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Full download Ethics Theory and Contemporary Issues 9th Edition MacKinnon Solutions Manual all chapter 2024 pdf
Full download Ethics Theory and Contemporary Issues 9th Edition MacKinnon Solutions Manual all chapter 2024 pdf
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Instructor Resource Manual – Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues, 9e – MacKinnon & Fiala
Learning Outcomes
Associated Readings
1. Aristotle, “The Nicomachean Ethics” from The Nicomachean Ethics, bks. 1 & 2.
Getting Started
You might get started by asking students what traits they admire in those people who stand out
as especially praiseworthy. Or, ask them what virtuous traits they seek in their dearest friends.
List the virtues on the board. Students may want to argue whether patience, for example, is a
virtue or about what counts as courage. This would be a way into Aristotle's theory of virtue as
an excellence of character and virtue as a mean between extremes. Have students consider
whether all the virtues they have listed can be described as a mean between two extremes. For
each virtue, have them state the corresponding vices.
Key Terms
Virtue ethics: normative theory that maintains that the focus of morality is habits, dispositions,
and character traits (associated with Aristotle).
Golden Mean: idea associated with virtue ethics that virtue is found in the middle between
excess and deficiency.
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or
service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system
for classroom use.
1
Instructor Resource Manual – Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues, 9e – MacKinnon & Fiala
Cardinal virtues: primary virtues; the four cardinal virtues in the ancient Greek tradition are
justice, wisdom, moderation, and courage.
Eudaimonia: Greek term for human flourishing and happiness that is more than simply pleasure;
associated with Aristotle and virtue ethics.
1. One basic difference, between virtue ethics and other types of ethics, is that most other
theories help us determine what is the right or good thing to do, whereas virtue ethics asks
us to think about what kind of person we want to be. Put another way, most ethical
theories are concerned with what actions we ought to do, whereas virtue ethics is
concerned with what kind of person we ought to be.
2. Intellectual virtues are mental skills that lead to good reasoning, whereas moral virtues are
traits of character that lead to good living (a “life well-lived”). You might note that
intellectual virtues may be put to immoral use. For example, it takes intelligence to plan
“the perfect crime.”
3. Virtues are habits in that we develop them through practice. Just as other habits incline us
to act in certain ways, so also do virtues. Specifically, we call them virtues because they
incline us to behave in ways that allow us to “live well.”
4. Kindness, courage, perseverance, loyalty, and honesty are just a few of the character traits
that have been regarded as virtues. Again, moral virtues have been traditionally thought of
as those character traits that allow a person to “live well,” that is, to demonstrate a human
flourishing (which other humans will admire and want to emulate). This type of human
flourishing is what Aristotle means by the term eudaimonia. The term is often translated
as “happiness” (but should not be confused with mere pleasure or even contentment).
5. According to Aristotle, virtue is a mean between extremes of too much and too little of
some trait. Courage, for example, is the mean between rashness (too little fear) and
cowardice (too much fear), and honesty is a mean between too much forthrightness and
deceitfulness.
6. Students’ answers may vary. You might stress how these two options are not mutually
exclusive.
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or
service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system
for classroom use.
2
Instructor Resource Manual – Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues, 9e – MacKinnon & Fiala
1. How do we know what traits ought to be considered virtues and what vices?
2. If Aristotle is right that virtue is a mean between extremes, how would one decide just where
that middle between too much and too little of some trait is?
3. Do you believe that there are some good traits or virtues that are more typical of females and
others of males? If so, is this learned behavior or in some way natural to each sex?
4. What do you think about Philippa Foot’s problem regarding whether the virtuous person is one
who finds being virtuous easy or difficult?
5. Can you think of an example in which a person ends up worse off for behaving virtuously?
2. Virtue is a mean between two extremes. In other words, it is a middle amount of some trait.
Thus, courage is a mean between cowardice (too much hesitancy or fear in the face of danger)
and rashness (too little carefulness in the face of danger).
3. According to Aristotle, one reason it is so difficult to be good is that we find it difficult to find
the mean in particular situations. For example, it is difficult to know just how much to give in
one situation versus another, or just how forthright to be, etc.
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible
website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or
service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system
for classroom use.
3
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market-gardening.[751] His example was soon extensively followed,
and before 1760 the root was very generally reared in fields, as it is at
present.
At the breaking out of the rebellion, Barrisdale and his son acted as
partisans of the Stuart cause, the latter in an open manner, the
consequence of which was his being named in the act of attainder.
During the frightful time of vengeance that followed upon Culloden,
the father made some sort of submission to the government troops,
which raised a rumour that he had undertaken to assist in securing
and delivering up the fugitive prince. What 1745.
truth or falsehood there might be in the
allegation, no one could now undertake to certify; but certain it is,
that, when a party of the Camerons were preparing, in September
1746, to leave the country with Prince Charles in a French vessel,
they seized the Barrisdales, father and son, as culprits, and carried
them to France, where they underwent imprisonment, first at St
Malo, and afterwards at Saumur, for about a year. It was at the same
time reported to London that the troops had found, in Barrisdale’s
house, ‘a hellish engine for extorting confession, and punishing such
thieves as were not in his service. It is all made of iron, and stands
upright; the criminal’s neck, hands, and feet are put into it, by which
he’s in a sloping posture, and can neither sit, lie, nor stand.’[768] This
report must also remain in some degree a matter of doubt.
The younger Barrisdale, making his escape from the French
prison, returned to the wilds of Inverness-shire, and was there
allowed for a time to remain in peace. The father, liberated when
Prince Charles was expelled from France, also returned to Scotland;
but he had not been more than two days at his house in Knoydart,
when a party from Glenelg apprehended him. Being placed as a
prisoner in Edinburgh Castle, he died there in June 1750, after a
confinement of fourteen months. The son was in like manner seized
in July 1753, in a wood on Loch-Hourn-side, along with four or five
other gentlemen in the same circumstances, and imprisoned in
Edinburgh Castle. He was condemned upon the act of attainder to
die in the Grassmarket on the 22d of May 1754, and while he lay
under sentence, his wife, who attended him, brought a daughter into
the world.[769] He was, however, reprieved from time to time, and
ultimately, after nine years’ confinement, received a pardon in March
1762, took the oath of allegiance to George III., and was made a
captain in Colonel Graeme’s regiment, being the same which was
afterwards so noted under the name of the Forty-second. When Mr
John Knox made his tour of the West Highlands in 1786, to
propagate the faith in herring-curing and other modern arts of peace,
he found ‘Barrisdale’—that name so associated with an ancient and
ruder state of things—residing at the place from which he was
named. ‘He lives,’ says the traveller, ‘in silent retirement upon a
slender income, and seems by his appearance, conversation, and
deportment, to have merited a better fate. He is about six feet high,
proportionally made, and was reckoned one 1745.
of the handsomest men of the age. He is still
a prisoner, in a more enlarged sense, and has no society excepting his
own family, and that of Mr Macleod of Arnisdale. Living on opposite
sides of the loch, their communications are not frequent.’[770]
‘Last week Sir Robert Sibbald of Kipps, M.D., 1722. Aug. 13.
Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, died here
in the 83d year of his age. He was a person of great piety and learning, and author
of many learned and useful books, especially in natural history.’—C. M.
On the 11th November 1723, a number of people proceeding from Galashiels and
its neighbourhood to attend a fair at Melrose, and crossing the Tweed in a ferry-
boat at Nether Barnsford, near what afterwards became Abbotsford, were thrown
by the oversetting of the boat into the water, then in flood, and eighteen of them
drowned. A boy named Williamson, son of a tradesman in Galashiels, was
preserved in a wonderful way. Thrown at first to the bottom of the river, he caught
a man by the hair of his head, and was thus enabled to rise to the surface. There he
was kept afloat by grasping, first by a bundle of lint, and then a sackful of gray
cloth, letting go each in succession as it became saturated with water. Then a deal
from the ‘lofting’ of the boat came near him, and he grasped it firmly below his
breast. Meanwhile he was moving rapidly down the stream. There was a place
where formerly a bridge had been, and where three piers yet stood in the water. It
was with difficulty he got through one of the spaces, and over a cascade on the
lower side of the bridge. Sometimes, thrown on his back, he was under water for
thirty or forty yards, but he never let go the deal. At length, after going
considerably more than a mile in this manner, he was taken up by the West-house-
boat, the manager of which had been warned of his coming, and of his possible
preservation, by a ploughman mounted on a horse which, escaping from the
overset boat, had swum ashore, in time to admit of this rapid and dexterous
movement—C. M.