilege. Reflection, a signif-
icant component of the process, strengthens youth identities by unearthing untapped
social and emotional competencies such as skills in leadership, mediation, decision-
making, and the ability to work in collaborative teams. The change process is compelling,
often altering how youth are viewed by adults in their schools and communities as a result
of their engagement in this approach.
This toolkit introduces CSL and the processes involved in creating and implementing
a CSL program. In 2008, we incorporated CSL in the graduate master’s of social work cur-
riculum. Social work students interning in a variety of schools developed CSL programs
as part of their final project. The purpose was to provide strategies to work with youth
from a strengths-based perspective. The CSL Toolkit reflects the work that has been culti-
vated, strengthened, and tested in multiple school settings for more than 8 years. Whether
you are just being introduced to the approach or are already using it in your practice, this
toolkit is a practical guide that has resources for each phase of the process. Chapter 1
discusses the difference between service learning and CSL. Chapters 2 through 7 provide
a theoretical framework for CSL and the elements in supporting youth voice, review the
community web-mapping process, consider strategies for gaining administrative buy-in,
present the logic model, and provide evaluation strategies. Chapter 8 provides a guide
for each phase of the project planning and implementation process. A step-by-step, user-
friendly practitioner guide for each group session is illustrated in Chapter 9. Chapter 10
addresses practitioner burnout, and Chapter 11 focuses on research and future implica-
tions. Throughout the toolkit, case examples are presented.
REFERENCES
Rios, V. (2012). From “at-risk” to “at-promise”: Supporting teens to overcome adversity. Retrieved from https://
ted.com/talks/victor_rios_help_for_kids_the_education_system_ignores
Swadener, B. B. (2010). “At Risk” or “At Promise”? From deficit constructions of the “other childhood” to
possibilities for authentic alliances with children and families. International Critical Childhood Policy
Studies, 3, 7–29.
ix
Acknowledgments
We extend our deepest appreciation to Aubrey Thornton and Lena Izzo—Jane Addams
College of Social Work alumni—for sharing their case examples for this toolkit. Our spe-
cial appreciation extends to practitioners in the field, Erik Engel, Julie Fisher, Kim Morris,
Chastity Owens, Margot Walsh, and Jennifer White, who took time out of their busy
schedules to provide invaluable feedback regarding the writing of this document.
ix
x
xi
Introduction
Critical service learning (CSL) is an innovative approach to promoting social and emo-
tional learning (SEL) for students. It encompasses a strengths-based philosophy that
promotes youth empowerment to assist them in developing the assets needed to be pro-
ductive citizens. Youth voice is an essential element of CSL and represents a necessary
strategy for helping youth to connect with their schools and community.
The educational landscape affects student services and the context in which school-
based practitioners work. With broad changes in education, the shift in educational
policy and rising mental health needs have significantly affected supportive services and
which services are available to students. At the same time, educational systems continue
to struggle with the tension between increasing college attendance rates and achieve-
ment gaps across race and income (Hirschman & Lee, 2005). This changing educational
landscape emphasizes the use of evidence-based interventions, with a strong focus on
accountability and reducing the achievement gap (Corbin, 2005). It is critical for school-
based practitioners to understand how to intervene using evidence-based practice within
the changing educational context.
Evidence-based intervention and accountability can be addressed in many ways.
For example, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004
(IDEA, 2004) supports the use of evidence-based intervention and specific interven-
tion models (Berzin & O’Connor, 2010). Response to intervention (RTI), now called
the multitier system of support (MTSS), is an early intervention system that allows
for prevention activities for all students. MTSS includes the rigorous implementa-
tion of high-quality, culturally and linguistically responsive instruction, assessment,
and evidence-based intervention to address the needs of youth. Policy developments
xi
xii
xii Introduction
such as these have considerably changed the framework in which today’s school social
workers and other school-based practitioners provide services to youth.
From an intervention perspective, change in the prevalence of mental health disor-
ders among school-age children clearly affects the work of the school social worker. The
presence of mental health disorders and concerns about school violence and bullying
have risen; bullying affects large numbers of children, with over 50% of students indicat-
ing that they have been bullied (Berzin & O’Connor, 2010). As today’s youth face a more
complex set of risk factors at the individual, school, family, and community levels (Kelly,
Raines, Stone, & Frey, 2010), new intervention models are being used in school systems
to address students’ needs.
School systems are complex organizations with an overarching purpose of educating
children and youth in preparation for adult life. Schools bring together practitioners from
diverse cultures, disciplinary perspectives, and strengths that collectively form a learning
community encompassing multiple systems, processes, and constituents (Harris, 2015).
Youth intervention work takes place within this dynamic educational landscape; there-
fore, it is important that school social workers and school-based practitioners understand
the reality of working in schools. Achieving acceptance and professional accommoda-
tions in such an environment requires recognizing the organizational culture and mission
of the school as a learning institution, identifying both the formal and informal structures
within the organization, and assuming a role that supports the school’s mission, goals,
and expectations.
Understanding the school culture and hierarchy, as well as how the social worker fits
into this order, will be vital to the school social worker’s role in performing effectively
(Harris, 2015). In that regard, social work cannot practice in a vacuum. A strong need
exists to align school social work practice with educational goals. The paradigm shift in
education focuses on accountability and emphasizes an evidence-based practice, which
calls for a multilevel and cross-disciplinary approach to school social work practice. This
cross-disciplinary approach aligns with the educational curriculum and supports the
development of students’ social and emotional competencies, which are vital for aca-
demic success.
Critical service learning represents a strengths-based approach that lends itself to the
changing educational landscape and aligns itself with the curriculum. It can be used at
all MTSS levels—Tier 1 (school-wide), Tier 2 (targeted students), or Tier 3 (students in
need of intensive supports)—to address a wide array of learning needs, whether in gifted,
regular, or special education. This approach can also be used as a stand-alone counsel-
ing model that supports the social and emotional development of targeted students or
serves as a component of a therapeutic group or as a classroom-based “push-in service”
implemented in collaboration with the classroom teacher. The practitioners decide how
xii
Introduction xiii
to modify the targeted goals for any group they work with based on students’ develop-
mental needs and abilities.
Regardless of youth’s educational level, CSL engages youth in meaningful service
activities in their school and community to support the development of civic responsibil-
ity, caring and concern for others, and self-worth. CSL is integrated into the academic
curriculum so that students are empowered to brainstorm, plan, and implement activities
that will have a direct impact on the school, the community, and their personal develop-
ment (McKay & Johnson, 2010). At the same time, CSL provides a vehicle for youth to
examine issues around social justice, power, and privilege and gives them guidance on
taking action. SEL provides the overarching structural framework for CSL, embedded
within an educational system, while components from positive youth development and
youth activism represent important tenets for working with and engaging youth. These
tenets will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 2.
REFERENCES
Berzin, S. C., & O’Connor, S. (2010). Educating today’s school workers: Are school social work courses
responding to the changing context? Children & Schools, 32(4), 237–249.
Corbin, J. (2005). Increasing opportunities for school social work practice resulting from comprehensive
school reform. Children & Schools, 27(4), 239–246.
Harris, K. I. (2015). Social studies investigations for young citizens: Passports to inquiry, community and
partnerships. Social Studies Research & Practice, 10(3), 88–97.
Hirschman, C., & Lee, J. C. (2005). Race and ethnic inequality in educational attainment in the United
States. In M. Rutter & M. Tienda (Eds.), Ethnicity and causal mechanisms (pp. 107–138). Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press.
Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA), H. R. 1350, 108th Congress (2004).
Kelly, M. S., Raines, J. C., Stone, S., & Frey, A. (2010). School social work: An evidence-informed framework for
practice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
McKay, C., & Johnson, A. (2010). Service learning: An example of multilevel school social work practice.
School Social Work Journal, 35(1), 21–36.
xvi
xv
CRITICAL SERVICE
LEARNING TOOLKIT
xvi
1
one
1
2
that contribute to healthy living. For example, students may explore the barriers to
accessing fresh fruits and vegetables in communities that are food deserts (commu-
nities with a scarcity of mainstream markets that have fresh fruits and vegetables).
Students may delve further to consider the economic and political decisions that
reduce access to healthy foods in their neighborhoods. Students may perform action
research through facilitating a shopping field trip to neighborhood, and mainstream
food outlets to inspect and compare the produce for quality and price value. As a
result, students may bring their findings to their local political office to request sup-
port to improve local food outlet resources. This activity may be integrated in the
academic curriculum as well as provide opportunities to expand students’ social and
emotional learning development.
This can be juxtaposed with typical service learning that engages in a “do for, serve
you, and give to” mentality (consciously or unconsciously; Pompa, 2002), perpetuating
a stratified divide. Furthermore, traditional service learning projects predetermine who
should be “served” or “fixed” rather than considering the capabilities of the youth to par-
ticipate in the resolution needed within their own communities. This preconceived view
of community engagement reaffirms who holds power and how it is maintained (Cooks,
Scharrer, & Paredes, 2004). The critical service learning approach increases youth knowl-
edge regarding social justice and helps the youth to develop a proactive position, which is
empowering and enhances the sense of self.
Critical service learning is meaningful for all students regardless of their background,
and it enhances their identity development. Understanding one’s relationship to power
and privilege is an important step for students in questioning and redistributing power
within inequitable systems (Donahue & Mitchell, 2010). Donahue and Mitchell wrote
about privileged identities and reminded practitioners to address the wide array of stu-
dents’ experiences related to privilege and marginalization. For instance, some students
have little personal experiences with institutional racism and might see racism only in
flagrant acts of prejudice rather than in structures that bestow racial privilege. In contrast,
students whose racial identities are marginalized are more likely to have experienced
institutional racism and may see its effects more readily.
Students with privileged identities may believe they have a right or even a responsi-
bility to advise individuals or “help” individuals or communities. Consciously or uncon-
sciously, they assume the power to tell others what to do and believe they know what is
best for youth. Instead, when youth experience the transformative nature of critical ser-
vice learning, they begin to reframe how they see themselves and their identities, particu-
larly identities of privilege (Donahue & Mitchell, 2010). Students also learn through their
acts of service to challenge their own preconceived notions of how power is distributed
3
to them. It is important that all students have the opportunity to reflect on and analyze
systemic injustice whatever their own lived experience.
The parallel process of self-examination is also important for practitioners who
work with youth. Those who practice from an unexamined lens of their own privilege
may potentially silence youth. A lack of examination may devalue youth’s expertise over
the practitioner’s experience and lessen the potential of framing the intervention from a
strengths-based perspective. This toolkit provides an empowering approach, encourages
the examination of all lenses (or experiences), and bridges the disciplines of education
and social work practice. In addition, this chapter, examines service learning versus criti-
cal service learning not only as an educational strategy but as a strategy that support social
justice (Table 1.1). The nature of critical service learning described in this toolkit entails a
multilayer approach by which the practitioners, as well as other school/community par-
ticipants, are engaged in liberatory forms of pedagogy. Consequently, practitioners must
be knowledgeable of the social, political, and economic forces that shape their lives and
the lives of the youth (Rhoads, 1998). As discussed in Chapter 3, reflection plays a critical
role in self-examination of the youth as well as the practitioner.
Critical service learning can present a platform on which school social workers and
other school-based practitioners can use elements from structural social work theory.
This theory provides a vehicle by which service learning can be transformed to critical
service learning. Structural social work emphasizes that the practitioner understand the
socioeconomic or structural context of individual problems and how exploitive power
arrangements and societal forces create social conditions that generate individual prob-
lems (Lundy, 2004), whereas traditional social work places the locus of social problems
on individuals and families (Reza & Ahmmed, 2009).
The goal of structural social work is to provide immediate relief or tension reduc-
tion as well as long-term institutional and structural change (Reza & Ahmmed, 2009).
Structural social workers are expected to help organize oppressed groups for reclaim-
ing their identity, creating and strengthening community solidarity, and developing
group-specific voice and perspective (Mullaly, 2007). Through critical service learn-
ing, this process occurs when practitioners engage at-promise youth in implementing
student-led critical service learning projects in their schools or larger communities and
practitioners act as advocates and facilitators (not directors) of the project. Through
group experiences, experiential activities and discussions questioning the distribution
of power can be facilitated (Mitchell, 2008). As students explore their communities and
locate their voices, they engage in a potentially transformative process by which they
gain confidence, exercise a sense of agency, and enact strategies to influence their own
communities.
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