Elective Monarchy in Transylvania and

Poland-Lithuania, 1569-1587 Felicia

Rosu
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 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/10/17, SPi

E l e c t i v e M o n a rc h y i n T r a n s y lva n i a
a n d P o l a n d - L i t h u a n i a , 1569 – 1587
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/10/17, SPi
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/10/17, SPi

Elective Monarchy
in Transylvania and
Poland-Lithuania,
1569–1587
F e l i c i a Ro ș u

1
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/10/17, SPi

3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, ox2 6dp,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© Felicia Roșu 2017
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
First Edition published in 2017
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
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Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/10/17, SPi

Dla Pana Profesora

OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/10/17, SPi
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/10/17, SPi

‘Kings and princes come to other peoples by hereditary right and natural
succession, but to us they are not born, but chosen by the common vote of the
nobility.’
(Andrzej Wolan, 1572)
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/10/17, SPi
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/10/17, SPi

Acknowledgements
This book is the result of a long process of learning, writing, pausing, rethinking,
and rewriting. None of this would have been possible without my teachers and
mentors at Georgetown University, where my interest in Transylvanian and Polish-
Lithuanian history first took shape. I remain forever grateful to my advisors, James
B. Collins, Gábor J. Agoston, Gerald M. Mara—and especially to my main source
of inspiration for pursuing history in the first place, Andrzej S. Kamiński, whose
vision and unwavering support continue to fuel my work, and to whom this book
is dedicated.
The many research trips required for this project were made possible by fund-
ing from Georgetown University, the U.S. Department of Education (Fulbright-
Hays), the Cosmos Club Foundation (Washington, D.C.), the Institute for Civic
Space and Public Policy (Warsaw), and Leiden University. I am grateful for their
dedication to supporting research in the humanities. I also wish to thank the
many archivists and librarians who kindly helped to locate my sources in the
Polish, Hungarian, Austrian, Romanian, Italian, French, and German repositories
I used for this project. Their expertise has made my research—and my life—so
much easier.
My wonderful editors at Oxford University Press—Terka Acton, Stephanie
Ireland, and Cathryn Steele—made this book possible by finding its topic inter-
esting in the first place, and then seeing it through to the end. The writing pro-
cess was immensely helped in its last stages by colleagues who were generous
enough with their time to read my manuscript in part or in whole. I am deeply
grateful to two anonymous reviewers for their in-depth comments and ques-
tions, which helped to significantly broaden and refine my arguments. I am also
indebted to Andrzej Kamiński and Eulalia Łazarska for inviting me to their
annual conference, ‘Recovering Forgotten History: The Image of ​​Central and
Eastern Europe in English-Language Academic Textbooks’, where my manuscript
was examined in excruciating but incredibly useful detail by Igor Kąkolewski,
Teréz Oborni, Endre Sashalmi, and Wacław Uruszczak in the summer of 2016.
My book would be poorer without their input. My warmest thanks to Susan
Ferber from the OUP New York office, who was also present at the conference,
and whose editing genius made my book more readable than it would have been
without her generous help. Jim Collins and my colleagues from Leiden, Jeroen
Duindam and Judith Pollmann, read various parts of my manuscript and offered
priceless feedback on my writing as well as general advice about the bigger pic-
ture. I also wish to thank Béla Nagy, from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences,
for the patience and care with which he created the maps in this book, and Teréz
Oborni for helping in the process.
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/10/17, SPi

x Acknowledgements

My deepest gratitude goes to my family and friends, who made me feel at home
no matter how far my travels took me—especially my sisters, Carmen and Mihaela,
whose faith in me has never faltered, and my parents, Gheorghe and Antoneta,
who gave me the freedom to follow my dreams when it mattered. A heartfelt
thanks to you all.
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/10/17, SPi

Contents
List of Maps and Illustrations xiii
List of Abbreviations xv
Personal and Place Names xvii

Introduction 1
1. Choosing to Elect 19
‘A Free Prince’ 24
‘Free Election’ 32
2. Campaigning 54
The Candidates 55
Voter Preferences 61
 Natives and Foreigners 62
The Jagiellons 64
 A Weak King 67
Powerful Neighbours and the Fear Factor 70
 Religion 81
Manliness 85
Campaigning Tools 88
Men and Words 88
Bribes 90
Factions 92
 Deception 93
3. Voting 97
Gyulafehérvár 1571 97
Warsaw 1575 103
Consensus and the Weight of Numbers 115
4. Contract 130
The Transylvanian Contract 132
The Székely Dilemma 133
 Religious Peace 136
The Bathorian Articles 141
Matrimony 150
 Religious Peace 151
 Heredity 155
5. Authority 160
The Transylvanian Ruler 160
Enthronement 161
 Rebellion 163
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/10/17, SPi

xii Contents
Royal Authority in Poland-Lithuania 167
 After the Election 168
 After the Coronation 172
Conclusions 181

Glossary 195
Bibliography 197
Index 215
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/10/17, SPi

List of Maps and Illustrations

1.1. Map of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1569–1619. Courtesy
of Béla Nagy, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest. 21
1.2. Map of Transylvania, c.1570. Courtesy of Béla Nagy, Hungarian Academy
of Sciences, Budapest. 26
1.3. Portrait of Stephen Báthory, late sixteenth century. Anonymous.
Czartoryskich Museum, Cracow. 28
1.4. Portrait of Anna Jagiellon in coronation clothes, 1576. Martin Kober.
Wawel Cathedral, Cracow. 36
1.5. Portrait of Henry Valois in Polish hat, c.1580–6. Attributed to
François Quesnel. Muzeum Narodowe, Poznań. 37
1.6. Portrait of Sigismund III Vasa, c.1626. Pieter Claesz.
Alte Pinakothek, Munich. 38
2.1. ‘Effigies illustrissimi principis nec non serenissimi electi regis Poloniae,
etc., Stephani Batori’, December 1575–May 1576. Anonymous.
Sächsisches Staatsarchiv, Hauptstaatsarchiv Dresden, 10024 Geheimer
Rat (Geheimes Archiv), Loc. 10697/03, Bl. 368b–369a. 88
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/10/17, SPi
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/10/17, SPi

List of Abbreviations
A rc h i va l M at e r i a l
AGAD Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych, Warsaw
ARadz. Archiwum Radziwiłłów
AZam. Archiwum Zamoyskich
MK LL Metryka Koronna, Libri Legationum
ZBran. Zbiór Branickich z Suchej
ASV Archivio Segreto Vaticano
ASVen. Archivio di Stato di Venezia
APConst. Archivio proprio Constantinopoli
APContarini Archivio proprio Contarini
Sen. Dispacci degli ambasciatori al Senato
BCzart. Biblioteka im. ks. Czartoryskich, Cracow
TN Teki Naruszewicza
BNF Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris
BPANC Biblioteka Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Cracow
TP Teki Pawińskiego
BUW Biblioteka Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Warsaw
DJANC Direcţia Judeţeană a Arhivelor Naţionale, Cluj
FBistr. Fond Primăria Oraşului Bistriţa
FKem. Fond Familia Kemény
DJANS Direcţia Judeţeană a Arhivelor Naţionale, Sibiu
AF Acte fasciculare
Bruk. Colecția Brukenthal
DE Documente episcopale
HHStA Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv, Vienna
MOL Magyar Országos Levéltár, Budapest
OSZK Országos Széchényi Könyvtár, Budapest
PBath. Protocollum Bathorianum
WAPC Wojewódzkie Archiwum Państwowe, Cracow
ASang. Archiwum Sanguszków

P r i n t e d S o u rc e s
ADR Sokołowski, ed., Archiwum domu Radziwiłłów
AJZ Sobieski, ed., Archiwum Jana Zamoyskiego
Bethlen Bethlen, Historia de rebus Transsylvanicis
Caligari Caligari, Epistolae et acta
Czubek Czubek, Pisma polityczne z czasów pierwszego bezkrólewia
Dudith Dudith, Epistulae
EOE Szilágyi, ed., Erdélyi országgülési emlékek
Forgách Forgách, Magyar historiája
Heidenstein Heidenstein, Dzieje Polski
Laureo Wierzbowski, ed., Vincent Laureo
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/10/17, SPi

xvi List of Abbreviations

Lescalopier Lescalopier, ‘Călătoria în Țara Românească și Transilvania’
Noailles Noailles, ed., Henri de Valois, vol. 3
Orzelski Orzelski, Interregni Poloniae libros
Possevino Possevino, Transilvania
Szádeczky Szádeczky, ed., Báthory István lengyel királylyá választása
Szamosközy Szamosközy, Történeti maradványai
Spannochi Spannochi, ‘Discours de l’interregne’
VC Grodziski, Dwornicka, and Uruszczak, eds, Volumina Constitutionum
VL Konarski and Kaczmarczyk, eds, Volumina Legum
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/10/17, SPi

Personal and Place Names

There is no easy answer when it comes to personal and place names in east-central
European history, but a compromise must be made between historical precision,
faithfulness to the sources, and readability. To facilitate comprehension, I have
used English versions for the first names of rulers and their immediate families
(Stephen Báthory instead of István Báthory; John Sigismund Szapolyai instead of
János Zsigmond Szapolyai), but where a satisfying English equivalent does not
exist and for persons of lesser rank, I have kept the versions most commonly used
in their respective native or dominant languages (Jan Zamoyski, István Werbőczi).
For place names, I have used English equivalents where they exist (Warsaw, Cracow,
Vienna) and the most recognizable modern versions for major towns (Vilnius,
Kiev). For German towns throughout the region, I have used the German versions
of their names (Hermannstadt, Danzig). The solution is not perfect, but for uni-
formity’s sake and also to reflect the prevailing tendency in my sources, I have used
Hungarian and Polish names for smaller places in Transylvania and Poland-Lithuania
respectively, and I have adopted the Polish spelling of provinces and palatinates in
Poland-Lithuania (Bracław, for instance), except when a Latinized or English version
exists (Mazovia, Podolia, or Lesser and Greater Poland). Furthermore, I have used
the Latinized ‘Ruthenia’ or ‘Ruthenian’ to indicate the Ruś palatinate (województwo
ruskie) in southern Poland, but also in reference to the wider cultural and religious
identity of the population comprising the territories of modern-day Ukraine and
Belarus (also referred to as ‘Ruś’ in Polish and ‘Russia’ in Latin). The distinction
between the palatinate and the wider region is not always clear in the sources, but
I have indicated when it is. Lastly, I have occasionally used ‘Poland-Lithuania’ as a
short form for the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania (informally called by its
inhabitants ‘the Republic’, formally ‘the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania’). ‘Poland-Lithuania’ does not appear as such in the sources, but I have
found it expedient to adopt this shortcut here and there, in order to increase
readability. Translations are my own, unless otherwise indicated.
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 23/10/17, SPi
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 19/10/17, SPi

Introduction

The Right of electing Kings was vested in, and belong’d only to such of the
People, who were eminent for their Goodness and Love of Liberty. Such only
who stood possess’d of this high Character, were look’d upon as the properest
Persons to call those Kings to an Account, who were declared Enemies to
Vertue; and to execute Vengeance upon Tyrants . . . Those Nations, which are
govern’d by Kings, in an unalterable and uninterrupted Succession, are (in the
Judgment of us Polanders) either such, whose People were heretofore of a
barbarous and savage Disposition, or much addicted to Tumults and Seditions:
And of these we now see many still laboring under heavy Yoke of absolute
Dominion and Tyranny.1

In the early modern period, the closest precursor of the modern presidential
­suffrage were the thirteen elections for king that were held between 1573 and 1764
in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The only other place in Europe with
similar succession rules was Transylvania, where twenty-five elections for ‘voivode’
(as the Transylvanian ruler was called) took place between 1571 and 1704. These
experiments in large-scale suffrage were noisy, uncertain, and hazardous affairs that
threatened public stability and were highly susceptible to inner divisions and outside
influence. And yet, regardless of the dangers and abuses involved, the Transylvanian
and Polish-Lithuanian estates insisted on their right to ‘free elections’, generation after
generation, until outside powers put an end to their autonomous existence. According
to some observers, the elective system was the cause of their undoing.
Without purporting to cover the development of elective monarchy across the
whole early modern period, this book is an examination of why and how the
elective principle, already established in Transylvanian and Polish political culture
in the late medieval period, was transformed in the 1570s. It does so by focusing
on the foundational and experimental character of the first elections of 1571,
1573, and 1575–6. In May 1571, Stephen Báthory was elected by the estates of
Transylvania to be their ‘free prince’. His election marked a decisive moment in
Transylvania’s history as well as Hungary’s. The estates of the newly autonomous
province chose to elect, for the first time in their history, a ruler separate from
and with no claim to the Hungarian crown: a ‘free prince’. Even though the
Transylvanians had participated in elections of rulers before, those had always been

1 Wawrzyniec Goślicki, The Accomplished Senator (1568), 1733 English edition (Miami, 1992), 29.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of
Historical record of the Eighty-eighth

Regiment of Foot, or Connaught

Rangers
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Historical record of the Eighty-eighth Regiment of Foot, or

Connaught Rangers
containing an account of the formation of the regiment in
1793, and of its subsequent services to 1837.

Author: Richard Cannon

Release date: May 2, 2024 [eBook #73517]

Language: English

Original publication: London: William Clowes & Sons, 1838

Credits: Brian Coe, John Campbell and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This book was
created from images of public domain material made
available by the University of Toronto Libraries.)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORICAL

RECORD OF THE EIGHTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT OF FOOT, OR
CONNAUGHT RANGERS ***
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
Footnote anchors are denoted by [number], and the footnotes have been placed at
the end of the book.
Some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book.
 HISTORICAL RECORDS

OF THE

BRITISH ARMY.

PREPARED FOR PUBLICATION UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE

ADJUTANT-GENERAL.

THE

EIGHTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT OF
FOOT;
OR,

CONNAUGHT RANGERS.
 LONDON:
Printed by WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS,
14, Charing Cross.
 GENERAL ORDERS.

HORSE-GUARDS,
1st January, 1836.
His Majesty has been pleased to command, that, with a view of
doing the fullest justice to Regiments, as well as to Individuals who
have distinguished themselves by their Bravery in Action with the
Enemy, an Account of the Services of every Regiment in the British
Army shall be published under the superintendence and direction of
the Adjutant-General; and that this Account shall contain the
following particulars, viz.,

—— The Period and Circumstances of the Original

Formation of the Regiment; The Stations at which it has been
from time to time employed; The Battles, Sieges, and other
Military Operations, in which it has been engaged, particularly
specifying any Achievement it may have performed, and the
Colours, Trophies, &c., it may have captured from the Enemy.
—— The Names of the Officers and the number of Non-
Commissioned Officers and Privates, Killed or Wounded by the
Enemy, specifying the Place and Date of the Action.
—— The Names of those Officers, who, in consideration of
their Gallant Services and Meritorious Conduct in
Engagements with the Enemy, have been distinguished with
Titles, Medals, or other Marks of His Majesty’s gracious favour.
—— The Names of all such Officers, Non-Commissioned
Officers and Privates as may have specially signalized
themselves in Action.
And,
—— The Badges and Devices which the Regiment may
have been permitted to bear, and the Causes on account of
which such Badges or Devices, or any other Marks of
Distinction, have been granted.

By Command of the Right Honourable

GENERAL LORD HILL,
Commanding-in-Chief.
JOHN MACDONALD,
Adjutant-General.
 P R E FA C E .

The character and credit of the British Army must chiefly depend
upon the zeal and ardour, by which all who enter into its service are
animated, and consequently it is of the highest importance that any
measure calculated to excite the spirit of emulation, by which alone
great and gallant actions are achieved, should be adopted.
Nothing can more fully tend to the accomplishment of this
desirable object, than a full display of the noble deeds with which the
Military History of our country abounds. To hold forth these bright
examples to the imitation of the youthful soldier, and thus to incite
him to emulate the meritorious conduct of those who have preceded
him in their honourable career, are among the motives that have
given rise to the present publication.
The operations of the British Troops are, indeed, announced in the
‘London Gazette,’ from whence they are transferred into the public
prints: the achievements of our armies are thus made known at the
time of their occurrence, and receive the tribute of praise and
admiration to which they are entitled. On extraordinary occasions,
the Houses of Parliament have been in the habit of conferring on the
Commanders, and the Officers and Troops acting under their orders,
expressions of approbation and of thanks for their skill and bravery,
and these testimonials, confirmed by the high honour of their
Sovereign’s Approbation, constitute the reward which the soldier
most highly prizes.
It has not, however, until late years, been the practice (which
appears to have long prevailed in some of the Continental armies)
for British Regiments to keep regular records of their services and
achievements. Hence some difficulty has been experienced in
obtaining, particularly from the old Regiments, an authentic account
of their origin and subsequent services.
This defect will now be remedied, in consequence of His Majesty
having been pleased to command, that every Regiment shall in
future keep a full and ample record of its services at home and
abroad.
From the materials thus collected, the country will henceforth
derive information as to the difficulties and privations which chequer
the career of those who embrace the military profession. In Great
Britain, where so large a number of persons are devoted to the
active concerns of agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, and
where these pursuits have, for so long a period, been undisturbed by
the presence of war, which few other countries have escaped,
comparatively little is known of the vicissitudes of active service, and
of the casualties of climate, to which, even during peace, the British
Troops are exposed in every part of the globe, with little or no
interval of repose.
In their tranquil enjoyment of the blessings which the country
derives from the industry and the enterprise of the agriculturist and
the trader, its happy inhabitants may be supposed not often to reflect
on the perilous duties of the soldier and the sailor,—on their
sufferings,—and on the sacrifice of valuable life, by which so many
national benefits are obtained and preserved.
The conduct of the British Troops, their valour, and endurance,
have shone conspicuously under great and trying difficulties; and
their character has been established in Continental warfare by the
irresistible spirit with which they have effected debarkations in spite
of the most formidable opposition, and by the gallantry and
steadiness with which they have maintained their advantages
against superior numbers.
In the official Reports made by the respective Commanders,
ample justice has generally been done to the gallant exertions of the
Corps employed; but the details of their services, and of acts of
individual bravery, can only be fully given in the Annals of the various
Regiments.
 These Records are now preparing for publication, under His
Majesty’s special authority, by Mr. RICHARD CANNON, Principal
Clerk of the Adjutant-General’s Office; and while the perusal of them
cannot fail to be useful and interesting to military men of every rank,
it is considered that they will also afford entertainment and
information to the general reader, particularly to those who may have
served in the Army, or who have relatives in the Service.
There exists in the breasts of most of those who have served, or
are serving, in the Army, an Esprit du Corps—an attachment to every
thing belonging to their Regiment; to such persons a narrative of the
services of their own Corps cannot fail to prove interesting. Authentic
accounts of the actions of the great,—the valiant,—the loyal, have
always been of paramount interest with a brave and civilized people.
Great Britain has produced a race of heroes who, in moments of
danger and terror, have stood, “firm as the rocks of their native
shore;” and when half the World has been arrayed against them,
they have fought the battles of their Country with unshaken fortitude.
It is presumed that a record of achievements in war,—victories so
complete and surprising, gained by our countrymen,—our brothers—
our fellow-citizens in arms,—a record which revives the memory of
the brave, and brings their gallant deeds before us, will certainly
prove acceptable to the public.
Biographical memoirs of the Colonels and other distinguished
Officers, will be introduced in the Records of their respective
Regiments, and the Honorary Distinctions which have, from time to
time, been conferred upon each Regiment, as testifying the value
and importance of its services, will be faithfully set forth.
As a convenient mode of Publication, the Record of each
Regiment will be printed in a distinct number, so that when the whole
shall be completed, the Parts may be bound up in numerical
succession.
 HISTORICAL RECORD

OF THE

EIGHTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT
OF FOOT,
OR,

CONNAUGHT RANGERS;

CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF

T H E F O R M AT I O N O F T H E R E G I M E N T
IN 1793,

AND OF

SUBSEQUENT SERVICES
TO 1837.

LONDON:
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS,
14, CHARING CROSS.

1838.
 THE

EIGHTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT
OF FOOT,

OR

CONNAUGHT RANGERS,

BEARS ON ITS COLOURS

THE HARP AND CROWN,

WITH THE MOTTO

“QUIS SEPARABIT?”

AND THE FOLLOWING INSCRIPTIONS:—

“Egypt”——“Talavera”——“Busaco”——“Fuentes d’Onor”——
“Ciudad Rodrigo”——“Badajoz”——“Salamanca”——
“Vittoria”——“Nivelle”——“Orthes”——
“Toulouse”——and——“Peninsula.”
 CONTENTS.

Anno Page
1793 The Regiment raised in Ireland and designated
“The Connaught Rangers” 1
1794 Embarks for Flanders —
—— Skirmish at Alost 2
—— Retreat through Holland —
1795 Embarks for England 3
—— Expedition to the West Indies —
1796 Returns to England 4
1799 Proceeds to the East Indies —
1800 Expedition to Egypt —
1801 Traverses the Desert 5
1803 Returns to England —
1804 A Second Battalion formed 6
1806 Proceeds to the Cape of Good Hope 7
1807 Embarks for South America 8
—— Attack on Buenos Ayres —
—— Returns to England 15
1808 Embarks for Cadiz 17
1809 Proceeds to Portugal —
—— Operations in the Tras os Montes —
—— Battle of Talavera de la Reyna —
1810 Battle of Busaco 23
—— Lines of Torres Vedras 31
1811 Skirmish at Foz-d’Aronce 32
—— Battle of Sabugal —
—— ——— Fuentes d’Onor —
—— Siege of Badajoz 37
—— Blockade of Ciudad Rodrigo 38
1812 Siege of Ditto 39
—— ——— Badajoz 43
—— Battle of Salamanca 46
—— Advances to Madrid 48
—— Retreats to Portugal —
1813 Advances into Spain 49
—— Battle of Vittoria 50
—— ——— the Pyrenees 51
—— ——— Nivelle 54
—— ——— Nive —
1814 ——— Orthes —
—— ——— Toulouse —
—— Proceeds to Lower Canada 56
—— Attack on Plattsburg —
1815 Returns to England 58
—— Proceeds to Flanders and advances to Paris —
1816 In Garrison at Valenciennes 59
1817 Proceeds to Scotland —
1818 Order of Merit established —
1819 Marches to England 61
1821 Embarks for Ireland 62
1825 Proceeds to Corfu 63
1828 ——— to Cephalonia —
1830 Returns to Corfu 64
1831 Proceeds to Vido 64
—— Returns to Corfu —
—— The Badge——Harp and Crown——with the
Motto “Quis Separabit?” authorized to be
borne on the Colours, &c. 65
1834 New Colours presented to the Regiment 71
1836 Proceeds to England 77
—— Does duty at Portsmouth 78
1837 Marches to Weedon —
Service of the Depôt Companies from 1830 to 1836 77-87
Recapitulation 88
Services of the Second Battalion 90

APPENDIX.

Succession of Field Officers 94

Return of Officers Killed and Wounded 96
—— —— —— Died of Wounds, Fatigues, &c. 97
—— —— —— distinguished with Titles, Medals, &c. 98
Return of Non-Commissioned Officers, Drummers, and
Privates, who have received Medals 100
EIGHTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT OF FOOT (CONNAUGHT
RANGERS.)
 HISTORICAL RECORD
OF THE

EIGHTY-EIGHTH REGIMENT OF FOOT,

OR

CONNAUGHT RANGERS.

1793

When the breaking out of the war with France in 1793 occasioned
considerable additions to be made to the British army, this regiment
was raised in Ireland, under commission bearing date 25th
September, 1793, by Colonel the Honourable Thomas de Burgh
(afterwards Earl of Clanricarde). Being recruited chiefly from the
province of Connaught, it assumed, as its distinctive appellation, the
name of “Connaught Rangers;” and when the new-levied
regiments were numbered from Seventy-Eight upwards, received for
its number Eighty-Eight. Its facings were yellow, and it bore on its
colours and appointments a harp and crown, with the motto “Quis
separabit?”
1794

It was not long before the active services of the new regiment
were called for in the field: in the summer of 1794 a reinforcement of
seven thousand men, under the command of Major-General the Earl
of Moira, was sent to join the army of the Duke of York in Flanders;
and of this force the Eighty-Eighth Regiment, one thousand strong,
and commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Keppel, formed part. The
expedition landed at Ostend on the 26th of June, at which time the
Duke of York, pressed by superior numbers, was retiring upon
Antwerp; and the Earl of Moira resolved not to attempt the defence
of Ostend, but to endeavour to join his Royal Highness. After a
tedious and difficult march, in the face of a superior and victorious
enemy, whose troops were already overrunning the country in all
directions, his Lordship arrived at Alost, where he was attacked by
the French, on the 6th of July, with great fury; the enemy was,
however, repulsed; the steadiness and valour of the troops, with the
skill of their leader, overcame all difficulties, and the junction
between Lord Moira’s corps and the army under his Royal Highness
the Duke of York was accomplished at Malines, on the 9th of July,
when the Eighty-Eighth was formed in brigade with the Fifteenth,
Fifty-third, and Fifty-Fourth Regiments.
In the harassing operations of the autumn of 1794, and in the
disastrous winter campaign and retreat which followed, the Eighty-
Eighth had a full share. For some time it formed part of the garrison
of Bergen-op-Zoom, where it was reviewed by the Prince of Orange
and some Hessian officers of high rank, and received much
commendation for its appearance and efficiency. When Bergen-op-
Zoom was considered no longer tenable, the Eighty-Eighth was
withdrawn in the night by boats, under the command of Lieutenant
(afterwards Admiral Sir Home) Popham, and proceeded to join the
army near Nimeguen; in which fortress it was also subsequently
placed in garrison, but was withdrawn a few nights before the
surrender. It was then formed in brigade with the Eighth, Thirty-
Seventh, Forty-Fourth, and Fifty-Seventh Regiments, under the
command of Major-General de Burgh, and stationed near the Waal,
to defend the passage of that river.
On the 27th of November, 1794, General John Reid was
appointed Colonel of the Regiment, in succession to Major-General
de Burgh, who was removed to the Sixty-Sixth Regiment.
1795

The Waal having become frozen so as to bear an army with its

matériel, the Eighty-Eighth retired across the Leek, and the men,
being exposed to the storms of a severe winter, endured great
hardships. Robert Brown states in his Journal (7th January, 1795),