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Full download Thermodynamics for Engineers SI Edition 1st Edition Kroos Solutions Manual all chapter 2024 pdf
Full download Thermodynamics for Engineers SI Edition 1st Edition Kroos Solutions Manual all chapter 2024 pdf
Full download Thermodynamics for Engineers SI Edition 1st Edition Kroos Solutions Manual all chapter 2024 pdf
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Chapter 7 Solutions
7.1 (C) The partial derivative ⁄ of steam at 400°C and 2.5 MPa is estimated to be
⎛ ∂s ⎞ s2 − s1 6.9212 − 7.1271
⎜ ⎟ ≅ = = −0.000206 m3 /kg ⋅ K
⎝ ∂P ⎠T P2 − P1 400°C
3000 − 2000
a2 − a1 = u2 − T2 s2 − u1 + T1s1
=2926 − 673 × 6.8405 − 2939 + 673 × 7.0148 = 104 kJ/kg
7.3 (C) Use the Clapeyron equation (7.23). Refer to Fig. 7.2 and use P1 = 40 kPa and P2 = 80 kPa. At
60 kPa, T0 = −37.1ºC (236 K) and vfg = 0.31 m3/kg:
dP ΔP h fg 40 − 80 221
= = . = . ∴T2 = 228 K or −45°C
dT v = v0 ΔT v= T0 v fg T2 − 242 236 × 0.31
7.4 (B) Using Eq. 7.53, the Joule-Thompson coefficient is, using the IRC Calculator at h = 1570
kJ/kg (or interpolate for the temperature in Table E-2)
dT T2 − T1 72.7 − 66.1
μj = ≅ = = 0.0165°C/kPa
dP h P2 − P1 h
1600 − 1200
7.5 (D) Use Eq. 7.53 with the information given. We do not need to know the name of the
refrigerant:
dT T −T T − 60
μJ = = 2 1 . 0.08 = 2 . ∴T2 = −90.4°C
dP h P2 − P1 h 120 − 2000
7.6 (A) Because the pressure change is so large and the answers are quite close to each other, the real
gas effects, which require PR and TR, are included:
P1 0.1 T1 283
PR1 = = = 0.026, TR1 = = = 2.13
Pcr 3.77 Tcr 133
P2 10 T2 283
PR 2 = = = 2.65, TR 2 = = = 2.13
Pcr 3.77 Tcr 133
Using Fig. I-1, we find
h1 − h1*
≅ 0. ∴ h1 − h1* = 0
Tcr
h2 − h2* 4 × 133
≅ 4. ∴ h2 − h2* = = 18.3 kJ/kg
Tcr 29
125
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7.7 (A) The change in internal energy is found using Eqs. 7.61 and 2.15 with Z values from Appendix
H:
u2 − u1 = h2 − h1 − R ( Z2T2 − Z1T1 )
= 21 − 0.287 × (0.99 × 283 − 1.0 × 283) ≅ 21 kJ/kg
Calculating the specific volume change directly (a more accurate value) gives
∂u ∂u
7.10 Using u = u(s, v) we have du = ∂s ds + ∂v dv = Tds − Pdv . Thus, with M = T and N = − P ,
∂T ∂P
Eq. 7.10 provides Eq. 7.11 which is ∂v = − ∂s .
s v
∂h ∂h
Using h = h(s, P) we have dh = ds + dP = Tds + vdP . Thus, with M = T and N = v ,
∂s ∂P
∂T ∂v
Eq. 7.10 provides Eq. 7.12 which is ∂P = ∂s .
s P
∂a ∂a
7.11 Using a = a(v, T ) we have da = dv + dT = − Pdv − sdT . Thus, with M = − P and N = − s ,
∂v ∂T
∂P ∂s
Eq. 7.10 provides Eq. 7.13 which is ∂T =
v ∂v T .
∂g ∂g
Using g = g( P, T ) we have dg = dP + dT = vdP − sdT . Thus, with M = v and N = − s ,
∂P ∂T
∂v ∂s
Eq. 7.10 provides Eq. 7.14 which is ∂T =−
P ∂P T .
126
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∂u ∂u
7.12 Using u = u(s, v) we have du = ds + dv = Tds − Pdv , equate coefficients of ds and dv:
∂s v ∂v s
∂u ∂u
= T and = −P
∂s v ∂v s
∂h ∂h
Using h = h(s, P) we have dh = ds + dP = Tds + vdP , equate coefficients of ds and dP:
∂s P ∂P s
∂h ∂h
= T and =v
∂s P ∂P s
ΔP Δs ΔP 150 − 100
≅ . ∴Δs ≅ Δv = (1.2 − 0.8) × = −1.0 kJ/kg ⋅ K
ΔT Δv ΔT 180 − 200
ΔT ΔP ΔP
≅− . ∴Δs ≅ −Δv
Δv Δs ΔT
m3 (500 − 350)kPa
= (0.19 − 0.27) × = −0.8 kJ/kg ⋅ K
kg 80 − 65
7.15 The IRC Calculator is used for the first ratio (central differences are used):
Δv Δs
7.16 a) Use central differences: =−
ΔT P ΔP T
Δv Δs
b) Use central differences: =−
ΔT P ΔP T
Using the Calculator, significant digits subtract off, i.e., 1.15 – 1.19 = 0.04.
127
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Δv Δs
7.17 Use central differences: =−
ΔT P ΔP T
0.000095 = 0.0001
Δh h2 − h1 1577.7 − 1533.2
≅ T. ≅ T. = 313 K or 40.1°C
Δs P s2 − s1 P = 200 kPa
6.1512 − 6.0091
Δh h2 − h1 ? 3481 − 3056
≅ T. = T. = 670 K or 397°C
a) Δs P s2 − s1 P
7.867 − 7.233 800 kPa
Δh h2 − h1 ? 3480 − 3060
≅ T. = T. = 660 K or 390°C
b) Δs P s2 − s1 P
7.87 − 7.23 800 kPa
Observe that only two significant digits result with the Calculator.
7.20 At 6 MPa and 450°C the IRC Calculator gives u = 2990 kJ/kg, v = 0.0522 m3/kg or ρ = 19.16
kg/m3. Using central differences,
Δu u −u ? 3000 − 2980
≅ T. 2 1 = T. = 666 K or 400°C
Δs v s2 − s1 v 6.740 − 6.710 ρ =19.16 kg/m3
Here the interpolation is used between the internal energy values of 3000 kJ/kg and 2980 kJ/kg.
Within the permitted interpolation of central difference approximation, it is indeed true.
RT 0.462 × 333.1
7.21 Assuming an ideal gas, we find v = = = 7.69 m3 /kg . This compares with 7.65
P 20
m3/kg from Table C-2, an error of only 0.5%. The ideal gas assumption would be quite
acceptable.
RT 0.462 × 372.6
At 100 kPa, we find v = = = 1.72 m3 /kg. This compares with 1.69 m3/kg, an
P 100
error of less than 2%, still acceptable as an ideal gas.
dP h fg ΔP 9856 − 7436
= . ∴ h fg ≅ T0 v fg = 573 × (0.02168 − 0.001404) × = 1406 kJ/kg
7.22 dT
v = v0 T0 v fg ΔT 310 − 290
h fg 1406
s fg = = = 2.453 kJ/kg ⋅ K
T0 573
The errors are
128
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dP h fg ΔP
7.23 = . ∴ h fg ≅ T0 v fg
dT v = v0 T0 v fg ΔT
(571.60 − 442.94)
= 289 × (0.0405 − 0.000806) × = 184.49 kJ/kg
20 − 12
h fg 184.49
s fg = = = 0.6384 kJ/kg ⋅ K
T0 289
The errors are
P2 h fg ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
7.24 Use the equation ln = ⎜ − ⎟.
P1 R ⎝ T1 T2 ⎠
a) An average hfg is required. Let us use P1 = 0.6 kPa so the average hfg is close to the value at
0.3 kPa:
0.4 2501.3 kJ/kg ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
ln = ⎜ − ⎟ . ∴T2 = 267.54K or −5.5°C
0.6 0.462 kJ/kg ⋅ K ⎝ 273.01 K T2 ⎠
b) An average hfg is required. Let us use P1 = 0.6 kPa so the average hfg is close to the value at
0.3 kPa:
0.3 2501.3 kJ/kg ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
ln = ⎜ − ⎟ . ∴T2 = 263.8K or −9.2°C
0.6 0.462 kJ/kg ⋅ K ⎝ 273.01 K T2 ⎠
c) An average hfg is required. Let us use P1 = 0.6 kPa so the average hfg is close to the value at
0.3 kPa:
0.2 2501.3 kJ/kg ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
ln = ⎜ − ⎟ . ∴T2 = 258.7 K or −14.3°C
0.6 0.462 kJ/kg ⋅ K ⎝ 273.01 K T2 ⎠
∂v R
Eq. 7.39: v −T = v −T =v−v =0
∂T P P
Cv ⎛ ∂P ⎞ Cv R T v
ds = dT + ⎜ ⎟ dv = dT + dv. ∴Δs = Cv ln 2 + R ln 2
T ⎝ ∂T ⎠v T v T1 v1
Cp ⎛ ∂v ⎞ Cp R T P
ds = dT − ⎜ ⎟ dP = dT − dP. ∴Δs = C p ln 2 − R ln 2
T ⎝ ∂T ⎠P T P T1 P1
129
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RT a ∂P R
7.27 Use Eq. 7.33 to find du. Van der Waals equation is P = v − b − 2 . ∴ ∂T = v − b .
v v
⎡ ⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎤ ⎡ RT RT a⎤ a
Then du = Cv dT + ⎢T ⎜ ⎟ − P ⎥ dv = Cv dT + ⎢ − + 2 ⎥ dv = CvdT + 2 dv
⎣ ⎝ ∂T ⎠v ⎦ ⎣v − b v −b v ⎦ v
⎛1 1 ⎞
Integrate: Δu = Cv (T2 − T1 ) + a ⎜ v − v ⎟
⎝ 1 2 ⎠
7.28 Follow the steps of Problem 7.27 to find Δu (it would be very difficult to find Δh directly by
integrating Eq. 7.39). Then, using h = u + Pv, there results
Δh = Δu + P2 v2 − P1v1
⎛1 1 ⎞
= Cv (T2 − T1 ) + a ⎜ − ⎟ + P2 v2 − P1v1
⎝ v1 v2 ⎠
2 −1
⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ⎞ RT a ∂v ⎛ ∂T ⎞
7.29 Determine C p − Cv = = − T ⎜ ∂v ⎟ ⎜ ∂T ⎟ if P = − 2 . Use =⎜ ⎟ :
⎝ ⎠T ⎝ ⎠P v−b v ∂T P ⎝ ∂v P⎠
2
⎡ RT 2 2aT ⎤ ⎡ Rv3 ⎤
C p − Cv = ⎢ 2
− 3 ⎥⎢ 3 ⎥
⎣⎢ ( v − b) v ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ Pv + 2ab − av ⎦⎥
2 2
⎡ RT 2 2aT ⎤ ⎡ Rv3 ⎤ RT 2 R 2 v 6 ⎛ RT ⎞
Cp − Cv = ⎢ 2
− 3 ⎥⎢ 3 ⎥ = 2 × 2 6 = R⎜ ⎟
⎣⎢ ( v − b) v ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ Pv + 2ab − av ⎦⎥ v P v ⎝ vP ⎠
=R
7.30 To find the enthalpy change, first the internal energy change is found. The first integral in Eq.
7.33 is zero since T2 = T1. The second integral is simplified using the van der Waals equation so
that
v2
∫
⎡ RT RT a ⎤ ⎛1 1 ⎞
u2 − u1 = ⎢ − + 2 ⎥ dv = 0.163 ⎜ − ⎟
⎣ v − b v − b v ⎦ ⎝ 1
v v 2⎠
v1
where a = 0.163 is found in Table B-10. The values of v1 and v2 are found using van der Waals
equation knowing the pressure and temperature and using a trial-and-error procedure:
130
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The internal energy change and consequently the enthalpy change are then
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
u2 − u1 = 0.163 ⎜ − ⎟ = −9.0 kJ/kg
⎝ 0.540 0.0176 ⎠
h2 − h1 = u2 − u1 + P2 v2 − P1v1 = − 9.0 + 6000 × 0.0176 − 200 × 0.540 = −11.4 kJ/kg
The entropy change is found using Eq. 7.41. Following the steps for Δu, we find
v2
R v −b 0.0176 − 0.00127
s2 − s1 = ∫ dv = R ln 2 = 0.287 × ln = −1.00 kJ/kg ⋅ K
v1 v−b v1 − b 0.540 − 0.00127
T2
ΔS = mC p ln − mβ v( P2 − P1 )
T1
J 373 1 1 N
= 50 kg × 900 × ln − 50 kg × (7 × 10−5 ) × (50 − 0.1) × 106 2 = 6415 J/K
kg ⋅ K 323 K 2700 kg/m 3
m
That due to the pressure change is −64.6 J/K whereas that due to the temperature change is
6480 J/K. The entropy change due to the pressure change is significant only for very small
temperature changes.
1 ⎛ ∂v ⎞ 1 Δv 1 0.0010127 − 0.000997
β= ⎜ ⎟ ≅ = × = 3.86 × 10−4 K −1
v ⎝ ∂T ⎠ P v ΔT 0.001003 60 − 20
⎛ ∂P ⎞ ΔP 15 000 − 5000
B = −v ⎜ ⎟ ≅ −v = −0.001003 × = 2.33 × 106 kPa
∂
⎝ ⎠T
v Δv 0.0010013 − 0.0010056
m3 kN 1
C p − C v = vTBβ 2 = 0.001003 × 313 K × (2.33 × 106 ) 2 × (3.86 × 10−4 ) 2 2 = 0.109 kJ/kg ⋅ K
kg m K
1 ⎛ ∂v ⎞ 1 Δv 1 0.001010 − 0.001000
β= ⎜ ⎟ ≅ = × = 2.5 × 10−4 K −1
v ⎝ ∂T ⎠ P v ΔT 0.001004 60 − 20
⎛ ∂P ⎞ ΔP 9000 − 5000
B = −v ⎜ ⎟ ≅ −v = −0.001004 × = 1.3 × 106 kPa
⎝ ∂v ⎠T Δv 0.001003 − 0.001006
C p − C v = vTBβ 2
m3
( ) 1
2
= 0.001004 × 313K × (1.3 × 106 kPa) × 2.5 × 10 −4 = 0.0255 kJ/kg ⋅ K
` kg K2
131
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1 ⎛ ∂v ⎞ 1 Δv 1 0.000815 − 0.000735
7.34 β = v ⎜ ∂T ⎟ ≅ v ΔT = 0.000771 × = 0.26 × 10−4 K −1
⎝ ⎠P 20 − (−20)
⎛ ∂P ⎞ ΔP 1100 − 500
B = −v ⎜ ⎟ ≅ −v = −0.000771× = 0.23 × 106 kPa
∂
⎝ ⎠T
v Δv 0.00077 − 0.000772
C p − C v = vTBβ 2
m3 kN 1
= 0.000771 × 273 K × (0.23 × 106 ) 2 × (0.26 × 10 −4 ) 2 2 = 3.3 × 10 −5 kJ/kg ⋅ K
kg m K
7.35 Use forward differences by using a pressure at 350 kPa and x = 0. The enthalpy must be held
constant at 58 600 J/kg. The IRC calculator at 58 600 J/kg and 250 kPa, gives T2 = −4.28°C. At
h = 58 600 J/kg and 350 kPa, we find T = 4.99°C. Using the definition of the Joule-Thompson
coefficient, there results
ΔT T2 − T1 −4.28 − 4.99
μJ ≅ = = = 0.093 °C/kPa
ΔP h P2 − P1 h
250 − 350
The finite difference does not allow for more accuracy in the answer.
T2 − T1 T2 − 8
μ J = 0.093 = = . ∴T2 = −20°C
P2 − P1 100 − 400
T2 − T1 T − 21
μ J = 0.093 = = 2 . ∴T2 = −25°C
P2 − P1 100 − 600
T2 − T1 T − 31
μ J = 0.093 = = 2 . ∴T2 = −34°C
P2 − P1 100 − 800
7.36 Use forward differences by using a pressure at 1000 kPa and x = 0. The Calculator gives 39.4°C
and h = 107 000 L/kg. The Calculator at 107 000 J/kg and 800 kPa, gives T2 = 31.3°C. Using
the definition of the Joule-Thompson coefficient, there results
ΔT T −T 31.4 − 39.4
μJ ≅ = 2 1 = = 0.041 °C/kPa
ΔP h P2 − P1 h
800 − 1000
The finite difference does not allow for more accuracy in the answer. Using the μJ calculated,
we find
T −T T − 67
μ J = 0.041 = 2 1 = 2 . ∴T2 = −11°C
P2 − P1 100 − 2000
132
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7.37 At 400°C and an average pressure of 600 kPa, the IRC Calculator gives h = 685 000 J/kg so
ΔT T2 − T1 400 − 400
μJ ≅ = = = 0.0 °C/kPa
ΔP h P2 − P1 h
1000 − 800
The enthalpy depends on temperature only so the Joule-Thompson coefficient for air, an ideal
gas, is zero.
7.38 At 4 MPa and 400ºC, Table C-3 gives 3214 kJ/kg. The Joule-Thompson coefficient is then
estimated to be
ΔT 407 − 392
μJ ≅ = = 0.0075 °C/kPa
ΔP h 5000 − 3000
1 ⎡ ⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎤ 1 ⎡ 0.08002 − 0.06645 ⎤
Cp = ⎢T ⎜ ⎟ − v⎥ = ⎢ 673 × − 0.07341⎥ = 2.39 kJ/kg ⋅ K
so that μ j ⎣ ⎝ ∂T ⎠ P ⎦ 0.0075 ⎣ 450 − 350 ⎦
⎛ ∂h ⎞ Δh 3330 − 3092
Using C p = (∂h /∂T ) P there results Cp = ⎜ ⎟ ≅ = = 2.38 kJ/kg ⋅ K
⎝ ∂T ⎠ P ΔT 4 MPa 450 − 350
7.39 At 6 MPa and 450°C, Table C-3 gives h = 3300 kJ/kg. The Joule-Thompson coefficient is then
estimated to be
ΔT 455 − 445
μJ ≅ = = 0.006 o C/kPa
ΔP h (7060 − 5370)
so that
1 ⎡ ⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎤ 1 ⎡ 0.05665 − 0.04739 ⎤
C p = ⎢T ⎜ ⎟ − v⎥ = ⎢ 723 × − 0.05214 ⎥ = 2.46 kJ/kg ⋅ K
μ j ⎣ ⎝ ∂T ⎠ P ⎦ 0.006 ⎣ 500 − 400 ⎦
⎛ ∂h ⎞ Δh 3422 − 3177
Using C p = (∂h /∂T ) P there results C p = ⎜ ⎟ ≅ = = 2.45 kJ/kg ⋅ K
⎝ ∂T ⎠ P ΔT 6000 kPa 500 − 400
h2 − h1 = (h2 − h2* ) + (h2* − h1* ) − (h1 − h1* ) = −0 + 584 + 0.46 = 584 kJ/kg
133
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b) Using Table F-1, h2 − h1 = 220 − 360.6 = −140.6 kJ/kg .
P1 0.9 T1 360
PR1 = = = 0.24, TR1 = = = 2.71
Pcr 3.77 Tcr 133
P2 8 T2 220
PR 2 = = = 2.12, TR 2 = = = 1.65
Pcr 3.77 Tcr 133
h1* − h1 0 × 133
≅0 ∴ h1* − h1 = = 0 kJ/kg
Tcr 29
h2* − h2 7 × 133
≅7 ∴ h2* − h2 = = 32.1 kJ/kg
Tcr 29
The enthalpy difference between state 1 and state 2 is found using Eqs. 7.56 to be
c) Using Table F-1, h2 − h1 = 607 − 300.2 = 307 kJ/kg . Using the enthalpy departure chart of
Fig. I-1, we need
P1 0.2 T1 300
PR1 = = = 0.53, TR1 = = = 2.26
Pcr 3.77 Tcr 133
P2 10 T2 600
PR 2 = = = 2.65, TR 2 = = = 4.51
Pcr 3.77 Tcr 133
The enthalpy difference between state 1 and state 2 is found using Eqs. 7.56 to be
h2 − h1 = (h2 − h2* ) + (h2* − h1* ) − (h1 − h1* ) = −4.6 + 307 + 0.23 = 303 kJ/kg
134
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9431 − 10186
7.41 a) Using Table F-4, h2 − h1 = = −17.2 kJ/kg .
44
P1 0.8 T1 320
PR1 = = = 0.11, TR1 = = = 1.05
Pcr 7.39 Tcr 304
P2 6 T2 300
PR 2 = = = 0.81, TR 2 = = = 0.99
Pcr 7.39 Tcr 304
The enthalpy difference between state 1 and state 2 is found using Eqs. 7.56 to be
h2 − h1 = (h2 − h2* ) + (h2* − h1* ) − ( h1 − h1* ) = −82.9 − 17.2 + 0.55 = −99.5 kJ/kg
13 372 − 13 372
b) Using Table F-4, h2 − h1 = = 0 kJ/kg .
44
P1 2 T1 400
PR1 = = = 0.27, TR1 = = = 1.32
Pcr 7.39 Tcr 304
P2 12 T2 400
PR 2 = = = 1.62, TR 2 = = = 1.32
Pcr 7.39 Tcr 304
The enthalpy difference between state 1 and state 2 is found using Eqs. 7.56 to be
h2 − h1 = (h2 − h2* ) + (h*2 − h1* ) − (h1 − h1* ) = −58.7 + 0 + 10.4 = −48.3 kJ/kg
135
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37 405 − 17 678
c) Using Table F-4, h2 − h1 = = 448 kJ/kg .
44
P1 0.4 T1 500
PR1 = = = 0.054, TR1 = = = 1.64
Pcr 7.39 Tcr 304
P2 10 T2 900
PR 2 = = = 1.35, TR 2 = = = 2.96
Pcr 7.39 Tcr 304
h1* − h1 0 × 304
=0 ∴ h1* − h1 = = 0 kJ/kg
Tcr 44
h2* − h2 1 × 304
=1 ∴ h*2 − h2 = = 6.9 kJ/kg
Tcr 44
The enthalpy difference between state 1 and state 2 is found using Eqs. 7.56 to be
h2 − h1 = (h2 − h2* ) + (h2* − h1* ) − (h1 − h1* ) = −6.9 + 448 + 0 = 441 kJ/kg
P2 7.0
Δs = s2o − s1o − R ln = 2.8365 − 1.66802 − 0.287 ln = 0.685 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P1 1.3
Using values from the chart, the entropy differences are s1* − s1 = 0 and s*2 − s2 = 0 .
The entropy difference between state 1 and state 2 is found using Eq. 7.63 to be
P2 20000
Δs = s2o − s1o − R ln
= 2.9736 − 1.8060 − 0.287 ln = 0.4765 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P1 1800
Using the entropy departure chart of Fig. J-1, we need
136
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Using values from the chart, the entropy differences are
The entropy difference between state 1 and state 2 is found using Eq. 7.63 to be
P2 28000
c) Using Table F-1, Δs = s2o − s1o − R ln = 1.518 − 1.391 − 0.287 ln = −0.9317 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P1 700
The entropy difference between state 1 and state 2 is found using Eq. 7.63 to be
s2 − s1 = (s2 − s*2 ) + (s*2 − s1* ) − (s1 − s1* ) = −0.172 − 0.9317 + 0 = 1.104 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P1 0.9 T1 400
PR1 = = = 0.27, TR1 = = = 3.2
Pcr 3.39 Tcr 126
P2 4 T2 440
PR 2 = = = 1.2, TR 2 = = = 3.5
Pcr 3.39 Tcr 126
s2 − s1 = (s2 − s*2 ) + (s*2 − s1* ) − (s1 − s1* ) = −0.007 + 0.750 + 0 = 0.743 kJ/kg ⋅ K
137
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b) Using Table F-2,
P1 1.2 T1 350
PR1 = = = 0.35, TR1 = = = 2.8
Pcr 3.39 Tcr 126
P2 8 T2 700
PR 2 = = = 2.4, TR 2 = = = 5.6
Pcr 3.39 Tcr 126
P1 1.8 T1 500
PR1 = = = 0.53, TR1 = = = 4.0
Pcr 3.39 Tcr 126
P2 10 T2 220
PR 2 = = = 2.9, TR 2 = = = 1.75
Pcr 3.39 Tcr 126
The entropy difference between state 1 and state 2 is found using Eq. 7.63 to be
s2 − s1 = (s2 − s*2 ) + (s*2 − s1* ) − (s1 − s1* ) = −0.107 − 1.37 + 0 = −1.48 kJ/kg ⋅ K
7.44 i) The ideal gas equations for air assuming constant specific heats result in
138
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ii) The ideal gas equations for air assuming constant specific heats from Table B-6 result in
iii) The ideal gas Table F-1, which allows for variable specific heats, provides
P1 0.2 T1 400
PR1 = = = 0.053, TR1 = = = 3.0
Pcr 3.77 Tcr 133
P2 12 T2 900
PR 2 = = = 3.2, TR 2 = = = 6.8
Pcr 3.77 Tcr 133
h1* − h1 h2* − h2
= 0, ∴ h1* − h1 = 0 kJ/kg. = 0, ∴ h*2 − h2 = 0 kJ/kg
Tcr Tcr
0
s1* − s1 = 0 kJ/kmol ⋅ K, ∴ s1* − s1 = = 0 kJ/kg ⋅ K
29
0
s2* − s2 = 0 kJ/kmol ⋅ K, ∴ s*2 − s2 = = 0 kJ/kg ⋅ K
29
7.45 i) The ideal gas equations for air assuming constant specific heats from Table B-2 result in
ii) The ideal gas Table F-1, which allows for variable specific heats, provides
139
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iii) Use the enthalpy departure chart of Fig. I-1 and the entropy chart of Fig. J-1:
P1 0.2 T1 220
PR1 = = = 0.053, TR1 = = = 1.65
Pcr 3.77 Tcr 133
P2 10 T2 300
PR 2 = = = 2.65 TR 2 = = = 2.26
Pcr 3.77 Tcr 133
0
s1* − s1 = 0 kJ/kmol ⋅ K, ∴ s1* − s1 = = 0 kJ/kg ⋅ K
29
2
s2* − s2 = 2 kJ/kmol ⋅ K, ∴ s*2 − s2 = = 0.069 kJ/kg ⋅ K
29
h2 − h1 = (h2 − h2* ) + (h2* − h1* ) − (h1 − h1* ) = −11.5 + 80.2 + 0.09 = 68.8 kJ/kg
s2 − s1 = (s2 − s*2 ) + (s*2 − s1* ) − (s1 − s1* ) = −0.069 − 0.812 + 0 = −0.881 kJ/kg ⋅ K
7.46 i) Using constant specific heats for nitrogen from Table B-2 result in
ii) The ideal gas equations for air assuming constant specific heats from Table B-6 result in
iii) The ideal gas Table F-2, which allows for variable specific heats, provides
8141 − 6391
h2 − h1 =
= 62.5 kJ/kg
28
s o − so P 189.67 − 182.64 20
s2 − s1 = 2 1 − R ln 2 = − 0.297 × ln = −0.433 kJ/kg ⋅ K
M P1 28 2
140
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iv) Use the enthalpy departure chart of Fig. I-1 and the entropy chart of Fig. J-1:
P1 2 T1 220
PR1 = = = 0.59, TR1 = = = 1.75
Pcr 3.39 Tcr 126
P2 20 T2 280
PR 2 = = = 5.9 TR 2 = = = 2.2
Pcr 3.39 Tcr 126
0.5
s1* − s1 = 0.5 kJ/kmol ⋅ K, ∴ s1* − s1 = = 0.018 kJ/kg ⋅ K
28
3
s2* − s2 = 3 kJ/kmol ⋅ K, ∴ s*2 − s2 = = 0.107 kJ/kg ⋅ K
28
h2 − h1 = (h2 − h*2 ) + (h*2 − h1* ) − (h1 − h1* ) = −36 + 62.5 + 6.75 = 33 kJ/kg
7.47 i) Using constant specific heats for carbon dioxide from Table B-2 result in
T2 P 500 20000
Δs = s2 − s1 = C p ln − R ln 2 = 0.842 × ln − 0.1889 × ln = 0.0657 kJ/kg ⋅ K
T1 P1 353 6000
ii) The ideal gas Table F-4, which allows for variable specific heats, provides
17678 − 11471
h2 − h1 = = 141.1 kJ/kg
44
13521 − 8534
u2 − u1 = = 113.3 kJ/kg
44
s2o − s1o P 234.81 − 220.16 20000
s2 − s1 = − R ln 2 = − 0.1889 × ln = 0.1055 kJ/kg ⋅ K
M P1 44 6000
141
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iii) Use the enthalpy departure chart of Fig. I-1 and the entropy chart of Fig. J-1:
P1 6 T1 353
PR1 = = = 0.81, TR1 = = = 1.2
Pcr 7.39 Tcr 304.2
P2 20 T2 500
PR 2 = = = 2.7 TR 2 = = = 1.6
Pcr 7.39 Tcr 304.2
h1* − h1 6 × 304.2
≅ 6, ∴ h1* − h1 = = 41.5 kJ/kg
Tcr 44
h2* − h2 9 × 304.2
≅ 9, ∴ h2* − h2 = = 62 kJ/kg
Tcr 44
3
s1* − s1 = 3 kJ/kmol ⋅ K, ∴ s1* − s1 = = 0.068 kJ/kg ⋅ K
44
4.0
s2* − s2 = 4.0 kJ/kmol ⋅ K, ∴ s*2 − s2 = = 0.091 kJ/kg ⋅ K
44
The property differences between state 1 and state 2 are found, using Appendix H for Δu, to be
h2 − h1 = (h2 − h2* ) + (h2* − h1* ) − (h1 − h1* ) = −62 + 141.1 + 41.5 = 120.6 kJ/kg
u2 − u1 = Δh − R ( Z2T2 − Z1T1 ) = 120.6 − 0.189 × (0.83 × 500 − 0.89 × 353) = 101.5 kJ/kg
s2 − s1 = (s2 − s*2 ) + (s*2 − s1* ) − (s1 − s1* ) = −0.091 + 0.1055 + 0.068 = 0.082 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P2 0.1
s2 − s1 = s2o − s1o − R ln = 0. ∴ s2o = 3.077 + 0.287 × ln = 1.756 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P1 10
o
Interpolation in Table F-1 at s2 = 1.756 kJ/kg ⋅ K gives h2 = 317 kJ/kg so the maximum power
output, assuming an ideal gas (h1 is found at 1100 K in Table F-1), is
=m
W (h1 − h2 ) = 4 × (1161 − 317) = 3380 kW
T
ii) Assuming real gas effects are significant, we use the equations of Section 7.5. For maximum
power output, an isentropic turbine is assumed:
P1 10 T1 1100 P2 0.1
PR1 = = = 2.7, TR1 = = = 8.3, PR 2 = = = 0.027
Pcr 3.77 Tcr 133 Pcr 3.77
Obviously state 1 has no real-gas effects since TR1 is so high and state 2 has no real-gas effects
since PR2 is so low. Hence, there are no real-gas effects and the power is the same as in part (i)
at
= 3380 kW
WT
142
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7.49 i) For minimum power input, an isentropic process is assumed:
P2 8
s2 − s1 = s2o − s1o − R ln = 0. ∴ s2o = 1.702 + 0.287 × ln = 2.960 kJ/kg ⋅ K
P1 0.1
o
Interpolation in Table F-1 at s2 = 2.960 kJ/kg ⋅ K gives h2 = 1054 kJ/kg (at 1007 K) so the
maximum power input, assuming an ideal gas (h1 is found at 300 K in Table F-1), is
=m
W (h2 − h1 ) = 2 × (1054 − 300.2) = 1508 kW
C
ii) Assuming real gas effects are significant, we use the equations of Section 7.5. For maximum
power output, an isentropic turbine is assumed:
P1 0.1 T1 300 P2 8
PR1 = = = 0.027, TR1 = = = 2.3, PR 2 = = = 2.12
Pcr 3.77 Tcr 133 Pcr 3.77
Obviously state 1 has no real-gas effects since PR1 is so low and the temperature at state 2
would be relatively close to that found in Part (i) at 1000 K giving TR2 ≅ 7.5, too high to have
an effect. Hence, there are no real-gas effects and the power is the same as in part (i) at
= 1508 kW
WC
7.50 i) Assuming air to be an ideal gas, the ideal gas law Pv = RT gives
T2 1200
P2 = P1 = 400 × = 1600 kPa
T1 300
ii) Assuming real gas effects are significant, we use the equations of Section 7.5. Let us assume
the final state is that predicted by the ideal gas in Part (i). Then
P1 0.4 T1 300
PR1 = = = 0.11, TR1 = = = 2.3
Pcr 3.77 Tcr 133
P2 1.6 T2 1200
PR 2 = = = 0.42, TR 2 = = = 9.0
Pcr 3.77 Tcr 133
By checking Fig. I-1, we see that neither state 1 nor state 2 have any real-gas effects since PR1
is so low and TR2 is so high. Hence, there are no real-gas effects and the pressure is the same as
in part (i) at
P2 = 1600 kPa
P1 1.5 T1 300
PR1 = = = 0.44, TR1 = = = 2.4
Pcr 3.39 Tcr 126
P2 15 T2 480
PR 2 = = = 4.4, TR 2 = = = 3.8
Pcr 3.39 Tcr 126
143
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h1* − h1 0.02 × 126
≅ 0.02, ∴ h1* − h1 = = 0.09 kJ/kg
Tcr 28
h2* − h2 1.5 × 126
≅ 1.5, ∴ h2* − h2 = = 6.8 kJ/kg
Tcr 28
0
s1* − s1 = 0 kJ/kmol ⋅ K, ∴ s1* − s1 = = 0 kJ/kg ⋅ K
28
0.2
s2* − s2 ≅ 0.2 kJ/kmol ⋅ K, ∴ s*2 − s2 = = 0.007 kJ/kg ⋅ K
28
Obtain the ideal gas differences using Table B-6 at 400 K: Cp = 1.044 kJ/kg·K. Then
h2 − h1 = (h2 − h2* ) + (h2* − h1* ) − (h1 − h1* ) = −6.8 + 1.044(480 − 300) + 0.09 = 181 kJ/kg
s2 − s1 = (s2 − s*2 ) + (s*2 − s1* ) − (s1 − s1* )
⎛ 480 15 ⎞
= −0.007 + ⎜ 1.044ln − 0.297 ln ⎟ + 0 = −0.200 kJ/kg ⋅ K
⎝ 300 1.5 ⎠
The energy equation allows the power to be found:
Q − W
=m
S (h2 − h1 ). = −W
∴WC
= 2 × 181 − (−20) = 382 kW
S
P1 0.17 T1 310
PR1 = = = 0.04, TR1 = = = 2.3
Pcr 3.77 Tcr 133
P2 8.5 T2 310
PR 2 = = = 2.2, TR 2 = = = 2.3
Pcr 3.77 Tcr 239
h1* − h1 0 × 239
≅ 0, ∴ h1* − h1 = = 0 kJ/kg
Tcr 29
h2* − h2 4 × 133
≅ 4, ∴ h*2 − h2 = = 18.3 kJ/kg
Tcr 29
0
s1* − s1 = 0 kJ/kmol ⋅ K, ∴ s1* − s1 = = 0 kJ/kg ⋅ K
28
2
s2* − s2 ≅ 2 kJ/kmol ⋅ K, ∴ s*2 − s2 = = 0.071 kJ/kg ⋅ K
28
Obtain the ideal gas differences using Table B-6 at 300 K: Cp = 1.008 kJ/kg·K. Then
h2 − h1 = ( h2 − h2* ) + (h2* − h1* ) − (h1 − h1* ) = −18.3 + 1.008(310 − 300) + 0 = −8.22 kJ/kg
s2 − s1 = ( s2 − s*2 ) + (s*2 − s1* ) − (s1 − s1* )
⎛ 310 8500 ⎞
= −0.071 + ⎜1.008ln − 0.287 ln ⎟ + 0 = −1.216 kJ/kg ⋅ K
⎝ 300 140 ⎠
144
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