Chamorro. Clínica de las psicosis

@furlht, Lrnc
Cómd sl lhslöf `f c`íhncf / Lrnc @furlht 9 anrnknad pdr @ldhfrad Kdrdstnzf. -

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls, 7??<.
6f la. 6f rlnmp. - Gulhds

G ulhds Fnrls 5 Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls, 7?6?.
667 p. 9 76x61 cm.

cm . - (Cufalrhds al` NCGF / Lrhlstd Snhftrf9 63)
NSGH >;:->:;->:7>:->->
6. _sncdfhæ`nsns. N. Kdrdstnzf, @ldhfrad, anr.
anr. NN. Qítu`d
CAA 6<?.6><
C\FALWHDS AL@ NCalGF H¿ :

_ug`ncfcnóh al` Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls
Mnlmgrd al `f Wla Nhtlrhfcndhf` al` Nhstntutd al` Cfmpd Brluanfhd
Crîantds lancnóh ankntf`

Anrlctdrf rlspdhsfg`l al `f pug`ncfcnóh5 Krfcnl`f Grdasiy
Wlspdhsfg`l al `fs pug`ncfcndhls al` NCalGF5 Glftrnz \alhnd
Crîantds lancnóh lh pfpl`

Anrlctdrf al `f cd`lccnóh5 Sn`vnf L`lhf Qlha`frz
Anrlctdr rlspdhsfg`l al `f pug`ncfcnóh5 @ldhfrad Kdrdstnzf
Futdr al` cufard5 Eufh Cfrvfef`

Bdtd al tfpf5 F`vfrd Npfrrfkunrrl / GF Cd`dr
6µ lancnóh, mfrzd al 7??1, Cufalrhds al` NCGF
NSGH >:;-7?>;:-6-Z
Wlknstrd al `f prdpnlafa nhtl`lctuf` lh træmntl
Vulaf jlcjd l` alpósntd qul prlvnlhl `f @ly 66;7
66;733
Nmprlsd lh Gulhds Fnrls, Frklhtnhf

Anfkrfmfcnóh5 F`lefharf K`fzl
Anslöd l nmprlsnóh WD@QF, Lcufadr 331 – C6761FCA
5
Cnuafa Futóhdmf al Gulhds Fnrls
Anslöd y frmfad vlrsnóh ankntf`
NHSQNQ\QD C@ÍHNCD
al G\LHDS FNWLS
lhslöfhzf l nhvlstnkfcnóh
lh p s n c d f h æ ` n s n s
C`íhncf al `fs psncdsns
Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
ÍHANCL
_ró`dkd
N. Cuíalhsl al cdmprlhalr
NN. L` sueltd - y l` ^d
NNN. Nrrlf`nzfr l` rlblrlhtl5 `f ﬆccnóh
NR. @f plrp`lenafa
R. @f psncdsns lh `f nhbfhcnf
SN@RNF
SN@RNF L@LHF QLHA@FWU
QLHA@ FWU
RN. Alslhcfalhfhtls
RNN. Lsqunzdbrlhnf5 l` anscursd ls rlf`
RNNN. _frfhdnf5 `f fùcnhfcnóh vlrgf`
KLWFWAD MFLSD
NZ. Ml`fhcd`íf5 l` dgeltnvd

Mlsf rladhaf
Wlspulstfs al` psncdfhf`nstf f` psncótncd
_frtncnpfh5 Sn`vnf Gfuanhn, Edrkl Cjfmdrrd, Lrhlstd Alrlzlhsiy, Cfr`ds Afhtl Kfrcíf
^l``ftn.
y Hîstdr ^l``ftn
Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 3

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_WÓ@DKD
Lstl slmnhfrnd prdplaîutncd ``lvf l` hdmgrl C`íhncf al `f psncdsns. Bul rlf`nzfad aurfhtl l` föd
7??7 lh l` mfrcd
alsfrrd``d al`Gfuanhn,
al Sn`vnf NhstntutdLrhlstd
C`íhncdAlrlzlhsiy
al Gulhds, Fnrls.
Alrlzlhsiy, Cfr`dsCdhtó
Afhtlcdh `f cd`fgdrfcnóh
Kfrcíf aurfhtl su
y Hlstdr ^l``ftn.
^l``ftn.
Nhcùyl ads c`fsls alsfrrd``fafs pdr Sn`vnf Qlha`frz y Klrfrad Mflsd qul trftfrdh `ds tlmfs
al `f psncdsns nhbfhtn` y `f pfrfhdnf rlsplctnvfmlhtl. F` ﬆhf` al` tlxtd prlslhtfmds uhf mlsf
rladhaf qul cdh l` mnsmd lqunpd rlf`nzfmds f` ﬆhf`nzfr l` cursd fhtlrndr.
L` dgeltnvd qul `d jf kunfad bul qul `ds pfrtncn
pfrtncnpfhtls
pfhtls lhculhtrlh uh mfrcd cdhclptuf` f` trfgfed
qul rlf`nzfrdh lh `fs snltl \hnafals C`íhncfs al prlslhtfcnóh al lhblrmds f `fs qul fsnstnlrdh.
@fs pfrtncu`frnafals al lstl cfmpd, hds jf plrmntnad alsp`lkfr sus anblrlhcnfs cdh `fs hlurd-
sns, f` mnsmd tnlmpd qul nhtlrrdkfr `f pdsncnóh al` fhf`nstf.
Sn brlhtl f` hlurótncd, l` fhf`nstf trfgfef cdhtrf `f cdmprlhsnóh al su pfrtl y l` nhsnktj al pfrtl
al` sueltd
cótncd lh fhæ`nsns,
lscfpf l` psncótncd
f `f cdmprlhsnóh `l nhvu`hlrfg`l
y ls fjdrrf l` trfgfed pdr su
f` nhsnkjt lstructurf
. Lstd mnsmf. fLsnhtlrrdkfr
hds jf ``lvfad alcnr, l` psn-
`ds
rlcursds al` fhf`nstf, brlhtl f `d qul f``í sl prlslhtf cdmd bulrf al anscursd.
Hd cdhsnalrfmds f `f psncdsns cdmd uhf lsplcnf`nzfcnóh pfrf l` psncdfhf`nstf, snhd cdmd uh
tnlmpd hlclsfrnd al su bdrmfcnóh. Ls pdr lstd qul `fs rlblrlhcnfs sdh cdhstfhtls f `f præctncf
fhf`ítncf cdmd tf`.
Qfmgnîh jlmds pulstd l` fclhtd lh l` vf`dr prdplaîutncd al lstl cursd, nhtlrrdkfhad pfsd f
pfsd cfaf cdhclptd qul jlmds utn`nzfad.
@ds tf``lrls lh qul sl jfh anvnanad `ds pfrtncnpfhtls `ls jf plrmntnad uh anæ`dkd mæs clrcfhd
cdh `ds cd`fgdrfadrls adclhtls, qul lstuvnlrdh f cfrkd al l``ds.
_frf tlrmnhfrpfrf
tlrmnhfr,
`d nhsnstlhtl , qunlrd
qul fkrfalclr`l lsplcnf`mlhtl
pug`ncfrf lstl slmnhfrnd. f mn cd`lkf y fmnkf Sn`vnf Qlha`frz l` lstímu-
EDWKL CJFMDWWD

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N
C\ÍALHSL AL CDM_WLHALW
Cdmlhzfmds jdy `d qul jlmds alhdmnhfad uh cursd prdplaîutncd, ls alcnr, nhtrdauctdrnd,

cuyf buhcnóh ls fyuafr`ls f lhtlhalr `ds nhstrumlhtds cdh `ds qul culhtf l` psncdfhæ`nsns, ls-
plcnf`mlhtl fqul``ds plrtlhlcnlhtls f `f lhslöfhzf al Efcquls @fcfh qul `ls plrmntfh fcclalr
f cursds adhal lstds cdhclptds sl afh pdr supulstds.
_lrd falmæs, lstl cursd lstæ al f`kuhf bdrmf rlblrnad f `d qul sl alhdmnhf prlslhtfcnóh al
lhblrmds, lsclhf qul supdhl uh anæ`dkd lhtrl uh fhf`nstf y uh sueltd psncótncd. ^ ankd supdhl,
pdrqul lh lstfs prlslhtfcndhls sul`lh dcurrnr als`nzfmnlhtds qul f`lefh al` cfmpd al` psncdf-
hæ`nsns.
Afad qul l` drnklh al `fs prlslhtfcndhls ls `f psnqunftríf, cdh su mltdad`dkíf pfrtncu`fr, l`
als`nzfmnlhtd mæs cdmõh ls qul `f prlslhtfcnóh hd sl slpfrl al îstl, su prdpnd drnklh psn-
qunætrncd.
_frf alcnr`d lh uhf bdrmu`fcnóh jlnalkklrnfhf, hd sl trftf al jfg`fr ‐sdgrl” l` slr snhd jf-
clr`d jfg`fr. Brfhcns _dhkl `d anræ fsí5 ‐Rd`vfmds f `d lslhcnf`. Rlfh l` mdmlhtd fbdrtuhfad,
l` mdmlhtd ancjdsd, y pdr cdhsnkunlhtl l` mdmlhtd al `f vlrafa, qul ls cufhad `f vlrafa
kdzf. Ls l` mdmlhtd lh qul l` dgeltd sl rlkdcnef, sn pulad alcnr`d fsí, lxtrfl al sí mnsmd sus
cuf`nafals, l` mdmlhtd lh qul sl prdaucl uhf lsplcnl al prlcnpntfad5 `f pf`fgrf, `f bl`ncnafa
al lxprlsnóh”.6
Jfy c`frfs anblrlhcnfs lhtrl uhf prlslhtfcnóh al lhblrmds al `f psnqunftríf y uhf prlslhtfcnóh
al lhblrmds alhtrd al` cfmpd al` psncdfhæ`nsns. Fpdstfmds f nr cdhstruylhad lsf anblrlhcnf,
yf qul hd ls tfh lvnalhtl.
´Vuî ls `f prlslhtfcnóh al lhblrmds alsal `f psnqunftríf4 _rlslhtfr `ds rfskds y blhómlhds al
uh sueltd cuyf pdsncnóh ls `f al slr uh dgeltd al almdstrfcnóh.
Lh cfmgnd, pfrf `f drnlhtfcnóh al` psncdfhæ`nsns, hd sl trftf al `f snmp`l prlslhtfcnóh al` dgeltd
psncótncd, snhd al lstfg`lclr uhf nhtlr`dcucnóh adhal `f rlspulstf al` fhf`nstf jfkf fpfrlclr f
lsl sueltd psncótncd, f``í adhal sl prlslhtf uhf plrsdhf.
Lstf anblrlhcnf sl vf f prdaucnr cufhad lh lsl anæ`dkd, lh vlz al nhtlrrdkfr l nr cdhstruylhad
cnlrtds puhtds prlcnsds al` alcnr psncótncd, sl pfsl f` p`fhd alscrnptnvd al su jnstdrnf, al sus
cfrfctlrístncfs d al` blhómlhd qul prlslhtf. Ls alcnr, uh cfmnhd qul vf al `f cdhstruccnóh al
uhf frtncu`fcnóh qul surkl al` anscursd psncótncd, f pfrtnr al `fs prlkuhtfs l nhtlrvlhcndhls
al` fhf`nstf, f `f alscrnpcnóh qul sl pulal `llr lh `ds mfhuf`ls al psnqunftríf. _dr lelmp`d, `f
anblrlhcnf qul sl pulal lstfg`lclr lhtrl uh al`nrnd y uhf fùcnhfcnóh.
6- _DHKL, Brfhcns, Qlhtftnvf drf`, La. F`cnóh, pæk. 37.
Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls <

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@f nalf ls qul hd sl prlslhtl f` psncótncd snhd qul sl prlslhtl l` anæ`dkd lhtrl l` sueltd psncótncd
y l` fhf`nstf, ls alcnr
alcnr,, qul sl trftf al uhf prlslhtfcnóh adg`l. F vlcls dcurrl qul l` fhf`nstf hd
alef jfg`fr f` psncótncd, `d nhtlrrumpl nhsnstlhtlmlhtl. _lrd dtrfs vlcls, ls l` fhf`nstf l` qul
qulaf gdrrfad pdr l` anscursd psncótncd. Ls uh ﬆhd lqun`ngrnd adhal sl trftf al nr mæs f``æ al
`f alscrnpcnóh al` al`nrnd.
Lh uhf dcfsnóh, uh sueltd psncótncd qulríf cdhtfr `ds trls tdmds sdgrl jnstdrnf urukufyf qul
tlhíf lscrntds. Dtrd sueltd p`fhtlfgf f` psncdfhf`nstf uhf lsplcnl al hlkdcnfcnóh9 sdstlhíf qul
tlhíf uhf mnsnóh qul cump`nr,
cump`nr, `llr `f Gng`nf pfrf trfhsmntnr l` mlhsfel anvnhd f `ds qul `d lscu-
cjfgfh, al mdad qul jugd qul fclptfr lsf hlkdcnfcnóh, alefr`d `llr uh rftd pfrf qul lhvnfrf
su mlhsfel l nhtlrrdkfr su lstructurf lh dtrd mdmlhtd. Ls uh trfgfed al cdhstruccnóh adhal
sl trftf al alefr`d jfg`fr9 qul hd só`d jfg`l l` fhf`nstf cdh sus prlkuhtfs, cdh su hlclsnafa al
nhbdrmfcnóh sdgrl `d qul l` psncótncd ancl. @fs cdsfs sl nhc`nhfh al uh `fad f dtrd y f vlcls sl
prdaucl `f cdhstruccnóh falcufaf al lsf nhtlr`dcucnóh qul vf pdhnlhad lh lvnalhcnf hd f `f
plrsdhf al` psncótncd, snhd `f pdsncnóh sugeltnvf al` psncótncd, `f
` f pdsncnóh sueltd al lsf plrsdhf.
Lstrnctfmlhtl jfg`fhad jfy qul anstnhkunr lh lsf cdhstruccnóh, tfhtd sugeltnvnafa cdmd sueltd
lh eulkd.
Ls muy
cómd slnmpdrtfhtl
altlctf, gfedalﬆhnr qul trfgfefmds
quî blhómlhds cdhslsueltds
y cómd prlcnsfyuh
hdsueltd
cdh plrsdhfs.
psncótncd,Qlhlmds qul sfglr
lh pfrtncu`fr, y lh
su anblrlhcnf cdh l` cfmpd al `fs hlurdsns.
L` prdkrfmf culhtf al cuftrd pfrtls5
6) @ds cdhclptds buhafmlhtf`ls al `f psncdsns lh nhtlrslccnóh cdh `f hlurdsns, nhtlrslccnóh qul
qunlrl alcnr lstuanfr `fs anblrlhcnfs y `fs cdnhcnalhcnfs, fsí cdmd f`kuhfs rlblrlhcnfs `ftlrf`ls
f `f prdg`lmætncf al `f plrvlrsnóh.
7) Anfkhóstncd anblrlhcnf`, prdg`lmfs al `f c`íhncf psncdfhf`ítncf lsplcnf`mlhtl cufhad `f psn-
cdsns hd jf ``lkfad f alslhcfalhfrsl, `fs lhtrlvnstfs prl`nmnhfrls, `f rlspulstf fhf`ítncf brlhtl
f `f lsplcnﬆcnafa al `f prlpsncdsns, tdafs culstndhls al anfkhóstncd anblrlhcnf` lh `f prlcnsnóh
al `fs lstructurfs, yf slf hlurdsns d psncdsns. _dalmds sfglr al mlmdrnf quî ls `f bdrcùsnóh
al` Hdmgrl
mlhds, al`qul
fqul``d _farl, plrd cfrlclr
plrcngnmds al` lhtlhanmnlhtd
y lscucjfmds fclrcf
qul hds alh al `falfrtncu`fcnóh
culhtf `f lstructurfalal`
`dssueltd
blhó-
lh culstnóh. ^ pfrf prlcnsfr uhf lstructurf tlhlmds qul cdhtfr cdh ads l`lmlhtd5 l`lmlhtds
cdhclptuf`ls qul pdsngn`ntlh rlspdhalr f `f prlkuhtf sdgrl quî ls uhf lstructurf psncótncf y
quî uhf hlurótncf, y `ds blhómlhds qul afh culhtf al uhf u dtrf lstructurf.
Ankd tdad lstd sdgrl uh bdhad al anﬆcu`tfals y dgstæcu`ds qul jf prdaucnad l` fclhtd tlórncd
qul `l jf afad @fcfh f su lhslöfhzf, qul hd lxcùíf `f plrmfhlhtl rlblrlhcnf c`íhncf. _lrd `f
pdtlhcnf tlórncf al @fcfh jf prdaucnad tfmgnîh fqul``d qul sl cdhdcl gfed l` hdmgrl al` mf-
tlmf, `d qul f vlcls jf dpfcfad f` blhómlhd c`íhncd.
Fc`frlmds5 `f lstructurf sl cdhstruyl, `ds blhómlhds sdh `d qul plrcngnmds. Fjdrf, hds dcupf-
rlmds al `ds blhómlhds qul afh culhtf al `f lstructurf al `f psncdsns.

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3) Mæs lsplcíﬆcfmlhtl, hds rlblrnrlmds f `f lstructurf al `f pfrfhdnf, al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf y

al `f ml`fhcd`íf (fuhqul alspuîs pdarlmds nhcùnr f `f pfrfbrlhnf), tdmfhad f cfaf uhf al
îstfs c`fsnﬆcfcndhls cdh sus pfrtncu`frnafals, y p`fhtlfhad `ds prdg`lmfs îtncds, cdh `ds qul l`
fhf`nstf sl cdhbrdhtf lh `f c`íhncf. Lh pfrtncu`fr,
pfrtncu`fr, lh l` cfsd al `f ml`fhcd`íf y su rl`fcnóh íhtnmf
cdh l` suncnand, uhd al `ds prdg`lmfs îtncds cdh `ds qul l` fhf`nstf sl lhbrlhtf brlhtl f` rnlskd
al mulrtl al uh pfcnlhtl.
Fquí lstdy fùanlhad tfmgnîh f uh ﬆhd lqun`ngrnd qul lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns sl p`fhtlf
snlmprl cdh `f mlancfcnóh, nhtlrslccnóh cdmp`ncfaf, al cdhvnvlhcnf anbícn`, lhtrl uh fhf`nstf
y uh psnqunftrf. Cdmp`ncfcnóh al tdad dralh, pdrqul jfy gfstfhtls vlrsndhls fctuf`ls al `d
qul ls uh psnqunftrf. Jfy psnqunftrfs qul hd sl ``lvfh gnlh cdh l` psncdfhæ`nsns, plrd tfmgnîh
jfy psncdfhf`nstfs qul sdh mîancds y jfclh al psnqunftrfs, y qul eulkfh f `f lscucjf fhf`ítncf,
p`fhtlfhad f`tlrhftnvfs trfhsblrlhcnf`ls f` sueltd.
L` `ímntl îtncd ls muy nmpdrtfhtl yf qul `f psnqunftríf fpdrtf rlspulstfs y sdùcndhls muy cdh-
tuhalhtls f lsds tlmfs al `ímntls, d al rnlskd lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns. ^ cufhad hds lhcdh-
trfmds cdh uh sueltd ml`fhcó`ncd y sus nalfs al suncnand, alglmds sfglr quî jfclmds, jfstf
adhal pdalmds cdrrlr l` rnlskd al qul l` pfcnlhtl sl suncnal lblctnvfmlhtl y cuæ` ls hulstrf
pdsncnóh brlhtl f` suncnand.

_frf l` psnqunftrf, `fs nalfs al suncnand jfy qul suprnmnr`fs yf qul sdh pftd`ókncfs, y cufhad
hd sl `dkrf cdh mlancfcnóh, sl fp`ncf (lh vlrsnóh fctuf`ísnmf y mdalrhf) l` l`lctrdsjdci. Ls al-
cnr
cnr,, `fs nalfs al suncnand sdh pfrf `f psnqunftríf uh síhtdmf y cdmd tf` jfy qul l`nmnhfr`fs9 plrd
f` mnsmd tnlmpd, l` psnqunftrf, cdh `f mlancfcnóh, mucjfs vlcls suprnml `f mftlrnf prnmf al
hulstrd trfgfed cdmd fhf`nstfs.
Jfy fhtnpsncótncds qul sl nhancfh f `ds hlurótncds alscdmplhsfads. _lrd sfglmds qul uhf
hlurdsns cdmplhsfaf cdhaucl f uhf vnaf hlurótncf, `d qul hd ls `d mnsmd qul prdaucnr uh
sueltd cdhaucnad pdr uh alsld alcnanad, f adhal fpuhtfmds cdh l` psncdfhæ`nsns.
Lhtdhcls, al lstd sl trftf lstl cursd prdplaîutncd qul jdy cdmlhzfmds, al `fs rlspulstfs al`
psncdfhæ`nsns lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns.
Qdmfrlmds cdmd gng`ndkrfbíf al rlblrlhcnf l` Slmnhfrnd 3 sdgrl @fs psncdsns7 al Efcquls @fcfh.
L` anæ`dkd cdh uh sueltd psncótncd hd ls hfaf bæcn`, prnmlrf anﬆcu`tfa cdh `f qul sl lhculhtrf l`
fhf`nstf lh lstf c`íhncf, anﬆcu`tfa c`fvl pdrqul nmpnal qul pdafmds nalhtnﬆcfrhds f lsl sueltd,
qul hds rlsu`tf tfh lxtrföd y f`lefad al hdsdtrds mnsmds.
_lrd yf @fcfh nhancfgf qul, ugncfads lh `f pdsncnóh al fhf`nstfs, alglmds cunafrhds al nalhtn-
ﬆcfrhds f fqul` qul grnhafmds hulstrf lscucjf, cuf`qunlrf slf `f lstructurf al` sueltd al` qul
sl trftl. Alhtrd al` cfmpd al `f hlurdsns, lstf ls uhf buhcnóh lsplcíﬆcf al` alsld al` fhf`nstf5
cunafrsl al cdmprlhalr f` pfcnlhtl.
7- @FCFH, Efcquls, L` Slmnhfrnd, @ngrd 3, @fs psncdsns (6><<-<2), Lantdrnf` _fnaós, Gulhds Fnrls.
Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls ;

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Ls pdr nalhtnﬆcfcnóh qul pdalmds cdmprlhalr f f`kunlh, pdhnlhad lh eulkd lh lsl mdmlhtd
hulstrf prdpnf sugeltnvnafa, `d qul lh l` psncdfhæ`nsns sl jf ``fmfad cdhtrftrfhsblrlhcnf, sugel-
tnvnafa qul jfy qul lxcùnr cufhad f`kunlh sl ugncf lh `f pdsncnóh fhf`ítncf.
_lrd lh `f psncdsns, l` cdmprlhalr qulaf nmplanad pdr `f mnsmf lstructurf. Hds rlsu`tf felhd,
hd pdalmds, lh
cdmprlhalr,
cdmprlhalr nalhtnﬆcfrhds.
l` cfmpd al Ls alcnr qulhdmnlhtrfs
`f hlurdsns, pdalmds.lh l` cfmpd al `fs hlurdsns hd alglmds
@f bdrmu`fcnóh klhlrf` ls qul lscucjfmds snh cdmprlhalr, fuhqul alplhal snlmprl al `f

pdsncnóh qul tlhkf qunlh lscucjf. _ulal suclalr, y jf suclanad pdr mucjd tnlmpd, qul l` fhf-
`nstf sl nalhtnﬆqul f uh fmd, lhmfrcæhadsl lh l` cfmpd al `f mlancnhf, pfsfhad f slr mîancd
d psnqunftrf, cdhaucnlhad d alcnanlhad `d qul ls síhtdmf, y `d qul hd `d ls, `d cuf` prdaued lh
l` cfmpd al` psncdfhæ`nsns uh lblctd5 hlurdtnzfr f` psncótncd.
@f psnqunftríf, lh su nhtlhtd al suprnmnr l` al`nrnd d suprnmnr `f fùcnhfcnóh, suprnml tdad
fqul``d qul jfcl al` psncótncd uh psncótncd. _lrd l` fhf`nstf hd algl ugncfrsl lh lsf pdsncnóh
al fmd, lh fqul``f pdsncnóh qul alﬆhl `d qul ls uh síhtdmf, `d qul jfy qul fhf`nzfr9 hd lstæ
lh pdsncnóh al sfglr `d qul ls `f sfùa y `f lhblrmlafa, snhd qul algl ugncfrsl lh pdsncnóh al
lscucjf. Efcquls @fcfh, lh l` Slmnhfrnd 3, cdhsnalrf qul lsf gulhf pdsncnóh al` fhf`nstf lh `f
c`íhncf al `f psncdsns ls `f al` slcrltfrnd al` f`nlhfad.
Sl pdaríf lhtlhalr qul lscucjfr ls só`d lstfr lh sn`lhcnd y jfclr jfg`fr f` sueltd, f`kd qul sl
cdhvnrtnó lh uhf alsvnfcnóh alhtrd al` cfmpd `fcfhnfhd, tf` vlz `f prnmlrf vlrsnóh al` fhf`nstf
`fcfhnfhd5 uh fhf`nstf lh sn`lhcnd qul hd jfg`f.
_lrd cufhad l` fhf`nstf hd jfg`f, hd cdhaucl `f curf, y cufhad l` fhf`nstf hd cdhaucl `f curf,
lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns, `ds qul `f cdhauclh sdh l` al`nrnd y `f fùcnhfcnóh, fsí cdmd lh l`
cfmpd al `f hlurdsns ls l` nhcdhscnlhtl al` pfcnlhtl. Lscucjfr qunlrl alcnr pdsllr `ds nhstru-
mlhtds pfrf lxtrflr `fs cdhslculhcnfs al lsf lscucjf, plrd hd nmp`ncf qulafrsl cf``fad.
Lh lstl puhtd, `f prlkuhtf slríf cuæ`ls cdh `ds nhstrumlhtds cdh `ds qul culhtf l` fhf`nstf pfrf
dplrfr tfhtd lh `f hlurdsns cdmd lh `f psncdsns. Lh `íhlfs klhlrf`ls, lh l` cfmpd al `f hlurdsns,
l` nhstrumlhtd
cuf` hd rlspdhal prnhcnpf` ls `f nhtlrprltfcnóh9
f uhf cdhsnkhf y lhsnhd
pfrf l` fhf`nstf, l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns,
qul rlspdhal `f cdhstruccnóh,
f `fs lstructurfs `d
lh eulkd,
lh uhd y dtrd cfmpd. _dr lsd alglmds afr culhtf al `f lstructurf qul altlrmnhf qul l` fhf`ns-
tf nhtlrprltl lh l` cfmpd al `f hlurdsns y cdhstruyf lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns.
Ancjd f krfhals rfskds, `d qul plrmntl nhtlrprltfr lh l` cfmpd al `f hlurdsns, ls qul l` sueltd
jfg`f, y qul su jfg`fr famntl `f mltæbdrf y `f mltdhnmnf. _lrd lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns hd
jfy mltæbdrf hn mltdhnmnf, hn pdsngn`nafa al cdhstruccnóh al `fs mnsmfs. Nhtlhtfr lelrclr lh l`
cfmpd al `f psncdsns `f mltæbdrf y `f mltdhnmnf, alstruyl `d pdcd qul jfy, uh prlcfrnd lqun`n-
grnd qul mfhtnlhl f` sueltd psncó
psncótncd
tncd y qqul
ul lstæ sdstlhnad lh `f nmpdsngn`nafa al mltfbdrnzfr `d
qul ancl. Lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns, hd lhcdhtrfmds mltæbdrf hn mltdhnmnf, lhcdhtrfmds hld-
`dknsmds, uh snkhnﬆcfhtl qul hd jfcl mltæbdrf, pdr `d cuf` hd als`nzf slhtnad, cdhvnrtnîhadsl
lh uhf ‐p`dmfaf al` anscursd”, slkõh @fcfh, qul sl rlpntl cdh `f bdrmf al` lstrngn``d.
lstrngn` `d. Sn hd jfy
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als`nzfmnlhtd pdsng`l, `d qul sí ls pdsng`l ls ugncfr lstds puhtds al p`dmfaf nhfmdvng`l lh l`

anscursd al` sueltd psncótncd, pfrf f pfrtnr al lstds puhtds ﬆeds rlf`nzfr `f cdhstruccnóh qul `l
plrmntf uhf lstfgn`nzfcnóh.
Lstd qul ``fmfmds p`dmfafs, fqul``ds hld`dknsmds qul hd jfclh mltæbdrf, sdh `ds blhóml-
hds prnmfrnds.l`Snh
al` psncótncd, lmgfrkd, fõh prlcnsfhad
futdtrftfmnlhtd, `ds blhómlhds
`d qul sl ``fmf futdtrfgfedprnmfrnds, rlstfcdh
al` psncótncd falmæs l` trfgfed
`ds blhómlhds
prnmfrnds, l` al`nrnd. Lh uh pdsng`l cdhtrfpuhtd lhtrl l` Slmnhfrnd 3 y `ds mfhuf`ls al psnqunf-
tríf, surknríf uhf anstnhcnóh c`frf lhtrl l` cfmpd al` psncdfhæ`nsns y l` al `f psnqunftríf lh lstl
puhtd, qul cdh `f mlancfcnóh vf f tlhalr f suprnmnr l` al`nrnd y `f fùcnhfcnóh.
L` al`nrnd ls l` l`lmlhtd cdh l` cuf` hdsdtrds fhf`nstfs dplrfmds lh hulstrf c`íhncf, jfclmds
hulstrd trfgfed, anblrlhcnfhad uh al`nrnd qul cdmplhsf f` sueltd al fqul` qul hd `d jfcl. Cufh-
ad jfg`fmds al uh al`nrnd, supdhlmds uh sueltd, plrd sl trftf al uh sueltd anblrlhtl f` al `f
hlurdsns. Mnlhtrfs qul lh l` cfmpd al `f hlurdsns ls uh sueltd qul pdarífmds alﬆhnr cdmd
móvn` qul sl mulvl cdh l` eulkd al pf`fgrfs, lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns ls ﬆed, hd sl mulvl.
_dr lelmp`d, `f jnstlrnf tnlhl lsf cfrfctlrístncf al `f mdvn`nafa qul sl pulal `llr lh f`kunlh qul
hd sl qulaf qunltd, qul sl als`nzf al uhf fctnvnafa f dtrf, f` nkuf` qul l` sueltd al` nhcdhscnlhtl
sl als`nzf lh sus pf`fgrfs, lh `f cfalhf snkhnﬆcfhtl.

L` sueltd psncótncd ls uh sueltd nhmóvn`, cdh tdafs `fs cdhslculhcnfs qul lstd prdaucl fõh
pfrf l` slhtnad cdmõh, qul sfgl qul ls mledr hd cdhtrfalcnr f uh psncótncd. F `ds `dcds jfy
qul ``lvfr`ls `f cdrrnlhtl. Lstd ls uh lxtrlmd, pdrqul sn sl `l ancl f tdad qul sí, vd`vlmds f `f
lscucjf nmpdtlhtl. Jfy uh hd lh l` jdrnzdhtl qul dplrf `f pdsncnóh al` fhf`nstf9 fuhqul sl `l
snkul `f cdrrnlhtl lh l` slhtnad, sl `d fcdmpföf lh su anscursd, sdstlhnlhad f` sueltd f`kd al su
clrtlzf, y só`d l`nmnhfhad l` l`lmlhtd alscdmplhsfadr al lsf clrtlzf. Lstfmds f``í trftfhad
al ansclrhnr l` sueltd.
L` sueltd lstæ lhcugnlrtd, y cufhad uhd cdhbuhal f` sueltd cdh `f plrsdhf qul jfg`f, l` fhæ`nsns
nhlùang`lmlhtl sl alrnvf f` cfmpd al `f psncdtlrfpnf, dtrf nhtlrslccnóh pdsng`l cdh l` cfmpd
al` psncdfhæ`nsns. _dr `d tfhtd, tlhlmds qul sfglr quî ls l` sueltd. Cufhad alcnmds lh `f lhsl-
öfhzf al @fcfh sueltd, alcnmds pf`fgrf, pdrqul `f pf`fgrf ls `f ` f qul jfg`f ‐f`” sueltd.
Jfy qul anstnhkunr lhtrl pf`fgrf y snkhnﬆcfhtl, pdrqul lstf cdhbusnóh jfgntuf` lhcugrl l` als-
`nzfmnlhtd al` psncdfhæ`nsns lh `f psncdtlrfpnf, ``fmfhad f `fs pf`fgrfs snkhnﬆcfhtls. Lh lstf
cdhbusnóh, l` sueltd sl lscfpf. @fs c`fvls al anfkhóstncd anblrlhcnf` pulalh lhcdhtrfrsl lh `f
rlf`nzfcnóh al` ‐lblctd sueltd”, d lh su nhlxnstlhcnf.
_frf rlf`nzfr uh anfkhóstncd anblrlhcnf`, ls buhafmlhtf` prlcnsfr sn jfy lblctd sueltd, y sn hd `d
jfy, hd pdalmds alscfrtfr `f psncdsns. _lrd lstd f su vlz tnlhl dtrf cdhslculhcnf, qul ls qul
pfrf futdrnzfr `f lhtrfaf f uh fhæ`nsns tlhkd qul vlrnﬆcfr sn jfy lblctd sueltd, y snh vlrnﬆcfr`d
afmds lhtrfaf f f`kunlh cuyf psncdsns hd lstæ alscfrtfaf, y l` anspdsntnvd fhf`ítncd pulal als-
lhcfalhfr uhf psncdsns lh fqul``f lstructurf psncótncf hd alslhcfalhfaf.
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_frf fslkurfrhds qul hd jfyf psncdsns, alglmds cdrrdgdrfr qul jfyf lblctd sueltd, sfgnlhad
qul cufhad guscfmds lblctd sueltd y hd jfy pdsngn`nafals lstructurf`ls al qul `d jfyf, lh l`
ùkfr al` lblctd sueltd `d qul vnlhl al` `fad al` psncótncd ls l` al`nrnd, ls l` alslhcfalhfmnlh-
td, alslhcfalhfmnlhtd qul prdaucl krfvls aföds lh l` sueltd, anbícn`ls al rlvlrtnr alspuîs, y
alglmds rltnrfr l` anspdsntnvd fhf`ítncd f``í adhal jfy uh anfkhóstncd al psncdsns hd alslhcf-
alhfaf.
´Vuî ls l` lblctd sueltd4 Ls uhf rlbdrmu`fcnóh f pfrtnr al `f `nhkðístncf, al `d qul Brlua ``fmó l`
nhcdhscnlhtl. Vunlrd anstnhkunr `d qul ls l` nhcdhscnlhtl lh klhlrf` al `d qul ls l` nhcdhscnlhtl
lh lelrcncnd. \h `fpsus, uh sulöd, sdh bdrmfcndhls al` nhcdhscnlhtl qul `d jfclh prlslhtl f
hulstrf plrclpcnóh.
Sn lh lstl mdmlhtd prdauzcd uh `fpsus f` jfg`fr, `d hfturf` ls rlaucnr`d, y slkunr jfg`fhad9
lh uh fhæ`nsns, `f rlspulstf fhf`ítncf alplhalræ al qul l` `fpsus alstntuyf l` anscursd qul sl
vnlhl prdhuhcnfhad. Lstd qunlrl alcnr qul sn f`kunlh prdaucl uh `fpsus lh l` lhcufarl fhf`í-
tncd, slf lh `f prnmlrf lhtrlvnstf, slf lh l` trfhscursd al` fhæ`nsns, `f rlspulstf al` fhf`nstf ls
jfclr fvfhzfr f` sueltd pdr l` cfmnhd al` `fpsus, alstntuylhad tdad fqul``d qul vnlhl f alcnr
nhtlhcndhf`mlhtl.
L` lblctd sueltd sl `ll cufhad alcnmds `d qul hd qulrlmds alcnr.

alcnr. Ls alcnr, tlhlmds `f vdùhtfa
al alcnr, plrd sfglmds qul `f vdùhtfa, pdr lslhcnf, ls snlmprl aîgn`. Sl ancl qul l` cfmnhd f`
nhﬆlrhd lstæ ``lhd al gulhfs vdùhtfals. Lh l` trfsbdhad al` anscursd vdùhtfrnd, jfy f`kd qul
hd lstæ fpdyfad lh uh pnsd ﬆrml, snhd lh `d qul Brlua ``fmó l` nhcdhscnlhtl, y lh lsf mlanaf
hulstrd anscursd snlmprl
snlmprl ls lhalg`l lh su cdhsnstlhcnf, `d qul jfcl pdsng`l `f fpfrncnóh al dtrd
anscursd, l` qul sl alhdmnhf anscursd al` nhcdhscnlhtl, l` snkhnﬆcfhtl, ltc. L` hdmgrl brluanfhd
al `d qul lstfmds alscrngnlhad ls fsdcnfcnóh `ngrl, fuhqul jfy qul sfglr muy gnlh `d qul ls
lstf fsdcnfcnóh `ngrl, yf qul sl lhcugrl al anblrlhtls bdrmfs.
Lh `f rlf`nzfcnóh al` anscursd al` sueltd, l` lblctd qul sl prdaucl ls al anvnsnóh. F` fpfrlclr l`
sueltd, surkl uh sueltd anvnanad. _lrd sn `f supulstf fsdcnfcnóh `ngrl hd anvnal, l` yd jf ansbrf-
zfad gfed `f bdrmf al `f fsdcnfcnóh `ngrl f`kd qul l` mnsmd yd qulríf alcnr, y qul snlmprl `d
jfcl cdhvlrklr lh `d qul jf lstfad ancnlhad.
Ls alcnr, sn uh pfcnlhtl ancl f`kd qul hd qulríf alcnr, l nhcùsnvl `d alsfrrd``f cdh nalfs qul
hd jfclh mæs qul vlrnﬆcfr l` prdg`lmf qul lstfgf cdhtfhad, lstd hd nmp`ncf fõh qul hds lh-
cdhtrlmds cdh `f anvnsnóh al` sueltd. _dr lelmp`d, `f anvnsnóh al` sueltd sl pulal lhtrlvlr lh
l` hlurótncd dgslsnvd lh `f alscrnpcnóh qul î` mnsmd jfcl fclrcf al su prdpnd slhtnmnlhtd al
nhutn`nafa.
Lh `f mltfpsncd`dkíf brluanfhf, lh `d qul sl alscrngl cdmd nhstfhcnfs f` yd, f` l``d y f` suplryó,
f` lhmfrcfrsl `f cftlkdríf al anscursd, ls alcnr, ugncfads lh l` p`fhd al` yd, hds lhcdhtrfmds
cdh l` anscursd vdùhtfrnfmlhtl prdhuhcnfad. Ls alcnr qul l` yd, falmæs al slr uhf nhstfh-
cnf psíquncf prlcnsfaf pdr Brlua, ls uh anscursd vdùhtfrnd. F``í hds lhcdhtrfmds cdh l` yd
lh lelrcncnd, l` qul hds vnlhl f cdhtfr `ds prdg`lmfs qul pfalcl uhf plrsdhf, `ds prdg`lmfs
qul vnlhl f cdhtfr fqul` qul subrl, `ds anblrlhtls síhtdmfs qul f`kunlh pulal prlslhtfr f uh
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fhf`nstf, sus prdg`lmfs lcdhómncds, al pfrlef, qul hd pulal sf`nr f `f cf``l pdrqul tnlhl uhf
bdgnf, d lh su vlrsnóh mæs mdalrhf, sl fhkustnf –hdmgræhad`d mucjfs vlcls cdmd ‐ftfqul
al pæhncd”–. Mucjfs al lstfs hdmnhfcndhls cdh `fs qul f`kunlh sl prlslhtf f uh fhf`nstf, sdh
nrrntfhtls y fp`fstfhtls pfrf l` psncdfhæ`nsns, pdr l` uhnvlrsf`nsmd qul nmp`ncfh, pdrqul qunlh
ancl, pdr lelmp`d, ‐tlhkd uh ftfqul al pæhncd”, jfcl alsfpfrlclr tdaf `f pfrtncu`frnafa qul l`
anscursd pulal pdhlr lh eulkd. _frf uh fhf`nstf, sl trftf al` ‐ftfqul al pæhncd”, cdmd fqul`
hdmgrl al kdcl qul uhl f` pfcnlhtl f tdads `ds slrls fhkustnfads qul jfy lh l` muhad. L`
fhæ`nsns algl nr lh cfmnhd al hd lhvnfr f` sueltd f `f uhnvlrsf`nafa al uhf c`fsnﬆcfcnóh, nhcùsd
cufhad nhcùnmds f hulstrds pfcnlhtls lh hulstrfs prdpnfs cftlkdrífs uhnvlrsf`ls5 hlurdsns dg-
slsnvf d jnstlrnf, pdr lelmp`d. Al `d qul sl trftf, ls al prlcnsfr `f pfrtncu`frnafa al lsl sueltd.
_dr lelmp`d, nhtlhtfrlmds lscucjfr, cdmd mdad al nr lh cdhtrf al lstf uhnvlrsf`nzfcnóh, quî
jfcl cdh su fhkustnf, al quî mdad jfg`f al l``f, cdh quî pf`fgrfs jfg`f al lsd qul `l pfsf. Sn
hd ftlhalmds f` anscursd, hd lhcdhtrfrlmds f` sueltd qul jfg`f lh su pfrtncu`frnafa, mæs f``æ
al `f plrsdhf qul sl lhculhtrf brlhtl f hdsdtrds.
Lh lstds tnlmpd al slhtnmnlhtds cfótncds al alsfmpfrd, adhal hd jfy uh Lstfad hn uh kdgnlr-
hd qul rlku`l `fs cdsfs al f`kuhf mfhlrf, l` slhtnmnlhtd al alsfmpfrd al tdad sueltd jumfhd
brlhtl f` muhad, al` qul nhcùsd Brlua hds f`lrtfgf, ls uh lelrcncnd cdtnanfhd. _dr `d cuf`, `f
prlslhcnf al uhf rlf`nafa fctuf` cdmd `f al hulstrd pfís, tf` vlz tfh bulrtl cdmd `f al Ml`fhnl
I`lnh aurfhtl `f îpdcf al `f kulrrf, ls pfrf hdsdtrds uh alsfbíd snstlmætncd qul hds cdhbrdh-
tf cdh `d qul ``fmfmds l` trfumftnsmd al `f rlf`nafa, y alglmds, cdmd fhf`nstfs, lhcdhtrfr,
alscrngnr y lxtrflr al lsl uhnvlrsf` al` trfumftnsmd, f` sueltd. Lh l` mland al `f kulrrf, y lh l`
mland al` cfds, tdad `d qul hd slf, slkunr lstl cfmnhd, alhtrd al` psncdfhæ`nsns, ls pîranaf al
tnlmpd. Ls hlclsfrnd f`glrkfr f`kd al lstl trfumftnsmd alhtrd al uh fhæ`nsns, fuhqul hd tdad.
Sn hd cdhslkunmds lh cfaf slsnóh nhstf`fr f`kd al `f pfrtncu`frnafa al lsl sueltd, pdr bulrf al
`f prlsnóh qul nhbrnhkl l` trfumftnsmd, l` psncdfhæ`nsns hd tnlhl mucjd qul jfclr, yf qul ls
uhf fpulstf f `f pfrtncu`frnafa al` sueltd, pdr lhcnmf al `ds trfumftnsmds uhnvlrsf`ls. _dr
supulstd jfy cdhancndhls sugeltnvfs, trfumfs al `f vnaf al uh sueltd (pdr lelmp`d, l` bf``lcn-
mnlhtd al uh slr clrcfhd), trfumftnsmds sdcnf`ls cdmd `ds qul vnvnmds jdy, qul ansmnhuylh
l` mfrklh al mfhndgrf al` psncdfhæ`nsns. Alglmds fcclalr f lscucjfr f` sueltd fhkustnfad lh
`ds l`lmlhtds al su fhkustnf, lh `ds
` ds l`lmlhtds rlf`ls al su fhkustnf, y lstf ls `f drnlhtfcnóh al`
psncdfhæ`nsns, `d cuf` hd qunlrl alcnr
alcn r qul alstntuyfmds l` anscursd vdùhtfrnd, snhd qul gusqul-
mds lh su alsp`nlkul, l` puhtd al pfrtncu`frnafa al` sueltd qul vnlhl f hdsdtrds.
@f fpulstf f `f pfrtncu`frnafa hd ls só`d uhf cdhsnkhf, snhd qul cdhsnalrfmds qul ls `f mledr
bdrmf al alsfrtncu`fr `ds síhtdmfs al uh sueltd y pdsncndhfr`d lh `f vnaf cdh `f mfydr ﬆrmlzf
pdsng`l pfrf lhbrlhtfr `ds trfumfs al `f vnaf.
Sn gnlh lh `f cdyuhturf hd hds nhc`nhfmds clhtrf`mlhtl f rlbdrzfr su yd pfrf lhbrlhtfr `f rlf-
`nafa, cdmd lstrftlknf, pdalmds y alglmds fcdmpföfr`d f lhbrlhtfr sntufcndhls trfumætncfs,
y lh lstf lstrftlknf, fpuhtfmds f` sueltd alcnanad, cdhsnstlhtl lh su pdsncnóh lh `f vnaf,
v naf, qul ls
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_dalmds alscrngnr f lstl sueltd al` qul jfg`fmds pdr su mdvn`nafa, cdmd uh sueltd al` snkhn-
ﬆcfhtl, uh sueltd al` nhcdhscnlhtl d uh sueltd al` alsld. _lrd @fcfh anstnhkul pfrf l` cfmpd
al `f psncdsns, dtrd sueltd, qul ls l` qul alhdmnhf sueltd al` kdcl. Ls uh sueltd ftfad f uh hld-
`dknsmd y hd f uh snkhnﬆcfhtl, ls alcnr, qul só`d pulal cdhstrunr f pfrtnr al lsl hld`dknsmd.
Lh cfmgnd, cufhad uh sueltd lstæ ftfad f uh snkhnﬆcfhtl, ls uh sueltd qul sl rlprlslhtf pdr
anblrlhtls snkhnﬆcfhtls mdvnîhadsl al uh snkhnﬆcfhtl f dtrd, crlæhadsl l` prdg`lmf al lsf nm-
pdsngn`nafa al cnlrtd fhuafmnlhtd qul altlhkf lh f`kõh puhtd l` als`nzfmnlhtd mltdhímncd
al uh snkhnﬆcfhtl f dtrd. Lstd nhtlrrdkf f` psncdfhæ`nsns sdgrl `f culstnóh al` ﬆh al` fhæ`nsns y
sdgrl `d qul sl alhdmnhf l` puhtd al cfpntóh.
Dtrf bdrmf al fgdrafr lstf culstnóh, qul jfcl f `f nhtlrslccnóh hlurdsns-psncdsns, ls qul l` psn-
cdfhæ`nsns sl drnlhtf jfcnf f `d qul ``fmfmds `f nrrlf`nzfcnóh al` rlblrlhtl, pfrtnlhad snlmprl al
`f drnlhtfcnóh al` psncdfhæ`nsns y `f rlspulstf al` fhf`nstf, `d cuf` qunlrl alcnr qul cdhaucnmds
l` anscursd, hd f `f rlblrlhcnf, hd f `d qul l` anscursd qunlrl alcnr.
alcnr. Cufhad f`kunlh alscrngl `d
qul `l pfsf, ls uh anscursd qul lstæ ftfad f `f rlblrlhcnf, lstæ ftfad f `f muelr al `f qul jfg`f,
f` jdmgrl al` qul jfg`f, lstæ ftfad f` prdg`lmf slxuf` qul tnlhl,
t nlhl, ls alcnr, ls uh anscursd fhu-
afad f uhf rlblrlhcnf prlcnsf. \h anscursd alsftfad al `f rlblrlhcnf ls l` anscursd lh l` qul f`
jfg`fr sl ancl dtrf cdsf al `f qul sl qunlrl alcnr, cdmd pdr lelmp`d l` hlurótncd dgslsnvd, qul
snlmprl sl snlhtl alsp`fzfad al `d qul qunlrl lxp`ncfr, `d qul sl pulal dgslrvfr c`frfmlhtl lh
`f slsnóh cdrtf qul `d nhtlrrumpl y `d lhbrlhtf f uh síhtdmf5 hd pdalr cdhcùnr. Vulrlr alcnr
tdad `d qul sl qunlrl alcnr,
alcnr, ls sdstlhlr hd lstfr sdmltnad f `f cfstrfcnóh qul tdad sueltd pfalcl9
lh lstl cfsd, `f alhdmnhfaf cfstrfcnóh al slhtnad.
L` prnmlr rlblrlhtl al uhf lscucjf psncdfhf`ítncf ls l` subrnmnlhtd qul pfalcl qunlh hds cdh-
su`tf, `d qul cdhclptuf`mlhtl sl ``fmf síhtdmf. Sn hd prlcnsfmds l` síhtdmf al` pfcnlhtl, l`
fhf`nstf rlsu`tf almfhafad î` mnsmd f alﬆhnr `d qul ls l` síhtdmf al` sueltd. ^ lh tdad cfsd,
l` fhf`nstf só`d algl fyuafr f alﬆhnr l` síhtdmf al fqul` qul cdhsu`tf. Cufhad l` yd ancl qul
su prdg`lmf ls tf` d cuf`, alglmds lstfr ftlhtds f cuæ` ls lh l` anscursd l` lblctd-sueltd, l` qul
hds vf f plrmntnr `f bdrmf`nzfcnóh al` síhtdmf.
Sdh ads culstndhls anblrlhtls, @f prnmlrf, ls f hnvl` al` yd qul pulal vlrsl, fqul` qul fpfrlcl
lh`d
f, `f qul
nmfklh al` flspled.
lscfpf _lrd
hulstrf falmæs, lstæ
plrclpcnóh, fqul``d
`d qul qul Brlua
nhtrdaucl lh l```fmó
muhadnhcdhscnlhtl
jumfhd `fycfstrfcnóh,
@fcfh dgeltd
y
qul nmp`ncf qul hd pdafmds alcnr5 ‐yd sdy yd”. _frf l` yd, hfrcnsnstf al hfcnmnlhtd, ls uhf
fspnrfcnóh, plrd l` nhcdhscnlhtl vnlhl f alcnr`l5 ‐tl crlls yd, plrd hd sds yd”. Hd d`vnalmds
qul @fcfh sdstlhíf qul l` õhncd qul pulal alcnr ‐yd sdy yd” ls Ands. @ds jdmgrls hd pulalh
alcnr`d, pdrqul pdr alﬆhncnóh, lh l` lhculhtrd al` sueltd cdh l` `lhkufel, l` slr jumfhd pnlral
su slr, y f` alcnr ‐sdmds” hds lhkföfmds. Sn ustlals rlculrafh l` cdkntd cfrtlsnfhd, ‐pnlhsd
ùlkd sdy”, @fcfh lh l` slmnhfrnd sdgrl @f `ókncf al` bfhtfsmf3, `d mfrcfræ cdh `f prlslhcnf al`
hd5 ‐Hd pnlhsd d hd sdy”, fkrlkæhad`l f` cdkntd `f prlslhcnf al` sueltd al` nhcdhscnlhtl.
Cufhad uh sueltd sl hdmgrf cdmd fanctd d cdmd jdmdslxuf`, pdr lelmp`d, sdh bdrmfs lh
qul l` sueltd sl rlcdhdcl, fuhqul `f pu`snóh y sus sftnsbfccndhls, hd sl prlcnsfh f``í adhal l`
3- @FCFH, Efcquls, Slmnhfrnd @f `ókncf al` bfhtfsmf (6>2;), nhîantd.

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yd crll. _dr lsd `f rlspulstf psncdfhf`ítncf ls uhf rlspulstf qul tnlhal f jfclr prlslhtls `fs
brfkn`nafals al tdaf cdhsnstlhcnf ydncf, al` anscursd vdùhtfrnd. L` fhf`nstf vf f lstfr snlmprl
lh dtrd ùkfr,
ùkfr, `d cuf` hd nmp`ncf hnhkuhf pnrultf bfhtæstncf, y f vlcls só`d sl alﬆhl f pfrtnr al
uhf prlkuhtf brlhtl f `d mæs dgvnd, prlkuhtfs adhal hd supdhlmds hnhkuhf bdrmf al vnvnr, vnvnr, yf
qul l` psncdfhæ`nsns hd ls uhf cdhclpcnóh al` muhad (y lstd yf `d alcíf Brlua), fclrcf al cómd
sl vnvl d cómd sl nhstf`f uhd lh `f vnaf. _dr `d tfhtd, l` fhf`nstf ls `f lxprlsnóh al f`kd qul hd
nmp`ncf hnhkõh vf`dr qul î` mnsmd sdstlhkf pfrf nhaucnr d nmpu`sfr f `ds sueltds f vnvnr al tf`
d cuf` bdrmf. _dr lsd nhtlrrdkfmds pdr `fs culstndhls y p`fhtlds mæs dgvnds qul bdrmfh pfrtl
al `ds nalf`ls al f`kunlh, pfrf lstfg`lclr f``í uhf prlkuhtf5 ´pdr quî4
_lrd sn lùanmds `f prlkuhtf pdr `d dgvnd, sl prdaucl uhf cdhsdhfhcnf lhtrl l` fhf`nstf y l`
hlurótncd, y ls fqul``d f `d qul tlhlmds qul snstlmætncfmlhtl lscfpfr, pdrqul lh lsl puhtd
cdmnlhzf f tf``fr hulstrf prdpnf sugeltnvnafa. F tdad `d qul lxcùyl l` vf`dr, `f sugeltnvnafa
d `f almfhaf, @fcfh `d ``fmf alsld al` fhf`nstf, y qul sl alﬆhl mæs lsplcíﬆcfmlhtl pdr `f
fgstnhlhcnf. L` alsld al` fhf`nstf ls uh alsld fgstnhlhtl al tdaf bdrmu`fcnóh vf`drftnvf, qul,
f vlcls, sl lxprlsf hfaf mæs qul lh uhf prlkuhtf, pdrqul hd d`vnalmds qul `f nhtlrprltfcnóh
pulal slr só`d uhf prlkuhtf.
1
Lh l` Slmnhfrnd
sueltd 3 , Efcquls
lh lxplrnlhcnfs qul@fcfh
``lkfh,ancl5 ‐Snhhnauaf,
hn mæs ls hlclsfrnd
mlhds, qul slf nhtlhsfhdpfrf
jfstf `f alsrlf`nzfcnóh só`dprlcnpntfr
al` muhad f`
lxtlrndr lh klhlrf`, snhd al `fs plrsdhfs mnsmfs qul `d rdalfh Yf` sueltd psncótncd] jfstf `fs
mæs próxnmfs, y al` dtrd lh cufhtd tf`…”.
Lstf ls `f drnlhtfcnóh al` psncdfhæ`nsns, alsrlf`nzfr f` sueltd lh rl`fcnóh f` muhad y f `fs plrsd-
hfs qul `d rdalfh5 nrrlf`nzfr l` rlblrlhtl. @fcfh ancl qul lstd ls `d qul `l dcurrl f` sueltd psncótncd,
y ls `d qul alglmds prdvdcfr lh l` sueltd hlurótncd, y lh lsf mnsmf `íhlf, Brlua sdstlhíf qul `d
qul lh uh hlurótncd lstæ lhcugnlrtd, lh l` psncótncd lstæ f cnl`d fgnlrtd. L` prdg`lmf ls cómd sl
rlku`fh uhd y dtrd. Lh lstl slhtnad, pdalmds alcnr qul `f lxplrnlhcnf al` fhæ`nsns ls uhf lxpl-
rnlhcnf al`nrfhtl, uhf lxplrnlhcnf qul plrmntl f` sueltd fhf`nzfhtl pdalr cfptfr f`kd al` muh-
ad psncótncd, lh lsf lxplrnlhcnf qul l` psncótncd pfalcl cdmd uhf alsrlf`nzfcnóh al su muhad.
Jfstf fquí, uh prnmlr tnlmpd lh l` qul @fcfh bdrmu`f qul `l dcurrl f` psncótncd. Lh uh sl-
kuhad tnlmpd, hds lhcdhtrfmds cdh `d qul hdmgrî cdmd l` trfgfed al `f psncdsns sdgrl `ds
blhómlhds prnmfrnds.
Rd`vlmds f `f mnsmf pæknhf al` Slmnhfrnd 35 ‐…al `fs plrsdhfs mnsmfs qul `d rdalfh, jfstf
`fs mæs próxnmfs, y al` dtrd lh cufhtd tf`9 `d qul jfræ hlclsfrnf tdaf uhf rlcdhstruccnóh al`n-
rfhtl, alspuîs al `f cuf` l` sueltd Yal lsf rlcdhstruccnóh al`nrfhtl] vd`vlræ f sntufr prdkrlsnvf-
mlhtl, plrd al mdad prdbuhafmlhtl plrturgfad, uh muhad adhal pdaræ rlcdhdclrsl Yslkõh
@fcfh l` psncótncd hd sl rlcdhdcl lh l` lspled al `ds dtrds, snhd lh `f rlcdhstruccnóh al`nrfhtl, y
lsl ls su lspled], al mdad nkuf`mlhtl plrturgfad, cdmd alstnhfad –lh uh tnlmpd prdylctfad
lh `f nhclrtnaumgrl al` buturd, lh uh p`fzd nhaltlrmnhfad, plrd cnlrtfmlhtl al`nmntfad– f
trfhsbdrmfrsl lh sueltd pdr lxcl`lhcnf al` mn`fkrd anvnhd, d slf f slr l` sdpdrtl y l` rlclptæcu`d
1- @FCFH, Efcquls, L` Slmnhfrnd, @ngrd 3, @fs psncdsns, Ngnalm, pæk. 113.

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blmlhnhd al uhf rl-crlfcnóh al tdaf `f jumfhnafa. L` al`nrnd al Scjrlglr sl prlslhtf lh su tlr-

mnhfcnóh cdh tdads `ds cfrfctlrls mlkf`dmfhífcds al `ds al`nrnds al rlalhcnóh lh sus bdrmfs
mæs alsfrrd``fafs”<. Lstd ls `d qul sl jf bdrmu`fad cdmd `f mltæbdrf al`nrfhtl.
Snh ùkfr f auafs, lstæ jfg`fhad al Scjrlglr, qul lhculhtrf su lqun`ngrnd lh l` al`nrnd al dbrl-
clrsl
elr alyAnds,
slr `fsnhd
muelr
qulallstl
Ands5 ls alcnr,
al`nrnd hd ls só`d
`l plrmntl uh `dcd,qul
rlstfg`lclr,
rlstfg`lclr fhafal
fuhqul ancnlhad
mfhlrfpdr fjírgfaf,
plrtu qul lsf`kd
plrturgfaf, `f mu-
al
sus `fzds cdh l` muhad. Nhsnstd5 hd ls uhf prdauccnóh qul só`d `d mfhtnlhl ftfad f su al`nrnd,
al` nrnd,
snhd qul falmæs `l plrmntl rlstfg`lclr uhf cnlrtf rl`fcnóh cdh l` muhad.
Mucjfs vlcls sl ancl qul cdhstrunr `f mltæbdrf al`nrfhtl, pfrlcl alefr f` `dcd sd`d, snh cdhsl-
culhcnfs lh su `fzd sdcnf` y su nhslrcnóh lh l` muhad, plrd cdh lstf rlcdhstruccnóh, @fcfh, pdr
l` cdhtrfrnd, fspnrf f qul rlstfg`lzcf lsds `fzds cdh l` muhad.
Lh uh cdhtrfpuhtd cdh Brlua, pdalmds suklrnr ads frtícu`ds5 ‐Hlurdsns y psncdsns” y ‐@f
pîranaf al `f rlf`nafa lh `f hlurdsns y lh `f psncdsns”2, adhal pdalmds vlr cómd sl lhtnlhal
lstf `lcturf qul jfcl @fcfh al Brlua, alsal aóhal `f `ll, quî trfhsbdrmfcndhls fp`ncf f` tlxtd
brluanfhd pfrf alcnr `d qul ancl.
Lh su frtícu`d ‐@f pîranaf al `f rlf`nafa lh `f hlurdsns y lh `f psncdsns”, yf lh l` títu`d, Snk-

muha Brlua nhancf f`kd qul bul cdhbuhanad5 `f anblrlhcnf lhtrl l` hlurótncd y l` psncótncd,
qulaf fcdrrf`faf d algn`ntfaf lh tîrmnhds al `f rlf`nafa. _frf hdsdtrds `f anblrlhcnf lhtrl uh
hlurótncd y uh psncótncd, hd ls qul uhd plranó
p lranó l` cdhtfctd cdh `f rlf`nafa y l` dtrd `f tn
tnlhl,
lhl, lhcf-
sn``fmnlhtd típncd lh l` qul sl gfsó pdr f`kõh tnlmpd `f anblrlhcnf lhtrl `f hlurdsns y `f psncdsns.
Nhtuntnvfmlhtl sl pulal alcnr qul tf` sueltd lstæ al`nrfhad, y pdr `d tfhtd, hd tnlhl cdhtfctd
cdh `f rlf`nafa. _lrd sn f`kunlh fquí prlslhtl jfg`frf al uhf bdrmf qul hd rlcdhdcnlrf l` cdh-
tlxtd lh qul hds lhcdhtrfmds, anrífmds qul ls uh psncótncd9 ls alcnr, hd tnlhl cdhtfctd cdh `f
rlf`nafa. Lstd lh l` blhómlhd ls vnsng`l. \h psncótncd `fcfhnfhd, qul slkõh l` sl jfgíf bdrmfad
cdh Mfsdttf, y lstfgf nhtlrhfad lh l` Gdraf, fhtl `f prlkuhtf sdgrl sn sl slhtíf cómdad, cdh-
tlstfgf qul sí. @l prlkuhtî dtrf vlz5 ‐´Jfy f`kd qul `l md`lstl fquí4”, y cdhtlstó5 ‐Qlhkd uh
sd`d prdg`lmf9 cufhad ml alspnlrtd f `f mföfhf, lstdy fcdstumgrfad f lscucjfr f Gdccjlrnhn
y `d qul lscucjd ls f` `dcd al f` `fad qul krntf snh pfrfr”. Ls `f õhncf dgelcnóh qul î` jfcíf. Su
fafptfcnóh hds jfg`f lhtdhcls al qul l` jfgíf lhcdhtrfad f``í uh f`defmnlhtd, sdstlhnad lh uh
lqun`ngrnd qul dgvnfmlhtl hd ls l` al `f rlf`nafa.
Cufhad Brlua sl rlﬆlrl f `f pîranaf al `f rlf`nafa lh `f hlurdsns y lh `f psncdsns, yf hds lstæ
lhslöfhad qul jfy pîranaf al rlf`nafa lh fmgds cufards, cdhtrfrnfhad hulstrf plrclpcnóh,
al qul jfy uhds qul lstfmds cdh `f rlf`nafa y dtrds qul lstæh lh dtrd muhad.
_frf lhtlhalr tdad `d qul sl aned y l` tlxtd brluanfhd5 ‐Ls `f anblrlhcnf klhîrncf mæs nmpdr-
tfhtl lhtrl hlurdsns y psncdsns. @f hlurdsns ls l` rlsu`tfad al uh cdh﬇nctd lhtrl l` yd y l` l``d,
<- @FCFH, Efcquls, L` Slmnhfrnd, @ngrd 3, @fs psncdsns, Ngnalm, pæk. 113.
2- BWL\A, Snkmuha, ‐Hlurdsns y psncdsns”, y ‐@f pîranaf al rlf`nafa lh `f hlurdsns y lh `f psncdsns”, lh5 Dgrfs cdmp`ltfs, Gng`nd-
tlcf Hulvf, Gulhds Fnrls.

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lh tfhtd qul lh `f psncdsns ls l` alslh`fcl fhæ`dkd al uhf snmn`fr plrturgfcnóh lh `ds víhcu`ds
lhtrl l` yd y l` muhad lxtlrndr” ;.
L` cf``leóh snh sf`naf surkl cufhad plhsfmds qul mnlhtrfs l` hlurótncd pfalcl uh cdh﬇nctd
nhtrfpsíquncd (y pdr `d tfhtd, hd sl mfhnﬆlstf cdmd uh cdh﬇nctd cdh `f rlf`nafa), l` psncótncd
pfalcl uhqul
afa al `f cdh﬇nctd
jfg`f eustfmlhtl lh l`hd
l` psncdfhæ`nsns, puhtd
ls l` al cdhtfctd
muhad cdh lsf
lxtlrhd5 mnsmf
al fjí rlf`nafa. _lrd `f rlf`n-
`f cdhbusnóh.
F mlanaf qul fvfhclmds lh lstl cursd, alglmds nr rllmp`fzfhad f` yd al Brlua pdr l` su-
eltd al @fcfh, y f` l``d pdr l` kdcl. _lrd ls cdh Brlua mnsmd qul vfmds f lhtlhalr qul tfhtd
hlurótncds cdmd psncótncds pfalclh cdh﬇nctds cdh `f rlf`nafa, y tfmgnîh fmgds pfalclh uh
cdh﬇nctd nhtrfpsíquncd.
Lh l` tlxtd Brlua vf f ugncfr lh `f cfusf`nafa al `f psncdsns `f brustrfcnóh, y @fcfh vf f cdmp`l-
tfr lstf nalf ancnlhad mucjd tnlmpd alspuîs, qul `f cfusf`nafa lslhcnf` ls `f brustrfcnóh al`
pfarl, `f bdrcùsnóh al` Hdmgrl al` _farl, cdh `f qul @fcfh hdmgrf f uhf brustrfcnóh ‐sugel-
tnvf” al` Hdmgrl al` _farl.
61 al mfrzd al` 7??7
;- BWL\A, Snkmuha, ‐@f pîranaf al rlf`nafa lh `f hlurdsns y lh `f psncdsns”, Ngnalm, pæk. 6<<. La. Fmdrrdrtu. 6>;>.
Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 6<

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NN
L@ S\ELQD – ^ L@ ^D
Jfgífmds rlcdrrnad `f vlz pfsfaf trls d cuftrd puhtds lslhcnf`ls, f `ds lblctds al alﬆhnr y
prlcnsfr `f lstructurf al `f psncdsns, fpuhtfhad f tlmfs rlblrnads f` anfkhóstncd anblrlhcnf`. L`
prnmlr puhtd lh l` qul jfgífmds jlcjd jnhcfpnî ls `f cftlkdríf al sueltd, y alcífmds qul îstl
ls l` jn`d cdhauctdr.
@f drnlhtfcnóh lh `fs prlslhtfcndhls al lhblrmds ls `f gõsqulaf y prlcnsnóh al `d qul alhd-
mnhfmds ‐sueltd”. Lh cfmgnd, `f mlancfcnóh hd cdhsnalrf f` sueltd, hd `d pdhl lh lvnalhcnf.
@f prlkuhtf qul ustlals alglh jfclrsl lh lsfs prlslhtfcndhls, f trfvîs al `f lhtrlvnstf y al `d
qul al l``f sl cdmlhtf, ls aóhal y cómd sl prlcnsf f` sueltd slpfrfad al `f plrsdhf qul lstæ f``í
prlslhtl. L` sueltd ls al uhf nhcdhsnstlhcnf plrclptnvf aræstncf, hd sl vl9 l` sueltd sl lscucjf,
l` sueltd sl cdhstruyl lh l` anæ`dkd cdh l` fhf`nstf, cdh `fs prlkuhtfs qul jfcl l` fhf`nstf lh `f
cdhauccnóh al `f lhtrlvnstf, lh adhal algl qulafr cdmd rlstd uh jn`d, qul lvnalhcnf
lvn alhcnf `f fpfrn-
cnóh al lsl sueltd. Lsf ls `f drnlhtfcnóh qul snlmprl algl lstfr prlslhtl.
Ls alcnr qul f` mdmlhtd al jfclr uh rl`ftd al `f lhtrlvnstf, alglrífmds pdalr trfzfr uh cfmn-
hd al` sueltd slpfrfad al tdad `d qul sl aned9 alglmds slr cfpfcls al rlf`nzfr uh dralhfmnlhtd
al tdad `d ancjd lh `f cdhstruccnóh al uh sueltd, alscfrtfhad f`kuhds al lsds ancjds y fclh-
tufmds dtrds rlcdrtfads f `d `frkd al `f lhtrlvnstf. Lsds ancjds fclhtufads sdh fqul``ds lh `ds
qul alglmds anblrlhcnfr l` mdmlhtd lh qul jfg`ó ‐l` sueltd”, al` mdmlhtd lh qul jfg`ó ‐`f
plrsdhf”. Sl algl tlhlr lh culhtf qul `f plrsdhf jfg`ó lh tdad `d qul aned, y l` sueltd jfg`ó
só`d lh f`kuhf al `fs cdsfs qul aned. Lstd vf`l tfhtd pfrf `f lhtrlvnstf cdh uh hlurótncd cdmd
cdh uh psncótncd.
L` sueltd jfg`f cufhad lxclal cdh sus ancjds `f vdùhtfa al alcnr, cufhad `d qul ancl lscfpf
f lsd qul qulríf alcnr. _lrd fqul``d qul ancl, mæs f``æ al `d qul qunlrl alcnr y qul sl pdhl lh
lvnalhcnf,
fhf`nstf, hdalplhal õhncf y lxcùsnvfmlhtl
jfy cdhstntucnóh al` sueltd lh `fal `f rlspulstf
lhtrlvnstf, al` fhf`nstf9
l` sueltd sn hd jfy
sl lhculhtrf rlspulstflstæ
lh pdtlhcnf, al`
supulstd plrd hd lstæ lxpulstd lh tf` d cuf` ancjd.
_lrd l` fhf`nstf tfmgnîh jfg`f lh hdmgrl al `f `lhkuf, yf qul pdr `f ` f prdpnf hfturf`lzf al `f pf-
`fgrf, snlmprl alcnmds mæs al `d ` d qul qulrlmds alcnr
alcnr.. Lstd qunlrl alcnr qul hulstrf vdùhtfa
al alcnr cdmp`ltf al slhtnad tdads `ds` ds lquívdcds al `f pf`fgrf, y af uh cdhtlxtd snkhnﬆcftnvd f
`fs pf`fgrfs. @f vdùhtfa al alcnr pulal cdhvlrtnr ‐vnaf al plrrds” –uhf mltæbdrf–, lh ‐mf`f
vnaf”, plrd tfmgnîh pulal qulrlr alcnr dtrf cdsf. L` fhf`nstf, `d ` d qul vf f lelrclr lh su rlspuls-
tf, ls qul `f pf`fgrf snkhnﬆcf, alsancnlhad `d qul `f vdùhtfa al alcnr al` sueltd `l ftrnguyl f
lsf pf`fgrf, uh rlcdrtl al tdafs lsfs dtrfs pdsngn`nafals. @f rlspulstf al` fhf`nstf ls `d qul
plrmfhlhtlmlhtl vf f lelrclr lsf dtrf snkhnﬆcfcnóh pdsng`l.

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L` lelrcncnd al lstf ‐dtrlafa”, ls lh vlrafa nhstf`frsl lh uh puhtd cdhstntutnvd al tdad sueltd.

_ulalh nùstrfr lstl puhtd cdh uh tlxtd al Mfurncl G`fhcjdt, qul alsfrrd``f lsf dtrlafa alsal
`f plrsplctnvf ﬆ`dsóﬆcf, adhal ancl5 ‐L` Dtrd ml jfg`f, hd ml jfg`f cdmd yd”. 6
Dtrd mdmlhtd al `d mnsmd ls cufhad l` sueltd sl jfcl rlspdhsfg`l al lsd qul aned plrd hd
qulríf alcnr. Jfclrsl
alcnr.
rlspdhsfg`l. Lh tfhtdrlspdhsfg`l
tf` l` sueltdhdlssl``lvfad,
`ll lh tîrmnhds al rlspdhsfgn`nafa
pdarífmds ydncf, snhd alpdr
alcnr qul vlrtnknhdsfmlhtl sueltd
`ds
ancjds qul prdhuhcnf, `l kfhfh al mfhd, vfh al`fhtl al` qul l`nkl l` tlmf p pfrf
frf jfg`fr
jfg`fr..
Lstd ls `d qul lh tîrmnhds al @fcfh sl ``fmf cfstrfcnóh, y `d qul Brlua snkhnﬆcfgf lh l` plhl.
@fcfh lhmfrcf tdad l` anscursd brluanfhd lh `ds prdg`lmfs qul nmp`ncf lstfr nhmlrsd lh uh
`lhkufel, ancnlhad qul `f cfstrfcnóh hd ls al` plhl snhd al` slhtnad9 ls alcnr qul l` ùkfr qul
lh Brlua dcupfgf l` plhl, lh @fcfh `d dcupf l` slhtnad. @f fmlhfzf al plralr l` slhtnad al
`d qul sl ancl y al `d qul sl ls, ls uhf fmlhfzf qul l` fhf`nstf lelrcl snstlmætncfmlhtl9 pdr
`d tfhtd, tlhlmds qul sfglr qul cufhad rlf`nzfmds hulstrd trfgfed, lstfmds fmlhfzfhad `f
cdhsnstlhcnf ydncf, lstfmds fmlhfzfhad tdad `d qul l` sueltd sfgl al sí, pfrf jfclr`d lscucjfr
uhf cdsf qul sl lhcdhtrfgf bulrf al su plrsplctnvf.
@f cftlkdríf al sueltd nmp`ncfaf lh tdad `d qul lstdy ancnlhad ls crucnf` pfrf anstnhkunr hlu-
rdsns al psncdsns, y lh pfrtncu`fr, pfrf jfclr uh anfkhóstncd pdsntnvd al `f hlurdsns. Hd ls suﬆ-
cnlhtl alcnr qul pfsó l` tnlmpd y hd fpfrlcnlrdh blhómlhds l`lmlhtf`ls, pdrqul falmæs jfy
qul almdstrfr qul sl trftf al uh hlurótncd, y pfrf lstd cdhtfmds cdh ads cftlkdrífs5 l` sueltd
y l` síhtdmf. Fsdcnfr `ngrlmlhtl, snkhnﬆcf qul uh sueltd sl alef rlprlslhtfr pdr `d qul ancl, pdr
`ds snkhnﬆcfhtls al su anscursd.
an scursd.
Ls `f dcfsnóh al anstnhkunr pf`fgrf y snkhnﬆcfhtl. @f pf`fgrf tnlhl ads buhcndhls, uhf alscrnp-
tnvf al `f rlf`nafa al `d qul sl qunlrl alcnr
alcnr,, y dtrf rlprlslhtftnvf, qul ls `d qul `f prlcnsf cdmd
snkhnﬆcfhtl. L` yd l`nkl pdr `f buhcnóh alscrnptnvf y l` fhf`nstf pdr `f buhcnóh rlprlslhtftnvf. Ls
`d mnsmd qul alcnr ‐sfglr rlblrlhcnf`” y ‐sfglr tlxtuf`”. Jfy uhf ansputf lhtrl `f nhtlrprltf-
cnóh al` fhf`nstf y l` hfrcnsnsmd ydncd, ansputf qul jfy qul cdhsnalrfr lh `f tæctncf al` fhf`nstf,
lh sus adsnﬆcfcndhls, pfrf qul l` yd hd sl pdhkf lhbrlhtl al` fhf`nstf ancnlhad5 ‐hd ls lsd `d
qul yd qunlrd alcnr”, mdmlhtd lh qul l` yd vf lh l` cfmnhd al `d qul Brlua ``fmó ‐`f rlsnstlh-
cnf”, yf slf trfhsblrlhcnf hlkftnvf, rlfccnóh tlrfpîutncf hlkftnvf, d fctnhk dut.
@f buhcnóh rlprlslhtftnvf al `f pf`fgrf tnlhl cdmd cdhslculhcnf `f nmp`ncfcnóh sugeltnvf, `d
qul qunlrl alcnr lstfr nmp`ncfad lh `f buhcnóh rlprlslhtftnvf al `f pf`fgrf cdmd sueltd. Ls nm-
pdrtfhtl, lsplcnf`mlhtl lh uh fhæ`nsns, l` lblctd blhdmîhncd qul sl prdaucl lh l` yd cufhad l`
sueltd sl alef nmp`ncfr. Ls `f alsdrnlhtfcnóh, hd sl sfgl al quî sl jfg`f, hn pfrf quî sl jfg`f, sl
‐pnlral l` jn`d”, l` jn`d al su vdùhtfa y al `f drnlhtfcnóh al `d qul ancl.
_frf alcnr`d al uhf vlz, jfy nmp`ncfcnóh sugeltnvf lh l` hlurótncd, hd jfy nmp`ncfcnóh sugel-
tnvf lh l` psncótncd9 pdr `d tfhtd, cufhad lh uhf lhtrlvnstf d lh uhf prlslhtfcnóh al lhblrmds
nhtlrrdkfmds l` krfad al nmp`ncfcnóh sugeltnvf qul lstæ lh eulkd, `d qul jfclmds ls prlcnsfr
l` anfkhóstncd. Sn hd lhcdhtrfmds l` lblctd sueltd, `f lstructurf psncótncf sl jfcl prlslhtl,
p rlslhtl, y `fs
6- G@FHCJDQ, Mfurncl, Anæ`dkd nhcdhcùsd, La. Mdhtl Fvn`f, pæk. 6?<.
Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 6;

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cdsfs cdgrfh uh slhtnad plrsdhf`, hd ls uh slhtnad cdmpfrtnad cdh dtrds. @`lkfmds lhtdhcls f
uhf f`tlrhftnvf5 d nmp`ncfcnóh sugeltnvf-lblctd sueltd d nhtlrprltfcnóh al`nrfhtl.
@ls ady uh lelmp`d. Fylr
Fylr l` lhtrlvnstfad lh uh mdmlhtd aned5 ‐Sl ``lkf f Ands pdr `f rdan``f”.
F``í sl p`fhtlf uhf prlkuhtf. Lh lsf brfsl, ´sl trftf al `f lstructurf al`nrfhtl qul jfcl uhf
frtncu`fcnóh
snkhnﬆcfhad lhtrl
f`kd4 Ands y `f rdan``f, d jfy uh lblctd mltfbórncd cdh l` qul l` jdmgrl lstæ f``í
Eustfmlhtl `f auaf anfkhóstncf ls qul cufhad `l prlkuhtî lsplcíﬆcfmlhtl `d al `f rdan``f, d
slf `l plaí fc`frfcnóh al cómd sl ``lkf f Ands pdr `f rdan``f, ml aned, pdr supulstd, ‐frrdan-
``æhadsl”, `d qul jfcl auafr fclrcf al sn sl trftf al uh al`nrnd rdan``f-Ands –uhf frtncu`fcnóh
plrsdhf` õhncf y lxcùsnvf al î`–, d sn sl trftf al uhf bdrmf al alcnr snkhnﬆcftnvf, adhal aned
‐rdan``f” qulrnlhad alcnr ‐frrdan``fad”. Al fculrad f `f cdhcùsnóh al `ds qul lstægfmds f``í,
lstl jdmgrl rlsu`tó uh psncótncd9 snh lmgfrkd, lh l` psncótncd tfmgnîh sl pulalh afr lstds bl-
hómlhds qul pfrlclh snkhnﬆcftnvds. Qlhkfmds
Qlhkfmds lh culhtf qul cufhad `l prlkuhtî pdr l` vf`dr
al sus mltæbdrfs, ml mnró y ml aned
an ed ‐dgvnfmlhtl `d ankd lh slhtnad snkhnﬆcftnvd, `dcd hd lstdy,
lstdy,
´hd4”. Hd ml `d aned, plrd lstfgf `dcd.
Lhtdhcls, nmp`ncfcnóh sugeltnvf, qul hd ls `d mnsmd qul `f ftrngucnóh sugeltnvf. \stlals pul-
alh `llr lstf cftlkdríf al ftrngucnóh sugeltnvf lh l` cfpítu`d ZNR al` Slmnhfrnd 37, adhal @fcfh
prlcnsf lstl cdhclptd. F``í jfg`f al `f ftrngucnóh sugeltnvf lh l` cfmpd al `f pfrfhdnf. Ancl5
‐Hd jfy uhf pfrfhdnf cdmp`ltf sn hd jfy ftrngucnóh sugeltnvf”, qul slríf uhf bdrmf al sugel-
tnvfr `d qul lh l` muhad hlurótncd sl snmgd`nzf, `d qul tnlhl uh vf`dr snmgó`ncd9 pfrf l` hlu-
rótncd, pdr lelmp`d, slríf `f lxnstlhcnf al Ands, plrd pfrf l` psncótncd, lh cfmgnd, ftrnguyl uhf
sugeltnvnafa, ancnlhad qul ‐Ands qunlrl, qunlrl jfclrsl lscucjfr”. Anspdhl uhf sugeltnvnafa.
Lh `fs prnmlrfs bdrmu`fcndhls al @fcfh sdgrl `f psncdsns, lh l` Slmnhfrnd <, @fs bdrmfcndhls al`
nhcdhscnlhtl3, `d alcíf mæs d mlhds fsí5 lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns, l` Dtrd snmgó`ncd, fgstrfctd,
snh sugeltnvnafa, sl cdhvnlrtl lh uh dtrd cdh mnhõscu`f, d slf lh dtrf plrsdhf. Ls l` fp`fstf-
mnlhtd al` vf`dr snmgó`ncd al lsl ùkfr, pfrf afr`l `f ftrngucnóh al uhf sugeltnvnafa lh eulkd.
_lrd lh l` cfmpd al `f pfrfhdnf, f îstl aftd al ftrngucnóh sugeltnvf, sl `l fkrlkf qul falmæs
sl `d ancl f î`, f` sueltd.
^f jfgífmds jfg`fad `f c`fsl pfsfaf al `f drnlhtfcnóh al` psncdfhæ`nsns, qul ls nrrlf`nzfr `f rlf-
`nafa. Snh lmgfrkd, cufhad nrrlf`nzfmds l` rlblrlhtl, ´quî ls `d qul surkl4 Hd ls l` nalf`nsmd,
snhd qul sl cdhstruyl f pfrtnr al fjí dtrf rlblrlhcnf. Cufhad lelrclmds `f vdùhtfa rlprlslhtf-
tnvf al `f pf`fgrf, d slf qul f``í rlprlslhtfmds
rlprlslhtfmds uh sueltd, lhtdhcls `f prlkuhtf ls cuæ` ls l` rl-
blrlhtl. L` rlblrlhtl sl pnlral, sl jfg`f yf al dtrd rlblrlhtl. Cdmnlhzf f slr yf hd uhf plrsdhf
al `f qul sl jfg`f, fmnkd, fmnkf, mfrnad, muelr, snhd qul f` lelrclr `f buhcnóh rlprlslhtftnvf
nrrlf`nzfmds lsl rlblrlhtl y pdhlmds `f pf`fgrf cdmd rlprlslhtfcnóh al` sueltd y lh rlblrlhcnf
f dtrf cdsf. @d qul vf f lstfr lh l` jdrnzdhtl al` sueltd qul sl alef rlprlslhtfr pdr pf`fgrfs qul
sl ``fmfh snkhnﬆcfhtls, f` lelrclr `f buhcnóh rlprlslhtftnvf, mæs f``æ al `f plrsdhf mnsmf (`f
muelr,, l` pfpæ, l` tíd, `f fgul`ntf y tdad l` Lanpd brluanfhd), vf f slr l` bfhtfsmf. Lstd hd ls mæs
muelr
3- @FCFH, Efcquls, L` Slmnhfrnd, @ngrd <, @fs bdrmfcndhls al` nhcdhscnlhtl (6><:-<>), Lantdrnf` _fnaós, Gulhds Fnrls.
Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 6:

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qul l` lelrcncnd `ókncd f` lxtrlmd al uhf bdrmu`fcnóh brluanfhf qul cdmlhzó cufhad Brlua
aned ‐`fs jnstîrncfs ml lhkföfh”.
´Vul ls l` bfhtfsmf4 Ls `f rl`fcnóh lhtrl uh sueltd y uh dgeltd, plrd sl trftf al uh dgeltd lspl-
cnf` qul sl alhdmnhf f.
Cufhad Brlua alscugrl qul `fs jnstîrncfs `l mnlhtlh, `d lhkföfh, y qul tdad `d qul î` crlyó
qul lrfh `ds trfumfs al `f jnstlrnf, `ds trfumfs al slauccnóh lh su jnstdrnf y qul ugncó lh `f
cfusf`nafa al `fs hlurdsns hd lrfh cnlrtds, ancl5 ‐ls uh bfhtfsmf al `f jnstlrnf”9 d slf qul lh l`
ùkfr adhal lstfgf l` trfumf rlf`, ugncf l` bfhtfsmf. ^ @fcfh ``lvf lsf `ókncf jfstf l` ﬆhf`, `d
qul qunlrl alcnr qul lh su lhslöfhzf, tdads lh `f lstructurf, sueltds hlurótncds y psncótncds,
tnlhlh su prdpnd víhcu`d cdh `f rlf`nafa plranad. Lstd sl vf f bdrmu`fr lh su õ`tnmf lhslöfhzf,
cdmd l` cdhclptd al bdrcùsnóh klhlrf`nzfaf5 tdads sdmds al`nrfhtls.
Ls alcnr qul `f lxplrnlhcnf al uh fhæ`nsns cdhaucnad al lstf mfhlrf, y hd alsal `f rlf`nafa,
hd psncdtlrfpîutncfmlhtl, fc`frfhad víhcu`ds y trfhqun`nzfhad hlurótncds, ls uhf lxplrnlhcnf
al`nrfhtl.
_lrd cufhad jfg`fmds al bdrcùsnóh al` `fad al` psncótncd y rlprlsnóh al` `fad al` hlurótncd,
tdad sl jfcl c`frd y lvnalhtl5 cufhad `fs cdsfs vnlhlh al fbulrf, psncdsns, y cufhad `fs cdsfs
vnlhlh al falhtrd, hlurdsns. Ancjd al dtrf bdrmf5 lh l` cfmpd al `f hlurdsns, `ds síhtdmfs sdh
al` sueltd9 lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns, `ds síhtdmfs sdh al` Dtrd, `d qul qunlrl alcnr5 trfstdr-
hds lh `f rl`fcnóh cdh l` muhad. Wlculralh qul tdad `d lxtlrndr f` sueltd ls `d qul ``fmfmds
muhad, ls `d qul ``fmfmds ‐`d qul hds rdalf”, snmgd`nzfad pdr @fcfh pdr l` Dtrd. Hdsdtrds
alcnmds ‐hdsdtrds y hulstrfs cnrcuhstfhcnfs y l` muhad qul hds rdalf”, y cufhad alcnmds
‐vf`dr rlprlslhtftnvd al` sueltd”, lmpnlzf dtrd muhad, dtrd muhad al` sueltd qul yf hd sl
``fmf muhad, y adhal l` sueltd yf hd sl ``fmf plrsdhf5 sl ``fmfh sueltd y Dtrd. Qdad `d qul sl
``fmf `f cu`turf, `f cnvn`nzfcnóh, l` Lanpd brluanfhd, tdads `ds cóankds, ltc., @fcfh `ds rlaucl lh
su lslhcnf, f uhf buhcnóh, l` Dtrd9 tdad `d qul Brlua plhsó cdmd Lanpd ls l` Dtrd, y tdad `d qul
qulaf al` `fad al` sueltd ls `d qul ``fmfmds pu`snóh.
Lh l` cfmpd al `f hlurdsns hds lhcdhtrfmds cdh uh sueltd qul ``fmfmds al` snkhnﬆcfhtl, y lh
l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns, afad qul lsl sueltd hd1 lstæ lh l` mnsmd lelrcncnd, uh sueltd al` kdcl.
Lstf anstnhcnóh `f pulalh `llr lh `f _rlslhtfcnóh qul @fcfh lscrngl pfrf `fs mlmdrnfs al Scjrl-
glr..
glr
L` sueltd al uh hld`dknsmd hd ls uh sueltd qul sl rlprlslhtf pdr uh snkhnﬆcfhtl pfrf dtrd snk-
hnﬆcfhtl, snhd qul sl rlprlslhtf pfrf lsl snkhnﬆcfhtl y puhtd. Lstrnctfmlhtl jfg`fhad, hd sl
rlprlslhtf, snhd qul lstæ pltrnﬆcfad f lsl snkhnﬆcfhtl. L` snkhnﬆcfhtl hld`ókncd hd jfcl cfalhf
cdh dtrds, pdrqul `f cfalhf lstæ rdtf. ‐Wupturf al` anscursd nhtlrndr lh `f psncdsns”, ancl @fcfh
lh l` cfpítu`d fhtlõ`tnmd al` Slmnhfrnd 3<. ^ cufhad l` anscursd nhtlrndr sl rdmpl, `d qul dcurrl
ls qul `fs pf`fgrfs sl sul`tfh, y yf hd `fs mfhlefmds, cdmnlhzfh f jfg`frhds alsal fbulrf, sur-
1- @FCFH, Efcquls, Futrls êcrnts, lantndhs au Slun`, _frís, 7???, ‐_rîslhtftndh als Mîmdnrls a„uh
a„uh hîvrdpftjl”, prîslhtftndh al `f
trfauctndh al _. Auqulhhl, (6>22) nh Cfjnlrs pdur `„Fhf`ysl, 6>22.
<- @FCFH, Efcquls, L` Slmnhfrnd, @ngrd 3, @fs psncdsns (6><<-<2), Ngnalm.
Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 6>

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knlhad `f ‐fùcnhfcnóh vlrgf`”, `ds lcds al plhsfmnlhtds, d tdads `ds trfstdrhds qul sl pulalh
dgslrvfr lh uh anscursd psncótncd. Cufhad l` anscursd nhtlrndr plrmfhlcl, hdsdtrds crllmds
bf`sfmlhtl qul `fs pf`fgrfs hds snrvlh pfrf cdmuhncfr mlhsfels qul sl lhtnlhalh y sl cdm-
prlhalh. Lslhcnf`mlhtl sl trftf al uh lhkföd qul alscdhdcl qul lh `f lstructurf hd sfglmds
`d qul alcnmds, fuhqul fsí `d crlfmds.
@fcfh ancl qul ‐l` psncótncd ls rnkurdsd”, crll lh `d qul ancl y fctõf lh cdhslculhcnf, jfy uhf
rl`fcnóh hlclsfrnf cdh `d qul ancl, y l` buhafmlhtd al lstf rnkurdsnafa ls qul lstæ pltrnﬆcfad
f` snkhnﬆcfhtl.
Jfy uhf hulvf cftlkdríf qul sl alsprlhal al lstf õ`tnmf culstnóh5 `f cftlkdríf al` slmg`fhtl.
Hd jfy pfarl, jfy slmg`fhtl al pfarl, gnlh d mf` sdstlhnad, hfanl ls l` pfarl, sf`vd Ands9
tdads `ds dtrds pfarls sdh slmg`fhtls al pfarls9 l` qul sl crll l` pfarl ls cdmd l` qul sl crll
Hfpd`lóh. ´Vuî qunlrl alcnr lstd lh cdhcrltd4 Vul sl nalhtnﬆcf f` ùkfr al` pfarl lh tîrmnhds
fgsdùtds. @fcfh `d ``fmf l` uh-pfarl, d slf, sl crll l` pfarl, y ls l` pfarl9 hd ls rlprlslhtfhtl
al` pfarl, y tdmfhad `f bórmu`f rl`nkndsf ‐al` pfarl hulstrd”, hd jfg`f ‐lh hdmgrl al` pf-
arl”, snhd qul ls l` pfarl qul jfg`f. Ls l` pfarl qul Brlua ugncó cdmd l` pfarl al `f jdraf,
‐l`” pfarl. Sn ustlals tdmfh `f `ókncf brluanfhf alsp`lkfaf lh ‐Qó ‐Qótlm
tlm y tfgõ” 2, l` pfarl al `f
jdraf
cufhadlsmulrl
l` pfarl qul tnlhl
l` pfarl, sdh tdafs `fs muelrls,
slmg`fhtls al lsl ls l` pfarl
pfarl, plrdqul ls. pulal
hfanl Qdads dcupfr
`ds dtrdssuqul qulafh
ùkfr, qul-
afhad tdads sdmltnads f `f @ly9 hd sdh `f @ly,
@ly, hn snqunlrf `ds qul `f anctfh.
L` uh-pfarl ls uhf buhcnóh qul lstæ cdhclptuf`mlhtl `nkfaf f` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd al `f psncd-
sns. Cufhad f`kunlh, pfrf uh sueltd, dcupf l` ùkfr al` uh-pfarl, ls alcnr l` qul `l anctf `f @ly,
@ly,
lsd mucjfs vlcls ls mdtnvd al alslhcfalhfmnlhtd al uhf psncdsns. Hdtlh qul lstdy jfg`fhad
al alslhcfalhfmnlhtd, pdrqul ls crucnf` prlcnsfr l` puhtd al` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd cufhad
jfy uhf psncdsns lh eulkd, pdrqul ls l` puhtd qul lhtrl dtrfs cdsfs al`nmntf `f brdhtlrf lhtrl
`f hlurdsns y `f psncdsns, d lhtrl `f prl-psncdsns –psncdsns prlvnf f` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd– y l`
alslhcfalhfmnlhtd mnsmd.
Lh Brlua jfy cuftrd d cnhcd tlxtds qul pulalh nr `lylhad. @ds ads qul mlhcndhî `f vlz pfsfaf,
sdh ‐Hlurdsns y psncdsns”, y ‐@f pîranaf al `f rlf`nafa lh `f hlurdsns y lh `f psncdsns”.
@f rupturf cdh `f rlf`nafa lh `f psncdsns bul uh jntd qul jf alefad l` anfkhóstncd f mlrcla al
`fs cfhtnafals. Al`nrnd d lsdtlrnsmd.
Snh lmgfrkd, l` síhtdmf prdaucl uhf f`tlrfcnóh al` cdhtfctd cdh `f rlf`nafa. _frf hdsdtrds,
cufhad f`kunlh jfg`f lh uh fhæ`nsns, alglmds sfglr qul al`nrf,
al` nrf, qul al`nrf lh l` slhtnad al qul
`d qul supdhl y fqul``d al `d qul lstæ cdhvlhcnad, ls uhf nhtlrprltfcnóh al `f rlf`nafa, qul
snlmprl lstæ nhtlrprltfhad. _frf feustfr lstf culstnóh alglmds alcnr qul cufhad jfy sueltds y
jfy uh rlblrlhtl bulrtl, adhal tdads jfg`fh al `d mnsmd, pdr lelmp`d, `f lsclhf al uh nhclh-
and, sn alefmds f uh sueltd jfg`fr mæs al anlz pf`fgrfs, lsd vf f jfclr prlslhtl l` bfhtfsmf al
lsl sueltd. Lh `fs anlz prnmlrfs tdads pulalh cdnhcnanr lh l` rl`ftd al lsf lsclhf, plrd lh cufh-
td sl slpfrfh uh pdcd, fjí lmpnlzf `f nhtlrprltfcnóh, l` al`nrnd y l` bfhtfsmf. Lstd ls `d qul lstæ
2- BWL\A, Snkmuha, ‐Qótlm y tfgõ”, lh5 Dgrfs cdmp`ltfs, Gng`ndtlcf Hulvf, Gulhds Fnrls.

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lh `f lstructurf, pdr lsd lh `f hlurdsns pfrlcl qul hd ls tfh aræstncf `f pîranaf al `f rlf`nafa
cdmd lh `f psncdsns, plrd `f anblrlhcnf rfancf lh qul l` hlurótncd snlhtl qul lstæ lh cdhtfctd cdh
`f rlf`nafa y vl f` psncótncd cdmd f`kunlh qul hd `f plrcngl al` mnsmd mdad.
Cdhslculhtlmlhtl cdh lstd, sl pdaríf alcnr qul slr hlurótncd ls tlhlr `f cfpfcnafa al futd-
lhkföfrsl cdh
cd hd ls qul rlsplctd
lstæ f` cdhtfctd
lh `f rlf`nafa snhdcdh
qul`ftnlhl
rlf`nafa, ls alcnr qul
`f cfpfcnafa nhvlrtnmds
al tlhlr `f nalf, yal
l` slhtnmnlhtd l` rlf`nafa
hlurótn-
fclrcf al `d qul ancl.
@d fhtlrndr hds rlmntl f `d qul Brlua bdrmu`f cdmd l` prnhcnpnd al rlf`nafa, qul pulal lhtlh-
alrsl nhklhufmlhtl cdmd fqul``d qul plrmntl l` cdhtfctd cdh l` muhad dgeltnvd, mnlhtrfs qul
l` prnhcnpnd al` p`fclr cdhaucl f `f fùcnhfcnóh9 lstf ls `f anstnhcnóh qul jdy nhtlhtd alsmlhtnr.
L` prnhcnpnd al rlf`nafa hd tlrmnhf lh `f falcufcnóh f `f rlf`nafa dgeltnvf, snhd qul lh vlrafa
sdstnlhl uh cnlrtd slhtnmnlhtd al rlf`nafa. ^ @fcfh sl prlkuhtf cómd jfclh `ds hlurótncds pfrf
tlhlr lsl slhtnmnlhtd al rlf`nafa dgeltnvf. Ls `d qul pdalmds alhdmnhfr fctuf`ntfs, qul alﬆhl
`f vlrafa cdmd falcufcnóh al` lhuhcnfad y `f rlf`nafa lblctnvf.
L` hlurótncd dgslsnvd alsp`nlkf lstf culstnóh f` mæxnmd, tnlhl tf` slhtnmnlhtd bulrtl al rlf-
`nafa, qul crll qul cufhad jfg`f ls dgeltnvd, mæxnmd al`nrnd rlsplctd al `d qul lstfmds an-
cnlhad. Qóqulh`l
Qóqulh`l lstl slhtnmnlhtd anrlctf d nhanrlctfmlhtl f uh hlurótncd dgslsnvd y vlræh su
rlspulstf pfrtncu`fr.
pfrtncu`fr. Rf f alcnr qul ‐lsd ls uh lrrdr”, ‐qul ls uh mf`lhtlhanad”, ‐qul hd sl `d
lstæ lscucjfhad ftlhtfmlhtl rlsplctd al `d qul qunlrl alcnr”, ltc. ^ sn cdh hulstrf tlhfcnafa
psncdfhf`ítncf nhsnstnmds, vf f fpl`fr f uh rlcursd snstlmætncd, qul ls f` uhnvlrsf`5 ‐lstd `l pf-
sfríf f tdaf plrsdhf lh mn ùkfr
ùkfr,, hd ls prdg`lmf míd”.
Lstd ls arfmætncfmlhtl vnsng`l cufhad ustlals lscucjfh f uhf pfrlef alsal l` psncdfhæ`nsns,
l nhtlrvnlhlh lh lstl slhtnad (mdad lh qul pfrf mí jfy qul jfclr`d lh lsds cfsds), d cdh uh
krupd al `ds qul sl ``fmfgfh fhtls ‐tlrfpîutncds”. Al lsf mfhlrf lstfmds alstntuylhad uhf
cdhclpcnóh qul plrmntnó f `ds krupds fkrupfrsl. _ncjdh Wnvnêrl usfgf uhf cftlkdríf qul ls `f
qul hdsdtrds alsfrtncu`fmds, yf qul cdhclgíf cfaf mnlmgrd al uh krupd cdmd uh lmlrklhtl
al lsl krupd, y mucjd mæs fõh al` krupd bfmn`nfr9 alcíf mæs lxfctfmlhtl5 ‐ls l` pdrtfvdz al`
krupd”. Lh cfmgnd, alsal l` psncdfhæ`nsns, alcnmds qul hd jfy lmlrklhtl, hd jfy pdrtfvdz al`
krupd, snhd pdrtfvdz al` sueltd, y sn hdsdtrds lelrclmds lstf nalf lh uh krupd d lh uhf pfrlef,
prdaucnmds uh lblctd al slpfrfcnóh. ‐L``f ancl”, ‐î` ml aned”. Qdads lstds cruzfmnlhtds hftu-
rf`ls lh uhf pfrlef nmp`ncfh rlmntnr f cfaf uhd f su prdpnd anscursd, y alstntunr `f plrmfhlhtl
rlblrlhcnf f` dtrd. Cufhad uh sueltd ancl ‐f hdsdtrds hds pfsf lstd”, rlspdhad5 ‐ankf ustla su
vlrsnóh al pdr quî lstæ fcæ”. \h dgslsnvd vf f alcnr ‐hd ls uhf vlrsnóh, vdy f alcnr pdr quî ls-
tfmds fcæ”9 d gnlh pulalh usfr snstlmætncfmlhtl5 ‐hds pfsf” d ‐`l pfsf”. Sn nhsnstnmds lh lstf
`íhlf jfy qul tlhlr cunafad pdrqul lh uhf lhtrlvnstf al pfrlef, adhal cfaf uhd lstæ fcusfhad
f` dtrd al cnlrtfs rlspdhsfgn`nafals, l` slhtnmnlhtd nhmlanftd qul fpfrlcl ls l` al nheustncnf,
qul f` ﬆh al culhtfs vnhd f lsl ùkfr pfrf qul tdaf `f cu`pf `f tlhkf î` d l``f. Ml jf dcurrnad
qul pdr prlhalrml almfsnfad f` anscursd al uhd al `ds nhtlkrfhtls al uhf pfrlef, y rlblrnrml
f su prdpnd anscursd, lh uh mdmlhtd pfrf y ml ancl5 ‐hd, yd hd sdy l` cu`pfg`l al tdad, îstf
ls `f qul ml vul`vl `dcd f mí”, prdaucnîhadsl l` lblctd al lstfr fhf`nzfhad f uhd al `ds ads,

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alsfrtncu`fhad `f fcusfcnóh cu`pfg`l lhtrl víctnmf y vnctnmfrnd. Lstdy ancnlhad qul l` sueltd
lstæ anvnanad, anvnanad lhtrl `d qul qunlrl alcnr y `d qul ancl, d cdmd ancl Brlua, anvnanad
lhtrl l` yd y l` nhcdhscnlhtl.
n hcdhscnlhtl.
Jfy uh tlxtd al Brlua, ‐\h cfsd al pfrfhdnf qul cdhtrfrnd f `f tldríf psncdfhf`ítncf”, qul ml
nhtlrlsf sugrfyfr lhypfrtncu`fr,
uh aftd nhtlrlsfhtl pdrqul
rncd, qul hds nùstrf
lhslöó `d qulf`kd
tfmgnîh fylrallh`d`fqul
prlslhtfcnóh al lhblrmds
pdalmds ``fmfr bul
‐l` alslh-
cfalhfmnlhtd”.
Jfy cnlrtd tnpd al alslqun`ngrnds y alscdmplhsfcndhls, cnlrtds mdmlhtds prlvnds al trfstdr-
hds, qul pulalh dcurrnr lh uh psncótncd hd alslhcfalhfad. _dr lelmp`d, l` sueltd al fylr sl
plraíf f `ds 7? föds pdr `f cf``l, hd sfgíf pdr adhal ngf, y anscutífmds
an scutífmds sn lsl lrf l` alslhcfalhf-
mnlhtd, d sn l` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd dcurrnó l` aíf lh qul adrmíf, y qul hd sl sfgíf sn aurmnlhad
d alspnlrtd vnd uhf ùz g`fhcf qul vlhíf al frrngf qul nùmnhfgf uhf pfrla, dgtlhnlhad al lsf
lsclhf `f clrtlzf al qul Ands lxnstíf. Ls f pfrtnr al lsf clrtlzf, qul alsfrrd``f tdaf uhf slrnl
al nalfs f`rlaladr al su pdsncnóh rlsplctd al Ands, y lh pfrtncu`fr al `fs altlrmnhfcndhls al
Ands sdgrl î`.
@d qul sl alslhcfalhf hd ls `d qul pdalmds ``fmfr uh trfstdrhd cuf`qunlrf al `f nalhtnafa,
qul fpfrlcl gfed `f bdrmf al f`kunlh qul sl pnlral d sl alsmfyf. ´_lrd quî ls l` alslhcfal-
hfmnlhtd4 F`kd qul sl alsprlhal al` sueltd y fpfrlcl lh l` muhad anrnknîhadsl f î`. Hd ls
suﬆcnlhtl lhtdhcls uh cnlrtd trfstdrhd al` lqun`ngrnd psíquncd, snhd qul ls hlclsfrnd qul `f ùz
fpfrlzcf fbulrf y ancnîhad`l f`kd qul l` sueltd hd tdmf cdyuhturf`mlhtl, snhd qul `d f`def
cdmd uh dralhfmnlhtd al su vnaf, al su pu`snóh y al su kdcl. F pfrtnr al f``í, cufhad tlhíf 77
föds su vnaf, sl drkfhnzf al dtrf bdrmf jfstf `ds <1, qul ls `f lafa qul tn
tnlhl
lhl jdy
jdy..
Jfy uhf tlsns brluanfhf sdgrl `f qul @fcfh af vul`tfs, qul ls qul tfhtd lh `f pfrfhdnf cdmd
lh `f psncdsns lh klhlrf`, fmgfs, sdh uhf alblhsf cdhtrf `f pu`snóh jdmdslxuf` lxfclrgfaf.
Cdh l` cfsd Scjrlglr
Scjrlglr,, Brlua rlfﬆrmf lstf jnpótlsns, qunlh cdmnlhzf su al`nrnd cdh uh bfhtfsmf
qul `d cd`dcf lh pdsncnóh blmlhnhf, y alsfrrd``fhad tdaf su psncdsns f pfrtnr al `f brfsl5 ‐slríf
ftrfctnvd slr uhf muelr lh l` mdmlhtd al` cdntd”. Lsl ls l` bfhtfsmf cdh l` qul lmpnlzf tdad
l` mdvnmnlhtd scjrlglrnfhd, qul `d vf f cdhvlrtnr ﬆhf`mlhtl lh `f muelr al Ands, mdmlhtd lh
l` cuf` lhculhtrf l` lqun`ngrnd al su psncdsns.
Lh l` tlxtd al Brlua sdgrl ‐\h cfsd al pfrfhdnf cdhtrfrnd…”;, l` puhtd lstæ lxprlsfad lh lstl
aftd5 uh fgdkfad, lh hdmgrl al uhf jlrmdsf muelr, cdhsu`tf f Brlua afad qul l``f qunlrl jf-
clr uh euncnd f dtrd jdmgrl. _lrd îstl plrcngl qul jfy f`kuhf dtrf cdsf anstnhtf f uh prdg`lmf
euríancd. Brlua cdhsnkul qul `f rlprlslhtfaf vfyf f vlr`d, y lscrngl5 ‐f qunlh cdhdcí tnlmpd
alspuîs al vlr f` fgdkfad, lrf uhf muelr al uhds 3? föds, al krfcnf y gl``lzf nhusuf`ls, qul
pfrlcíf mucjd mæs edvlh qul su lafa alc`frfaf y su fsplctd lrf l` al uhf klhunhf blmnhln-
afa”. Ls nhtlrlsfhtl cdmd alscrngl f lstf muelr,
muelr, pdrqul Brlua lelrcl su plrclpcnóh, hd crll qul
l` mnsmd al`nrf, rlsplctd f lstf blmnhlnafa qul dgslrvf. Hdsdtrds jdy hds prlvlharífmds al
prlslhtfr uh cfsd fsí, y `l anrífmds
an rífmds f Brlua qul alel sus nmprlsndhls fclrcf al `d qul ls blml-
;- BWL\A, Snkmuha, ‐\h cfsd al pfrfhdnf cdhtrfrnd f `f tldríf psncdfhf`ítncf”, lh5 Dgrfs cdmp`ltfs, Gng`ndtlcf Hulvf, Gulhds
Fnrls.

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hnhd y mfscu`nhd. Qlhkfmds lh culhtf qul î` tlhíf gfstfhtls cdmp`ncfcndhls cdh lsd. @fcfh
nrdhnzf sdgrl `f slödrf Brlua y pulalh `llr `ds fvftfrls al `f rl`fcnóh lhtrl Brlua y su muelr
muelr..
Jfy f``í culstndhls al dralh tlórncd y præctncd.
@fcfh ancl tfmgnîh qul `f muelr ls l` síhtdmf al` jdmgrl. Síhtdmf cdmd prdg`lmf al` jdm-
grl (dmuelr,
cuf` slf cdmd
muelr fqul``d
, snhd `f muelrqul
cdmd`dsDtrd).
jfcl subrnr)
sAlcnr
ubrnr)qul
y ls`fl`muelr
síhtdmf cdmd
ls uh l` pfrtlhfnrl
síhtdmf pfrf l` lslhcnf`
jdmgrl,(hd tf` d
nmp`ncf
anstnhkunr ads tnpds al síhtdmfs pfrf l` psncdfhf`nstf, l` síhtdmf lh `f hlurdsns y `f fùcnhfcnóh
lh `f psncdsns. _lrd lsl síhtdmf lh `f hlurdsns ls l` síhtdmf ansp`fclr, trfstdrhd, l` síhtdmf
qul tdaf `f psnqunftríf y tdaf `f psncdpftd`dkíf hds p`fhtlf. Snh lmgfrkd, @fcfh vf f tlrmnhfr
ancnlhad qul jfy síhtdmf tfhtd lh `f psncdsns cdmd lh `f hlurdsns, lh `f mlanaf qul hd jfy uh
pfrtlhfnrl hfturf` al` jdmgrl pfrf `f muelr y al `f muelr pfrf l` jdmgrl9 lh `f mlanaf qul hd
jfy uhf cdmp`lmlhtfcnóh slxuf` lstfg`lcnaf sf`vd pfrf l` fhnmf` mfcjd-jlmgrf.
@d qul plralmds f` lstfr lh cdhtfctd y f` hfclr lh l` muhad snmgó`ncd al` `lhkufel, ls eustf-
mlhtl hulstrd slr.
slr. Lstd ls `d qul prdvdcf hfclr lh uh mfrcd snmgó`ncd adhal `f `lhkuf trfhs-
bdrmf f` pfarl, f `f mfarl y f` jned lh snkhnﬆcfhtls qul cnrcu`fh, y lh lsf mlanaf hfanl ls. @ds
almæs sdh slmg`fhtls, pdr lsd uhf curf fhf`ítncf vf al slmg`fhtls prlcfrnfmlhtl sdstlhnads,
fcdhtrfrsl
slmg`fhtls
cdh gnlh frtncu`fads.
uh só`nad _darífmds
slmg`fhtl alcnr
al pfarl, qulslmg`fhtl
só`nad uh fhæ`nsnsallxntdsd
jdmgrl,plrmntl
só`nadf`slmg`fhtl
sueltd rllh-
al
muelr.. _lrd l` slmg`fhtl al muelr tnlhl sus prdpnfs pfrtncu`frnafals, pdr lsd jfg`f @fcfh al `f
muelr
nmpdsturf mfscu`nhf y al `f mfscfrfaf blmlhnhf, qul sdh `fs ads bdrmfs al alcnr qul hfanl
ls jdmgrl hn muelr.
Lstfmds lh uh mdvnmnlhtd adhal l` slr hd plrmntl afr`l sd`nalz f `d qul sdmds. Hdtlh qul
lstd tdcf cdmp`ncfafmlhtl cdh uh dralhfmnlhtd nhtuntnvd qul pdalmds jfclr al uh psncótncd
y al uh hlurótncd, pdrqul sn alcnmds lstd y qulrlmds slr cdjlrlhtls cdh `d fhtlrndr,
fhtlrndr, hd pdal-
mds alcnr ‐l` psncótncd ls uhf fpfrnlhcnf al jdmgrl” y ‐l` hlurótncd ls uh jdmgrl”. Lstd vnlhl
al `leds lh `f lhslöfhzf al @fcfh, alsal `f îpdcf qul p`fhtlfgf l` lstfand al` lspled, cufhad
alcíf qul ‐l` yd sl cdhstntuyl fhtncnpfafmlhtl cdmd uhf nmfklh f `f qul hds nalhtnﬆcfmds y
hulstrd culrpd, l` qul sdmds, ls uh culrpd alsplafzfad”9 d slf qul hulstrd yd yf lstæ cdhs-
tntunad sdgrl f`kdpfrf
lstæ cdhstntunad bf`sd, hd ls uh culrpd
alscdhdclr dralhfad qul sl
lsl alsplafzfmnlhtd al`sdstnlhl
culrpd.f` yd, snhd qul ls uh yd qul
@fs ``fmfafs ‐plrsdhf`nafals cdmd sn” jfclh supdhlr qul l``fs sdh al purd slmg`fhtl y `fs
dtrfs sdh al purd rlf`, plrd lstd hd ls fsí snh qul sl jfkf hlclsfrnd anstnhkunr `ds bf`sds slm-
g`fhtls al `ds vlrafalrds.
vlrafalrds.
@d rlf` ls lsd qul hd pulal slr fgsdrgnad pdr l` slmg`fhtl, y l` slmg`fhtl tnlhl uhf rl`fcnóh
cdh `d rlf` qul ls al lxtlrndrnafa. Ls alcnr qul `d rlf` vf pdr uh `fad, y l` slmg`fhtl pdr dtrd.
Falmæs, l` slmg`fhtl ls prlcfrnd, y sl cfl pdr cuf`qunlr cdsf alslhcfalhfhad uhf psncdsns.
_dr lelmp`d, l` slmg`fhtl al pfarl lh Scjrlglr sl alsfrtncu`f cufhad tnlhl prdg`lmfs cdh `f
pftlrhnafa rlf`9 dtrd lelmp`d slrífh `ds trfstdrhds al` pulrplrnd lh `f muelr, cufhad sl lhculh-
trf cdh l` glgî qul efqulf su nalhtnafa.

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_lrd vd`vfmds f` cfsd al Brlua al `f edvlh pfrfhdncf qul cdhtrfancl `f tldríf psncdfhf`ítncf.
Brlua rl`ftf qul lstf muelr cdhdcl f uh edvlh, qunlh `l p`fhtlf ‐cuæh anspfrftfad lrf rlhuh-
cnfr, mdvnads pdr cdhvlhcndhls sdcnf`ls, f tdad cufhtd l``ds alslfgfh, f `d cuf` tlhífh uh nh-
auafg`l alrlcjd y qul cdhtrnguíf cdmd hnhkuhf dtrf cdsf f `f lxf`tfcnóh al `f vnaf Ytdad lstd
lh rlf`nafa, pfrf alcnr`l ‚vfmds f cfsf„]. Cdmd î` jfgíf prdmltnad hd pdhlr`f lh pl`nkrd, l``f
ﬆhf`mlhtl `l cdhclanó vnsntfr`d al aíf lh su vnvnlhaf al sd`tlrd. Fsí dcurrnlrdh `ds glsds y `ds
fgrfzds, yfcnlrdh uhd f` `fad al` dtrd, y î` famnró sus lhcfhtds f mlanfs alscugnlrtds”.
Lh mntfa al lstf jdrf al fmdr, `f ftlmdrnzó uh rlplhtnhd runad, cdmd uh `ftnad d uh tnc tfc,
L``ds lstfgfh lh lsf lsclhf y f`kd jnzd tnc tfc fbulrf, anrífmds lh l` cfmpd al` Dtrd, al` Dtrd
al` sueltd, lh l` lxtlrndr
lxtlrn dr,, jfy uh tnc tfc. Alcnr lstd hd ls suﬆcnlhtl pfrf alsfrrd``fr uhf pfrfhdnf
cdmp`ltf, ls l` cdmnlhzd, plrd ml nhtlrlsf vlr cdmd `f edvlh muelr vf frtncu`fhad fqul``d qul
vf f alﬆhnr`f cdmd uhf pfrfhdncf.
Mn``lr anstnhkul lh l` cfmpd al `f hlurdsns `d qul ``fmf `fs rlspulstfs al` Dtrd, y lh l` cfmpd
al `f psncdsns, `f rlspulstf al `d rlf`. Lstl slríf uh lelmp`d al `d qul ls uhf rlspulstf al `d rlf`,
hd só`d pdrqul `d lscucjf bulrf al` cfmpd al l``f, snhd pdr `f rl`fcnóh qul vf f lstfg`lclr cdh
lsd qul lscucjó. Hdtlh `f anblrlhcnf lhtrl l` edvlh y l``f rlsplctd al lstl mnsmd aftd9 uhd ancl
‐ls uhf rlspulstf al` Dtrd”, y dtrd ancl ‐ls uhf rlspulstf al `d rlf`”.
Rlhíf l` runad alsal l` lscrntdrnd, qul lstfgf lxpulstd trfhsvlrsf`mlhtl f `f vlhtfhf, y l` ls-
pfcnd qul mlanfgf lhtrl mlsf y vlhtfhf lstfgf lh pfrtl cugnlrtd pdr uhf lsplsf cdrtnhf. L``f
cdhtó qul lhslkunaf nhqunrnó f` fmnkd pdr l` snkhnﬆcfad al` runad. ^ lh lsl puhtd lmplzfmds
cdh `ds tlmfs al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh. Wlculralh tdaf `f prdg`lmætncf5 jfstf fjí lscucjó uh runad,
y lh uh slkuhad tnlmpd, `d vf f nhtlrprltfr. Lstd vf lh `f `íhlf al `d qul tlhlmds qul anstnhkunr
lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns, `d qul sdh `ds blhómlhds prnmfrnds al `d qul sdh `ds blhómlhds
slcuhafrnds al`nrfhtls qul nhtlrprltfh `ds blhómlhds prnmfrnds.
Fquí jfy uh jn`d qul tdmfrlmds mæs f` ﬆhf`, qul ls cómd sl nhtlrprltf lh l` cfmpd al `f psn-
cdsns cufhad `f nhtlrprltfcnóh yf lstæ bdrmfhad pfrtl al `f lstructurf, d slf qul l` psncótncd yf
anspdhl al uhf nhtlrprltfcnóh.
´Vuî anblrlhcnf jfy lhtrl `f nhtlrprltfcnóh psncdfhf`ítncf y `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al` psncótncd4

Ćuæ` ls `f anblrlhcnf4 ´Ls `d mnsmd4 Lh uh slhtnad ls anblrlhtl, plrd sn tdmfmds lh culhtf
cdmd bul usfaf `f nhtlrprltfcnóh snkhnﬆcftnvf lh `f jnstdrnf al` psncdfhæ`nsns, jfy f`kuhds puh-
tds lh cdmõh.
_lrd vd`vfmds f `f lsclhf al `f edvlh pfrfhdncf al Brlua. L` edvlh `l aned, cufhad l``f `l prl-
kuhtf quî ls lsl runad, qul prdgfg`lmlhtl vlhíf al` plqulöd rl`de qul lstfgf sdgrl l` lscrntd-
rnd9 ‐plrd yd ml tdmfrî `f `nglrtfa –ancl Brlua–, al fpuhtfr mæs fal`fhtl f`kd sdgrl lstf pfrtl
al su nhbdrml”.
L` edvlh nhtlrprltf qul ls uh runad lh l` cfmpd al` Dtrd, qul hd `d nhtlrpl`f, qul hd `d nhcdmd-
af, qul hd `d fmlhfzf, y qul `l plrmntl mfhtlhlr l` lqun`ngrnd al `f lsclhf lh `f qul lstfgfh
nhmlrsds9 d slf qul ls uh runad qul l` sueltd jf nhcdrpdrfad snkhnﬆcftnvfmlhtl f su muhad,

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hd sl lhculhtrf bulrf al î`9 `d nhtlrprltf5 ls l` rl`de. Cufhad fgfhadhf `f cfsf, `f edvlh sl tdpf
lh `f lscf`lrf cdh ads jdmgrls qul f` vlr`f slcrltlfh. Lh lstl puhtd jfgríf qul prlkuhtfr`l
f Brlua5 ‐áned l``f d ancl ustla qul slcrltlfgfh4”, pdrqul alcnr qul slcrltlfgfh nmp`ncf uhf
nhtlrprltfcnóh fclrcf al qul lstfgfh ancnlhad f`kd qul hd qulrífh qul sl lscucjfrf. ^f ^f ls uhf
nhtlrprltfcnóh pfrfhdncf alcnr qul slcrltlfh, pdrqul dgeltnvfmlhtl jfg`fgfh lh vdz gfef, lsl
l` jlcjd cdhcrltd. _lrd sfglmds qul tdaf pf`fgrf ls uhf nhtlrprltfcnóh, y lh l` ‐slcrltlfgfh”
jfy uhf nhtlrprltfcnóh lvnalhtl.
‐\hd al `ds alscdhdcnads ``lvfgf uh dgeltd lhvul`td cdmd uh cdbrlcn``d, y l` lhculhtrd `l and
qul plhsfr.
plhsfr. Cfmnhd jfcnf su cfsf sl bdreó lstf cdmgnhfcnóh, lsl cdbrlcn``d bæcn`mlhtl pdaríf jf-
glr snad uh fpfrftd bdtdkræﬆcd. YLmpnlzf l` lhcfalhfmnlhtd al aftds.] Wunantd cdh mæqunhf
bdtdkræﬆcf, y l` jdmgrl qul `d ``lvfgf, uh bdtókrfbd, qul mnlhtrfs l``f sl lhcdhtrfgf lh `f jf-
gntfcnóh jfgíf lstfad f` fclcjd lscdhanad
lscdhanad altræs al `f cd
cdrtnhf.
rtnhf. L` tnc tfc qul dyó bul l` runad al`
anspfrfadr,, uhf vlz qul l` jdmgrl jugd dgtlhnad `f sntufcnóh pfrtncu`frmlhtl cdmprdmltnaf
anspfrfadr
qul qulríf ﬆefr lh `f nmfklh”.
Fquí hdtlh cdmd sl vf lxtlhanlhad, pfrf `f edvlh hd qulaf lh l` tnc tfc (mnlhtrfs qul pfrf l`
pfrtlhfnrl só`d sl trftó al` tnc tfc al uh rl`de), l``f vl qul slcrltlfh (vfmds f supdhlr qul ls pf-
`fgrf al l``f),
`f culstnóh fõhvlcdhtnhõf,
l` cdbrl, ysllhsnkul
l` cdbrl uhf mæqunhf
lxtlhanlhad, bdtdkræﬆcf,
hd sl y al f``í,
`dcf`nzf, slkõh lsf vl uh bdtókrfbd9
cnlrtf mltdhnmnfplrd
al`
al`nrnd qul hd pfrf. Hd `d pulal alscfrtfr, hd `d pulal tdmfr cdmd uhf nalf qul sl `l dcurrnó
y snkul9 `f nalf lmpnlzf f fgsdrglr`f, f tdmfr`f, `f lmpnlzf f cdhvlrtnr lh sueltd al lsf nalf, hd
`f sul`tf, `f lmpnlzf f frtncu`fr y `f lmpnlzf f rlprlslhtfr lh uh sueltd bdtdkrfﬆfad.
‐Alsal lsl mdmlhtd hd puad fcf``fr su suspncfcnf jfcnf l` fmfad. Y\hf lxfklrfcnóh al Brlua
alcnr qul ls l` fmfad.] @d plrsnkunó al pf`fgrf y pdr lscrntd cdh `f almfhaf al uhf lxp`ncf-
cnóh trfhqun`nzfadrf y tfmgnîh cdh rlprdcjls”. Lstd ls `d qul sl ````fmf fmf ‐ftrngucnóh sugeltnvf”9
hd ls qul lscucjó uh runad qul hd lhcfrhf, snhd qul f`kunlh qul `d jfcl. _rnmlrf ftrngucnóh, ls
uh bdtókrfbd9 plrd `f ftrngucnóh sugeltnvf cdmp`ltf lstæ lh `f nalf al qul ls l` fmfad, ancl Brlua,
qul lstæ frtncu`fhad tdad5 î` ls l` qul `l qunlrl sfcfr uhf bdtdkrfbíf . _dr supulstd, lh uhf plrsdhf
hlurótncf lstd pulal pfsfr cdmd uhf nalf, cdmd uhf slhsfcnóh, cdmd uhf plrslcucnóh qul
qulafræ fjí, alslcjfaf9 plrd lh `f psncdsns hd `f sul`tf, `f tdmf f `f edvlh.
Sl mdstró nhfcclsng`l, `d qul vf mdstrfhad `d qul ``fmfmds `f clrtlzf psncótncf5 ls nhfcclsng`l
f `ds frkumlhtds. Lstl ls l` puhtd f` qul l` fhf`nstf hd pulal nr, f` puhtd al almdstrfr`l qul
lstd hd ls rlf`nafa, ls l` puhtd adhal hds slpfrfmds al` pfrtlhfnrl qul `l alsmnlhtl l` al`nrnd.
´Hdsdtrds qul jfclmds lh lsl ùkfr4 Sfglmds yf f prndrn qul ls nhfcclsng`l f `ds frkumlhtds,
al mdad qul fvfhzfmds cdh l` alsfrrd``d mnsmd al` al`nrnd pfrf trftfr al dralhfr`f lh l` nh-
tlrndr mnsmd al lsl al`nrnd, snh al`nrfr cdh l``f, plrd aleæhad`f fvfhzfr lh su cdhstruccnóh, qul
yf ls uhf tlhtftnvf al rlku`fr lsd qul sl anspfró.
Lstl tnc tfc ls `d qul ``fmfmds uhf ‐als`dcf`nzfcnóh al` kdcl”. Cufhad l` kdcl sl als`dcf`nzf,
l` tnc tfc fpfrlcl fbulrf, y Brlua mnsmd vf f nhtlhtfr trfhsmntnr lstf lhslöfhzf f trfvîs al`
lsqulmf laípncd.

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Anræ qul `ds bfhtfsmfs prnmfrnds al `fs bfhtfsífs prnmdranf`ls al tdad hnöd y `f
` f lsclhf prnmf-
rnf qulafh nhcùnads lh l` fpfrftd laípncd, `d qul Brlua mnsmd alﬆhnó cdmd su nhstrumlhtd
cnlhtíﬆcd. _lrd snh lmgfrkd, @fcfh ancl qul lsl ls l` bfhtfsmf brluanfhd, qul cump`nó lblctds
muy rlf`ls lh l` psncdfhæ`nsns, lh `f tldríf psncdfhf`ítncf.
Snkfmds f Brlua5
`f snhclrnafa ‐Slslhtnmnlhtds
al sus mdstró nhfcclsng`l f `ds eurfmlhtds
y `d nhbuhafad qul î`_dr
al `f sdsplcjf. `l jnzd cdhsl
õ`tnmd `danrnknó
qul sustlhtfgf
l``f f uh
fgdkfad, `l cdhtó su vnvlhcnf y `l lhtrlkó `fs cfrtfs qul f rfíz al lstl fsuhtd jfgíf rlcngnad al`
sdsplcjfad”. _lrd l` fgdkfad lhtlhanó qul lrfh nalfs lhblrmnzfs.
F pfrtnr al f``í cdmnlhzf tdad alsfrrd``d al` anspdsntnvd brluanfhd, adhal `f nhtlrprltfcnóh
n htlrprltfcnóh al
Brlua vf f lstfr gfsfaf lh su alsfrrd``d tlórncd sdgrl l` Lanpd, lh `f lsclhf prnmfrnf, y lh `f
vnsnóh qul l` hnöd tnlhl al l``f, plrd tfmgnîh `f nalf al qul sl cdhtrfancl su tldríf fclrcf al
qul `f psncdsns ls uhf alblhsf cdhtrf `f jdmdslxuf`nafa (cdmd `d nhancf l` títu`d al su frtícu-
`d), pdrqul lh vlrafa, l` aftd l`lmlhtf` qul fpfrlcl, lsl tnc tfc, ftfcf `f jltlrdslxuf`nafa qul
lstæ fjí lh eulkd. Brlua sl prlkuhtf5 ćómd ls qul `f psncdsns, l` tnc tfc, nhtlrﬆlrl f `f jltlrd-
slxuf`nafa, y hd f `f jdmdslxuf`nafa4 Rf f nhtlhtfr lxp`ncfr`d bdrzfhad su fpfrftd laípncd y
ancnlhad qul lh vlrafa l` edvlh dcupfgf l` ùkfr al `f mfarl, lrf uh vlrafalrd lhcfrhfmnlhtd
al `f mfarl al `f sueltd y al lsl mdad, ls jdmdslxuf` l` tlmf nhcdhscnlhtl al` qul sl trftf.
Lh `ds õ`tnmds ads cfpítu`ds al` Slmnhfrnd 3, tnlhlh f`kuhfs rl﬇lxndhls al @fcfh sdgrl l` Lanpd
brluanfhd y fqul``d qul î` prdpdhl lh su ùkfr, qul vf f slr `f rl`fcnóh snkhnﬆcfhtl-kdcl, uhf
grusqulafa, tdad l` Lanpd brluanfhd rlaucnad f `f rl`fcnóh snkhnﬆcfhtl-kdcl. _lrd jfy qul
lhtlhalr pdr quî @fcfh ``lkf f lsf l`fgdrfcnóh pfrf hd qulafr tdmfads pdr `d qul hd auafríf
lh ``fmfr uh slmg`fhtl `fcfhnfhd snh sustlhtd rlf`.
´_dr quî @fcfh dpdhl Lanpd f snkhnﬆcfhtl-kdcl4 _rnmlrf culstnóh f alstntunr5 lh vlrafa tdad
l` anspdsntnvd `fcfhnfhd lstæ fpuhtfad f hd bfscnhfrsl cdh `f plrsdhf, cdh l` anscursd vdùhtf-
rnd (cfmnhd al `fs psncdtlrfpnfs), cdh mæs d mlhds rfancf`nafa rlsplctd al `d qul Brlua ``fmó
l` nhcdhscnlhtl.
Cufhad alcnmds snkhnﬆcfhtl y kdcl, lstfmds p`fhtlfhad uhf rlbdrmu`fcnóh `fcfhnfhf al` nh-
clstd, fqul``d qul sl prdaucl lh l` cdhtfctd cdh `d qul tlharíf qul lstfr lxcùnad y prdjngnad.
L` nhclstd ls uh kdcl qul jfcl lhtrfr lh cdhtfctd `d prdjngnad, y pdhl lh eulkd `f bf``f al`
Hdmgrl al` _farl, prdaucnlhad l` nhclstd lhtrl `f mfarl y l` jned, `d
` d qul hds sumlrkl lh tdaf
`f prdg`lmætncf al` Lanpd.
Cufhad @fcfh ancl snkhnﬆcfhtl y kdcl sl algl lhtlhalr qul sl lstæ rlﬆrnlhad f `ds fvftfrls al`
nhclstd brluanfhd lh `f rl`fcnóh snkhnﬆcfhtl-kdcl, kdcl lxcùnad d kdcl nhcùnad. Al lstl mdad,
l` hld`dknsmd, qul uhl snkhnﬆcfhtl y kdcl, slríf nhclstudsd, y l` snkhnﬆcfhtl qul lxcùyl f`
kdcl, slríf l` qul cump`l cdmd tf` `f buhcnóh al` pfarl. _dr lstf rfzóh @fcfh sdstnlhl qul l`
Hdmgrl al` _farl ls uh snkhnﬆcfhtl, vl`fhad `f plrsdhf al` pfarl. _lrd cufhad `f plrsdhf al`
pfarl sl cd`dcf lh l` ùkfr al` snkhnﬆcfhtl, `d qul prdaucl ls `f alstntucnóh al` snkhnﬆcfhtl y `f
nhcùsnóh al uh-pfarl. Qdad lstl alsfrrd``d al @fcfh ugncf f` ‐Dtrd”, y f` ‐snkhnﬆcfhtl-kdcl”,
lh `f alstntucnóh al `d qul `ls vlhíf ancnlhad
ancn lhad al` sueltd y al `f rlprlslhtfcnóh9 lh alﬆhntnvf, `f

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alstntucnóh al tdads `ds plrsdhfels al `f trfmf laípncf pfrf pfsfr f mfhlefrhds lh tîrmnhds al
frtncu`fcnóh snkhnﬆcfhtl-kdcl.
Dtrf culstnóh qul alglmds tlhlr lh culhtf, ls qul cufhad Brlua jfg`f al Lanpd, sl rlﬆlrl
f `f prdjngncnóh al` nhclstd. Ćómd rlbdrmu`fmds `f prdjngncnóh lh tîrmnhds al snkhnﬆcfhtl-
kdcl4 @d bdrmu`fmds
`f prdjngncnóh, snlmprllhlstîrmnhds `ókncds,frrfstrfhad
uh prdjngnadr, ancl @fcfh.`f@dprdjngncnóh
qul prdjígl, `d qul
mnsmf f `fjfy altræsqul
plrsdhf al
prdjígl. Lh lsl puhtd, vf f alﬆhnr `d nmpdsng`l, bdrmu`fcnóh brluanfhf rlcugnlrtf pdr eulkds
al plrsdhfs y víhcu`ds. Lh vlrafa, `f prdjngncnóh brluanfhf, `f fmlhfzf al` pfarl, ls `d qul
jfcl nmpdsng`l l` kdcl nhclstudsd. Lh lstf mnsmf `íhlf, @fcfh ancl qul ‐`f buhcnóh al` pfarl
ls lxcùnr kdcl y snkhnﬆcfhtl, kdcl y snmgó`ncd”, d slf qul l` snkhnﬆcfhtl al` Hdmgrl al` _farl
ls `d qul lxcùyl l` kdcl al` snkhnﬆcfhtl, f`kd fsí cdmd alcnr `f prdjngncnóh al` pfarl lxcùyl
`f rl`fcnóh mfarl-jned.
Lh uh fhæ`nsns hd hds lhcdhtrfmds cdh `f rl`fcnóh snkhnﬆcfhtl-kdcl, hds lhcdhtrfmds cdh uh
rl`ftd qul jfg`f al` pfarl, al `f mfarl, al` jned, `fs lxplrnlhcnfs nhclstudsfs lhtrl mfarl l
jned, y sus mfhnblstfcndhls al kdcl. Sdh `d qul pdarífmds ``fmfr ‐`ds anvnhds altf``ls”. _dr
lelmp`d, `f prnmlrf lrlccnóh al` jned dcurrnaf cufhad `f mfarl curfgf su plhl cdh pdmfaf9 uh
aftd nhclstudsd, al prnmlr cdhtfctd, al prnmlrf lxplrnlhcnf al kdcl cdh `f mfarl.
Lh l` fhæ`nsns hd hds lhcdhtrfmds cdh snkhnﬆcfhtl y kdcl, snhd qul l` anspdsntnvd plrmntl ls-
cucjfr uh rl`ftd al lsf lsclhf al kdcl, adhal sl pulal rltlhlr `f lsclhf cdmd rlblrlhcnf, y `d
qul sl pdhl lh prnmlrf nhstfhcnf ls l` rl`ftd, d slf, pf`fgrfs y snkhnﬆcfhtls, cdmd alscrnpcnóh
d rlprlslhtfcnóh al` sueltd9 y ls cdh lsl rl`ftd cdh l` qul vfmds f lhcdhtrfr lh l` jdrnzdhtl, hd
`f prdjngncnóh al` nhclstd, snhd `f rl`fcnóh nmpdsng`l lhtrl snkhnﬆcfhtl y kdcl, qul ls f `d qul
vf f cdhaucnr `f nhtlrprltfcnóh fhf`ítncf.
Ls alcnr qul l` fhæ`nsns rlf`nzf uh prdclsd snmn`fr f` qul fp`ncf @fcfh f `f `lcturf al` Lanpd
brluanfhd, rl`ftnvnzfhad `ds anscursds sdgrl `fs plrsdhfs d `ds plrsdhfels, jfstf lhcdhtrfr lh l`
ﬆhf` al` fhæ`nsns uhf brfsl, `d qul @fcfh ``fmf `f brfsl buhafmlhtf` al uh sueltd, su bfhtfsmf
buhafmlhtf`, fqul``f brfsl qul `d dralhf y sdstnlhl su pdsncnóh lh l` muhad. Wltrdfctnvfmlh-
tl, cdh lsf brfsl, lh uh fhæ`nsns dralhfmds tdaf `f jnstdrnf al` sueltd. Lh lsf brfsl buhafmlhtf`
õ`tnmf, lhcdhtrfmds l` snkhnﬆcfhtl y su kdcl frtncu`fad.
F\ANQDWND5 Vulríf rltdmfr `d qul p`fhtlfgf rlsplctd al `d nmpdsng`l, rl`fcndhæhad`d f `f

nalhtnﬆcfcnóh, adhal `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al` fhf`nstf nríf plrmfhlhtlmlhtl f `f nalhtnﬆcfcnóh,
cdmd mfhlrf hlurótncf al guscfr snkhnﬆcfhtl y kdcl, pfrf jfclr cdhsnstlhtl uh slr.
EDWKL CJFMDWWD5 @f prlkuhtf, lhtdhcls, ls fclrcf al `f rl`fcnóh lhtrl l` fhæ`nsns, `d qul

lstdy ancnlhad, y `fs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls.

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@fcfh ancl qul l` fhæ`nsns vf mæs f``æ al `fs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls, plrd jfy ads culstndhls qul algl-
mds tlhlr lh culhtf, uhf lh l` cfmpd al `f hlurdsns y dtrf lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns. Lstrnctf-
mlhtl jfg`fhad, cufhad jfg`fmds al mæs f``æ al `fs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls lstfmds plhsfhad lh l`
cfmpd al `f hlurdsns, pdrqul lh l` cfmpd al `f prlpsncdsns `fs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls sdh brækn`ls, y
mæs f``æ al `fs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls, `d qul jfy
jfy,, prdgfg`lmlhtl, ls uh fkuelrd.
Cufhad alcnmds qul lh l` cfmpd al `f hlurdsns vfmds mæs f``æ al `fs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls, sf-
glmds qul mæs f``æ al `fs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls jfy dtrf cdsf, hd uh fkuelrd cdmd lh `f psncdsns, y
pdr lsd l` jdrnzdhtl hd ls `f fhkustnf, snhd ls `d qul ``fmî `f brfsl buhafmlhtf`, l` bfhtfsmf
buhafmlhtf`, `f `dcf`nzfcnóh al` kdcl, d l` slmg`fhtl gnlh frrfnkfad f `d rlf`, qul hd `d fgsdrgl
plrd `d frrfnkf.
Eustfmlhtl, cufhad anel buhcnóh rlprlslhtftnvf al` sueltd qunsl alcnr culstndhfmnlhtd f `fs
nalhtnﬆcfcndhls al` sueltd. Ls alcnr, qul cufhad nhtlrprltfmds f uh sueltd, tlhnlhad lh culhtf
l` vf`dr rlprlslhtftnvd al `f pf`fgrf gfed `f bdrmf al pdhlr`l lh eulkd l` rlblrlhtl, nrrlf`nzfmds
`f rlblrlhcnf. @l lstfmds culstndhfhad su nalhtnafa, pdrqul su nalhtnafa hd sl eulkf mltfpsn-
cd`ókncfmlhtl lh l` fpfrftd psíquncd, sl eulkf lh `d qul ancl, lh `d qul sfgl qul ancl, y lh `d
qul rlcdhdcl qul lstæ ancnlhad, y lh `d qul lhtnlhal al `d qul `l lstæh ancnlhad9 pdr lsd cufh-
ad f`kunlhancjd
`l jlmds ancl5f`kd
‐hd lhnkmætncd
lhtlhaí `d qul
qulml
hdaned”, lstæ trftfhad
`l plrmntl al rlbdrzfr
nalhtnﬆcfrsl su nalhtnﬆcfcnóh,
f hulstrd sfglr. pdrqul
sfglr. _dr lsd `f c`
c`fvl
fvl
al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh psncdfhf`ítncf ls qul algl pulal slr cdmp`ltf, yf qul snhd, sl dbrlcl f `f
nalhtnﬆcfcnóh, sl dbrlcl f `f suklstnóh9 pdr lsd snlmprl f` nhtlrprltfr sl algl lxcùnr f`kuhf
cdsf. Lstl ls l` puhtd adhal jfclmds vngrfr, nhtlrrdkf
nhtlrrdkfmds,
mds, mdvlmds d ﬆhf`mlhtl alstntunmds
uhf pdr uhf tdafs `fs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls al` sueltd. _dr lsd jfy uh mdmlhtd al` fhæ`nsns qul sl
alhdmnhf ‐bf`tf lh slr”9 ls alcnr, jfy uh sueltd qul hd lstæ c`frfmlhtl nalhtnﬆcfad f hfaf. ^ ^ff
cufhad jfg`lmds al `f ml`fhcd`íf vfmds f anstnhkunr `f bf`tf lh slr al` ad`dr al lxnstnr, pfrf
alscugrnr qul `f bf`tf lh slr ls uh vl`fmnlhtd al ancjd ad`dr.
_lrd cufhad jfg`fmds al nalhtnﬆcfcndhls, alglmds anstnhkunr vfrnds rlknstrds, yf qul jfy
nalhtnﬆcfcndhls nmfknhfrnfs y jfy nalhtnﬆcfcndhls snmgó`ncfs.
´@fs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls nmfknhfrnfs cuæ`ls sdh4 Jfg`ægfmds al trls hnvl`ls al` anscursd5 uh hnvl`
al` anscursd alscrnptnvd, uh hnvl` al` anscursd mæs vfcn`fhtl, mltfbórncd, lquívdcd, d `f nhtl-
rrupcnóh al` anscursd. Jfy tfmgnîh lh hulstrds pfcnlhtls uh anscursd futd lxp`ncftnvd, adhal
sfgl pdr quî `l pfsfh `fs cdsfs, yf qul fprlhanó lh uh fhæ`nsns qul `d qul `l pfsf tnlhl qul vlr
cdh `f fhkustnf al `f mfarl, pdr lelmp`d, y lstd bdrmf pfrtl al `fs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls. _lrd cufh-
ad uh fhæ`nsns sl mdhtf sdgrl lxp`ncfcndhls al `d qul f uhd `l pfsf, fuhqul slfh rfzdhfg`ls,
lstæ rlbdrzfhad l` cfmnhd nalhtnﬆcftdrnd, y lhtdhcls hulstrf rlspulstf snlmprl vf f tlhalr f
hd cdmprlhalr `fs futd lxp`ncfcndhls qul f`kunlh jf `dkrfad lh uh fhæ`nsns, yf qul l` fhæ`nsns
hd tnlhl cdmd jdrnzdhtl `f futd cdhcnlhcnf, l` sfglr sdgrl sí, snhd l` bfhtfsmf buhafmlhtf`, qul
pdhl f `f cdhcnlhcnf lh dtrd ùkfr qul lh l` ùkfr al `f fcumu`fcnóh al sfglr sdgrl sí.
Lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns tlhlmds dtrd mdvnmnlhtd. @f prlkuhtf slríf5 ´quî jfy altræs al
`fs brækn`ls nalhtnﬆcfcndhls nmfknhfrnfs lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns4 Lh l` Slmnhfrnd 3, @fcfh
sl rlﬆlrl f `f ‐alscdmpdsncnóh al` muhad nmfknhfrnd”, lh l` mdmlhtd al `f fprdxnmfcnóh f`

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alslhcfalhfmnlhtd, alscdmpfknhfcnóh al` muhad nmfknhfrnd qul ls alsfrtncu`fcnóh al `fs

nalhtnﬆcfcndhls nmfknhfrnfs hd fhc`fafs f uh sdstîh snmgó`ncd al` qul f vlcls cfrlclh. Lh l`
cfmpd al `f hlurdsns, l` sdstîh snmgó`ncd al `fs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls nmfknhfrnfs ls l` Hdmgrl al`
_farl, snkhnﬆcfhtl qul `l af sd`nalz f tdafs hulstrfs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls, y cufhad hd lstæ, `fs
nalhtnﬆcfcndhls sl sdstnlhlh prlcfrnfmlhtl lh uh lqun`ngrnd lhtrl sí cdh uh fkuelrd pdr algfed.
_dr lsd lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns huhcf jfclmds lstf gõsqulaf al` lblctd sueltd, pdrqul l`
lblctd sueltd ls cdhtrf `f nalhtnﬆcfcnóh al` yd y cdhtrf `d qul l` sueltd sfgl al sí. Sn jfclmds
lstd lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns cdhaucnmds f` sueltd f` vfcíd, yf qul cfrlcl al rlcursds. F lsl
fkuelrd cdh l` qul l` psncótncd sl lhculhtrf, @fcfh `d ``fmf bdrcùsnóh al` Hdmgrl al` _farl, y
ls lh l` cuf` vf f nhstf`fr uh al`nrnd, cdmd rlspulstf al`nrfhtl f lsl vfcíd.
Lh l` Slmnhfrnd 3 qulaf sugrfyfad qul `d qul jfy algfed al tdafs lsfs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls nmf-
knhfrnfs sdh ‐p`dmfafs al` anscursd”, snkhnﬆcfhtls qul hd lstæh lhcfalhfads, `d qul ``fmf
hld`dknsmds, y cdh `ds qul fquí hds prdpdhlmds cdhstrunr y rlcdhstrunr l` dralhfmnlhtd nmf-
knhfrnd al` muhad al` sueltd, pfrtnlhad hd al `f alstntucnóh al` hld`dknsmd, snhd al` rlcdhd-
cnmnlhtd al` hld`dknsmd, pfrf cdhstrunr y dralhfr f pfrtnr al fjí l` lqun`ngrnd al`nrfhtl al`
sueltd. Lstd tnlhl anstnhtfs vlrsndhls. Lh Scjrlglr, prdaucl `f brfsl5 ‐sdy `f muelr al Ands”, `f
cdhstruccnóh hld`ókncf. Lh l` anscursd hlurótncd pdalmds tdcfr `fs pf`fgrfs, pdrqul jfy dtrfs
pf`fgrfs qul sdstnlhlh mledr f` sueltd snmgó`ncfmlhtl qul sdh `ds snkhnﬆcfhtls. ^ lh l` cfmpd
al `f psncdsns hds rlmntnmds f `ds hld`dknsmds snh tdcfr lsl muhad nmfknhfrnd qul sdstnlhl
tdad l` lqun`ngrnd al`nrfhtl al` sueltd, y pdr lsd hd jfclmds eulkds al pf`fgrfs, hd prdpdhl-
mds dtrds slhtnads, hd alsdrnlhtfmds f` sueltd.
_lrd vd`vnlhad f` cfsd al Brlua, î` vf f nhtlrprltfr qul l` tnc tfc qul lscucjó lstf muelr lrf l`
tnc tfc al su c`ítdrns. _lrd hd sl trftf al `f cdhstruccnóh al` sueltd, snhd al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al
Brlua f pfrtnr al` fpfrftd laípncd (pdsncnóh vnrn` al `f muelr, c`ítdrns, vfknhf, ltc.), `d qul `d ``l-
vf f alcnr qul ls uh tnc tfc qul l``f snhtnó lh su prdpnd culrpd, lh l` c`ítdrns, lh l` mdmlhtd al `f
lsclhf cdh su fmfad, y `d bdrcùyó. Lh rlf`nafa ancl qul `d prdylctó mfsnvfmlhtl y `d lscucjó
pdrqul hd pdaíf fgsdrglr lh su fpfrftd psíquncd l` p`fclr lh eulkd lh lsf lsclhf. Lh rlsumlh5
lstf sueltd hd puad fgsdrglr l` tnc tfc al` c`ítdrns y `d alsp`fzó f` muhad.
@fcfh fkrlkf
hd ls uhf qul tfhtdlsd
prdylccnóh, `d prdylctf fbulrf, `d yf
ls uhf bdrcùsnóh, lscucjf tfh allstuvd
qul huhcf fbulrf,falhtrd
qul vf yf bul
cdhcùnr
pfrf qul lsd
fbulrf,
snhd qul snlmprl lstæ fbulrf pdr lstructurf. Lstd ls `d qul ``fmf bdrcùsnóh, uhf prdylccnóh
lxtrlmf, plrd qul al tfh lxtrlmf hd sl prdylctf hfaf, yf qul huhcf lstuvd falhtrd y vnlhl
snlmprl al fbulrf.
Brlua `d snkhnﬆcf lh l` c`ítdrns, d `d snkhnﬆcf cdmd mfarl, pfarl, ltc., plrd `fs snkhnﬆcfcndhls
sdh `fs qul rlbulrzfh `fs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls, fqul``fs qul pfrf @fcfh alglh slr ftrfvlsfafs. Lh
l` Slmnhfrnd 6;, L` Wlvlrsd al` _sncdfhæ`nsns, jfy uh cfpítu`d cdmp`led alancfad f jfg`fr al` mæs
f``æ al` Lanpd brluanfhd, qul ls l` ùkfr f adhal @fcfh fpuhtf, sdstnlhl qul jfy qul nr mæs
f``æ al `fs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls laípncfs. Alsal fjdrf lh mæs, lhtdhcls, lstfmds nhjfgn`ntfads pfrf
nhtlrprltfr f `f mfhlrf al ‐lstd ls pdr `f mfmæ”, ‐lstd ls pdr l` pfpæ”.

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Cdmd fhf`nzfhtls d cdmd fhf`nstfs, cufhad uhd ``lkf f sfglr y f rlcdrafr qul l` ad`dr qul
f`kunlh snhtnó tnlhl qul vlr cdh qul su mfarl, hds qulafmds cdh uhf prlkuhtf5 ý fjdrf4 ^
alspuîs al lsd, ´quî4, ćuæ` ls l` lblctd al lsl alscugrnmnlhtd4 Ls uh lblctd al rlcdhdcnmnlhtd
al uhf cfusf`nafa qul `d õhncd qul jfcl ls sdstlhlr hulstrf cdhcnlhcnf al hdsdtrds mnsmds,
fuhqul slf cnlrtf. _lrd slpfmds qul `f cfusf`nafa laípncf ls uhf cfusf`nafa cdmd cuf`qunlr
dtrf, uhf cfusf`nafa al`nrfhtl al tdad sueltd lh fhæ`nsns. Mnlhtrfs qul pfrf Brlua uhd sl fhf-
`nzfgf cdh l` pfsfad, pfrf @fcfh lh cfmgnd `ds tnlmpds qul usf l` fhæ`nsns alplhalh al cfaf
sueltd. D slf qul l` plsd al` pfsfad, al` pfsfad cdmd altlrmnhfcnóh, @fcfh `d rl`ftnvnzf y ancl
nhcùsd qul uhd sl pulal fhf`nzfr cdh cuf`qunlr tnlmpd, l` prlslhtl, l` pfsfad d l` buturd, hd
jfy hlclsfrnlafa al` fhæ`nsns lh rl`fcnóh f` pfsfad, y lh lsl slhtnad vf f jfg`fr al` fhæ`nsns
qul cdhstruyl uhf ﬆccnóh, fsdcnfhad y hd rlcdhdcnlhad cfusf`nafals laípncfs. _lrd lstd ls uh
alsfbíd pfrf hdsdtrds, pdrqul tdad fhf`nzfhtl, fhf`nstf, hd fhf`nstf, qul tlhkf qul vlr cdh l`
muhad psn d hd, ls f`kunlh qul sfgl qul l` Lanpd ls cdhstntutnvd, qul sfgl fclrcf al `fs snk-
hnﬆcfcndhls, qul tf` cdsf tnlhl qul vlr cdh l` pfarl, ltc., plrd f hdsdtrds sl hds anguef lh lstl
puhtd uhf prlkuhtf ´pdr quî lstl sueltd ml jfg`f al` pfsfad4 Hd cdmprlhalmds.
Cufhad uh sueltd vnlhl f cdhtfrhds f`kd lh `f prnmlrf lhtrlvnstf, snlmprl hds pdharlmds lh
pdsncnóh sugeltnvf al hlutrf`nafa rlsplctd al cdmd jfy qul fhf`nzfrsl.
@f hlutrf`nafa al` fhf`nstf ls hd tlhlr prleuncnds hn snqunlrf psncdfhf`ítncds, lhtdhcls `f prl-
kuhtf plrmfhlhtl ls pdr quî ml ancl `d qul ml ancl, uhf prlkuhtf snstlmætncf y crucnf` lh
`fs prnmlrfs lhtrlvnstfs, pfrf sfglr cuæ` ls l` hõc`ld qul qunlrl f``í fhf`nzfrsl pdr bulrf al `f
vdùhtfa al` sueltd.
Lstd ls `d qul @fcfh favnlrtl5 ‐hd cdmprlhafh”, ‐cuíalhsl al cdmprlhalr”, `d qul qunlrl
alcnr ‐cuíalhsl al sdgrlhtlhalr `fs cdsfs”, ‐cuíalhsl al sdgrlhtlhalr `d qul ls uh fhæ`nsns”,
‐cuíalhsl al sdgrlhtlhalr qul l` pfsfad ls altlrmnhfhtl”, `d qul qunlrl alcnr qul l` fhf`nstf
algl slr uhf mnrfaf qul nhtlrprltf sd`fmlhtl pdrqul hd lhtnlhal, qul nhtlrpl`f f` sueltd lh
`d qul sl ``fmfríf su nalhtnﬆcfcnóh cdmd pfcnlhtl al` fhæ`nsns. Al lsl ùkfr vfh f vlhnr `fs
rlspulstfs nhtlrlsfhtls,
nhtlrlsfhtls, pdrqul snlmprl f`kunlh vnlhl f cdhtfr `d qul sl supdhl qul l` fhf`nstf
lstæ lsplrfhad qul culhtl, y fjí vfh f lhcdhtrfrsl cdh l` alsld jnstîrncd y hd cdh `f vdùhtfa
al fhf`nzfrsl.
Gulhd, hds vlmds lh uh mls. Nhtrdaucnrlmds hulvfmlhtl ads tlxtds brluanfhds, y alspuîs
pdcd f pdcd nrlmds f `f prlpsncdsns, `f plrp`lenafa
plrp` lenafa y `fs lstructurfs c`íhncfs.
66 al fgrn` al 7??7

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NWWLF@NUFW L@ WLBLWLHQL5 @F BNCCNÓH
Fylr lh `f prlslhtfcnóh al lhblrmds surknó uhf culstnóh qul cdhlctf lsplcíﬆcfmlhtl cdh uhd
al `ds tlmfs qul qunlrd trftfr jdy. F` ﬆhf`nzfr `f prlslhtfcnóh, sl p`fhtló uh anæ`dkd lhtrl l`
lqunpd al` NCGF y l` lqunpd al` slrvncnd, qul lstæ prlslhtl f trfvîs al vfrnds al sus nhtlkrfh-
tls. Lh vlrafa bul uhf nhtlr`dcucnóh lhtrl l` psncdfhæ`nsns y `f psnqunftríf fclrcf al` tlmf al `f
cdhcnlhcnf.
L``ds alcífh qul l` pfcnlhtl qul vlífmds tlhíf uh mledr prdhóstncd lh `f mlanaf qul pdslíf
uhf cnlrtf cdhcnlhcnf al `d qul `l pfsfgf, cdhcnlhcnf rl﬇lefaf lh cnlrtds aftds qul lstl sueltd
grnhafgf. Lstf nalf al `f cdhcnlhcnf, `d qul sl ``fmó c`æsncfmlhtl `f ‐cdhcnlhcnf al lhblrml-
afa”, nmp`ncfgf qul l` sueltd, f` jfg`fr al su buturd, sl rlblríf f sí mnsmd rltdmfhad sus ls-
tuands, mledrfhad, l nhcùsd cdhsnalrfgf `f pdsngn`nafa al qul f`kuhds al `ds prdg`lmfs qul
pfalcíf `ds snkunlrf tlhnlhad, y qul lvlhtuf`mlhtl pdarífh fcdmpföfr uh pdcd su prdylctd
al vnaf. Ls fsí qul surknó lstl anæ`dkd lh tdrhd f `f ‐cdhcnlhcnf al lhblrmlafa”. Ml pfrlcíf
nhtlrlsfhtl, pdrqul nmp`ncf qul altræs al `f cdhcnlhcnf al lhblrmlafa jfy dtrf culstnóh, qul
ls qul `f lhblrmlafa dcupf f``í l` ùkfr al `f rlf`nafa. Qlhlmds uhf adg`l culstnóh lhtrl
cdhcnlhcnf-rlf`nafa y cdhcnlhcnf-lhblrmlafa.
L` psncdfhæ`nsns, y `f lhslöfhzf al @fcfh lh pfrtncu`fr, trfstdrhfh l` ùkfr al `f cdhcnlhcnf,
f`tlrfhad l` supulstd al` slhtnad cdmõh qul fﬆrmf qul `f cdhcnlhcnf y `f rlf`nafa sl falcufh,
falcufcnóh qul sl cdhsnalrf vlrafalrf. Lstl tlmf jf snad `frkfmlhtl trftfad pdr `f ﬆ`dsdbíf
yf alsal Frnstótl`ls (qul ls qunlh bdrmu`f `f vlrafa cdmd falcufcnóh f `f cdsf), pfsfhad, lh
su vlrsnóh mdalrhf, pdr Alscfrtls, qul lhtnlhal f `f vlrafa cdmd clrtlzf, pfrf ﬆhf`nzfr lh
@fcfh, cdh `f bdrmu`fcnóh al `f vlrafa cdmd uhf lstructurf al ﬆccnóh. Ls alcnr qul `d ` d rlf` y `f
vlrafa sl slpfrfh, qulafhad al lstf bdrmf alsugncfaf `f rlf`nafa. Fjí sl cruzfh trls d cuftrd
l`lmlhtds qul sdh tdtf`mlhtl rlbdrmu`fads pdr l` psncdfhæ`nsns5 l` ùkfr al `f rlf`nafa, l` ùkfr
al `f vlrafa y l` ùkfr al `f cdhcnlhcnf.
Lh Brlua, lstf culstnóh sl p`fhtlf lh ‐Cdhstruccndhls lh psncdfhæ`nsns” 6, adhal lh `f õ`tnmf
pfrtl trftfræ l` tlmf al `f lqunvf`lhcnf lhtrl `fs cdhstruccndhls lh uh fhæ`nsns y l` al`nrnd lh `f
psncdsns. F``í, `f cdhstruccnóh vf`l lh ùkfr al `f vlrafa jnstórncf, lh `f mlanaf lh qul Brlua
yf `l jfgíf afad f` rlculrad y f `f jnstdrnf uh ùkfr prllmnhlhtl, tfhtd lh su tldríf cdmd lh
su præctncf.
_lrd jdy hdsdtrds pdarífmds alcnr qul `f cdhcnlhcnf, tfhtd pfrf l` hlurótncd cdmd pfrf l` psn-
cótncd, ls uhf cdhcnlhcnf lqunvdcfaf.
psncdfhæ`nsns”, lh5 Dgrfs cdmp`ltfs, Gng`ndtlcf Hulvf, Gulhds Fnrls.

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@f cdhcnlhcnf al lhblrmlafa `f pdalmds dgslrvfr cufhad alcnmds qul l` sueltd hd sl af

culhtf qul al`nrf, qul tnlhl síhtdmfs, d qul lstæ nhtlrhfad. Jfy dcfsndhls qul f` prlkuhtfr`l f
uh sueltd nhtlrhfad jfcl mucjds föds lh l` Gdraf quî jfcl f``í, hd ls muy lvnalhtl qul tlhkf
c`frd pdr quî. Cufhad uhf vlz `l prlkuhtî f uh sueltd pdr quî lstfgf nhtlrhfad jfcíf qunhcl
föds, ml cdhtlstó5
–Gulhd, mnrl, `f vlz qul vnhl, jfcl qunhcl föds, l` anrlctdr ml aned qul ml qulafrf, y fjdrf
lstdy fcæ.
–´^ cuæhad sl pnlhsf nr4
–Cufhad l` anrlctdr ml ankf qul ml vfyf.
Î` hd vlíf hnhkuhf rfzóh sf`vd `f suklrlhcnf al` Dtrd pfrf lstfr fjí, rlknad snmp`lmlhtl pdr
lsf rl`fcnóh pfrtncu`fr qul tlhíf cdh l` Dtrd y hnhkuhf rfzóh prdpnf hn al sus trfstdrhds, qul `l
mdtnvfrfh f lstfr nhtlrhfad hn f alefr al lstfr`d.
Lstd ls `d qul ``fmfmds fuslhcnf al cdhcnlhcnf al lhblrmlafa. ^ slkõh `f vlrsnóh al `f psnqunftríf,
lstf fuslhcnf al cdhcnlhcnf al lhblrmlafa altlrmnhf uhf mfydr krfvlafa y uhf mfydr anﬆ-
cu`tfa lh l` prdhóstncd al uh sueltd.
Cufhad hdsdtrds alcnmds qul `f cdhcnlhcnf ls prdbuhafmlhtl alsfrtncu`faf al `f rlf`nafa,
lstd qunlrl alcnr qul lh l` psncótncd `fs cdsfs sdh vnsng`ls, qul `f fuslhcnf al cdhcnlhcnf al
rlf`nafa ls pftd`ókncf, cdmd lh l` cfsd qul `ls cdmlhtî fhtls. \h sueltd hlurótncd pdaríf afr
muy gulhfs rfzdhls pdr `fs cuf`ls lstæ nhtlrhfad.
@d qul alcnmds ls qul lsf cdhcnlhcnf al lhblrmlafa ls `d qul lh l` psncótncd fpfrlcl f cnl`d
fgnlrtd mnlhtrfs qul lh l` hlurótncd lstæ lhcugnlrtd, y pfrlcl –lstd ls `d lhkfödsd–, qul tu-
vnlrf `f cdhcnlhcnf falcufaf f` dgeltd, falcufaf f `f rlf`nafa, y qul bulrf lh lsl slhtnad uhf
cdhcnlhcnf vlrafalrf.
_dr lsd, cufhad alcnmds qul `f pdsncnóh al` fhf`nstf fpuhtf lh sus rlspulstfs f nrrlf`nzfr l`
rlblrlhtl, cdhsnalrfmds `f vlrafa cdmd uhf ﬆccnóh, qul ls `f qul sl cdhstruyl lh l` fhæ`nsns
slpfrfhad f` sueltd al `f rlf`nafa y al su cdhcnlhcnf.
Lh vlrafa, tdaf `f rlspulstf fhf`ítncf ls uhf rlspulstf qul trfhskrlal `f cdhcnlhcnf al` sueltd.
´_lrd quî ``fmfmds cdhcnlhcnf al` sueltd lh uh sueltd hlurótncd4 @f cdhcnlhcnf al sus síhtd-
mfs. Hdsdtrds `l prlkuhtfmds quî `l md`lstf, pdr quî vnlhl, cuæ`ls sdh sus prdg`lmfs. Qnlhl
cdhcnlhcnf al lstfs culstndhls, plrd hdsdtrds hd crllmds lh `f anrlccnóh al `f curf qul lsl slf
l` cfmnhd9 su cdhcnlhcnf hd ls hulstrf grõeu`f. Lsl bul uh cfmnhd pfrf mucjds psncdfhf`nstfs
qul, pdr lelmp`d, fhf`nzfgfh `fs rlsnstlhcnfs, y qul vlífh lh `f plrsplctnvf al` fhæ`nsns uhf fal-
cufcnóh al` sueltd f `f rlf`nafa. Sl ``fmó f lsf falcufcnóh, f lsds `dkrds, l` fhæ`nsns lh uh mfrcd
frnstdtî`ncd9 uh fhæ`nsns qul lmpnlzf pdr uh feustl lhtrl `f rlf`nafa, `f cdhcnlhcnf y `f vlrafa,
qul lh l` jdrnzdhtl algl lhcdhtrfrsl cdh `d qul sl ``fmf ‐`dkrds”5 cdhcrlcndhls mæs d mlhds
lxntdsfs lh l` cfmpd al` trfgfed, lh l` cfmpd al` fmdr
fmdr,, lh l` cfmpd al `f nhslrcnóh sdcnf`.

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Cdh @fcfh, l` psncdfhæ`nsns vf lh dtrd cfmnhd, `lylhad `ds lblctds lh `f rlf`nafa snh cdhsnalrfr-
`ds uhf mltf. Hulstrf drnlhtfcnóh, cdmd yf anenmds, ls `f nrrlf`nzfcnóh al` rlblrlhtl mæs clrcf
al` cfmnhd al` psncótncd, y cdhsnalrfmds qul lsd ls `d qul vf f prdaucnr uh lblctd al nhslrcnóh
sdcnf`, plrd cdh uhf c`fvl, qul ls qul lsf vlrafa cdmd ﬆccnóh vf f slr uh prdauctd al` sueltd
y hd uh prdauctd nhslrtfad lh l` sueltd pdr l` fhf`nstf.
@f nhtlrprltfcnóh lh psncdfhæ`nsns ls aluadrf al tdad `d fhtlrndr,
fhtlrndr, hd vf lh l` cfmnhd al` nhsnkjt.
Hd ls uhf plrsplctnvf anblrlhtl qul `l dtdrkf l` fhf`nstf f` sueltd. Snh lmgfrkd, mucjfs nhtlr-
prltfcndhls qul lscucjfmds al dtrds fhf`nstfs, l nhcùsd qul afmds, vfh lh lstf plrsplctnvf5
fmp`nfr `f cdhcnlhcnf.
_lrd tlhkfmds lh culhtf qul tdad `d qul fmp`íf `f cdhcnlhcnf al` sueltd vf al` `fad al` rlbulr-
zd ydncd al` síhtdmf. L` síhtdmf sl rlbulrzf lh `f mlanaf qul l` yd sl rlbulrzf. Al mdad qul
eustfmlhtl fmp`nfr `f cdhcnlhcnf al` sueltd cdh `f nhtlrprltfcnóh, qul `l mulstrf uhf cfrf qul
î` hd pulal vlr, ls nr lh l` cfmnhd al` rlbulrzd al `ds síhtdmfs.
_lrd `f prlkuhtf ls quî dpdhlmds f `f cdhcnlhcnf y f` nhsnkjt. Sn tuvnîrfmds qul alcnr sn hd ls
lh `f cdhcnlhcnf, áóhal `llmds hdsdtrds l` prdkrlsd al uhf curf4 _drqul al lsd sl trftf, al
aóhal `llmds l` gulh d l` mf` prdhóstncd. @f psnqunftríf, l nhcùsd f`kuhds slctdrls al` psn-
cdfhæ`nsns, lhculhtrfh lsl gulh prdhóstncd lh l` prdkrlsd al uhf curf, lh `f mlanaf lh qul l`
sueltd vf jfcnlhad nhsnkjt, cdmd `f lhtrfaf al `d alscdhdcnad lh `f cdhcnlhcnf al` sueltd, al
mfhlrf qul l` nhsnkjt ls lsf fmp`nfcnóh al `f cdhcnlhcnf.
Cufhad f`kunlh ancl ‐¡fj!, ls cnlrtd, fjdrf ml ady culhtf al lstd d al `d dtrd”, hds af prulgfs
c`frfs al `f fmp`nfcnóh al su cdhcnlhcnf. _lrd sn cfrlclmds al lsl rlblrlhtl, lh l` prdkrlsd al
hulstrf nhtlrvlhcnóh, lh l` mdmlhtd al lstfg`lclr uh anfkhóstncd, l nhcùsnvl uh anfkhóstncd
anblrlhcnf`, ´quî tlhlmds lh su ùkfr4, ćuæ` ls `f cftlkdríf qul usfmds4 Jfy uhf muy c`frf5
hdsdtrds `llmds lh `f ‐nmp`ncfcnóh al` sueltd” cdmd tf` lh `f pf`fgrf, `d qul `f psnqunftríf `ll
lh `f cdhcnlhcnf al lhblrmlafa. Lstd lstæ rlntlrfafmlhtl usfad lh l` Slmnhfrnd 37 sdgrl @fs
psncdsns.
\h sueltd nmp`ncfad lh `d qul ancl jfcl f` anfkhóstncd anblrlhcnf`, y ls `d qul nhstf`î alsal l`
prnhcnpnd al `f prnmlrf c`fsl cdmd uhf grõeu`f. Ls alcnr, l` sueltd sl alﬆhl cdmd psncótncd d
cdmd hlurótncd slkõh pulaf d hd pulaf pdr lstructurf lhtrfr lh `f pdsncnóh sueltd. Lstd qunlrl
alcnr qul l` sueltd psncótncd hd pulal rlprlslhtfrsl pdr `d qul ancl, `d cuf` lh tîrmnhds lstrnc-
tds slríf qul hd pulal pdhlrsl lh pdsncnóh al sueltd y slr rlprlslhtfad pdr uh snkhnﬆcfhtl
pfrf dtrd snkhnﬆcfhtl.
Dtrf bdrmf al alcnr `d mnsmd slríf qul hd pulal alsnalhtnﬆcfrsl al` anscursd qul sdstnlhl,
hd pulal qulafr lh pdsncnóh al slr jfg`fad pdr `d qul ancl. ^ cufhad `d ls, ls jfg`fad pdr `f
vdz qul `l vnlhl al fbulrf gfed `f bdrmf al `f fùcnhfcnóh vlrgf`, plrd hd puanîhadsl lscucjfr
lh `d qul ancl hn mæs f``æ al `d qul `l ancl. Hd pulal prlkuhtfrsl pdr `d qul `l culhtfh `ds
lhuhcnfads qul prdhuhcnf.

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F `ds hlurótncds tfmpdcd `ls ls bæcn`, plrd tnlhlh `f pdsngn`nafa lstructurf` al jfclr`d. Lh uh
fhæ`nsns, pdalmds dgslrvfr lstd cufhad l` sueltd jfcl uhf dgslrvfcnóh sdgrl su prdpnd anscur-
sd, lh l` mdmlhtd adhal hd lstæ cdhtfhad tf` d cuf` aftd snhd cufhad snlhtl qul `d qul lstæ
cdhtfhad, pdr lelmp`d, hd ls nmpdrtfhtl, d cufhad l` sueltd sl lhbrlhtf f `d qul lstæ ancnlhad
y snlhtl qul lstæ jfg`fhad tdhtlrífs. Ls uhf vlrsnóh, jfy mucjfs.
Qlhlmds qul sfglr lxp`drfr tdads `ds lhuhcnfads qul hds vfh mfrcfhad lstf pdsncnóh adhal
l` sueltd sl slpfrf al su prdpnd anscursd, sl slpfrf al `d qul î` qunlrl alcnr. L` símgd`d al lstd
ls l` `fpsus, cuyd fhæ`nsns, f pfrtnr al `d qul sl aned y hd sl qulríf alcnr, algl cdhaucnr l` ans-
cursd, f slpfrfrsl al `d qul sl qulríf alcnr.
alcnr. Sn hd sl prdaucl lstl lblctd al slpfrfcnóh, hd jfy
sueltd anvnanad, fqul` sueltd anvnanad lhtrl `d qul qulríf alcnr y `d qul ancl. Lstd ls `d qul sl
``fmf lblctd sueltd y anvnsnóh.
Wlculralh tfmgnîh qul l` fhæ`nsns ls `f lxp`drfcnóh snstlmætncf al `f anvnsnóh al` sueltd lh
tdafs sus bdrmfs. Lh l` cfmpd nmfknhfrnd, `f anvnsnóh al uh sueltd fpfrlcl al mdad sf`vfel
lhtrl ads jdmgrls, lhtrl ads muelrls, lhtrl ads cfrrlrfs, l nhcùsd f vlcls `f anvnsnóh al` sueltd
fpfrlcl trnp`ncfaf. Lstdy plhsfhad lh uh sueltd qul vnhd y ml p`fhtló5
–Qlhkd uh prdg`lmf.
–Ćuæ` ls l` prdg`lmf qul tnlhl4
–Vul tlhkd hdvnf, lspdsf y fmfhtl, y hd `fs `dkrd cdmgnhfr gnlh, fuhqul tlhkd uhf slcrltfrnf
lsplcnf` pfrf qul hd sl ml suplrpdhkfh.
_lrd l` prdg`lmf ls qul sl `l trfstdrhfgf l` lqun`ngrnd.
´Vuî qunlrl alcnr lstd4, ´qul tlhlr trls ls síhtdmf4 Hd, f î` sl `l cdhvlrtíf lh uh síhtdmf. Qf`
Qf`
vlz dtrds sl mfhlefh plrblctd, cdh trls d cdh mæs, nhcùsd cdh mæs al trls. _lrd pfrf lstl sueltd
`f trnpfrtncnóh lrf uh prdg`lmf, uh síhtdmf.
Sn lh cfmgnd aneîrfmds qul l` síhtdmf ls tlhlr trls, lstfmds almdstrfhad qul sfglmds cómd
jfy qul vnvnr, bdrmu`fmds uhf cdhclpcnóh al` muhad, eustfmlhtl fqul``d qul Brlua alcíf qul
hd lrf l` psncdfhæ`nsns, `d cuf` qunlrl alcnr qul l` psncdfhæ`nsns, y mlhds fõh l` psncdfhf`nstf,
alglh f`defr `fs bdrmfs lh qul `ds sueltds alslfh vnvnr, lh lstl cfsd cdh uhf, cdh ads, d cdh
cuftrd.
@f lhtrfaf lh fhæ`nsns supdhl rftnﬆcfr qul l` sueltd pulal ugncfrsl lh pdsncnóh al nmp`ncfad,
y hd jfy lhtrfaf lh fhæ`nsns futdrnzfaf pdr l` fhf`nstf sn hd jfcl `f lxplrnlhcnf al vlrnﬆcfr
vlrn ﬆcfr qul
fjí jfy uh sueltd pfsng`l al lstfr lh lstf pdsncnóh.
Sn rltdmfmds l` tlxtd ‐@f pîranaf al `f rlf`nafa lh `f hlurdsns y lh `fs psncdsns” 3, vfh f `llr
qul Brlua supdhl uh sueltd cfpfz al cdhcnlhcnf, al cdhcnlhcnf al sí, d uh sueltd qul lstæ slpf-
rfad al `f cdhcnlhcnf. Lh prnhcnpnd,
prnhcnpn d, hdtlh qul l` títu`d sl rlﬆlrl f `f pîranaf al `f rlf`nafa tfhtd
3- BWL\A, Snkmuha, ‐@f pîranaf al `f rlf`nafa lh `f hlurdsns y lh `fs psncdsns”, lh5 Dgrfs cdmp`ltfs, Gng`ndtlcf Hulvf, Gulhds
Fnrls.

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lh `f hlurdsns cdmd lh `fs psncdsns. Gfsæhadhds lh l` slhtnad cdmõh, tlhalmds f alcnr qul l`
psncótncd ls uh sueltd qul al`nrf, qul lstæ bulrf al `f rlf`nafa, mnlhtrfs qul l` hlurótncd lstæ
alhtrd al `f rlf`nafa. _lrd Brlua ancl qul fmgds lstæh fbulrf al l``f. @f prlkuhtf qul algl-
mds jfclr f` tlxtd al Brlua, cdh Brlua mnsmd, ls sn cufhad jfg`f al` hlurótncd y al` psncótncd
supdhl uh sueltd qul sí lstfríf lh cdhtfctd cdh `f rlf`nafa, cdh `f cdhcnlhcnf y cdh `f vlrafa. ^
mn nmprlsnóh ls qul lh vfrnds cdmlhtfrnds qul jfcl supdhl lxfctfmlhtl lsl sueltd, plrd sn fsí
bulrf, jfgríf qul prlkuhtfr`l f Brlua cdh Brlua qul ls, lh lsl cfsd, al `f rlprlsnóh prnmfrnf.
Cdhlctfr `f rlprlsnóh prnmfrnf y `f cdhstntucnóh al` sueltd alﬆhl `f cdhcnlhcnf cdmd fkuel-
rlfaf, ls alcnr, hds lhcdhtrfmds yf cdh uhf nhcdmpftngn`nafa drnknhfrnf lhtrl cdhcnlhcnf y
rlprlsnóh prnmfrnf.
Ćómd ``fmf Brlua f` lblctd al `f rlprlsnóh prnmfrnf4 @f nmpdsng`l cdhcnlhcnf, `f nmpdsng`l l
nrrlvlrsng`l cfpfcnafa al cdhcnlhcnf. D slf qul f `f cdhcnlhcnf al tdads hdsdtrds cdmd sue
sueltds,
ltds,
`f rlprlsnóh prnmfrnf `l nhstfurf uh fkuelrd.
Cdmd lh tfhtds dtrds puhtds al` tlxtd brluanfhd, @fcfh lxtrfl tdaf su `ókncf rdmpnlhad `f
rl`fcnóh al `f cdhcnlhcnf cdh `f rlf`nafa. Lhtdhcls, jfy uh fkuelrd al `f cdhcnlhcnf, qul Brlua
mlzc`f cdh uh l`lmlhtd qul usó mucjd f `d `frkd al tdad su alsfrrd``d, uh nhstrumlhtd nhsns-
tlhtl, al uhf snstlmftncnafa muy nmpdrtfhtl, p`fhtlfad pdr î` mnsmd cdmd trfgfed al `f curf
psncdfhf`ítncf5 l` rlculrad. Ls alcnr qul l` rlculrad y `f cdhcnlhcnf vfh lh l` mnsmd cfmnhd.
Sn hdsdtrds fpuhtfmds f `f nrrlf`nzfcnóh al` rlblrlhtl, lstfmds sdstlhnlhad qul hulstrd cfmnhd
hd ls l` rlculrad, pdrqul lh su lstructurf, l` rlculrad ls nmpdsng`l. _lrd lh cfmgnd, Brlua vf
f alcnr qul jfy rlculrads lhcugrnadrls, y @fcfh qul tdads `ds rlculrads sdh lhcugrnadrls,
pdrqul jfy uh fkuelrd lh `f cdhcnlhcnf, qul ls `d qul sl ``fmf rlprlsnóh prnmfrnf f `f mfhlrf
qul `f alscrngnó Brlua
_lrd ``lkfads f lstl puhtd, hds lhcdhtrfmds cdh mucjds hdmgrls brluanfhds. Slríf nhtlrl-
sfhtl, pdr lelmp`d, prlkuhtfr`l f Brlua quî dcurrnríf cdh l` dmg`nkd al` sulöd. Qlhkfmds lh
culhtf qul tdaf `f lhslöfhzf al @fcfh pfrtl al lsl dmg`nkd al` sulöd, y hd al` sulöd mnsmd9
pfrtl al `f nmpdsng`l cdhcnlhcnf, pdhnlhad `f rlprlsnóh prnmfrnf lh prnmlr ùkfr. Sn jfy f`kd
nmpdsng`l al cdhcnlhcnf, lstd qunlrl alcnr qul `d qul vfmds f cdhstrunr f pfrtnr al lsl dmg`nkd
al` sulöd, f pfrtnr al lsf cdhcnlhcnf fkuelrlfaf, ls uhf ﬆccnóh. ^ pfrf Brlua, `f ﬆccnóh qul sl
cdhstruyl prltlhal cdmp`ltfr lsl dmg`nkd. Lstd lstæ c`frd lh ‐Cdhstruccndhls lh psncdfhæ`n-
sns”. F``í, Brlua lstæ tdmfad pdr uhf `ókncf pfrtncu`fr,
pfrtncu`fr, `f `ókncf al` tdad y al` cdmp`ltfmnlhtd.
Lh lstl tlxtd fpfrlcl uhf anstnhcnóh qul ls hlclsfrnd cdhsnalrfr5 `f vlrafa mftlrnf` y `f vlrafa
v lrafa
jnstórncf. _lrd `f nalf, sn ustlals `llh lsl frtícu`d brluanfhd, vf f slr qul cdh lsf cdhstruccnóh,
cdmp`ltfhad `f nalf, ls qul sl `lvfhtf l` síhtdmf9 sl rlpntl pdrqul hd sl rlculraf, ancl Brlua
f lstf f`turf9 fuhqul alspuîs vf f alcnr dtrfs cdsfs. ´_lrd quî qunlrl alcnr cdh qul sl rlpn-
tl4 Síhtdmf, rlculrad, `lvfhtfmnlhtd al` síhtdmf, cdhcnlhcnf, fmp`nfcnóh al `f cdhcnlhcnf, snh
fkuelrd al `f cdhcnlhcnf, cdmp`ltfmnlhtd al `f cdhcnlhcnf cdh `f cdhstruccnóh.
Cdh lstds jn`ds Brlua p`fhtlf `f nmpdsngn`nafa al `f cdhcnlhcnf, `f cdhcnlhcnf cdmd nmpdsn-
g`l, qul `ds rlculrads sdh tdads lhcugrnadrls, y qul pdr `d tfhtd, tdaf lsf cdhstruccnóh qul

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fcdmpföf `ds rlculrads, sl cdhstruyl pfrf cdmp`ltfr, y ls nkuf`mlhtl ﬆctncnf, yf qul só`d ls
uhf bdrmf al cdmp`ltfr lsl fkuelrd, al tfpfr`d, al lhcugrnr`d. _lrd al tdads mdads, jfy uhf
bdrmf mæs rfancf` al trftfr cdh lsl fkuelrd, cdhstruylhad f pfrtnr al` fkuelrd uhf ﬆccnóh, `d
qul @fcfh vf f ``fmfr l` bfhtfsmf buhafmlhtf`.
Lh l` fhæ`nsns, cufhad nrrlf`nzfmds l` rlblrlhtl, `d qul jfclmds ls trftfr al alstntunr tdad `d qul
frgdrnzf y trftf al lhcugrnr lsl fkuelrd, pfrf f pfrtnr al f``í cdhstrunr uhf ﬆccnóh, qul @fcfh
``fmf lh uh cfpítu`d al @f îtncf al` psncdfhæ`nsns1, uhf cdhstruccnóh lx-hnjn`d, uhf cdhstruccnóh
mæs só`naf alsal l` puhtd al vnstf `ókncd, uhf cdhstruccnóh qul sl prdaucl f pfrtnr al `f hfaf.
Lx-hnjn`d qunlrl alcnr cdhstruccnóh f pfrtnr al `f hfaf. ^ lstf cdhstruccnóh, lstf ﬆccnóh qul
cdhstruyl uhf vlrafa qul hd lstfgf rlprnmnaf, snhd qul sl cdhstruyl f pfrtnr al `f nmpdsngn-
`nafa al cdhcnlhcnf, ls `f ﬆccnóh mæs cdhsnstlhtl alsal l` puhtd al vnstf `ókncd, pdrqul hd ls
uhf ﬆccnóh qul trftf al cdmp`ltfr, snhd uhf ﬆccnóh qul pfrtl al qul jfy uhf nmpdsngn`nafa
lstructurf` al cdmp`ltua.
_dr lsd @fcfh vf f alcnr qul `f vlrafa tnlhl lstructurf al ﬆccnóh, l nhcùsd, sn ustlals `llh
‐Cdhstruccndhls lh psncdfhæ`nsns”, Brlua p`fhtlf uhf cnlrtf lqunvf`lhcnf lhtrl `d qul ls l` al-
`nrnd psncótncd y `f cdhstruccnóh al lsf ﬆccnóh. Alspuîs jfgræ qul vlr cuæ` ls `f anblrlhcnf cdh l`
al`nrnd al lsfd ﬆccnóh
l` rlblrlhtl, qul cdhstrunmds
slf nr jfcnf lsl puhtd allh uh fhæ`nsns, adhal tlhlmds lh l` jdrnzdhtl nrrlf`nzfr
nmpdsng`l.
Lhtrl lsf ﬆccnóh qul cdhstrunmds y l` al`nrnd, jfy uhf jdmdklhlnafa lh rl`fcnóh f `f rlf`nafa,
yf qul ls nmpdsng`l, y pdr `d tfhtd hd vf jfcnf `f gõsqulaf
g õsqulaf al rllhcdhtrfrsl cdh lsf rlf`nafa,
snhd qul lstæ cfusfaf pdr `f nmpdsngn`nafa
n mpdsngn`nafa al cdhlctfrsl. F``í sl fhuafh Brlua y @fcfh. Adhal
Brlua p`fhtlf uh nmpdsng`l, aæhad`l uhf slrnl al vul`tfs, @fcfh rlaucl l` prdg`lmf ancnlhad
qul ls nmpdsng`l, y afad qul ls nmpdsng`l, só`d pdalmds cdhstrunr uhf ﬆccnóh. _lrd lsf ﬆccnóh
áf culhtf al `d nmpdsng`l4 Hd, ls cdhslculhcnf al lsl nmpdsng`l, hd vul`vl sdgrl `d nmpdsng`l
pfrf rlaucnr`d.
@f prlkuhtf qul hds pdalmds jfclr f`rlaladr al lstd ls5 ´qunîh cdhstruyl `f ﬆccnóh lh uh
fhæ`nsns4 ´@f cdhstruyl l` fhf`nstf4 Sfglmds qul Brlua jfcíf î` mnsmd `fs cdhstruccndhls y sl
`fs cdmuhncfgf f `ds pfcnlhtls, ancnîhad`ls, pdr lelmp`d, ‐f``í algl jfglr dcurrnad tf` cdsf”,
y pfrf qul lsf ﬆccnóh qul î` cdhstruíf cump`nlrf uhf vlrafalrf buhcnóh, hd lrf suﬆcnlhtl cdh
cdmuhncærsl`f f` pfcnlhtl, snhd qul falmæs l` pfcnlhtl algíf jfclr uh trfgfed sdgrl lsf cdhs-
truccnóh, qul ``fmfgf ‐vlrafa mftlrnf`”.
Jfy uh rlcdrrnad adhal Brlua sl nhtlrlsf pdr `fs rl`fcndhls lhtrl `f vlrafa jnstórncf –`f qul
dcurrnó–, y `f vlrafa mftlrnf` cdhstrunaf. Lh ‐Cdhstruccndhls lh psncdfhæ`nsns”, y lh ‐L` pdr-
vlhnr al uhf nùsnóh”,
n` usnóh”, jfcl plqulöfs rlblrlhcnfs f lstf culstnóh qul hds dcupf, fuhqul `f lh-
slöfhzf al @fcfh nùmnhf lstl aftd cdmd lstructurf` y hd cdmd uh trfspnî.
Al`nrnd y cdhstruccnóh5 `fs ads tnlhlh `f lstructurf al` al`nrnd, hd sl cdhtfctfh cdh `f rlf`nafa.
Lhtdhcls, ćuæ` ls `f anblrlhcnf4 _darífmds alcnr `f cdhsnstlhcnf, plrd hds vfmds f lhcdhtrfr
cdh cnlrtd tnpd al al`nrnd qul tnlhl uhf krfh cdhsnstlhcnf, pdr lelmp`d, l` al`nrnd snstlmætncd al`
1- @FCFH, Efcquls, L` Slmnhfrnd, @ngrd ;, @f îtncf al` psncdfhæ`nsns, Lantdrnf` _fnaós, Gulhds Fnrls.

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pfrfhdncd, cdhsnstlhcnf qul tdmf f` sueltd y dralhf su muhad lh buhcnóh al l``f9 fuhqul snh
lmgfrkd, hd ls tfh fsí lh l` al`nrnd lsqunzdbrîhncd, uh al`nrnd mæs pfrcl`fad, mæs alsfrtncu`f-
ad, mæs bf``nad cdmd cdhsnstlhcnf al`nrfhtl.
Wlculralh tfmgnîh qul @fcfh fprlhal `f `ókncf al` hd tdad al` kdcl blmlhnhd, qul ls uh kdcl
qul eustfmlhtl lscfpf f lsf tdtf`nzfcnóh. _frf alcnr`d `ftlrf`mlhtl, lscfpf f `f tdtf`nzfcnóh al`
bf`d, hd ls uh kdcl qul sl rlku`f cdmd l` al` jdmgrl, f`rlaladr al` bf`d. @fcfh vf f alcnr qul
lh l` jdmgrl l` kdcl lstæ mæs `dcf`nzfad lh l` plhl, d lh `f lyfcu`fcnóh, pdr lelmp`d, mnlhtrfs
qul lh `f muelr snlmprl ls anbusd, `d qul bulrzf f `f klhtl f nhvlhtfr jnstdrnfs fclrcf al` c`ítd-
rns, al `f vfknhf, ltc. _lrd lh vlrafa hd jfy lh `f muelr uhf `dcf`nzfcnóh tfh prlcnsf al` kdcl
cdmd lh l` jdmgrl, al lsl kdcl blmlhnhd qul fgfrcf su culrpd, qul sf`l al su culrpd, qul hd
sl sfgl muy gnlh adhal lstæ. ^ al f``í vf f lxtrflr `f `ókncf al` hd tdad bæ`ncd, qul qunlrl alcnr
alcnr,,
‐hd tdad `nkfad f `d klhntf`”.
_darífmds jfg`fr al `f ``fmfaf nhtuncnóh blmlhnhf, nhtuncnóh qul vf pdr bulrf al `f rlku`fcnóh
snmgó`ncf9 l` slxtd slhtnad blmlhnhd5 `f `nvnfhafa al `f muelr, cuf` pnumf f` vlhtd9 d `f algn`nafa
al` suplryó blmlhnhd al `f qul jfg`f Brlua, cufhad ancl qul `f muelr tnlhl pdcf cfpfcnafa
pfrf sug`nmfr.
sug`nmfr. _lrd @fcfh lhtnlhal lstf culstnóh al dtrd mdad5 pdcf cfpfcnafa al frtncu`frsl
f `d snmgó`ncd9 jfy f`kd al `f muelr qul lscfpf f `d snmgó`ncd.
Cdmd l` psncdfhæ`nsns trfgfef lh lsd qul lscfpf –fkrlkf–, `fs muelrls sdh mledrls fhf`nstfs
qul `ds jdmgrls, pdrqul eustfmlhtl
eustfmlhtl hd lstæh tdmfafs pdr l` tdad bæ`ncd. Jfy f`kd al l``fs qul
lhtrf lh cdhtfctd cdh `d rlf`, `d cuf` klhlrf lstl lblctd al tlhlr uhf cnlrtf plrclpcnóh al `d rlf`,
fqul``d qul ls `d qul l` psncdfhf`nstf tnlhl qul tlhlr9 plrd f` mnsmd tnlmpd, fclrcf f `f muelr f
`f culstnóh al `f fhkustnf, pdrqul l` cdhtfctd cdh `d rlf` tfmgnîh tnlhl `f fhkustnf cdmd sfàd.
Sn pfsfmds f` tlxtd al ‐@f pîranaf al `f rlf`nafa lh `f hlurdsns y lh `f psncdsns” y tdmfmds
su prnmlr pærrfbd, Brlua ugncf f `f rlf`nafa fcdmpföfhad f `f cdhcnlhcnf9 ancl5 ‐Lh lblctd, `f
cdhtrfanccnóh sugsnstl mnlhtrfs tlhlmds lh vnstf `f sntufcnóh nhncnf` al `f hlurdsns, cufhad l`
yd f` slrvncnd al `f rlf`nafa, lmprlhal `f rlprlsnóh al uhf mdcnóh pu`sndhf`”. _rnmlrf dgslr-
vfcnóh5 l` yd sl lhculhtrf f` slrvncnd al `f rlf`nafa. Hdsdtrds alcnmds cdh @fcfh5 l` yd lstæ f`
slrvncnd al` alscdhdcnmnlhtd al `f cfstrfcnóh, lhtlhanlhad cdmd `d î`, qul l` yd ls `f buhcnóh
al alscdhdcnmnlhtd, alscdhdcl `d qul ls, y ls `d qul hdsdtrds lelrclmds cdh hulstrfs rlspuls-
tfs. Cufhad hdsdtrds trftfmds al nr mæs f``æ al` yd, ls pdrqul hd `l ftrngunmds f lsl yd uhf
gulhf rl`fcnóh cdh `f rlf`nafa.
Ancl5 ‐...cufhad l` yd f` slrvncnd al `f rlf`nafa lmprlhal `f rlprlsnóh al uhf mdcnóh pu`snd-
hf`”. Ls alcnr qul @fcfh vf f pdhlr `f
` f rlprlsnóh hd lh l` yd –`d qul and ùkfr f tdad l` alsfrrd-
``d al `ds mlcfhnsmds al alblhsf al` yd–, snhd lh `f rl`fcnóh al` jdmgrl cdh `d snmgó`ncd. @d
qul rlprnml, `d qul prdaucl uh lblctd al rlprlsnóh, ls `f rl`fcnóh al` sueltd cdh l` ``lhkufel.
lhkufel. ^
l` trfumf uhnvlrsf`, tfhtd pfrf l` psncótncd cdmd pfrf l` hlurótncd, ls l` lhculhtrd cdh l` `lh-
kufel, `d qul prdaucl rlprlsnóh d bdrcùsnóh9 pfrtnlhad al` mdad lh qul cfaf sueltd sl frtncu`f
cdh l` `lhkufel, puanlhad jfclr`d cdmd hlurótncd, cdmd psncótncd d cdmd plrvlrsd.

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Al mdad qul tlhlmds uhf slpfrfcnóh lhtrl l` dralh snmgó`ncd –`f rlprlsnóh-sueltd–, y l` yd.
Qdaf `f tlmætncf al` sueltd `d pdhlmds lh l` dralh snmgó`ncd y l` snkhnﬆcfhtls, mnlhtrfs qul `f
tlmætncf al` yd `f plhsfmds
p lhsfmds cdmd alscdhdcnmnlhtd al lsd mnsmd.
‐_lrd lsd –ancl– tdafvíf hd ls `f hlurdsns mnsmf, l``f cdhsnstl mæs gnlh lh `ds prdclsds qul
fpdrtfh uh rlsfrcnmnlhtd al `ds slctdrls plreuancfads al` l``d. _dr tfhtd lh `f rlfccnóh cdhtrf
`f rlprlsnóh y lh l` brfcfsd al îstf”. Lstl mdvnmnlhtd `d vfh f lhcdhtrfr f `d `frkd al tdad l`
tlxtd y `d vfh f rllhcdhtrfr lh @fcfh, gfed `f bdrmf qul snlmprl ls cdhvlhnlhtl cdhsnalrfr lh
uhf curf d lh uh tlxtd, vnlhad `ds snkhnﬆcfhtls cdh qul sl hdmgrfh ads cdsfs anstnhtfs. _lrd `f
culstnóh lh rlf`nafa sl alﬆhl pdr su bdrmf al rltdrhd.
Lh `ds prnmlrds cfpítu`ds al` Slmnhfrnd 3, cufhad @fcfh anstnhkul `f hlurdsns al `f psncdsns,
jfg`f al ads bdrmfs al rltdrhd9 lh `f prnmlrf al l``fs,
l` `fs, eustfmlhtl fqul``f qul Brlua alscrngl
lh `f brfsl fhtlrndr, `f rlprlsnóh rltdrhf lh l` síhtdmf, pdr l` lhculhtrd trfumætncd al` sueltd
cdh `f `lhkuf. _lrd lh `fs psncdsns, hd ls uh rltdrhd lh `d snmgó`ncd al` síhtdmf, snhd lh `f rlf-
`nafa al `f fùcnhfcnóh. Ads bdrmfs al rltdrhd, ads rlknstrds al `ds trls qul mfhlef @fcfh5 uhd,
rltdrhd al `d snmgó`ncd9 dtrd, rltdrhd lh `d rlf`.
@fcfh lh
cùyl alscrngl lh lstlrlfpfrlzcf
`d snmgó`ncd, slmnhfrnd uh buhcndhfmnlhtd
lh `d qull` altlrmnhf
rlf`. _nlhslh lh mdvnmnlhtdqul
alfqul``d qul yslalbdr-
`f psncdsns `f
fùcnhfcnóh vlrgf`5 `d qul lstæ bdrcùnad, l` Hdmgrl al` _farl, fqul``d qul lstæ fuslhtl lh `d
snmgó`ncd, prdaucl uhf bdrmf al rltdrhd al uhf vdz qul alglríf lstfr muaf (cdmd `d ` d lstæ lh
hdsdtrds), plrd qul lh l` sueltd psncótncd, lh tfhtd lxnstl uhf bf``f snmgó`ncf, sl prdaucl cdmd
rltdrhd lh `f rlf`nafa gfed `f bdrmf al `f fùcnhfcnóh vlrgf`.
Cufhad f`kd qul alglríf lstfr cf``fad jfg`f, lstfmds brlhtl f uh puhtd adhal sl euhtf `d qul
sl jfg`f cdh uh kdcl hd rlprnmnad. Lh dtrfs pf`fgrfs, l` kdcl hd rlprnmnad jfcl jfg`fr f `f vdz
qul tlharíf qul lstfr cf``faf.
Cufhad l` culrpd lstæ cf``fad, hd md`lstf, hd aul`l, hd fmlhfzf, lstæ qunltd lh su ùkfr, hd
hds prldcupfmds, hd sfglmds qul lstfmds lh sntufcnóh al sfùa y qul tlhlmds uh culrpd9
plrd cufhad lhblrmfmds, lh lsl mdmlhtd cdhstftfmds qul pdsllmds uh culrpd.
Ls lxfctfmlhtl fsí tfmgnîh lh `f psncdsns5 jfy f`kd qul lstæ cf``fad, y qul cufhad lmpnlzf
f jfg`fr ls pdrqul l` kdcl vul`vl9 fqul``d qul tlharíf qul lstfr rlprnmnad rltdrhf lh `d rlf`
cdmd fùcnhfcnóh.
Lh l` cfsd al lstl sueltd qul lscucjfmds fylr, uh sueltd anfkhdstncfad ﬆhf`mlhtl cdmd ls-
qunzdbrîhncd, `d qul f î` `l dcurríf cdmd rltdrhd lrf qul pfalcíf uh prdg`lmf lh `f kfrkfhtf,
uh lstrlcjfmnlhtd pdr `d cuf` sl pusd uh pföul`d9 plrd lhtdhcls sl `l lhsfhcjfgf `f cfrf, sl
vlíf `f cfrf fhcjf lh uh nhtlhtd al frtncu`fr f`kd al `d qul `l dcurríf. _rnmlrd nhtlhtó cdh l`
pföul`d, plrd sl `l alsp`fzó f `f cfrf, ls alcnr qul hd `d cdhsnkunó, y l` kdcl sl `l bul f `f cfrf,
cdmlhzfhad f plrcngnr `f anstdrsnóh lh su cfrf. Snkunó cdh dtrd prdclanmnlhtd, `d qul ``fmó
‐l` adg`l gdstlzd”, frtncu`fhad `f cfrf. Fjí pdarífmds alcnr5 `d `dkró. Lh l` sueltd psncótncd
snlmprl alglh anstnhkunr lhtrl `d qul l` sueltd subrl pfsnvfmlhtl (‐sl `l lhsfhcjó `f cfrf”), al`

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sueltd trfgfefhad sdgrl `d qul `l pfsf. Sdh ads hnvl`ls, y l` prdkrlsd al` trfgfed al` psncótncd `d
dgslrvfmds cufhad l` sueltd sf`l al `d qul lh l` Slmnhfrnd 3 @fcfh vf f ``fmfr `f lrdtnzfcnóh,
uhf cnlrtf pfsnvnzfcnóh qul qunlrl alcnr qul lscucjf uhf vdz prdvlhnlhtl al fbulrf, qul `d
altlrmnhf9 plrd f pfrtnr al f``í l` sueltd sl pdhl lh pdsncnóh al frtncu`fr f`kd cdh lsd qul `l
dcurrl pfsnvfmlhtl, qul lh lstl cfsd pdarífmds ``fmfr ‐mdàlfr `f cfrf cdh l` adg`l gdstlzd”.
Sl trftf al lsd qul hd cdmpfrtnmds, qul lstl sueltd psncótncd hds lhslöf, uhf nhvlhcnóh al su
vlrafa, qul hd lstæ lh `ds `ngrds, y qul hd lstæ lh hulstrf lxplrnlhcnf, snhd qul ls uhf lxpl-
rnlhcnf sumfmlhtl plrsdhf`, qul tfmgnîh tlhlmds qul `dkrfr lh uh fhæ`nsns cdh uh hlurótncd.
´Vuî ls `d dpulstd f lstd4 Ls l` hlurótncd rlblrnad, ftfad f `f rlf`nafa, adhal vfmds f lscu-
cjfr l` juhanmnlhtd. L` snkhnﬆcfhtl uhnvlrsf` vf f slr, lh lstl cdhtlxtd, qul sl juhal d f`kd
pfrlcnad.
Fylr, lh `f lhtrlvnstf al Klrfrad Mflsd f lstl edvlh mucjfcjd psncótncd, f` ﬆhf` `l jnzd uhf
prlkuhtf5 ‐Ćómd vl l` buturd al` pfís4”. Qdads
Qdads lstægfmds f `f lsplrf al quî nhvlhtfgf, pdr-
qul `f vlrafa ls qul jfy qul nhvlhtfr f`kd cdh lstf hfaf, cdh lstl fkuelrd lh l` qul lstfmds
y cdhvnvnmds. Ls uh fkuelrd qul hd plrmntl cdhstrunr uhf ﬆccnóh hn nald`ókncf, hn pd`ítncf, hn
lcdhómncf. Lstf ls hulstrf alskrfcnf, l` slhtnmnlhtd al hd lhcdhtrfr `d qul lh tîrmnhds pd`í-
tncds sl ``fmf
trds, hd pdalr pd`ítncd,
cdhslkunmds frtncu`frcdhsnstlhcnf
uhf ﬆccnóhpd`ítncf,
só`naf yf`nfhzfs9
vlrafalrfplrd
qullhprdauzcf
vlrafa, vnstd alsal
lblctds lh `dhdsd-
rlf`.
Lh vlrafa tlhlmds fjí uhf fuslhcnf, y tdafvíf lstfmds f `f lsplrf al `d qul l` fkuelrd hds
vf f altlrmnhfr. @æstnmf qul hd jfy f`kunlh qul nhtlrprltl l` fkuelrd y cdhstruyf lsf ﬆccnóh,
pdrqul hds vf f trfkfr f tdads.
Ls nhtlrlsfhtl, pdrqul sn sfcfmds tdad `d nmfknhfrnd al` pfís, al `f lcdhdmíf y al `ds pd`ítncds,
nhcùsd lh `f cdhsnkhf ‐qul sl vfyfh tdads”, uhd hd sfgl mæs f``æ al tdad quî vnlhl, plrd an-
guef uh fkuelrd qul lh `f jnstdrnf al hulstrd pfís yf sl sfgl qunlh dcupó. Sfglmds qul lh l`
jdrnzdhtl, cufhad sl vfyfh tdads, adhal ‐tdads” sdh `ds pd`ítncds, altræs vnlhlh `ds mn`ntfrls.
L` nmfknhfrnd sl ``lhfgf cdh lsl fkuelrd. Ls mæs, cufhad sl plrcngífh snkhds al f`kõh fkuelrd,
yf tdad l` muhad prlhaíf `f rfand f `fs : al `f mföfhf pfrf vlr sn yf lstfgf `f mfrcjf. Lrf fsí,
yf sl sfgíf qul vlhíf lsd.
Fjdrf pfrlcl qul l` fkuelrd sl vf f fmp`nfr cfaf vlz mæs, y qul hd lstæ hn snqunlrf lsl rlcursd
f vlcls nmfknhfad cdmd uhf sf`naf al` fkuelrd. L` rlcursd sl fkdtó, y fjdrf vlrlmds quî hds
lhslöf l` fkuelrd, quî ﬆccnóh hds ``lvf f cdhstrunr ﬆhf`mlhtl lh uhd, ads d anlz föds. Rlrlmds
Rlrlmds
quî prdaucl l` lblctd al` fkuelrd.
Lh lsl slhtnad, ls nhtlrlsfhtl l` anscursd místncd al @n`ntf Cfrrnó, qul ancl qul vnlhlh tdrmlhtfs
y cdh su crucnﬆed fhuhcnf qul vlharæ l` mf` y l` nhﬆlrhd pfrf hdsdtrds, anscursd místncd qul ls
uhf pdsng`l rlspulstf f` fkuelrd. @f rlspulstf místncf tfmgnîh `f l`fgdró [nttklhstlnh, qunlh
cufhad sl lhcdhtró cdh lsl fkuelrd jnzd uh alsfrrd``d místncd cdh `d qul hd pdaíf rlsd`vlr cdh
`f `ókncf. Sn ustlals `llh f`kõh tlxtd al [nttklhstlnh, hdtfræh tdad uh krfh rlcdrrnad cdh su
`ókncf nhcdhsnstlhtl, `ókncf crlfaf cdmd cdhslculhcnf al` fkuelrd. _lrd lh uh mdmlhtd, lh su

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prdpnf `ókncf, lh uh tlxtd qul sl ``fmf L` trfctftus `ókncd ﬆ`dsóﬆcd<, tlrmnhf ancnlhad5 ‐al `d qul
hd sl pulal jfg`fr jfy qul cf``fr”, trfgfefhad sdgrl `f prdg`lmætncf al` sn`lhcnd y al` fkuelrd.
_dr `d tfhtd, pdalmds alcnr qul `f místncf ls uhf rlspulstf hd nmplhsfg`l cufhad l` fkuelrd
sl jfcl muy prlslhtl.
Qfmgnîh jl lscucjfad alcnr f `ds cfhclró`dkds, `ds mîancds qul trfgfefh lh l` `ímntl al uhf
lhblrmlafa cdmd l` cæhclr,
cæhclr, qul lh sus mdmlhtds tlrmnhf`ls, sul`l jfglr rlspulstfs místncfs
al sueltds qul hd tlhífh hnhkuhf rl`fcnóh cdh l``f.
_dr lsd ls nhtlrlsfhtl lscucjfr quî jfcl cfaf uhd cdh lsl fkuelrd, y mnlhtrfs f`kuhds `d rl-
`ftfh, y fhuhcnfh `d qul hds vlharæ lh tîrmnhds `ókncd lcdhómncds, pdr lelmp`d, dtrds anclh
qul l` rlcursd lstæ fbulrf, angueæhadsl `f nmfklh al` sf`vfadr lxtlrhd9 dtrds tfmgnîh anclh
‐hdsdtrds hds tlhlmds qul juhanr sd`ds plrd euhtds”.
Lh `f trfmf al `fs anblrlhtls pd`ítncfs, uhd tfmgnîh pulal lscucjfr anstnhtfs ﬆccndhls, sl pul-
al lhtrltlhlr,
lhtrltlhlr, anstrflr uh pdcd pfrf hd qulafr nalhtnﬆcfad f` fkuelrd, pdrqul tfmgnîh ls uhf
rlspulstf qulafr nalhtnﬆcfad f` fkuelrd snh pdalr plhsfr. Hd d`vnalmds qul lh l` mland al
`fs kulrrfs jfy klhtl qul snkul plhsfhad, y hdsdtrds hd lstfmds `leds al uhf kulrrf, al qul
cfnkfh gdmgfs, qul vul`lh lanﬆcnds lhtlrds. Lh l` mland al `f kulrrf jfgíf fhf`nstfs cdmd
Ml`fhnl I`lnh y jfgíf klhtl qul plhsfgf y qul hd sl nalhtnﬆcfgf hlclsfrnfmlhtl f tdaf lsf
alskrfcnf qul vnvífh. _dr lsd alsal l` cfmpd nhtl`lctuf` tlhlmds qul rlscftfr, mæs f``æ al `f
gdmgf qul cfnkf,
cfnkf, al `ds cfds qul sl prlslhtlh, uhf pdsncnóh nhtl`lctuf` brlhtl f `d qul pfsf. Ls
hulstrd õhncd lhtrltlhnmnlhtd, `d dtrd ls `f fhkustnf.
_lrd f `d qul fpuhtfgf cdh tdad lstd, ls f qul `f rlspulstf al` sueltd psncótncd qul tdads lspl-
rægfmds lrf al` dralh al` al`nrnd, plrd l` sueltd rlspdhanó cdmd tdads hdsdtrds5 ‐fcæ hd jfy
sf`naf”. Hd hds rlspdhanó cdh `f cfrf fhcjf y l` cul``d fhkdstd.
Wltdmlmds `d qul `ls alcíf fclrcf al lsds nhtlhtds al rlku`fcnóh al` psncótncd al su prdpnd
fkuelrd, lsd qul lmlrkl al` kdcl qul trfstdrhf l` culrpd. ‐Adg`l gdstlzd” qul `l feustó `f cfrf
f su mlanaf. ´Vuî pfsó4 ´Bul uhf frtncu`fcnóh `dkrfaf4 Hd, bul uhf sdùcnóh bf``naf. ´_dr quî
bf``naf4 _drqul
slhtnr qul sltlhífh
`ds deds `l bul uhf
f `dsmnrfaf
deds. Slg`fhaf
fhkdstó `f cfrf
y qul cdh ‐l`
lhtdhcls hd adg`l
pdaíf gdstlzd”, plrd
lhbrlhtfr `f lmplzó
mnrfaf f
al `ds
dtrds9 plrd falmæs sl qulefgf al uh lstrlcjfmnlhtd al` cfmpd al `f vnsnóh.
Lsl ls l` trfgfed al` psncótncd sdgrl sí mnsmd, cdh anstnhtds rlcursds crlftnvds, lh l` slhtnad qul
hd sdh al slhtnad cdmõh, fqul``ds lsplrfads al uh fhæ`nsns, al uh sueltd hlurótncd, fuhqul hd
snlmprl `d `dkrfmds, pdrqul `f rlf`nafa tnlhl uh plsd mucjd mfydr lh l` hlurótncd. Ankfmds
qul l` psncótncd, lh lsl slhtnad, tnlhl
t nlhl uhf cnlrtf bfcn`nafa, pdrqul sl d`vnaf al `f prlkhfhcnf al
`f rlf`nafa.
Brlua jfg`f al uh f﬇defmnlhtd al` hlxd cdh `f rlf`nafa , pdrqul lsl prdclanmnlhtd al` yd y al
`f pu`snóh, af cdmd rlsu`tfad lsl rltdrhd qul ls `d qul Brlua y @fcfh vfh f ``fmfr síhtdmf.
<- [NQQKLHSQLNH, @uawnk, Qrfctftus `dkncd-pjn`dsdpjncus

`dkncd-pjn`dsdpjncus. 3. la. rlnmp., La. F`nfhzf, Mfarna, 6>>7.

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Cdmd sfglh, l` síhtdmf sl alﬆhl cdmd trfhsfccndhf` lh `f mlanaf qul mfhnﬆlstf `f rlprlsnóh
y f` mnsmd tnlmpd uhf sftnsbfccnóh sustntutnvf. Ls alcnr qul lh l` síhtdmf jfy pu`snóh qul sl
sftnsbfcl, pdr lsd `ds síhtdmfs hd sdh tfh bæcn`ls al `lvfhtfr, pdrqul f``í jfy uhf pu`snóh qul
lhculhtrf uhf sftnsbfccnóh nkhdrfaf. Huhcf `l alglmds alcnr f f`kunlh qul nhsnstl lh jfclrsl
aföd qul î` qunlrl aföfrsl9 lstf ls uhf rlspulstf tdhtf, só`d pdalmds rlcurrnr f l``f cdmd
uhf tæctncf pfrf cdhmdvlr f` sueltd, plrd hd ls al hnhkuhf mfhlrf uhf rls-pulstf qul pfsf
f `d nmfknhfrnd al ‚ustla qunlrl uhf sftnsbfccnóh pu`sndhf`„. F lsf sftnsbfccnóh pu`sndhf` hd `f
rlsd`vlmds cdh vdùhtfrnsmds. ^ hd crllmds qul uhf muelr qul sl ancl muelr kd`plfaf pdr
uh jdmgrl, f` anvdrcnfsl al lsl jdmgrl sl anvdrcnl al` mfsdqunsmd. Hulstrf c`fvl hd ls qul
sl anvdrcnl al` jdmgrl qul kd`plf, snhd al` mfsdqunsmd y lstd hd `d kfrfhtnzf uhf slpfrfcnóh
mftrnmdhnf`, pdrqul cdmd sl trftf al uhf sftnsbfccnóh, lsd rltdrhf al anstnhtfs mfhlrfs.
_dr lsd hulstrf prlkuhtf ls cómd sl trftf `f pu`snóh, y slpfrfafmlhtl hd ls alhuhcnfhad
f` yd `f sftnsbfccnóh dcu`tf al `f pu`snóh. Ancjd muy ræpnafmlhtl, l` trfgfed sdgrl `f pu`snóh
lmpnlzf cufhad hds slpfrfmds al `f cdhcnlhcnf, al `f rlf`nafa, y lmplzfmds pdr guscfr lstl
lblctd sueltd. Lsl ls l` prnmlr trfgfed cdh `f pu`snóh, d slf l` mdmlhtd lh qul l` sueltd lmpnlzf
f jfg`fr pdr bulrf al sí mnsmd.
Wlcdralmds `d ancl Brlua hulvfmlhtl5 L` f﬇defmnlhtd al` hlxd cdh `f rlf`nafa lh `f hlurdsns. Lstd
qunlrl alcnr qul sn cdh `f hlurdsns sl f﬇def l` hlxd cdh `f rlf`nafa pdr `f rlprlsnóh, pdr l` yd,
lhtdhcls lstd supdhl uh sueltd qul sí tlharíf uh bulrtl hlxd cdh `f rlf`nafa. Lstl supulstd
f﬇defmnlhtd al` hlxd cdh `f rlf`nafa al` hlurótncd, `d lhtlhalmds cdmd `f pulstf lh lvnalhcnf
al `f lstructurf, adhal `f rlf`nafa tnlhl uhf rl`fcnóh ﬇def cdh l` sueltd.
Cufhad feustfmds d trftfmds al feustfr f lsl sueltd cdh `f rlf`nafa, `d qul jfclmds ls nmpd-
hlr, suklstndhfr cdh hulstrf rlf`nafa f` sueltd, `d qul alvnlhl ﬆhf`mlhtl lh nalhtnﬆcfcnóh f`
fhf`nstf. Hd d`vnalmds qul @fcfh dpdhl nalhtnﬆcfcnóh f` fhf`nstf, pdr uh `fad, l nalhtnﬆcfcnóh
f` síhtdmf, pdr l` dtrd.
Nalhtnﬆcfcnóh f` síhtdmf, ls nalhtnﬆcfrsl hd f` Dtrd, snhd f `d qul tlhlmds al mæs prdpnd, f `d
mæs pfrtncu`fr qul tnlhl uhd, nhcdmpfrtng`l cdh l` muhad. Lstl ls l` jdrnzdhtl al` fhæ`nsns al
uh hlurótncd9 lh cfmgnd, l` al uh psncótncd `d tlhlmds hd f` ﬆhf` snhd f` prnhcnpnd. Supdhkfmds
qul l` ‐adg`l gdstlzd” dcurrnlrf lh uh hlurótncd, pfrf l` cuf` su brfsl bfhtfsmætncf buhaf-
mlhtf` bulsl l` ‐adg`l gdstlzd”, cdh `d cuf` sl dralhf su jnstdrnf, su vnaf y tdad `d qul aned lh
fhæ`nsns sl pulal frtncu`fr f`rlaladr al lsf brfsl, dcupfhad l` ùkfr al su síhtdmf. Lmplzó l`
fhæ`nsns hd puanlhad cdh ‐gdstlzds cdmpu`snvds” y tlrmnhf l` fhæ`nsns lhmfrcfhad, dralhfh-
ad su vnaf y su muhad f trfvîs al uhf brfsl5 ‐adg`l gdstlzd”. _rnmlrd lmplzó cdmd síhtdmf,
plrd sl purnﬆcó al` síhtdmf pfrf slr uhf brfsl bfhtfsmætncf. Cufhad `f brfsl bfhtfsmætncf sl
cdhﬆkurf, hd aul`l, hd md`lstf, hd trfl ansp`fclr. D slf qul pfrf anscrnmnhfr `f brfsl bfhtfs-
mætncf al` síhtdmf, jfy qul prlkuhtfrsl sn aul`l d hd aul`l. Sn dralhf ls bfhtfsmf, sn aul`l,
fuhqul slf uh bfhtfsmf, ls uh síhtdmf.
@lfh ‐L` jdmgrl al `fs rftfs” lh lstl slhtnad. Lmpnlzf cdh uhf bfhtfsíf qul sl `l nmpdhl, y
cdmd tf` hd sl `f pulal sfcfr al lhcnmf, ls uhf bfhtfsíf qul ls síhtdmf9 `f bfmdsf jnstdrnf al
`fs rftfs. _lrd Brlua ancl qul prnmlrd trfhsbdrmf lsf nmfklh qul l` sueltd trfl cdmd síhtdmf,

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fuhqul slf uh bfhtfsmf, lh uh bfhtfsmf snhtdmætncd, lh `f mlanaf lh qul ls uhf nalf dgslsnvf
qul sl `l nmpdhl. Brlua pfsf pdr uh eulkd snkhnﬆcfhtl rftf, Wfttlh, ltc., qul vf alsfrtncu`fhad
al `f nmfklh al `f
` f rftf qul sl `l mltl lh l` fhd, pfrf trfhsbdrmfr`d lh uh eulkd snkhnﬆcfhtl. ^
alspuîs vf f tlrmnhfr ancnlhad qul `f rftf bdrmf pfrtl al su slr. Fjí `f rftf yf hd ls uh snkhn-
ﬆcfhtl snhd qul ls uhf `ltrf. ^^ff hd sl mulvl mæs, rftf, Wfttlh, qul prdaucl anstnhtfs snkhnﬆcf-
cndhls, snhd qul rftf ls `d qul sl alﬆhl pfrf @fcfh cdmd hdmgrl al kdcl.
Lstd qul tlrmnhf lh uh glhlﬆcnd snhtdmætncd pfrf l` sueltd, l` jfglr ``lkfad f lstl puhtd ‚sdy
uhf rftf„, cdh l` cdhslculhtl f`nvnd snhtdmætncd qul `l trfed lstl rlcdrrnad, lh l` sueltd psncótncd
`d tlhlmds f` prnhcnpnd, lh `d qul ``fmfmds l` hld`dknsmd.
Slkuhad pærrfbd. ‐Lh `fs psncdsns sl plrﬆ`fh ads pfsds –ancl Brlua– l` prnmlrd al `ds cuf`ls
lstf vlz frrfhcfræ f` yd al `f rlf`nafa”. L` prnmlr pfsd frrfhcf f` yd al `f rlf`nafa, plrd snkul
supdhnlhad uh sueltd adhal l` yd lstæ lh cdhhnvlhcnf cdh lsf rlf`nafa. Lh tfhtd qul f` slkuh-
ad pfsd, @fcfh `d vf f ``fmfr rltdrhd, bdrmfs al rltdrhd lh `fs cuf`ls lsplcnﬆcf `f anblrlhcnf
lhtrl `f lstructurf hlurótncf y psncótncf.
‐... lstf vlz frrfhcfræ f` yd al `f rlf`nafa lh tfhtd qul l` slkuhad –l` slkuhad pfsd– qunsnlrf
nhalmhnzfr `ds plreuncnds y rllstfg`lclríf l` víhcu`d cdh `f rlf`nafa f lxplhsfs al` l``d”.
L` slkuhad pfsd al `fs psncdsns, y lstf ls `f c`fvl al tdad `d qul lstfmds ancnlhad, qunlrl
cdmplhsfr `f pîranaf al `f rlf`nafa. Fjdrf, cdmd tdad snkhnﬆcfhtl sl pulal `llr al mucjfs
bdrmfs, pdalmds nhtunr qul `f rlf`nafa lstæ plranaf, plrd qul fhtls sl tlhíf. Lstd qunlrl alcnr
`d qul Brlua ``fmf ‐pîranaf”, lstæ supdhnlhad qul `f rlf`nafa sl tlhíf lh f`kõh hnvl`. Snh
lmgfrkd, lh lstl puhtd hds anblrlhcnfmds cdh `fcfh al lstf bdrmu`fcnóh brluanfhf, pdrqul `f
rlf`nafa lstæ plranaf alsal l` prnmlr cdhtfctd al` jdmgrl cdh l` snkhnﬆcfhtl.
Lhtdhcls l` prdg`lmf ls qul tlhlmds qul lxp`ncfr pdr quî l` hlurótncd cdhsnkul tlhlr uh
slhtnmnlhtd al rlf`nafa, mnlhtrfs qul lh l` psncótncd ls mæs c`frd, pdrqul hd crll tlhlr uh
feustfad cdhtfctd cdh `f rlf`nafa. @d qul jfy qul lxp`ncfr ls cdmd l` hlurótncd tnlhl lstl bf`sd
slhtnmnlhtd al slr dgeltnvd y tlhlr rlf`nafa9 pdr quî hd crll cufhad hds vnlhl f cdhtfr qul
tnlhl tf` prdg`lmf, qul lstæ al`nrfhad9 pdr quî crll qul lstd `l pfsf lblctnvfmlhtl, pdr quî
tlhlmds qul jfclr uh `frkd trfgfed pfrf almdstrfr`l qul lstæ lqunvdcfad, qul hd lhtnlhal `d
qul `l pfsf.
Ls hlclsfrnd nhtlrrdkfr lstf cdhsnstlhcnf, lstl slhtnmnlhtd qul ls muy c`frd lh l` dgslsnvd, plrd
qul lh `ds jnstîrncds tnlhl dtrf mdaf`nafa, `f al slhtnr qul hd sfglh adhal lstæh, qul tnlhlh
mnlad al vd`vlrsl `dcds. L` anscursd dgslsnvd qunlrl feustfr `f rlf`nafa, `f vlrafa y l` yd, pdr-
qul lh `f alsfrtncu`fcnóh qul lstfmds p`fhtlfhad lh tîrmnhds cdhclptuf`ls, nhtuyl `f fmlhfzf
al cfstrfcnóh.
Ancjd lh tîrmnhds `nhkðístncds, l` dgslsnvd lstæ fmlhfzfad al pîranaf
p îranaf al` slhtnad, y l` fhæ`nsns
fvfhzf lh l` cfmnhd al jfclr plralr lsl slhtnad, y al mfhlrf qul sl snlhtl bulrtlmlhtl fml-
hfzfad. ‐L` slkuhad pfsd al `fs psncdsns qunlrl tfmgnîh cdmplhsfr `f pîranaf al rlf`nafa,
mæs hd f lxplhsfs al uhf `nmntfcnóh al` l``d cdmd lh `f hlurdsns, qul `d jfcíf f lxplhsfs al

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uh víhcu`d cdh `d rlf` supulstfmlhtl tlhnad f` prnhcnpnd, snhd pdr dtrd cfmnhd mæs sdglrfhd
YLs alcnr qul `f psncdsns jfcl lsf cdmplhsfcnóh al `f rlf`nafa plranaf pdr uh cfmnhd mæs
sdglrfhd.] Al uhf rlf`nafa hulvf Yuhf ﬆccnóh, hd d`vnalmds qul `f vlrafa ls ﬆccnóh] qul yf
hd dbrlcl l` mnsmd mdtnvd al lscæhaf`d qul `f fgfhadhfaf. Lh cdhslculhcnf, l` slkuhad pfsd
tnlhl pdr sdpdrtl `fs mnsmfs tlhalhcnfs lh `f hlurdsns y lh `fs psncdsns. YL` mnsmd sdpdrtl.]
Lh fmgds cfsds snrvl f` fbæh al pdalr al` l``d qul hd sl alef cdhstrlönr pdr `f rlf`nafa. Qfhtd
hlurdsns cdmd psncdsns lxprlsfh `f rlgl`nóh al` l``d Yal `f pu`snóh] cdhtrf l` muhad lxtlrndr
lxtlrndr.”
.”
Lstl `lhkufel qul tdmf `f bdrmf al rlgl`nóh, @fcfh `d
` d vf f pfsfr f tîrmnhds `ókncds y vf f alcnr
qul jfy uh nmpdsng`l cdhtfctd lhtrl `f pu`snóh y `f rlf`nafa. Brlua `l af uh slhtnad cfsn îtncd
f mucjds l`lmlhtds al` l``d y al` yd.
Ancl5 ‐...sl rlgl`f cdhtrf l` muhad lxtlrndr. Lxprlsfh su ansp`fclr d sn sl qunlrl Yy fjí sugrf-
yfmds hdsdtrds] su nhcfpfcnafa Yfkrlkfrífmds lstructurf`] pfrf fafptfrsl f` fprlmnd al `f
rlf`nafa.”
Alcnr qul `f nhcfpfcnafa ls lstructurf`, snkhnﬆcf qul hd ls snhtdmætncf, pdr `d tfhtd l` fhæ`nsns
hd sl cd`dcf lh l` ùkfr al `lvfhtfr d rlaucnr lsf nhcfpfcnafa pfrf qul l` sueltd lhtrl lh cdh-
tfctd cdh `f rlf`nafa.

Sdh `fs ads f`tlrhftnvfs, d vfmds f `f rlauccnóh al` síhtdmf al `f nhcfpfcnafa pfrf rlstntunr
uhf tdtf`nafa, d gnlh pfrtnmds al `f nhcfpfcnafa cdmd lstructurf` y cdhstrunmds uhf ﬆccnóh
qul ls f`tfmlhtl y lxcùsnvfmlhtl pfrtncu`fr al` sueltd5 l` ‐adg`l gdstlzd” al` cfsd qul cd-
mlhtfmds fhtls.
‐Hlurdsns y psncdsns sl anblrlhcnfh mucjd mæs lh `f prnmlrf rlfccnóh, `f nhtrdauctdrnf, qul lh
l` sugsnkunlhtl lhsfyd al rlpfrfcnóh.” @d qul `ls qunlrd sugrfyfr cdh tdad lstd ls qul cufhad
ancl qul ls uhf crlfcnóh al uhf rlf`nafa hulvf. ‐Hulvf” qunlrl alcnr snh jnstdrnf, hd ls l` rl-
culrad al `f jnstdrnf, `f rlcdhstruccnóh al `f jnstdrnf, snhd qul ls uhf rlf`nafa hulvf, cdhstrun-
af f pfrtnr al hfaf, al` vfcíd y al` fkuelrd. Lh lsl puhtd adhal @fcfh fprlhal al `fs psncdsns,
ls adhal vf f cdhstntunr tdaf `f pdsncnóh al` hlurótncd y al` sueltd lh klhlrf`. @f hulvf ﬆccnóh
qul cdhstruyl ls uhf rlf`nafa hulvf f pfrtnr al` fkuelrd lxnstlhtl.
_lrd lh `f hlurdsns, `f prlkuhtf ls qunîh cdhstruyl lsf ﬆccnóh. Brlua ancl lh mucjds mdmlh-
tds qul `f cdhstruyl î` y sl `f dbrlcl f` hlurótncd pfrf qul `f l`fgdrl y `f nhslrtl lh su muhad.
Hdsdtrds alcnmds pdr `f lxplrnlhcnf c`íhncf cdh hulstrds pfcnlhtls, qul lsf ﬆccnóh hd `f cdhs-
truyl hn l` fhf`nstf hn l` sueltd, snhd qul sl cdhstruyl lh `f anf`îctncf lhtrl `ds ads f `d `frkd al
uh fhæ`nsns. Ls uhf ﬆccnóh qul cdhstrunmds lh l` mdmlhtd lh qul lxtrflmds uhf brfsl al `f
prnmlr lhtrlvnstf. Al tdad `d ancjd sugrfyfmds ‐gdstlzd”, y fjí lmpnlzf `f cdhstruccnóh al
uhf ﬆccnóh qul hd rlspdhal f `f vlrafa jnstórncf al` sueltd, snhd qul sl cdhstruyl f pfrtnr al`
fkuelrd.
Hd qunlrl alcnr qul lstf lxtrfccnóh al `f prnmlr lhtrlvnstf vf f slr `d qul lhcdhtrlmds f` ﬆhf`,
snhd slríf muy bæcn`, snhd qul alglræ afr prulgfs al cdhsnstlhcnf y al cdhstruccnóh al `f ﬆccnóh
f trfvîs al tdads `ds rlcdrtls qul `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al` fhf`nstf prdaucl. _dr lsd lh `f ﬆccnóh

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ﬆhf` vf f lstfr `d qul aned l` pfcnlhtl, `d qul aned l` fhf`nstf, y vf f p`fsmfrsl uhf ﬆccnóh, qul
hd sl nhcdrpdrf alsal fbulrf, f` mdad al uhf ‐cdhstruccnóh”, snhd qul vf cdhstntuylhad uh
sueltd alsal l` prnmlr aíf, nhcùnad alhtrd al `f ﬆccnóh mnsmf.
Cufhad hdsdtrds alcnmds lblctd sueltd, jfg`fmds al` rlsu`tfad al uhf nhtlrvlhcnóh. _dr lelm-
p`d, sn vd`vlmds f hulstrd ‐jdmgrl al` gdstlzd”, sn lh `f prnmlrf lhtrlvnstf, cufhad `d alspl-
anmds gdstlzfmds ads vlcls (ls uhf mltæbdrf), y f `f slkuhaf vlz l` sueltd cdmnlhzd jfg`fhad
al` rntmd cdh qul uhd gdstlzó `fs ads vlcls, qul `l jnzd rlcdrafr qul î` sl nhtlrlsfgf al cjncd
lh `f plrcusnóh y l` runad qul jfcífh `ds pf`ntds lh `f gftlríf, y qul lstd lh vlrafa lrf uh alsld
al su pfarl, plrd falmæs î` tnlhl díads al mfalrf, y lhtdhcls hd ls gulhd pfrf `f plrcusnóh,
y afad qul hd ls gulhd pfrf `f plrcusnóh `d õhncd qul `l qulaó ls qul cufhad eulkf f`kõh
alpdrtl `l sf`l mf`, plkf pftfafs lh l` pnsd, ltc., tlharífmds fjí f`kunlh qul vlhíf f jfg`fr al
uhf jnstdrnf y ‐sl `l frmó dtrf jnstdrnf”. Ls uhf jnstdrnf qul huhcf jfgíf snad cdhtfaf, huhcf
jfgíf snad frtncu`faf al lstf mfhlrf, pdrqul bf`tfgf qul f`kunlh mfrcfrf `f culstnóh al` ‐gds-
tlzd”. ^ rlculraf tfmgnîh cdh l` gdstlzd qul uhf vlz snhtnó uhf `ùvnlcntf lh l` cul``d y sl and
vul`tf y lrf uh slödr qul gdstlzfgf f``í, y qul `d jfgíf mdefad f ads mltrds al anstfhcnf f`
gdstlzfr,, y qul `l jfgíf afad rrlpukhfhcnf.
gdstlzfr lpukhfhcnf.
Supdhkfmds qul f uh sueltd, lh `f prnmlrf lhtrlvnstf `l mfrcfmds l` ‐gdstlzd”, y lh `f slkuh-

af, hds trfl tdad lstd9 lsl ls uh sueltd qul ls cfpfz al lblctd sueltd, qul ls cfpfz al lhtlhalr
uh cjnstl.
´Vuî pfsó cdh l` psncótncd al fylr4 L` sueltd jfg`f al `f pd`ncíf, ancl qul tlml f `f pd`ncíf y qul
`l plkul. L` lhtrlvnstfadr `l aned5 ‐nkuf` qul tdads hdsdtrds”. @l jnzd uh cjnstl al rl`fefmnlhtd
al `f lhtrlvnstf. Qdads hds rlímds, ´plrd l` sueltd quî jnzd4, rlspdhanó5 ‐ál quî sl rílh4”. Ls
lvnalhtl qul hd lhtlhanó l` cjnstl. @d snkhnﬆcó cdmd uhf gur`f. Cufhad sl `l jfcl uh cjnstl
f uh sueltd psncótncd y ls uh pdcd pfrfhdncd, vf f lhtlhalr qul sl gur`fh. \h sueltd hlurótn-
cd sl jugnlrf rlíad, y jugnlrf slhtnad lsd cdmd al gulhf cdhvnvlhcnf y al cdhtfctd fmfg`l,
rl`fefad, y qul jfgíf uhf cdhhnvlhcnf lhtrl tdads rlsplctd al `d qul lstfgf jfcnlhad. _lrd l`
sueltd sl pfró y aned5 ‐´pdr quî sl rílh4”. @d cuf` plrmntl rltdmfr uhf brfsl al` Cfpítu`d ZNR
al` Slmnhfrnd 3, adhal @fcfh bdrmu`f qul pfrf qul uhf pfrfhdnf slf cdmp`ltf, falmæs al hd
jfglr
prlsfafnmp`ncfcnóh
cdmd ‐´pdr sugeltnvf, algl dcurrnr
quî sl rílh4”, `f ftrngucnóh
``lkó jfstf sugeltnvf.
cnlrtd krfad Vunlrlhdalcnr
al pfrfhdnf, qul `fplrd
lhtnlhal, brfsltnlhl
lx-
`f clrtlzf al qul sl lstæh gur`fhad al î`, y lsl cdmp`ltfmnlhtd ls `d qul @fcfh ``fmf ftrngucnóh
sugeltnvf.
Lstf ls `f bdrmu`fcnóh qul jfcl tfmgnîh @fcfh cufhad ancl qul pfrf l` psncótncd l` Dtrd snm-
gó`ncd ls uh dtrd nmfknhfrnd qul `l jfg`f, cdmd lh l` cfsd al Scjrlglr cdh Ands, cdh l` qul
lstfg`lcl uhf rl`fcnóh nhtlrsugeltnvf. Ands `l qunlrl jfclr cdsfs, `l jfcl cdsfs, `l pnal cdsfs y `l
jfg`f y sl anrnkl f î` lh plrsdhf. Hd ls uhf lhtnafa fgstrfctf qul lstæ f``í, f `f qul î` sl rlﬆlrl,
snhd qul Ands sl cdhvnlrtl lh uhf plrsdhf qul tnlhl uhf nhtlrvlhcnóh anrlctf. Vunlrl alcnr qul
`l cdhcnlrhl `d qul algnlrf lstfr cf``fad9 f `f vdz al Ands Scjrlglr `f lscucjf y falmæs sl `f
anrnkl f î` lsplcnf`mlhtl. Lstd ls5 ‐ml cdhcnlrhl”.

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\hf pfrfhdnf pdr `f mntfa slríf uhf pfrfhdnf cdmd `f al lstl mucjfcjd, qul ancl ‐al quî sl
rílh”, y sl plrsnkul plrd hd f`cfhzf f alcnr ‐sl rílh al mí, y falmæs ml `d jfclh f prdpósntd”,
y ‐falmæs ml qunlrlh jfclr hd sî quî cdsf”. Ls uhf pfrfhdnf f mlanf fkuf. ^ al jlcjd hd
qulaó lhvul`td pdr lsd, snhd qul alspuîs snkunó `f lhtrlvnstf cdh lsl plqulöd trfspnî al `f
prlkuhtf, pdrqul l` cjnstl bul gulhd pfrf nùstrfr l` krfad al plrslcucnóh qul tlhíf y cómd
`d lhtlhaíf, plrd lh `f cdhauccnóh al uhf curf lsd pulal nhstf`fr lh `f trfhsblrlhcnf uh aftd
pfrfhdnal al qul l` Dtrd ‐`l jfcl cdsfs”. Lstl ls l` cunafad qul jfy qul tlhlr cdh uh psncótncd,
yf qul f vlcls uhd `l jfg`f cdmd sn `d jncnlrf cdh f`kunlh qul ls al `f mnsmf pfrrdqunf, y l`
psncótncd ls c`frfmlhtl al dtrf pfrrdqunf y hd lhtnlhal.
_dr lsd @fcfh ancl só`d prlkuhtfs y hnhkuhf fﬆrmfcnóh.
F` ﬆhf` al lstl mnsmd tlxtd, @f pîranaf al `f rlf`nafa lh `f hlurdsns y `f psncdsns, nhsnstl Brlua
lh alcnr5 ‐Fplhfs cfgl auafr al qul l` muhad al `f bfhtfsíf alslmplöf lh `fs psncdsns l` mns-
md pfpl`, al qul tfmgnîh lh l``f cdhstntuyl `f cæmfrf al` tlsdrd al adhal sl rlcdkl l` mftlrnf`
d l` mdal`d pfrf lanﬆcfr uhf hulvf rlf`nafa. _lrd l` muhad lxtlrndr bfhtæstncd al `fs psncdsns
qunlrl rllmp`fzfr f `f rlf`nafa lxtlrndr”.
‐L` muhad bfhtæstncd

hulvfmlhtl al`f`fscdhcnlhcnf
`f rlf`nafa, psncdsns qunlrl rllmp`fzfr
al rlf`nafa, f `f rlf`nafa
`f cdhcnlhcnf lxtlrndr”, yBrlua
al lhblrmlafa. fjí tlhlmds
nhcùyl,
cufhad alcnmds rlf`nafa lxtlrndr, f `f cdhcnlhcnf al `ds prdpnds síhtdmfs cdmd lsf rlf`nafa
lxtlrndr.
‐Lh cfmgnd l` al `f
` f hlurdsns kustf al fpuhtf`frsl cdmd l` eulkd al `ds hnöds lh uh brfkmlhtd
al `f rlf`nafa anvlrsd al fqul` cdhtrf l` cuf` bul prlcnsd alblhalrsl. @l prlstf uh snkhnﬆcfad
pfrtncu`fr f uhf pfrtl al `f rlf`nafa y uh slhtnad slcrltd qul al mfhlrf hd snlmprl al` tdad
fclrtfaf ``fmfmds snmgó`ncd. Fsí pfrf fmgfs, hlurdsns y psncdsns, hd só`d culhtf l` prdg`lmf
al `f pîranaf al `f rlf`nafa snhd al uh sustntutd al `f rlf`nafa”.
Hdtlh qul lh lstf brfsl adhal Brlua lstæ anstnhkunlhad, pdr uh `fad, pîranaf al `f rlf`nafa,
y pdr dtrd, su sustntucnóh, sl `f ftrnguyl f ads pftd`dkífs5 hlurdsns y psncdsns. ^ hdsdtrds lstf
brfsl sl `f nhcùnmds f `f cdhstntucnóh al` sueltd. Hd só`d culhtf l` prdg`lmf al `f pîranaf al
`f rlf`nafa, snhd qul lh uh sueltd sl prdaucl uhf sustntucnóh al lsf rlf`nafa. Qlhkfmds lh
culhtf qul l` prnmlr sustntutd al `f rlf`nafa ls `f sug`nmfcnóh, qul ls sustntunr `f Cdsf pdr uh
snkhnﬆcfhtl, adhal l` snkhnﬆcfhtl mftf f `f Cdsf. Lstd `d pulalh `llr lh f`kuhds cfpítu`ds al`
Slmnhfrnd sdgrl @f îtncf al` psncdfhæ`nsns, adhal @fcfh rltdmf `f culstnóh al `f Cdsf brluanfhf,
afs Anhk, ancnlhad lsf bfmdsf brfsl5 ‐l` snkhnﬆcfhtl sl sustntuyl f `f
` f Cdsf”.
_dr `d tfhtd, `d qul Brlua lstæ ``fmfhad
`` fmfhad l` muhad d `f rlf`nafa, lh hulstrd cdhtlxtd ls `d qul
``fmfmds l` Dtrd. @f rlf`nafa al` sueltd ls l` Dtrd, ls l` Dtrd qul jfcl al muhad pfrf l` sueltd,
plrd ls uh Dtrd snmgó`ncd qul hd ls `f rlf`nafa. ´_lrd `f rlf`nafa aóhal lstæ4 Ls uh slhtnmnlh-
td, ancl @fcfh, qul cfaf uhd pdsll
p dsll al anstnhtf bdrmf.
L` slhtnmnlhtd al rlf`nafa, falmæs, ls `d qul hds jfcl cdhbuhanr cufhad hds kunfmds pdr î`.
F vlcls l` psncótncd pfrlcl tlhlr crntlrnd al rlf`nafa y ancl ‐fhtls yd al`nrfgf, d tlhíf fùcnhf-

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cndhls, plrd lrfh fùcnhfcndhls, hd lrfh cdsfs cnlrtfs”. Lstd hds alef brlhtl f l`lknr lhtrl ads
dpcndhls5 d lrfh fùcnhfcndhls y lhtdhcls î` hd pulal alcnr ‐yd sfgíf qul lrfh fùcnhfcndhls,
hd lrfh vlrafalrfs fùcnhfcndhls”, d hd `d lrfh y lstæ ‐mnhtnlhad su nhsnkjt” al qul fhtls
fùcnhfgf y fjdrf hd.
@f anblrlhcnf rfancf lh qul lh uh mdmlhtd lstfgf alscdmplhsfad y lh dtrd mdmlhtd lstfgf

cdmplhsfad, plrd l` psncótncd snkul snlhad al `f` f mnsmf bdrmf y prdaucl uhf vlrsnóh hlurótn-
cf qul hds lhkföf fclrcf al su pfsfad, pdrqul lh vlrafa hd pulal al hnhkuhf mfhlrf, yf qul
su lstructurf hd sl `d plrmntl, lhtlhalr, rlsnkhnﬆcfr
rlsnkhnﬆcfr fqul``d cdmd qul hd lrf uhf fùcnhfcnóh.
_frf î` lrf uhf fùcnhfcnóh, pdr mæs qul ankf jdy qul hd `d lrf. Lsd `d tlhlmds qul lhtlhalr
cdmd uhf fafptfcnóh al su yd f `d qul `l anelrdh, f `d qul snkhnﬆcfrdh cdmd `dcd lh î`, fafp-
tæhadsl y jfcnlhad slmg`fhtl fhtl `ds psnqunftrfs, fhtl `ds fhf`nstfs, qul `l jfh nhancfad l`
al`nrnd cdmd l` síhtdmf al su lhblrmlafa. Mucjds psncótncds sl prlslhtfh cdmd alprlsnvds,
cíc`ncds d tdafs `fs cdsfs qul lscucjfrdh sdgrl `fs psncdsns9 jfclh uhf fafptfcnóh al slmg`fhtl
nmfknhfrnd al su yd y sl fafptfh nhtlhtfhad lhkföfrhds cdh qul jugd uh nhsnkjt. _lrd slpf-
mds qul hd jfy nhsnkjt al `f fùcnhfcnóh.
Aled alﬆhntnvfmlhtl l` tlxtd al Brlua y jfkd uhf plqulöf fprdxnmfcnóh f `f culstnóh al`
Slmnhfrnd 3, f `f culstnóh al `f prlpsncdsns y `f psncdsns.
Lh uhf prnmlrf fprdxnmfcnóh alglmds alcnr qul `f prlpsncdsns psncdsns hd alslhcfalhfaf.
´_dr quî hds nhtlrlsf anstnhkunr uhf prlpsncdsns hd alslhcfalhfaf d uhf psncdsns hd alslhcf-
alhfaf al uhf alslhcfalhfaf4 Lh prnmlr ùkfr, pdrqul l` mdmlhtd al alslhcfalhfmnlhtd
al uhf prlpsncdsns hds plrmntl nùmnhfr `fs anblrlhcnfs lhtrl uhf lstructurf hlurótncf y uhf
psncótncf. Alspuîs al` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd yf hd jfy auafs, plrmntnîhadhds slr mæs sutn`ls
lh hulstrd anfkhóstncd.
_dr `ókncf cdhslculhcnf al `d qul lstdy ancnlhad, `f prlpsncdsns tnlhl qul tlhlr síhtdmfs al `f
psncdsns, blhómlhds l`lmlhtf`ls, pdrqul sn hd `ds jugnlrf, huhcf tlharífmds pdsngn`nafa al
anfkhdstncfr`f.
Lh l` Slmnhfrnd 3, @fcfh sdstnlhl5 ‐hd jfy hfaf mæs pfrlcnad f uhf hlurdsns qul uhf prlpsncd-
sns”, slöf`fmnlhtd qul hds favnlrtl qul f``í hds lhcdhtrfmds cdh uhf anﬆcu`tfa.
Lh `fs prlslhtfcndhls al lhblrmds snlmprl lstfmds ftlhtds f` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd9 pdr lelm-
p`d, cuæ` bul l` mdmlhtd, quî jfgíf fhtls, quî jfgíf alspuîs9 plrd jfy uh tlmf cdhclptuf`,
qul ls qul prnmlrd alglmds anstnhkunr qul ls lsd qul sl pfrlcl tfhtd f `f hlurdsns plrd hd
plrtlhlcl f l``f.
´Ls uh lelrcncnd cdhclptuf`4 Sí, lh uh slhtnad, plrd hulstrf urklhcnf hd ls cdhclptuf` snhd
c`íhncf. ´_dr quî ls c`íhncf4 _drqul `f rlspulstf al` psncdfhæ`nsns f `f prlpsncdsns ls anstnhtf
qul f `f al `f hlurdsns. ^ pdrqul falmæs l` sueltd psncótncd hd alslhcfalhfad nhcùnad lh uh
fhæ`nsns, cdh `f rfancf`nafa cdh qul @fcfh `f pnlhsf, pulal prdvdcfr l` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd.
Lstd qunlrl alcnr qul cufhad l` fhæ`nsns, alsal `f prnmlrf lhtrlvnstf, sl pdhl lh l` jdrnzdhtl `f
nrrlf`nzfcnóh al` rlblrlhtl y l` lblctd sueltd, lh uh sueltd psncótncd snh alslhcfalhfr, `d cd`dcf

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lh rnlskd al alslhcfalhfmnlhtd, prdaucnlhad `f alsfrtncu`fcnóh al` cfmpd nmfknhfrnd al uh

sueltd psncótncd prlcfrnfmlhtl sdstlhnad lh rl`fcnóh f su lstructurf, plrd f vlcls só`nafmlhtl
pfrf l` muhad. Wlculralh qul Scjrlglr alslhcfalhf su psncdsns fprdxnmfafmlhtl f `ds 1?
föds, y jfstf lsl mdmlhtd lrf uh sueltd grn``fhtl qul tlhíf su muhad9 plrd gfed altlrmnhfafs
cnrcuhstfhcnfs sl qunlgrf, d f`kd `d qunlgrf lh l` muhad.
Sfglmds qul l` psncótncd hd tnlhl ﬇lxngn`nafa nmfknhfrnf y sn `l quntfmds uhf pnlzf f ancjf
cdhstruccnóh ríknaf, `d fmlhfzfmds cdh alrrumgfr l` lanﬆcnd.
Lstd pulal hd slr lstrnctfmlhtl fsí, hd ls qul uhd tdcf y sl cfl tdad, plrd jlcjd snstlmætncf-
mlhtl, lh l` anvæh, alsfrtncu`fad al `fs rlblrlhcnfs vnsuf`ls, mltnad lh uh muhad adhal sl
`l mf` lhtnlhal tdad `d qul ancl, adhal sl `l tdcfh `fs fpdyfturfs nmfknhfrnfs sdstlhnafs cdh
f`ﬆ`lrls, tfmgf`lf l` lanﬆcnd d anrlctfmlhtl `d alrrumgf.
F vlcls lstd dcurrl, mf` qul hds plsl, pdr `f sd`f prlslhcnf al` fhf`nstf, y l` anæ`dkd mnsmd,
l` só`d jlcjd al slr lscucjfad, prdaucl lh uhf plrsdhf lstds lblctds, cdmprdgæhadsl alskrf-
cnfafmlhtl cufhad f`kunlh qul vnhd y cdhtó su vnaf, lmpnlzf f tlhlr trfstdrhds al su nmfkn-
hfrnd. _dr lelmp`d, tnlhl uh hdvnd al` qul sl qulefgf, sl lmpnlzf f slpfrfr, y f `ds ads mlsls
al lhtrlvnstfs
aföf, cdhsumf sl
y f` aíf snkunlhtl `f suncnaf.
slpfrfcnóh. @ulkd
_ulal cdmnlhzf
dcurrnr.
dcurrnr. f slhtnr qul l` hdvnd `f plrsnkul, qul `f
Mnlhtrfs qul `ds cnruefhds sfglh qul trfgfefh cdh `f mulrtl y cdh l` `ímntl, tnlhlh `f vlhtfef sd-
grl hdsdtrds
hdsdtrds al qul cufhad sf`vfh f f`kunlh sl sfgl qul `d ssf`vfrdh,
f`vfrdh, plrd pfrf l` fhf`nstf lstd
huhcf ls tfh cdhcrltd. Qdads fqul``ds qul hd sl suncnafrdh f rfíz al` fhæ`nsns, sdh supulstds.
_lrd cufhad f`kunlh sl suncnaf d tnlhl uh trfstdrhd psncótncd lh uh fhæ`nsns, `f rlspdhsfgn`nafa
ls al` fhf`nstf qul jnzd d hd jnzd `d qul alglríf.
_dr lsd hdsdtrds tlhlmds qul sfglr qul cdh hulstrf præctncf sl prdaucl uhf cdhmdcnóh nm-
pdrtfhtl lh `f cdhstntucnóh al` sueltd, y lstd tnlhl sus rnlskds, qul hdsdtrds alglmds lstfr
bdrmfads pfrf fbrdhtfr nhcùylhad `ds alblctds al hulstrf nhtlrvlhcnóh. Hd pdalmds alsal
hulstrf pdsncnóh hlkfr hulstrf præctncf f f`kunlh pdr `f brfsl qul f`kuhds fhf`nstfs alcífh
fhtls5 ‐hd, yd lstl pfcnlhtl hd `d tdmd pdrqul ls muy krfvl, f vlr sn sl ml suncnaf”. Ls uhf
gfrgfrnafa qul l` fhf`nstf ankf hd pdr tlmdr f qul lsl pfcnlhtl sl suncnal. L` fhf`nstf pulal
plhsfr lstf culstnóh cdmd uh `ímntl al su bdrmfcnóh qul `d` d fhkustnf, y qul hd pulal lhbrlhtfr
hn cdmpfrtnr `f mulrtl al uhf plrsdhf. Hdsdtrds hd pdalmds lstfr lh `f sntufcnóh al jfclr uh
lsplcnl al eulkd al sf`óh cdh plrsdhfs qul tnlhlh f`kõh trfstdrhd, trftfhad al mledrfr`fs só`d
uh pdcd. Lstd ls plralr `f rfancf`nafa al `d qul ls `f lxplrnlhcnf fhf`ítncf. Q
Qdad
dad l` trfgfed qul
jfclmds ls vd`vlr f l``f, y cdh lsf rfancf`nafa, tfmgnîh vul`vlh `ds glhlﬆcnds y `ds pl`nkrds
qul l` fhf`nstf algl pdalr fbrdhtfr.
> al mfyd al 7??7

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NR
@F _LW_@LENAFA
Jdy vfmds f drnlhtfrhds jfcnf culstndhls qul tnlhlh qul vlr cdh `d qul lh l` Slmnhfrnd 3 @fcfh
alﬆhl cdmd prlpsncdsns. _lrd tfmgnîh jfrlmds uh rlcdrrnad pdr cftlkdrífs tdmfafs pdr l`
slhtnad cdmõh, fqul``d qul alﬆhnmds cdmd crllhcnf d cdmd fmlhfzf, pdr lelmp`d.
An`tjly, qul alsfrrd``ó `f anblrlhcnf lhtrl `fs cnlhcnfs al `f hfturf`lzf y ``fs
An`tjly, fs cnlhcnfs al` lspírntu,
qunsd jfclr al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh uhf fctnvnafa cnlhtíﬆcf, lh l` mfrcd al `d qul sl alhdmnhó `f
jlrmlhîutncf. Lstd slpfrf tfmgnîh f `fs cnlhcnfs aurfs y `d qul pdalmds ``fmfr `f lxplrnmlh-
tfcnóh al `d qul lh l` psncdfhæ`nsns vf al `f mfhd al `f `ókncf, bdrmu`fhad `f prlkuhtf sdgrl
quî ls pfrf `f `ókncf `d vlrafalrd y quî ls pfrf `fs cnlhcnfs aurfs. Jfy tdad uh alsfrrd``d lh
l` jdrnzdhtl, qul vf pdhnlhad f` al`nrnd al` `fad al `f vlrafa y hd al` `fad al `f lqunvdcfcnóh.
Jfhs-Kldrk Kfafmlr, anscípu`d al Jlnalkklr, pug`ncf lh 6>2? uh tlxtd lh ads tdmds qul sl
alhdmnhf Rlrafa y mîtdad6. Rf Rf f bdrmu`fr f``í, lh `f pæknhf 12 al` tdmd NN, qul ‐`d cnlhtíﬆcd
cn lhtíﬆcd ls
fquí alstrunr `f qunmlrf al uhf vlrafa als`nkfaf al` sueltd cdkhdsclhtl”. F lstd fkrlkfræ5 ‐...
l` jnstdrncnsmd qul vl lh tdad uh cdhancndhfmnlhtd jnstórncd, jf alstrunad l` slhtnad prfkmæ-
tncd al `ds lstuands jnstórncds. Su frtl rlﬆhfad al `f cdmprlhsnóh algn`ntf `f bulrzf al `f vf`d-
rfcnóh nhcdhancndhf` qul sustlhtf `f rlf`nafa mdrf` al `f vnaf. Su cu`mnhfcnóh lspnstlmd`ókncf
ls l` rl`ftnvnsmd y su cdhslculhcnf l` hnjn`nsmd”.
Wltdmd `f cftlkdríf al vlrafa jnstórncf pfrf nhtlrrdkfr cómd ugncfmds hdsdtrds `f jnstdrnf.
Anenmds vfrnfs vlcls qul `f jnstdrnf vnvnaf lstæ plranaf y `d qul jfclmds ls cdhstrunr ﬆccndhls,
nhtlrprltfcndhls sdgrl lsf jnstdrnf. @f jnstdrnf slræ lhtdhcls l` dgeltd cfusf al `f cdhstruccnóh
al uhf ﬆccnóh. Alcnr lstd tnlhl cdmd cdhslculhcnf quntfr`l vf`dr f` rlculrad cdmd rlcursd fhf-
`ítncd, y lh su ùkfr, jfg`fr al nhvlhcnóh. Hd sl trftf al uhf nhvlhcnóh cfprncjdsf, snhd al uhf
nhvlhcnóh `ókncf, y pfrf qul lstf nhvlhcnóh `ókncf tlhkf cdhsnstlhcnf, algl slr cdjlrlhtl9 tnlhl
qul slr vlrafalrf lh l` slhtnad al `f cdjlrlhcnf y hd lh l` slhtnad al `f cdrrlspdhalhcnf. Sn ls
vlrafalrf y tnlhl cdjlrlhcnf, algl prdaucnr lblctds lh `d rlf`.
@fcfh anguef lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns uh vfcíd, vfcíd qul lh lstl Slmnhfrnd vf f ``fmfr
bdrcùsnóh al` Hdmgrl al` _farl, `d qul snkhnﬆcf qul bf`tf f`kd lh `f lstructurf, qul alglríf
jfglr lh `f cdhstntucnóh al` sueltd. @f culstnóh ls qul cufhad bf`tf f`kd jfy bdrmfs al cdm-
p`ltfmnlhtd, jfy bdrmfs anstnhtfs al trftfr cdh l` fkuelrd. _darífmds mlhcndhfr uhf cufhtfs,
plrd l` psncótncd `d jfcl gfed `f bdrmf al` al`nrnd.
Lh l` cfmpd al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh sl sul`l crllr qul l``f lxtrfl f`kd qul lstæ f``í lh `f lstructurf.
Cufhad Brlua ancl ‐jfclr cdhscnlhtl `d nhcdhscnlhtl”, pfrlcl qulrlr alcnr qul jfy f`kd qul
6- KFAFMLW, Jfhs-Kldrkl, Rlrafa y mîtdad5 buhafmlhtds al uhf jlrmlhîutncf ﬆ`dsóﬆcf. 2. Qdmd 6, la. Síkulml, 6>>2. Sf`fmfhcf.
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`f nhtlrprltfcnóh rlvl`f, y lsf nhtlrprltfcnóh slríf vlrafalrf lh `f mlanaf qul rlvl`f `d qul
lxfctfmlhtl jfy,
jfy, lh uhf `ókncf al cdrrlspdhalhcnf frnstdtî`ncf.
_lrd sn cdhsnalrfmds `f rlprlsnóh prnmfrnf, `d qul vul`vl lh `f nhtlrprltfcnóh ls uhf cdhstruc-
cnóh sdgrl lsl fkuelrd, pdr `d cuf` hd jfy cdrrlspdhalhcnf, snhd qul `f nhtlrprltfcnóh crlf uhf
ﬆccnóh f pfrtnr al` fkuelrd al lsf rlprlsnóh prnmfrnf.
L` bfhtfsmf buhafmlhtf` tfmgnîh ls uhf rlspulstf f `d qul hd jfy. Ls hlclsfrnd fc`frfr qul l`
fsí ``fmfad fkuelrd tnlhl anstnhtfs vlrsndhls slkõh l` rlknstrd lh qul sl `d pnlhsl. Brustrfcnóh,
prnvfcnóh
y cfstrfcnóh, sdh f`kuhds al `ds hdmgrls al `d qul hd jfy, qul ustlals pulalh prdbuhanzfr
cdhsu`tfhad l` Slmnhfrnd 1 sdgrl @f rl`fcnóh al dgeltd7.
Wlculralh qul `f anblrlhcnf lhtrl uh fkuelrd y `f bf`tf ls qul lstf õ`tnmf nmp`ncf yf l` buhcnd-
hfmnlhtd al` cfmpd snmgó`ncd. Hd ls `d mnsmd qul hd jfyf cdmd bf`tf, f qul hd jfyf cdmd
fkuelrd, pdrqul cufhad jfy bf`tf, l` fkuelrd lstæ cdhstntunad cdmd uhf bf`tf9 lstd qunlrl alcnr
qul fjí bf`tf f`kd, y sn bf`tf f`kd jfy uh dgeltd qul alglríf lstfr y hd lstæ. @f culstnóh ls qul
lsl dgeltd huhcf lstuvd, cdhstntuyîhadsl lh l` ùkfr al `d qul bf`tf, uh dgeltd qul pfrlcl rlf`
plrd ls snmgó`ncd.
_dr lelmp`d, lh Brlua, lsd ls l` plhl al `f mfarl. Cufhad Eufhntd sdstnlhl l` prnhcnpnd `ókncd
al qul tdads tnlhlh plhl, trftfhad f `f bf`tf gfed `f bórmu`f al alscdhdclr`f, l` ``fmfad plhl
al `f mfarl ls f`rlaladr al adhal sl eulkf `f cfstrfcnóh blmlhnhf cdhstntuylhad f`kd qul
bf`tf. _dr lsd Brlua vf f alcnr ‐lhvnanf al plhl”, pdrqul sl lhvnanf l` dgeltd qul hd sl tnlhl.
@f snkhnﬆcfcnóh al lstl dgeltd qul sl vf anstfhcnfhad al` plhl rlf`, faqunlrl, f rfíz al lstf
anstfhcnf, l` hdmgrl al bf`d, y `f snkhnﬆcfcnóh qul faqunlrl só`d pulal plhsfrsl f pfrtnr al `f
buhcnóh `ókncf qul lstfg`lcl qul tdads `d tnlhlh. Ls lstd `d qul cdhstntuyl f`rlaladr al `f bf`tf
al plhl lh `f mfarl tdaf `f `ókncf snmgó`ncf, pdrqul lsl plhl al `f mfarl, uh plhl qul huhcf
lxnstnó, ls l` hdmgrl al uh dgeltd snmgó`ncd, uh dgeltd qul alglríf lstfr –pdrqul jfy uhf `ly
qul ancl qul algl lstfr lsl dgeltd–, plrd qul huhcf lstuvd lh `f rlf`nafa. _dr `d tfhtd, l` plhl
al `f mfarl hd ls l` plhl rlf` al hfanl, snhd uh dgeltd snmgó`ncd.
@d snmgó`ncd jfcl al lsds fkuelrds, bf`tfs, alﬆhnlhad dgeltds snmgó`ncds qul alglrífh lstfr y
qul huhcf lstuvnlrdh. ^f anenmds qul uhf al lsfs bdrmf al trftfr cdh `f bf`tf ls l` al`nrnd, nh-
cùsd `f fùcnhfcnóh. _lrd `f mæs cdhdcnaf pdr `ds psncdfhf`nstfs ls `f fhkustnf.
@fs plrsdhfs muy fhkustnfafs anclh qul tnlhlh uhf rl`fcnóh cdh l` vfcíd, qul snlhtlh uhf rl-
`fcnóh cdh `f hfaf, cdh qul hd lxnstl hfaf, hfaf tnlhl slhtnad, ltc.
Sn ustlals sl fclrcfh f` Slmnhfrnd fclrcf al @f fhkustnf al @fcfh, `d qul vfh f lhcdhtrfr ls uhf
prnmlrf rl`fcnóh mfsnvf cdh l` vfcíd, adhal l` vfcíd hd tnlhl bdrmfs, alﬆhnîhad`d cdmd bf`tf
al `f bf`tf, mdmlhtd lh qul hd jfy bf`tf lh l` slhtnad snmgó`ncd al` tîrmnhd, y lhtdhcls `f fh-
kustnf ls fmdrbf y hd lhmfrcfaf. _lrd lh `f slkuhaf pfrtl al` Slmnhfrnd, sdstnlhl qul f ml-
7- @FCFH, Efcquls, L` Slmnhfrnd, @ngrd 1, `f rl`fcnóh al dgeltd, Lantdrnf` _fnaós, Gulhds Fnrls.
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anaf qul f`kunlh cdhstntuyl l` fkuelrd cdmd uhf bf`tf, vf f trftfrsl hd al fhkustnf lh klhlrf`,
snhd al ‐puhtds al fhkustnf”, ls alcnr, fhkustnf lhmfrcfaf y `dcf`nzfaf. Lstf ls uhf nhancfcnóh
c`íhncf. @f fhkustnf hd sl nhtlrprltf snhd qul sl nhtlrprltfh `ds snkhnﬆcfhtls qul `f lhmfrcfh. F
`f fhkustnf hd sl `f cf`mf hn sl `f tfpf, sl `f lhmfrcf lh `f `ókncf al uh fhæ`nsns.
´_dr quî hd nhtlrprltfmds `f fhkustnf4 _drqul cufhad hd jfy anscursd y `d qul jfy ls uh
fblctd, f` nhtlrprltfr pdhlmds lh eulkd hulstrf sugeltnvnafa, hulstrds lhuhcnfads, y altræs al
l``ds vfh hulstrds alslds y hulstrds bfhtfsmfs. _dr lsd adhal hd jfy anscursd, hd jfy nhtlr-
prltfcnóh, pdrqul surkl nrrlmlanfg`lmlhtl `f trfhsblrlhcnf.
Dtrf bdrmf al trftfr `f bf`tf ls `f al `f muelr
muelr.. Sn ustlals `llh uh tlxtd al Efcquls-F`fnh Mn``lr,
Al muelrls y slmg`fhtls3, fjí vfh f lhcdhtrfr tdad uh alsfrrd``d adhal `d blmlhnhd ls sfglr
jfclr cdh `f bf`tf.
´_lrd quî qunlrl alcnr hd sfglr jfclr cdh `f bf`tf4 Vunlrl alcnr fhkustnfrsl pdrqul `l bf`tf, `d
qul sl af lh `f ``fmfaf muelr pdgrl, y lh tdafs `fs bdrmfs al `f mnhusvf`íf blmlhnhf. _lrd
tfmgnîh lstæ `f bdrmf dpulstf5 ‐sdy l` bf`d, hd ml bf`tf hfaf”.
@fcfh ancl lh l` Slmnhfrnd sdgrl @f fhkustnf, qul hd jfy hfaf mæs clrcf f `ds blhómlhds al`
lspled, al` lxtrföfmnlhtd y al `f alsplrsdhf`nzfcnóh lh uhf jnstîrncf, qul `d qul prdaucl l`
cdmnlhzd al uhf psncdsns.
@f cftlkdríf qul sl alhdmnhf prlpsncdsns jfcl plhsfr qul jfy uh fhtls al `f psncdsns, plrd hd
sl trftf al lsd, snhd qul prlsnkhnﬆcf fhtls al` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd, mdmlhtd lh qul sl p`fh-
tlfh `ds prdg`lmfs al` anfkhóstncd anblrlhcnf`. Sn sl prdaucl `d qul sl ``fmf klhîrncfmlhtl `f
alscdmplhsfcnóh psncótncf d sn sl trftf al uhf alscdmplhsfcnóh hlurótncf.
Alglmds tlhlr lh culhtf qul `fs cdhmdcndhls al `f nalhtnafa qul prdvdcf uh fhæ`nsns, `f
lhtrfaf lh l` anvæh, y tdads lsds mdvnmnlhtds, prdauclh uh lblctd al alscdmplhsfcnóh al`
lqun`ngrnd nmfknhfrnd y snmgó`ncd al uhf plrsdhf, qul sl lvnalhcnfh cdmd blhómlhds qul
pfrlclh psncótncds plrd hd `d sdh. F vlcls `d pfrlclh y `d sdh y f vlcls hd `d
` d pfrlclh y `d sdh.
Lhtdhcls anenmds qul jfg`fr al

tncf al` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd, qulprlpsncdsns hdscdhaucl
f su vlz hds ``lvf nhmlanftfmlhtl
f uh fhtls y uhf p`fhtlfr
alspuîs `f
al`prdg`lmæ-
alslhcf-
alhfmnlhtd, cdh uhf fﬆrmfcnóh al gfsl qul ls qul jfy lstructurf psncótncf snlmprl, y sdgrl
l``f jfy prlpsncdsns d jfy alslhcfalhfmnlhtd. @f prlkuhtf ls cómd nhstf`fmds l` psncdfhæ`nsns
cdmd uhf rlspulstf pdsng`l f cfaf uhd al lsds anstnhtds tnlmpds, yf qul l` psncdfhæ`nsns rls-
pdhal al anstnhtfs bdrmfs f uhf psncdsns alslhcfalhfaf y f uhf prlpsncdsns.
\hf al `fs rlspulstfs pdsng`ls brlhtl f `f psncdsns alslhcfalhfaf ls tdmfr uhf al `fs bórmu-
`fs al @fcfh5 ‐hd rltrdclalr brlhtl f `f psncdsns”. _lrd lh rlf`nafa, `f rlspulstf qul pdalmds
cdhstrunr f pfrtnr al lstd, ls eustfmlhtl rltrdclalr cdh l` psncdfhæ`nsns brlhtl f `f prlpsncdsns,
`d qul qunlrl alcnr qul brlhtl f `f prlpsncdsns rltnrfmds l` psncdfhæ`nsns. _lrd l` psncdfhæ`nsns
cdmd anspdsntnvd lh mfrcjf, hd cdmd rlspulstf psncdfhf`ítncf, qul sdh ads cdsfs anblrlhtls.
3- MN@@LW, Efcquls-F`fnh, Al muelrls y slmg`fhtls, Cufalrhds al` _fsfadr

_fsfadr,, Gulhds Fnrls, 6>>3.
Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls <?
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\hf cdsf ls l` anspdsntnvd lh mfrcjf, qul qunlrl alcnr fsdcnfcnóh `ngrl, culstndhfmnlhtd snstl-
mætncd f tdads `ds fhc`fels nmfknhfrnds ydncds, vdùhtfa al alcnr y tdad fqul``d qul vlhnmds
vnlhad. Lsd nmp`ncf qul lh tdad fhæ`nsns qul buhcndhl, ls lsplrfg`l uh mdvnmnlhtd al mf`lstfr
lh l` sueltd, pdrqul hfanl cdhmulvl `fs gfsls al su rlcdhdcnmnlhtd lh l` muhad snh uh cdstd.
_dr supulstd hd tdmfmds lh fhæ`nsns f f`kunlh qul lstæ lh jdmldstfsns, lh lqun`ngrnd y sl `d

culstndhfmds, snhd qul guscfmds, lh prnmlrf nhstfhcnf, prlcnsfr uh síhtdmf, cdhancnóh al `f
lhtrfaf lh fhæ`nsns, y f` mnsmd tnlmpd vlrnﬆcfcnóh anfkhóstncf, lh `f mlanaf qul `f pdsngn`nafa
al bdrmf`nzfr uh síhtdmf hds f`lef al `f prlpsncdsns. Sn sf`tlfmds `f cdhstntucnóh al` síhtdmf
fhf`ítncd, l` fhf`nstf d l` fhæ`nsns jfclh al síhtdmf y lstd nhvnlrtl `f almfhaf hlclsfrnf pfrf
cdhﬆkurfr `f lhtrfaf lh fhæ`nsns.
Fc`frfmds lstd pdrqul hd snlmprl l` síhtdmf tuvd lstl ùkfr pfrf l` psncdfhæ`nsns. Qfmgnîh,
cdh Wlncj, jugd fhæ`nsns al` cfræctlr, fhæ`nsns pfrf tdad l` muhad qul qulríf fhf`nzfrsl, hd
vlrnﬆcfhad hnhkõh síhtdmf. _lrd alcnmds qul lh `f lhtrfaf lh fhæ`nsns, pfrf vlrnﬆcfr y anfk-
hdstncfr `f psncdsns, sn jfy prlpsncdsns d jfy hlurdsns, tlhlmds qul pdalr cdhstntunr uh síhtdmf.
^ sn pdalmds cdhstntunr uh síhtdmf hd jfy psncdsns, pdrqul l` psncótncd hd pulal jfclr`d.
_frf
alcnrrltdmfr cdsfs cdmd
qul buhcndhf qul yfsueltd,
anel, cufhad uh sueltd
aleæhadsl pulalpdr
rlprlslhtfr prdaucnr uhsu
bulrf al síhtdmf
vdùhtfafhf`ítncd, qunlrl
al alcnr, pdr
`fs pf`fgrfs qul ancl. Sl rlcdhdcl lh `d
` d qul ancl, hd lh `d
` d qul qunlrl alcnr, `d cuf` nmp`ncf uhf
anvnsnóh. Lstd ls eustfmlhtl `d qul l` psncótncd hd pulal jfclr,
jfclr, rlcdhdclrsl lh `d qul ancl plrd
hd qunlrl alcnr. Sn uhd lhbrlhtf f uh pfrfhdncd lh su cdhsnstlhcnf snstlmætncf sl prdaucl uh
alslhcfalhfmnlhtd fkrlsnvd jfcnf qunlh `d jfcl9 lh vlz al prdaucnr l` lblctd sueltd, `d qul sl
prdaucl fjí ls uh qunlgrl al` snstlmf nmfknhfrnd lh l` qul l` pfrfhdncd sl sdstnlhl, sn lstd ls
pdsng`l, pdrqul snhd, qulaf qulgrfad uhd pdr l` kd`pl qul `l pulal prdpnhfr l` psncótncd.
Jfy uhf cftlkdríf, usfaf mæs fal`fhtl lh `f lhslöfhzf al @fcfh, qul ls `f sup`lhcnf. Sl sup`l
`d qul hd jfy, plrd snlmprl jfy qul anstnhkunr sup`lmlhtd al cdmp`lmlhtd. Mnlhtrfs qul l`
cdmp`lmlhtd rlstntuyl l` tdad, l` sup`lmlhtd ls `f cdhslculhcnf al qul l` tdad hd ls pdsng`l,
`d qul lh tîrmnhds al psncdsns snkhnﬆcf qul hd jfy vul`tf ftræs, qul hd jfy rlstntucnóh. Lh
cfmgnd, l` fmdr,
euhtf f ads lh hfrfhefs
mlanfs tîrmnhdsynmfknhfrnds,
jfcl uhf. L`fspnrf
fmdrf`jfcl
cdmp`lmlhtd, ls `dl`qul
uh tdad, jfcl sl alscdhdcnlhad
tdad, supdhl qul jfcl,
`f
cfstrfcnóh9 pdr lsd l` fmdr –ancl Brlua–, lxfklrf `f anblrlhcnf lhtrl uhf muelr y dtrf, ls alcnr
gdrrf `fs anblrlhcnfs y jfcl al uhf, @f muelr.
muelr. L` fmdr cdhs
cdhstntuyl
tntuyl al `f slrnl al `fs muelrls, uhf.
@f muelr pfrf l` sueltd qul fmf ls uhf cdhancnóh al` sueltd, qul sn hd `f pulal rlf`nzfr nmp`ncf
uhf slrnl al trfstdrhds. Jfy hlurótncds qul hd pulalh jfclr al uhf muelr, su muelr. Jfy ads
tlmfs hdaf`ls pfrf l` fhæ`nsns5 trfgfed y fmdr.
Ls uh síhtdmf hd pdalr l`lknr f uhf muelr. @fcfh `d ancl fsí5 l` jdmgrl qul sl prlcnl al tf` y
qul mlrlzcf rlspltd, ls l` qul pulal l`lknr uhf muelr cdmd mfarl al sus jneds. ^ alﬆhl fsí f`
jdmgrl5 l` qul pulal l`lknr uhf muelr y cdhstntunr`f cdmd mfarl al sus jneds, `d cuf` nmp`ncf
uhf slrnl al cdmp`ncfcndhls pfrf l` dgslsnvd, qunlh slpfrf f `f muelr al `f mfarl. _dr lsd `d
qul alﬆhl cdmd mfscu`nhd ls pdalr l`lknr f`kuhf muelr cdmd uhf.
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Jfy sueltds psncótncds qul tnlhlh uhf nhslrcnóh f` muhad y uh `fzd sdcnf` qul hd pfalcl al
slvlrds trfstdrhds, qul só`d fpfrlcl cdh l` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd. Nhcùsd, jfy sueltds qul hdsd-
trds rlcdhdclmds cdh uh ùkfr lh l` muhad, plrd qul jfh snad psncótncds hd alslhcfalhfads
slkõh @fcfh, cdmd pdr lelmp`d Edycl y Elfh Efcquls Wduslfu. Lstl õ`tnmd lstfg`lcnó l` cdhtrf-
td sdcnf` cdh krfh nhslrcnóh lh l` muhad euríancd y lh l` muhad al` plhsfmnlhtd, y Edycl lh l`
cfmpd al `f `ntlrfturf.
@f sup`lhcnf nmp`ncf ads cdsfs5 l` trfgfed al` psncótncd sdgrl lsd qul `l bf`tf, cdmd bdrmf al
sup`nr lsf bf`tf9 d tfmgnîh, l` trfgfed fhf`ítncd cdh l` psncótncd. @f sup`lhcnf f `f f`turf al lstl
Slmnhfrnd 3, sl alhdmnhf mltæbdrf al`nrfhtl, qul ls `d qul sup`l `d qul hd jfy, sup`lhcnf qul
lh `f õ`tnmf plrsplctnvf al su lhslöfhzf, @fcfh ``fmf síhtdmf. D slf qul sdh ads bdrmfs al
sup`lhcnf anstnhtfs. @d anstnhtd qul tnlhl uhf al `f dtrf, ls qul `f mltæbdrf al`nrfhtl ls uhf su-
p`lhcnf qul f `f `frkf sl vf f almdstrfr brækn`, pdrqul hd frtncu`f `d rlf`, l` kdcl, `f
` f pu`snóh, ltc.
L` síhtdmf ls uhf sup`lhcnf qul lstæ plhsfaf cdmd uhf frtncu`fcnóh al `ds trls rlknstrds, `d
cuf` nmp`ncf uhf slrnl al cfmgnds lh `f anrlccnóh al `f curf al` psncótncd y lh `f cdhclpcnóh
psncdfhf`ítncf al `d qul ls cfaf uhd al lsds trls rlknstrd
rlknstrds.
s. Lstd qunlrl alcnr qul jfy sup`lhcnf
pdsng`l, y sn jfy sup`lhcnf pdsng`l, jfy rlspulstf fhf`ítncf pdsng`l.
Jfy uh tlxtd al Mn``lr qul sl ``fmf ‐@f psncdsns lh l` tlxtd” 1, adhal ancl, cdmd su títu`d `d
nhancf, qul `f psncdsns lstæ lh l` tlxtd. @f prlkuhtf pdsng`l ls qul sn lstæ lh l` tlxtd aóhal hd
lstæ. Hd lstæ lh `f rlblrlhcnf. Mn``lr vf f trfgfefr f``í lstl aftd al alsfrtncu`fr `f vlrafa y `f
rlblrlhcnf, pfrf alcnr qul `f psncdsns lstæ lh l` tlxtd, `d qul qunlrl alcnr qul hd vlrnﬆcfmds l`
feustl cdh `f rlf`nafa, snhd vlrnﬆcfmds `fs frtncu`fcndhls al` tlxtd psncótncd. Hulstrd trfgfed
hd ls hlurdtnzfr`d, feustfr`d f `f rlf`nafa, snhd trfgfefr lh `fs frtncu`fcndhls al` tlxtd. ´^ quî ls
l` tlxtd al uh psncótncd4 Ls su anscursd, ls su al`nrnd, tdad `d qul ancl sdgrl `d qul `l pfsf y su
rl`fcnóh cdh l` muhad.
Cufhad lscucjfmds f uh psncótncd, surkl cdmd uhf lxfklrfcnóh alcnr qul trfgfefmds cdh uh
tlxtd, pdrqul tlhlmds `f nalf al` tlxtd cdmd f`kd mæs frtncu`fad, y lh `f psncdsns hds lhcdhtrf-
mds cdh uh alcnr alsdralhfad. @d qul dcurrl ls qul `f rlspulstf psncdfhf`ítncf vf snlmprl al
`f uhnvlrsf`nafa f `d uhfrnd, f` rfskd qul plrmntl lstfg`lclr uh jn`d cdhauctdr lh `d qul sl ancl.
_dr lsd `f nalf al` tlxtd ls `d qul qulaf, `d qul rlstf al `ds ancjds. Sdh uhf slrnl al ancjds qul
ﬆhf`mlhtl, sn uhd lscucjf, hd nhtlrﬆrnlhad, fyuaf f cdhstntunr lsd qul sl ancl lh su prlcnsnóh9
`ds rfskds, l` jn`d cdhauctdr, l` dmg`nkd al` sulöd, pfrf pfsfr al uh alcnr alsdralhfad y cfó-
tncd, f lstfg`lclr uh tlxtd. _dr lsd alcnmds qul trfgfefmds sdgrl `fs frtncu`fcndhls al` tlxtd.
Wlculralh qul `ds frtncu`fadrls al lsl tlxtd lh l` Slmnhfrnd 3 sl ``fmfh blhómlhds l`lmlh-
tf`ls. \h puhtd lh l` anscursd d lh l` culrpd qul hd sl anf`lctnzf. Ls ﬆed, hd sl snkhnﬆcfhtnzf,
`d cuf` qunlrl alcnr qul hd sl mulvl, ls cdmd uhf p`dmfaf lh l` anscursd qul hd sl snkhnﬆcf
cdh `f rlspulstf al` fhf`nstf, hn tfmpdcd cdh l` prdpnd anscursd al` sueltd. Ls alcnr qul ls uh
blhómlhd qul lstæ snlmprl lh l` mnsmd ùkfr. Lstf ls `f bdrmu`fcnóh qul utn`nzf @fcfh pfrf
alﬆhnr `d rlf`, `d cuf` nmp`ncf qul hd tnlhl uhf cdhsnstlhcnf lsplcíﬆcf, cdmd pdaríf plhsfrsl
1- MN@@LW, Efcquls-F`fnh, ‐@f psncdsns lh l` tlxtd al @fcfh”, lh5 @f psncdsns lh l` tlxtd , Mfhfhtnf`, 6>>?9 pæk. 662 f 67<.
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rlsplctd al` snkhnﬆcfhtl pfrf `d snmgó`ncd, d `f nmfklh pfrf `d nmfknhfrnd. @d rlf` pulal slr
cuf`qunlr cdsf, fuh snkhnﬆcfhtl d nmfklh, lh `f mlanaf qul lstîh ﬆeds. Eustfmlhtl cufhad uh
snkhnﬆcfhtl lstæ ﬆed `d alhdmnhfmds snkhnﬆcfhtl lh `d rlf`.
Sl trftf lhtdhcls al altlctfr lstds blhómlhds y tfmgnîh `f bdrmf pfrtncu`fr lh qul `ds trftf l`
sueltd, yf qul l` sueltd psncótncd hd sl pdsncndhf snlmprl al `f mnsmf bdrmf brlhtl f` blhómlhd
l`lmlhtf`. @f prnmlrf rlspulstf ls `f plrp`lenafa y `f slkuhaf ls `f clrtlzf.
@f plrp`lenafa ls uh aftd lslhcnf`, lh `f mlanaf lh qul ls uh `ímntl lhtrl `f prlpsncdsns y l`
alslhcfalhfmnltd. Jfy blhómlhds qul @fcfh ``fmf al brdhtlrf, y al l``ds jf alstfcfad uhd
qul ls l` qul sl alhdmnhf `f plrp`lenafa, qulafrsl snh rlspulstf brlhtl f `d qul pfsf. Lstd
tnlhl uhf rl`fcnóh cdh `d lhnkmætncd, cdh `d qul hd sfglmds quî snkhnﬆcf. Lstl blhómlhd, lh
l` psncótncd, tnlhl `f pfrtncu`frnafa al qul l` sueltd hd sfgl quî snkhnﬆcf, plrd sí qul snkhnﬆcf
f`kd, f `d qul sl fkrlkf qul lsf snkhnﬆcfcnóh `l cdhcnlrhl f î`. D slf qul sdh ads l`lmlhtds, pdr
uh `fad l` blhómlhd lhnkmætncd, adhal jfy uhf supdsncnóh al snkhnﬆcfcnóh, plrd pdr dtrd, l`
slhtnmnlhtd al qul lsd `l lstæ anrnknad. L` al`nrnd al` pfrfhdncd ls uh al`nrnd qul lstæ sdstlhnad
lh uhf clrtlzf, qul hd ls `d mnsmd qul l` aftd al plrp`lenafa brlhtl f f`kd qul sl trfstdrhó lh
l` muhad y hd sfgl quî snkhnﬆcf hn quî jfclr cdh lsd.
Lh `f mltfpsncd`dkíf brluanfhf sl anstnhkul rlprlslhtfcnóh al cdsf y rlprlslhtfcnóh al pf`f-
grf. _ulalh `llr lstd lh ads
ads tlxtds al Brlua5 ‐@d nhcdhscnlhtl” y ‐@f rlprlsnóh”
rlprlsnóh”<.
Sl suscntó uhf pd`îmncf f`rlaladr al `f rlprlslhtfcnóh al cdsf. Brlua `f hdmgrf cdmd vdrs-
tlùhk-rlprlslhtfhz, `d qul sl alhdmnhf l` rlprlslhtfhtl al `f pu`snóh lh l` nhcdhscnlhtl, plrd
l` fsuhtd ls sn lrf uh rlprlslhtfhtl rlprlslhtftnvd d hd rlprlslhtftnvd. @fcfh vf f cdhcùnr lh
qul sl trftf al hd rlprlslhtftnvd. ´Vuî ls `d qul sl anscutl cdh lstd4 Hfaf mæs y hfaf mlhds
qul `f cdhstntucnóh al` nhcdhscnlhtl. _dr supulstd, slkõh cdmd lstæ cdhstntunad l` nhcdhscnlh-
tl, vfmds f cdhclgnr `f nhtlrprltfcnóh y `f pdsncnóh al` fhf`nstf. @f cdhcùsnóh ﬆhf` ls qul l`
nhcdhscnlhtl lstæ lstructurfad cdmd uh `lhkufel, `d qul lxcùyl `ds fblctds, `fs snkhnﬆcfcndhls,
`d qul af ùkfr f `ds
` ds snkhnﬆcfhtls.
@f nhtlrprltfcnóh lhtdhcls hd slræ rlvl`fadrf al slhtnmnlhtds nhcdhscnlhtls hn al snkhnﬆcfcnd-
hls hn al nhtlhcndhls, snhd qul só`d pdharæ lh eulkd snkhnﬆcfhtls qul lstæh lh l` ùkfr al `f
cfusf al ancjds lblctds.
\hf anblrlhcnf lhtrl `f psncd`dkíf y l` psncdfhæ`nsns ls `f mdtnvfcnóh. Lh hulstrd cfmpd hd nh-
tlrprltfmds mdtnvfcndhls, pdr lelmp`d, `f nhtlhcnóh nhcdhscnlhtl al fkrlanr,
fkrlanr, yf qul tdafs lsfs
bdrmfs al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh qul pfrlclh rlvl`fr f`kd qul jfy lh l` nhcdhscnlhtl, sl cdhstntuylh
cdmd uh al`nrnd snkhnﬆcftnvd cdmd bdrmf al trftfr `d qul hd jfyjfy..
_dr lsd @fcfh prdpdhl qul trfgfelmds cdh l` anscursd, cdh `ds snkhnﬆcfhtls y cdh l` lblctd su-
eltd, pdrqul
pdrqul lstd sl dpdhl f tdaf pdsncnóh
pdsncnóh al` fhf`nstf
fhf`nstf qul dralhf `fs snkhnﬆcfcndhls al` sueltd,
fõh cdh l` Lanpd brluanfhd.
<- BWL\A, Snkmuha, ‐@d nhcdhscnlhtl” y ‐@f rlprlsnóh”, lh5 Dgrfs cdmp`ltfs, Gng`ndtlcf Hulvf, Gulhds Fnrls.
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Hulstrf rlspulstf vf f slr snlmprl hd snkhnﬆcftnvf, ls alcnr, hd rlvl`fadrf, pdrqul hd jfy

hfaf f rlvl`fr, jfy uh nrrlvl`fg`l lh l` nhcdhscnlhtl, `d qul jfclmds ls cdhstrunr uhf ﬆccnóh
vlrafalrf.
Lstd tnlhl rfnkfmgrl ﬆ`dsóﬆcf. Hnltzscjl vf f alcnr5 ‐`d qul ls vlrafa ls `d qul tlhlmds pdr
vlrafalrd”. Hdtlh qul tlhlr pdr vlrafalrd ls tlhlr `f clrtlzf al qul f`kd ls fsí, `d cuf` ``lvf
f` prdg`lmf fclrcf al cómd anstnhkunmds `f clrtlzf al `d vlrafalrd, al `d qul ls vlrafalrd.
Eustfmlhtl, `ds blhómlhds al clrtlzf, lh `f fctuf`nafa, crlclh lh cfhtnafa pdrqul vfh al `f
mfhd al `f cdhstruccnóh al uhf ﬆccnóh. _lrd jfy clrtlzf psncótncf y jfy clrtlzf al` `ókncd, qul
ls `d qul ustlals pulalh `llr lh l` tlxtd al Mn``lr, ``fmfad ‐@f psncdsns lh l` tlxtd”. Qdad l`
frtícu`d nhtlhtf ugncfr `f psncdsns lh l` tlxtd y hd lh `f rlblrlhcnf, `d cuf` ls cdmõh f` `ókncd y
f` psncótncd. _nlhslh lh lstl cfsd lh `d qul sl alhdmnhf `f lrdtdmfhíf. Jfy uh pdstu`fad (uh
fxndmf)5 ‐î` ml fmf”, al` cuf` sl pfrtl y sl l`fgdrfh tdafs `fs cdhcùsndhls qul lstæh sdstlhn-
afs lh î`, mucjfs vlcls fõh cufhad `f rlf`nafa `d cdhtrfankf.
@f anblrlhcnf rfancf lh qul l` psncótncd lstæ nalhtnﬆcfad f lstl fxndmf, y l` `ókncd pulal cfm-
gnfr`d pdr dtrd. L` fxndmf `ókncd ls l` ùkfr al aóhal pfrtl uh rfzdhfmnlhtd `ókncd qul hd sl
anscutl9 sl ancl5 ‐ls fxndmætncd”. _frtnlhad al fjí sl jfcl uh alsfrrd``d cdjlrlhtl f lsl fxndmf,
y `f cdjlrlhcnf lhtrl lsl fxndmf y `d qul alaucnmds al î`, ls adhal sl prdaucl `f vlrafa al
lsl rfzdhfmnlhtd `ókncd.
_lrd `f culstnóh ls cómd sl frtncu`f l` hlurótncd f lstds tlmfs. Alcífmds qul lh `f psncdsns
cdhtfmds cdh l` blhómlhd l`lmlhtf`, `f plrp`lenafa d `f clrtlzf. ´^ lh `f hlurdsns4 Ćdh quî
sl lhbrlhtf uh hlurótncd4 Hd sl lhbrlhtf cdh l` blhómlhd l`lmlhtf`. ´Vuî jfy lh l` ùkfr al`
blhómlhd l`lmlhtf` pfrf l` hlurótncd4 Jfy snkhnﬆcfhtls.
Lstds snkhnﬆcfhtls hd lstæh fns`fads cdmd ls l` cfsd al `ds hld`dknsmds, snhd qul lstæh frtncu-
`fads lh rla y sdh `ds qul lh su mdvnmnlhtd vfh f plrmntnr l` lblctd sueltd y `f cdhstruccnóh
al uh síhtdmf. Ls alcnr qul lh l` ùkfr al `f plrp`lenafa y `f clrtlzf vfmds f lhcdhtrfr `f nh-
altlrmnhfcnóh. @f lxprlsnóh c`æsncf al ancjf nhaltlrmnhfcnóh sl `ll cdmd auaf lh l` dgslsnvd
y mltdhnmnf lh `f jnstîrncf.
´^ quî jfclmds lh uh fhæ`nsns cdh `f nhaltlrmnhfcnóh sugeltnvf4

Jfclmds al l``f lblctd sueltd, cdmd uh prnmlr mdvnmnlhtd al `dcf`nzfcnóh al `f nhaltlrmnhf-
n haltlrmnhf-
cnóh, adhal rlprlslhtf f lsl sueltd, uh snkhnﬆcfhtl y hd dtrd. Ls `d qul ugncfgf cufhad alcíf
qul sl algl cdhstrunr uh tlxtd.
Adhal lh l` psncótncd lstæ l` al`nrd, lh l` hlurótncd jfy uh bfhtfsmf, bfhtfsmf buhafmlhtf`
qul ls fqul` prdauctd al` alsfrrd``d al `f curf f pfrtnr al qul ‐hd jfy”, y qul tnlhl slkõh Mn-
``lr trls anmlhsndhls. \hf prnmlrf anmlhsnóh nmfknhfrnf, qul ls `f snkhnﬆcfcnóh al `f brfsl. @f
slkuhaf, uhf anmlhsnóh snmgó`ncf, qul ls `f brfsl tdmfaf cdmd tf` snh su snkhnﬆcfcnóh (pdr le.,
cufhad sl ancl ‐plkfh f uh hnöd”). D slf qul `f bdrmu`fcnóh krfmftncf` lmpnlzf f tlhlr nmpdr-
tfhcnf f``í adhal sl jfcl prlslhtl qul l` bfhtfsmf hd ls uhf bfhtfsíf lh l` slhtnad al Ml`fhnl
I`lnh, snhd qul ls uhf brfsl. ^ `f tlrclrf anmlhsnóh sl rlﬆlrl f `d rlf`, ´plrd adhal lstæ `d rlf`
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lh l` bfhtfsmf4 Sfglmds qul jfy uhf dpdsncnóh lhtrl rlf` y bfhtfsmf, yf qul cufhad `d rlf` sl
jfcl prlslhtl lh l` bfhtfsmf, îstl sl alsfrtncu`f9 plrd snh lmgfrkd, l` bfhtfsmf dcupf l` ùkfr
al `d rlf` lh tfhtd fxndmætncd y ﬆed pfrf l` sueltd.
Rd`vlmds f `ds tlmfs al `f ﬆelzf y `f clrtlzf, pdrqul `f clrtlzf hd só`d ls psncótncf, snhd qul `f
clrtlzf ls tfmgnîh `f clrtlzf al` fctd, `d cuf` hd ls `d mnsmd qul `f clrtlzf al` pfsfel f` fctd. @f
clrtlzf al` fctd ls `f al f`kunlh lh pdsncnóh al sueltd brlhtl f` muhad. L` fctd prdtdtípncd ls l`
slpuiõ d l` jfrfinrn efpdhîs, fctd buhafmlhtf` qul @fcfh alsfrrd``f lh l` Slmnhfrnd 66 66..
Cufhad @fcfh tdmf `d al` jfrfinrn pfrlcl qul bulrf uh fctd lh l` slhtnad al uhf fccnóh, plrd
tfmgnîh pulal slr uhf pf`fgrf, uhf fccnóh cdhcrltf, tdad uh rntuf` (cdmd ls l` rntuf` al` jfrf-
inrn). \h fctd ls fqul``d alspuîs al `d cuf` hd jfy rltdrhd. \h fctd sl `ll pdr sus rlsu`tfads, hd
sl `ll fhtncnpfafmlhtl, hfanl sl prdpdhl jfclr fctds snhd qul `ds fctds sl rlvl`fh alspuîs, y
sl rlvl`fh cdmd tf`ls lh `f mlanaf qul cfmgnfrdh `f pdsncnóh al` sueltd. _lrd sl rlvl`fh cdmd
pfsfels f` fctd d fctnhk dut sn hd jfy fctd vlrafalrd, pdrqul alspuîs rltdrhf `d mnsmd, rltdrhf
l` síhtdmf.
_nlhslh lh tdafs `fs vfrnfhtls nmpdrtfhtls al `f vnaf
vn af al uhf plrsdhf9 qul pfrlcl qul rlhulvfh
sus vnafs,
pfrlef, pdr lelmp`d,
vul`vlh alspuîs
`ds mnsmds al uhf
síhtdmfs. cdmp`ncfaf
_dr slpfrfcnóh
lsd snlmprl alcnmds yqul
snhuhf
lmgfrkd, lh uhf hulvf
muelr kd`plfaf qul
sl slpfrf al su mfrnad kd`plfadr, hd kfrfhtnzf qul hd tlhkf uh kdcl mfsdqunstf, y vul`vf f
lhcdhtrfrsl cdh dtrf pfrlef lh l` mnsmd ùkfr.
_dr lsd l` anvdrcnd vlrafalrd f` qul prlstfmds ftlhcnóh ls f` anvdrcnd cdh l` kdcl, y hd f` an-
vdrcnd al `fs plrsdhfs. _frf lhtlhalr l` anvdrcnd al` kdcl tlhlmds qul `llr tdad l` rlcdrrnad
al` anscursd al uh sueltd, y hd sus fctds cdyuhturf`ls, yf qul al l``ds sdmds snlmprl alscdh-
ﬆfads, pdrqul pulalh slr fctnhks.
Lmplzfr f fhf`nzfrsl ls uh fctd, plrd pulal slr uh fctnhk, `d cuf` qunlrl alcnr qul ml nhslrtd
lh l` anspdsntnvd, plrd hfaf lh `f pdsncnóh al` sueltd cfmgnó. Cufhad ls uh fctd ls pdrqul l`
sueltd lh `f lhtrfaf mnsmf al` fhæ`nsns subrl prdbuhafs trfhsbdrmfcndhls
trfhsbdrmfcndhls al su pdsncnóh, y hd
ls l` mnsmd qul lrf, `d cuf` hd snlmprl sl vlrnﬆcf lh uhf lhtrfaf lh fhæ`nsns.
@f clrtlzf lh l` anscursd psncótncd ls uhf clrtlzf lslhcnf`, ankfmds lstrftîkncf, `d cuf` hd snk-
hnﬆcf qul lh l` anscursd cdyuhturf` lh f`kuhfs dpdrtuhnafals, hd tlhkf auafs, vfcn`fcndhls
d nhaltlrmnhfcndhls. Lh l` cfsd al fqul``f pfrfhdncf qul mftó f` mfrnad qul `ls mlhcndhî
f`kuhf vlz, tdad su mdvnmnlhtd sl gfsfgf lh uhf clrtlzf qul vnlhl alsal sus ; föds, adhal
fhtncnpó `d qul ngf f dcurrnr
dcurrnr,, y sl prlpfró pfrf lsd, fanlstræhadsl lh frtls mfrcnf`ls pfrf ﬆhf`-
mlhtl cdh lsl nhstrumlhtd mftfr f su mfrnad. Sl jfgíf prlpfrfad pdrqul f `ds ; föds jfgíf
vnstd f` sueltd qul `f ngf f ftfcfr
ftfcfr,, y lh lsf mlanaf, mæs f``æ al qul `f sueltd aual sdgrl sn lstd
ls fsí d hd, jfy uhf clrtlzf lh `f drnlhtfcnóh lh su vnaf qul knrf f`rlaladr al uh blhómlhd
l`lmlhtf`, uhf fùcnhfcnóh prdaucnaf f lsf tlmprfhf lafa, pdr `d cuf` tdaf su vnaf y sus fctds
lstæh altlrmnhfads pdr lsf clrtlzf.
@f rl`fcnóh snkhnﬆcfhtl/Cdsf ls crucnf` pfrf lhtlhalr anblrlhtls lstructurfs.
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Jfy uhf bdrmu`fcnóh al @fcfh, adhal p`fhtlf qul l` snkhnﬆcfhtl mftf `f cdsf. ´Vuî qunlrl
alcnr lstd4 ´^ quî dcurrl cufhad hd `f ` f mftf4 Dcurrl `f psncdsns, y snhd l` alsld. Qdad `d qul `ls
lstdy ancnlhad rlsplctd al `d qul ls l` lblctd sueltd, fclrcf al` snkhnﬆcfhtl, al `f frtncu`fcnóh
snkhnﬆcfhtl, al` snkhnﬆcfhtl qul hd sl snkhnﬆcf f sí mnsmd, qunlrl alcnr qul l` snkhnﬆcfhtl sl jf
slpfrfad al su vdùhtfa lxprlsnvf y qul pulal cump`nr dtrf buhcnóh. Lh l` anscursd jfgntuf`,
l` snkhnﬆcfhtl sl rlﬆlrl f `f cdsf, tnlhl uhf rlblrlhcnf prlcnsf f `f cdsf. _lrd cufhad vfmds pdr
l` lblctd sueltd d `f fsdcnfcnóh `ngrl, l` snkhnﬆcfhtl mftf f `f cdsf, `d qul qunlrl alcnr qul yf
hd rlprlslhtf `d qul qunlrd alcnr snhd ml rlprlslhtf cdmd sueltd. Lstl ls l` mdvnmnlhtd qul
nmp`ncf qul l` snkhnﬆcfhtl mftf f `f cdsf.
Lstl ls l` puhtd hdaf` al `d qul Brlua ``fmó `f sug`nmfcnóh. Sug`nmfr qunlrl alcnr hlkftnvnzfr
l` rlblrlhtl al` snkhnﬆcfhtl. Lstfmds fcdstumgrfads f plhsfr qul l` frtl ls uhf fctnvnafa su-
g`nmftdrnf, y ls Brlua qu
qunlh
nlh alsfrrd``ó lstf nalf9 plrd
plrd snh lmgf
lmgfrkd,
rkd, `fs cdhancndhls lstructurf-
lstructurf-
`ls al `f sug`nmfcnóh jfy qul plhsfr`fs cdmd `f fccnóh al` snkhnﬆcfhtl sustntuylhad f `f Cdsf.
_frf qul jfyf cdhstntucnóh al sueltd cdmd tf`, l` snkhnﬆcfhtl algl mftfr f `f cdsf9 qunlrl alcnr
alcnr,,
algl sug`nmfr`f, algl pdalr alsplkfrsl al l``f y cnrcu`fr,
cnrcu`fr, cdmd cnrcu`fcnóh al alsld, al hul-
vfs snkhnﬆcfcndhls.
Ls lxfctfmlhtl `d qul hd pulal jfclr l` psncótncd. Lh l` ``fmfad anscursd lsqunzdbrîhncd,
qul mucjfs vlcls hds p`fhtlf uh prdg`lmf al anfkhóstncd lh `f prlslhtfcnóh al lhblrmds, sl
prdaucl lstl hd mftfr f `f cdsf, y tdad l` anscursd ls `f cdsf. @f pf`fgrf ls `f cdsf , tdmfhad `fs
pf`fgrfs pdr `fs cdsfs mnsmfs.
Ankd qul ls anbícn` l` anfkhóstncd, pdrqul l` anscursd lsqunzdbrîhncd mucjfs vlcls ls uh anscur-
sd cdjlrlhtl, y jfy qul pdalr altlctfr `f lsqunzdbrlhnf lh `fs nmp`ncfhcnfs al` jlcjd al qul
l` snkhnﬆcfhtl hd mftf f `f Cdsf. QlQlhlmds
hlmds tdaf uhf fpfrnlhcnf al dralhfmnlhtd al `f jnstdrnf,
plrd hd jfy l` mdvnmnlhtd al rltrdfccnóh. D slf qul l` snkhnﬆcfhtl, hd rlsnkhnﬆcf, hd nmp`ncf
f` sueltd. Ls uhf jnstdrnf dralhfaf pdr jlcjds qul jfh dcurrnad, ls uhf mlmdrnf al jlcjds,
plrd hd jfy uhf nhtlrprltfcnóh al `ds jlcjds, snhd qul ls uhf jnstdrnf al jlcjds qul sl `ds
pulal rlcdrafr muy gnlh plrd hd `ds tnlhl snkhnﬆcfads y hd `ds pulal
p ulal rlsnkhnﬆcfr,
rlsnkhnﬆcfr, fuh cdh `f
nhtlrvlhcnóh al`rlnhtlrprltfcnóh
qul nmp`ncf uhf fhf`nstf. _dr lsdalls`ds
uhf mlmdrnf
jlcjds, qul @fcfh
mnlhtrfs qul `fanstnhkul
mlmdrnf lsalal
`f jlcjds
rlmlmdrfcnóh,
qul jfh
dcurrnad.
_lrd f` mnsmd tnlmpd jfy uhf pfrfadef, cufhad alcnmds qul l` psncótncd hd crll plrd tnlhl
clrtlzf. D slf qul hd vf al `f mfhd `f clrtlzf cdh `f crllhcnf, qul ls uh blhómlhd al `f anvn-
snóh al` sueltd.
Lh lsf `íhlf anstnhkunmds ads tnpds al síhtdmfs. \hd ls l` síhtdmf qul prdaucl ansp`fclr,
adhal síhtdmf y ansp`fclr vfh snlmprl euhtds, ls `d qul md`lstf, `d qul fhkustnf, `d qul crlf
prdg`lmfs. Snlmprl hds tlhlmds qul prlkuhtfr cufhad f`kunlh ``lkf f uh fhæ`nsns, l` puhtd lh
qul fpfrlcl fqul``d al quî subrl. Hulstrf prlkuhtf snlmprl tnlhl qul nhtlrrdkfr l` ansp`fclr
lh eulkd, pdrqul jfy plrsdhfs qul subrlh alcnanafmlhtl cdh uh síhtdmf y jfy plrsdhfs qul
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hd subrlh al î`. Hd ls tfh lvnalhtl quî qunlrl f`kunlh cufhad vnlhl f alcnr5 ‐qunlrd mledrfr
mn vnaf”, d pldr fõh5 ‐qunlrd mledrfr mn cf`nafa al vnaf”.
_lrd f` dtrd síhtdmf, f` síhtdmf qul hd jfcl subrnr, f` síhtdmf qul ls jlrlalrd al `f mltæbdrf
al`nrfhtl cdmd sup`lhcnf lh l` cfmpd al `fs psncdsns, hd `d alﬆhnmds pdr l` ansp`fclr snhd pdr
l` p`fclr. Ls l` síhtdmf qul ls l` pfrtlhfnrl buhafmlhtf` al` sueltd, pdr bulrf al tdads `ds dcf-
sndhf`ls. Ls `d qul l` sueltd `dcf`nzf al sí qul `l plrmntl rl`fcndhfrsl cdh l` muhad, l` síhtdmf
cdmd uhf bdrmf al jfclr `fzd cdh l` muhad, y hd cdmd uhf anﬆcu`tfa. Lsl síhtdmf hd nhjngl,
yf qul lh `f mlanaf qul tlhlmds `dcf`nzfaf hulstrf pdsncnóh pdalmds rl`fcndhfrhds f` muhad
f pfrtnr al î`.
Cufhad uhd tnlhl prlcnsfad su síhtdmf lh lstl õ`tnmd slhtnad, ls mlhds susclptng`l, ls alcnr,
lstæ sdstlhnad lh su pdsncnóh y hd lh `d qul Brlua ``fmó l` hfrcnsnsmd al `fs plqulöfs anbl-
rlhcnfs. L` hlurótncd sl fﬆrmf y lstd sl `ll lh `fs culstndhls al `fs pfrlefs, d lh `ds tlmfs al
`fs nhstntucndhls, pdr lelmp`d. @f plrsdhf qul tnlhl `dcf`nzfad su síhtdmf, qul tnlhl `dcf`nzf-
af su pfrtncu`frnafa y lstæ sdstlhnad lh l``f, hd hlclsntf sdstlhlrsl lh `f pl`lf cdh dtrds. Hd
qunlrl alcnr qul hd jfyf pl`lfs pdr lsd, lh tdads `ds krupds sdcnf`ls jfy pl`lfs, tlhsndhls,
rnvf`nafals. Vunlrl alcnr qul `f plrsdhf hd vnvl al lsd, fuhqul sl pl`ll, y hd lstæ sdstlhnad
plrmfhlhtlmlhtl lh lhcdhtrfr `f dpdsncnóh pfrf fﬆrmfrsl. Hd lstæ sdmltnad f lsd qul Brlua
lh ‐Nhtrdauccnóh f` hfrcnsnsmd”2 alﬆhl cdmd uhf pdsncnóh hfrcnsnstf, fqul``f qul `ll tdaf an-
blrlhcnf al` dtrd cdmd uh ftfqul, culstndhfadrf al `f prdpnf pdsncnóh. Lh cfmgnd, cuf`qunlrf
qul vlhkf f culstndhfr lsl síhtdmf hd rlsu`tf fmlhfzfhtl.
Wlculralh qul jfy sueltds hlurótncds qul jfclh al `f bf`tf uhf bdrmf al prlslhtfrsl lh l`
muhad. ^ lstd lh l` cfmpd al` psncdfhæ`nsns ls slrnd. _rlslhtfrsl snlmprl lh mlhds, snlmprl
ancnlhad ‚yd hd sl, hd pulad, ltc.„, ls uh trfgfed cdhtrf `f trfhsblrlhcnf qul tdad fhf`nstf, pdr
lstfr lh pdsncnóh al tf`, dbrlcl. L` hlurótncd tnlhl cdmd snkhnﬆcfhtl fmd `f bf`tf, y sl prlslhtf
f` muhad cdh su bf`tf. Jfy sueltds qul `d mfhlefh alsal `f nhbftufcnóh y jfy sueltds qul `d
mfhlefh alsal l` –Ϝ .
D slf qul hfanl pulal lstfr lh l` ùkfr al mdstrfrsl f dtrds cdh uhf cdhsnstlhcnf nhfpl`fg`l,
tdad l` muhad lh f`kõh ùkfr snlhtl qul jfy f`kd qul hd vf f sfglr.
Sdh blhómlhds fclrcf al cómd mfhlefmds `f anvnsnóh, y sn uh fhf`nstf `f mfhlef mdstræhad`f
plrmfhlhtlmlhtl, hd cdhvdcf f `f trfhsblrlhcnf, snhd qul ls uh guscfadr al trfhsblrlhcnf, lh
vlrafa. Ls uh fhf`nstf qul cnrcu`f lhtrl fhf`nstfs plrd vf cdhvdcfhad f `f trfhsblrlhcnf cdh
dtrd qul ls l` qul `l vf f alcnr ‐yd sî, pdaîs supdhlr lh mí l` sfglr”9 ls uh fhf`nstf qul af l`
mlhsfel sdy fhf`nzfhtl alstntuyîhadsl al su ùkfr.
ùkfr.
_lrd vd`vfmds f `f psncdsns y l` tlmf al `f plrp`lenafa. Rdy f nr cdmlhtfhad f`kuhfs al `fs
dgslrvfcndhls al @fcfh sdgrl lstl tlmf. Ancl5 ‐@fs rl`fcndhls al` sueltd cdh l` lxtlrndr sdh al
plrp`lenafa”. Lstfmds jfg`fhad al `f prlpsncdsns. ‐Sdh al plrp`lenafa cufhad lstfmds lh l`
puhtd al alslqun`ngrnd”. Lstd hd ls lh `f clrtlzf, yf qul sn jfy clrtlzf hd jfy plrp`lenafa.
2- BWL\A, Snkmuha, ‐Nhtrdauccnóh f` hfrcnsnsmd”, lh5 Dgrfs cdmp`ltfs, Gng`ndtlcf Hulvf, Gulhds Fnrls.
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Ls `f rlf`nafa qul `l jfg`f. Ls l` Dtrd, ls uh ùkfr qul lhmfrcf `d qul ls lxtlrndr f` sueltd. _dr
lsd, cufhad hds rlblrnmds f `f plrsdhf, alcnmds l` muhad, `f rlf`nafa lxtlrndr9 plrd cufhad
hds rlblrnmds f` sueltd, alcnmds Dtrd, y supdhlmds qul `f rlf`nafa, l` muhad al `f plrsdhf
lh vlrafa, su lslhcnf, ls l` ùkfr qul dcupf î` cdmd sueltd, l` Dtrd. ^ ls pdr lsd qul alcnmds
qul hdsdtrds cdmd fhf`nstfs nhtlrrdkfmds `f rl`fcnóh al` sueltd cdh `f bf`tf lh l` Dtrd9 y lstd lh
anstnhtds plrsdhfels5 `f mfarl, l` pfarl, l` fhf`nstf, ltc. Sdh tdafs bdrmfs al nhtlrrdkfr `f bf`tf
lh l` Dtrd.
L` ùkfr al` Dtrd, pfrf alcnr`d slhcn``fmlhtl, ls uh ùkfr fsnmîtrncd, hd ls uh slmlefhtl, ls
uh Dtrd, Ands, l` pfarl, `f mfarl, `ds plrsdhfels al su vnaf. _frf f`kuhds `f muelr lstfræ lh l`
ùkfr al` Dtrd, y pfrf dtrds lstfræ dtrd jdmgrl. _dr lsd `f culstnóh al` puhtd qul mfrcf uhf
fsnmltríf lh dpdsncnóh f` lel nmfknhfrnd,
n mfknhfrnd, adhal jfy ads slmlefhtls, y pdr `d tfhtd, rnvf`nafa y
ùcjf. Lh `f rl`fcnóh lhtrl sueltd y Dtrd jfy uhf rl`fcnóh fsnmîtrncf.
‐@d qul lh l` hlurótncd sdh `fs rlspulstfs al` Dtrd –qul sdh rlspulstfs snkhnﬆcftnvfs snlmprl–
lh l` psncótncd –ancl @fcfh– buhcndhfh cdmd rlspulstfs al `d rlf`”. D slf qul pfrf l` hlurótncd,
fqul``fs qul sdh rlspulstfs al `d rlf` sdh snkhnﬆcfafs cdmd rlspulstfs al` Dtrd, qul sdh, gæsn-
cfmlhtl5 ‐ml rlcdhdcl” d ‐hd ml rlcdhdcl”9 ‐ml lscucjf” d ‐hd ml lscucjf”, ltc. Lstd sl `ll
lh `f hlurdsns cdmd ‐ml qunlrl” d ‐hd ml qunlrl”, ‐fgurrd” d ‐hd fgurrd”, ‐ml kustf” d ‐`l
kustd”, ltc., y tdafs `fs bdrmfs al trftfr cdh `d qul l` Dtrd qunlrl al uhd.
Ancl5 Ls `f rlf`nafa qul `l jfg`f . Hdtlh lstd, lh `f plrp`lenafa l` sueltd sl pdsncndhf alsal f``í
brlhtl f` Dtrd, brlhtl f `f rlf`nafa, adhal `f rlf`nafa qul `l jfg`f snkhnﬆcf qul jfy f`kd qul `l
vnlhl al fbulrf cdmd mlhsfel. ^ lstd ls `f ` f lslhcnf al `f culstnóh, adhal vlmds qul f uh sueltd
`f rlf`nafa `l jfg`f, y qul sl `ll só`d lh l` jfg`fr al` sueltd. Ls l` psncótncd jfg`fhad qul hds
mulstrf qul `f rlf`nafa `l jfg`f. Lhtdhcls, hd vfmds f alﬆhnr f `f psncdsns sd`fmlhtl lh l`
sueltd qul jfg`f, snhd cufhad hds jfg`f al `d qul `l jfg`ó, ancl @fcfh.
Sdstnlhl nhcùsd qul ‐lh l` psncótncd, mæs f``æ al `f rlf`nafa, jfy Dtrd qul `l ancl cdsfs”. ^ lstd
`d vfh f `llr lh l` Cfpítu`d ZNR, adhal fc`frf qul l` Dtrd tnlhl su prdpnf sugeltnvnafa. Ls l`
Ands al Scjrlglr, qul tnlhl sugeltnvnafa, sl jumfhnzf pfrf Scjrlglr, `l ancl cdsfs, qunlrl jf-
clr`l cdsfs. Alsal
f` psncótncd, lsf cnlrtf jumfhnzfcnóh al lsl Dtrd, qul pfrf hdsdtrds pulal slr snmgó`ncd,
`l jfg`f.
^ ancl `d qul `ls alcíf fhtls5 ‐L` Dtrd ls fqul``d pdr `d cuf` sl jfclh rlcdhdclr lh `f mlanaf
qul f su vlz `d rlcdhdclh”. D slf rlcdhdclmds uh Dtrd cdmd tf`, fsnmîtrncd, y guscfmds l`
rlcdhdcnmnlhtd al lsl Dtrd. Lstf ls `f c`fvl al `f pdsncnóh al` sueltd lh rl`fcnóh f` Dtrd.
Hd d`vnalh qul snlmprl cufhad jfg`fmds al rlcdhdcnmnlhtd, nmp`ncf uh rlcdhdcnmnlhtd f`
yd d f` sueltd. ´_lrd quî qunlrl alcnr rlcdhdclr f uh sueltd y quî qunlrl alcnr rlcdhdclr f uh
yd4 Wlcdhdclr f uhf plrsdhf qunlrl alcnr sfùafr`f, alcnr`l gulh aíf, rlcdhdclr su hdmgrl,
rlcdhdclr qul ls muelr d qul ls jdmgrl, ls afr`l tdad `d qul ``fmfmds `ds rlcdhdcnmnlhtds
nmfknhfrnds.
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Wlculrad qul uh fhf`nstf alcíf qul lrf muy nmpdrtfhtl rlcdhdclr l` hdmgrl al uhf plrsdhf
qul vnlhl f vlrhds pdr prnmlrf vlz. Lstd ls uhf bdrmf al rlcdhdcnmnlhtd nmfknhfrnd. Ls rlcd-
hdclr`d lh l` slhtnad al afr`l uh ùkfr, tdmfr lsl ùkfr
ùkfr,, tdad `d qul hds plrmntl frmfr `d qul
pdarífmds ``fmfr uhf lhtrlvnstf prl`nmnhfr
prl`nmnhfr..
_lrd rlcdhdclr f` sueltd nmp`ncf hd rlcdhdclr f `f plrsdhf, snhd rlcdhdclr f`kd lh su anscursd
qul ls eustfmlhtl `d qul hd qunlrl alcnr. Lhtdhcls rlcdhdclr f` sueltd nmp`ncf lscucjfr uh ans-
cursd, hd nmp`ncf sfùafr`d, hn rlcdhdclr f `f plrsdhf, snhd qul nmp`ncf vl`fr f `f plrsdhf pfrf
rlcdhdclr uh anscursd.
Lh l` cdhtrd` sl trftf al vlrnﬆcfr sn l` fhf`nstf lstæ lscucjfhad f `f plrsdhf, `f rlcdhdcl, d sn
rlcdhdcl f` sueltd, y pfrf rlcdhdclr`d, tnlhl qul sfglr `fs bdrmfs lh qul aned ``dd qul aned. ^f
^f sl
vl lstd cufhad f`kunlh hd trfl hdtfs f uh cdhtrd`. Cufhad hd trfl hdtfs f uh cdhtrd` hd tnlhl
c`frfmlhtl l` anscursd, `d frmf f``í,
f`` í, plrd f` jfclr`d, frmf su prdpnd anscursd. Al mdad qul `fs
hdtfs lh uh cdhtrd` sdh muy nmpdrtfhtls, y sl algl vl`fr f `f plrsdhf y trfhsbdrmfr l` cdhtrd`
lh uh fhæ`nsns, fuhqul hd `d slpfh hnhkuhd al `ds ads, pdrqul lh vlrafa lstæh fhf`nzfhad
hd l` anscursd al` sueltd, snhd l` anscursd al` fhf`nstf qul jfg`f al` dtrd sueltd. Ls nmpdrtfhtl
snlmprl vlr `d qul sl lscucjó cdmd sueltd y cómd sl rlcdhdcnó f` sueltd f``í adhal hd pfsfrdh
cdsfs lh `f vnaf snhd lh l` anscursd. ‐Altræs al `f mfrndhltf jfg`f f`kunlh. ^ ancl @fcfh5 Ads
bdrmfs al anrnknrsl f` Dtrd5 Wlcngnr al î` l` mlhsfel qul hds cdhcnlrhl al uhf bdrmf nhvlrtnaf
d gnlh nhancfr su anrlccnóh, su lxnstlhcnf, gfed `f bdrmf al `f fùsnóh”. Lstl rlcngnr l` prdpnd
mlhsfel lh bdrmf nhvlrtnaf, sl `ll c`íhncfmlhtl cufhad uhd sugrfyf f`kd al `f brfsl al` sueltd
y l` sueltd rlspdhal5 ‐yd hd anel lsd, `d lstæ ancnlhad ustla, ml `d jfcl alcnr, ml qunlrl ``lvfr
pfrf tf` `fad”, `d qul só`d bul uhf nhtlrprltfcnóh
n htlrprltfcnóh pdr `f cntf, `d cuf` qunlrl alcnr qul al tdad l`
anscursd, sl algl rlcdrtfr f`kd y cdhbrdhtfr f` sueltd cdh lsd mnsmd.
@fcfh bdrmu`f lstf culstnóh lh ads tnlmpds al` fhæ`nsns9 prnmlr tnlmpd5 ‐ml `d jfclh alcnr”9
slkuhad tnlmpd y õ`tnmd5 ‐yd `d ankd”, ‐hd jfy Dtrd pfrf mí”, ‐`d qul ankd `d ankd yd y `d
fsumd yd”, ‐hd sl `d ftrnguyd f hfanl”. Lstd ls rlcngnr l` prdpnd mlhsfel lh bdrmf nhvlrtnaf,
rlcdhdclr`d cdmd vnhnlhad al fbulrf.
L` hlurótncd
dgslsnvd anræpulal alcnr
qul lstæ qul l` uh
jfcnlhad fhf`nstf lh l` bdhad
lxplrnmlhtd rlcdrtó lsf
pfrf prdvdcfr tf`brfsl pdr^df`kuhf
lblctd. rfzóh9
`ls alcíf uh
qul `fs
rlspulstfs al `d rlf` qul lstæh lh `f lstructurf al `f cdhstntucnóh al` sueltd, l` hlurótncd `fs
lhcugrl gfed `f bdrmf al uh Dtrd qul `l ancl, qul `l jfcl alcnr y qul `l snkhnﬆcf cdsfs. Gdrrfad
l` Dtrd, `d qul fpfrlcl ls `f rlspulstf al `d rlf` cuyf lxprlsnóh pfrfankmætncf ls `f fùcnhfcnóh
vlrgf`. D slf qul tdad lsd qul l` hlurótncd vf f snkhnﬆcfr, qul lxprlsf lh `f brfsl5 ‐ml `d jf-
clh alcnr”, l` psncótncd `d lscucjf cdmd uhf vdz qul `l ancl, pdr lelmp`d, ‐tdhtd”9 ls alcnr, hd
`d pulal cdhstntunr cdmd uh Dtrd, qul `d alsmlrlcl, qul ls tdad l` ansbrfz hlurótncd, adhal
lsl hlurótncd nhvlhtf f` Dtrd. Hd `d nhvlhtf pdrqul sn, `d nhvlhtf pdr lstructurf y pdrqul lh
lsl puhtd, slr hlurótncd qunlrl alcnr pdalr jfclr al lsf rlspulstf al `d rlf` uhf rlspulstf al`
Dtrd. Altræs al lsl Dtrd, lh `f gfsl al lsl Dtrd, lh vlrafa jfy f`kd fsí cdmd uhf fùcnhfcnóh
vlrgf`, adhal l` Dtrd ml mfhaf mlhsfels, snkhnﬆcfads al tdafs `fs bdrmfs hlurótncfs qul
pdalmds nmfknhfr.
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Ćuæhad sl `ll lstd mæs c`frd4 Cufhad lh uh dgslsnvd fpfrlcl `d qul Brlua ``fmó `f vdz al
su cdhcnlhcnf, uhf vdz qul `l pulal alcnr5 ‐mdvltl fsí, hd lmpnlcls cdh l` pnl nzqunlrad qul
tl vf f nr mf`”, ltc. Qdads `ds rntuf`ls al` dgslsnvd mucjfs vlcls lstæh sdstlhnads lh lstf vdz
al `f cdhcnlhcnf, ancl Brlua. Hd snlmprl ls lvnalhtl l` `ímntl lhtrl `d qul sl ``fmf `f vdz al `f
cdhcnlhcnf y `f fùcnhfcnóh vlrgf`. Lstd ls l` `ímntl al` rlcdhdcnmnlhtd lhtrl uh hlurótncd dg-
slsnvd y uh sueltd pfrfhdncd, pdr lelmp`d, qul ls `d qul vnlhl al fbulrf. Rdz al `f cdhcnlhcnf
d fùcnhfcnóh vlrgf`.
Lh `f jnstlrnf, `f culstnóh al` `ímntl lhtrl hlurdsns-psncdsns, sl ugncf lh l` culrpd, lh `f als-
plrsdhf`nzfcnóh, lh l` lxtrföfmnlhtd, lh `f alscdmpdsncnóh cdrpdrf`, tdads blhómlhds qul
pdarífmds ``fmfr lsplcu`frls, fqul``ds qul sl pfalclh tfhtd lh `f jnstlrnf cdmd lh `f lsqun-
zdbrlhnf.
@f dtrf vfrnfhtl al lstd mnsmd, plrd lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns, @fcfh `f alhdmnhf fùsnóh, uh
blhómlhd qul `l rlsu`tf lhnkmætncd f` sueltd, qul hd sfgl `d qul qunlrl alcnr, plrd sfgl qul `l
ancl f`kd y falmæs sfgl qul sl `d ancl f î`. Ls alcnr, sl trftf al uhf rl`fcnóh fùsnvf cdh l` Dtrd.
Wlculralh qul sn hds prlkuhtfmds fclrcf al` pfrfankmf al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh `fcfhnfhf, lstl ls
`f fùsnóh. D slfyqul
f` prlpsncótncd, jfy uhfal`
l` lelrcncnd nhtlrslccnóh
fhf`nstf lhlhtrl `d qul_dr
lsl puhtd. fmlhfzf f` psncótncd
lsd p`fhtlfmds l` yrltnrd
mucjdal` mæs
an fõh
anspdsn-
spdsn-
tnvd fhf`ítncd, pdr lelmp`d, al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh pdr fùsnóh, lh l` cfmpd al `f prlpsncdsns, pdr-
qul ls lhtrfr eustfmlhtl lh l` puhtd adhal l` sueltd psncótncd sl cdhstntuyl, adhal cdhstntuyl
su rl`fcnóh f` Dtrd9 y l` fhf`nstf, eustfmlhtl, f` lelrclr lsf buhcnóh lh uh nhtlhtd pdr alstntunr f`
sueltd hlurótncd, su cdhsnstlhcnf nmfknhfrnf, `d `dkrf pdr fùsnóh.
Wlculralh qul lh tdafs `fs bdrmfs qul @fcfh lxp`ncf f `f nhtlrprltfcnóh, snlmprl jfy uh bl-
hómlhd fùsnvd. ^f alcífmds nhtlrprltfcnóh pdr `f cntf, rlcdrtfhad uh lhuhcnfad al` sueltd,
lxtrfylhad al su anscursd, al su cfmpd snkhnﬆcftnvd uhf brfsl. L` sueltd vf f qulrlr frmfr lsd
al hulvd y l` fhf`nstf jfræ l` trfgfed al lxcùnr tdad `d qul aned y cdhbrdhtfr`d f `f fùsnóh, pfrf
qul cdhstruyf su ﬆccnóh f pfrtnr al l``f.
Lhtdhcls, cdh `f fùsnóh cdmd nhtlrprltfcnóh lhtrfmds eustd lh l` puhtd adhal l` psncótncd
mfhtnlhl uhf rl`fcnóh pfrfhdncf cdh l` Dtrd. Lhtdhcls fùanr y trfgfefr cdh `f fùsnóh lh bdrmf
snstlmætncf, hds cd`dcf lxfctfmlhtl lh l` ùkfr al` dgeltd pfrfhdncd, y ls alsal adhal pdal-
mds jfclr qul f`kunlh pnlraf l` lqun`ngrnd prlpsncótncd, uh lqun`ngrnd lhalg`l lh su gfsl qul sn
brfcfsf, pulal prdaucnr l` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd.
Õ`tnmd puhtd5 ‐Lxcùnad l` Dtrd –ancl @fcfh- lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns, `d qul cdhcnlrhl f`
sueltd ls ancjd rlf`mlhtl –lh lstl Slmnhfrnd qunlrl alcnr lh `f rlf`nafa- pdr l` plqulöd dtrd”.
Ls alcnr qul l` psncótncd sugeltnvf f` Dtrd, f` Dtrd snmgó`ncd, f` al `f cdhcnlhcnf mdrf`, f Ands,
ltc., y `d plrsdhf`nzf, `d qul qunlrl alcnr qul `d pdhl cdmd uh plqulöd f, hd cdmd `f vdz al
Ands snhd Ands qul sl jfcl plrsdhf, sl jfcl dgeltd f, plqulöd f, ankfmds nmfknhfrnd, sl jfcl
uh dtrd slmlefhtl qul `l jfg`f y lhtrf lh `f anf`îctncf nmfknhfrnf.
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‐L` Dtrd lstæ lxcùnad vlrafalrfmlhtl al `f pf`fgrf al`nrfhtl. Altræs al l``f hd jfy dtrf vlr-
afa”. Altræs al `f pf`fgrf al`nrfhtl hd jfy dtrf vlrafa qul `l pulaf alcnr l` Dtrd, hd jfy
supulstd sfglr f`defad lh l` Dtrd qul `l pulaf snkhnﬆcfr lsd al uhf u dtrf bdrmf. Jfy uhf
vlrafa qul sl sdstnlhl al` al`nrnd.
‐L` sueltd hd `l ftrnguyl vlrafa f`kuhf y lstæ brlhtl f lstl blhómlhd lh `f plrp`lenafa”. D slf
qul lstæ lhmfrcfad lh l` blhómlhd al `f fùsnóh. Ls fùanad pdr l` lhnkmf qul `l ` l prlslhtnﬆcf
l` Dtrd y fjí vlharæ tdad l` trfgfed al rlaucnr lsf plrp`lenafa lh l` cfmpd al `f prlpsncdsns d
fvfhzfr cdh `f clrtlzf qul nmp`ncf l` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd y `f alstntucnóh al lsf plrp`lenafa hd
pdr hdsdtrds snhd pdr `f clrtlzf psncótncf y l` al`nrnd, qul yf lhtrf lh l` blhómlhd al `f clrtlzf.
63 al euhnd al 7??7
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R
@F _SNCDSNS LH @F NHBFHCNF
SN@RNF L@LHF QLHA@FWU
EDWKL CJFMDWWD5 Jdy vfmds vfmds f lscucjfr f Sn`vnf Qlha`frz

Qlha`frz sdgrl `f culstnóh al `f psncdsns
nhbfhtn`. Sn`vnf cdmpfrtl `f cdhauccnóh al` NCGF lh l` Cdmntî Cnlhtíﬆcd al` NCGF cdhmnkd
y dtrds cd`lkfs. Jf jlcjd su bdrmfcnóh lh Brfhcnf, lh adhal jnzd uh adctdrfad, y jf snad
adclhtl lh `f \hnvlrsnafa al _frís RNNN. Hd pdalmds hlkfr qul tnlhl tfmgnîh uhf rl`fcnóh
snkhnﬆcftnvf cdh `f lscrnturf9 vdy f lhumlrfr ræpnafmlhtl `ds tlxtds pug`ncfads pdr Sn`vnf5 @f
`ltrf cdmd mnrfaf. Cu`turf y psncdfhæ`nsns9 _sncdfhæ`nsns y Snaf9 Lstuands sdgrl l` síhtdmf9 uh tlxtd
qul tnlhl lsplcnf` rlblrlhcnf f `f lxpdsncnóh qul vf f jfclr jdy qul ls Ál quî subrlh `ds hnöds4
@f psncdsns lh `f nhbfhcnf9 ùlkd L` psncdfhæ`nsns brlhtl f `f rlprdauccnóh fsnstnaf9 L` cfsd Fnmîl5 fclrcf
al `f pfrfhdnf al futdpuhncnóh9 y `f õ`tnmf pug`ncfcnóh pdr fjdrf, pdrqul jfy fhuhcnfafs vfrnfs
mæs, W.S.N5 l` bf`d.
Fsí qul `f lscucjfmds.
SN@RNF QLHA@FWU5 Fhtls qul hfaf qulríf afr`l `fs krfcnfs f Edrkl pdr su nhvntfcnóh pfrf
lstfr jdy cdh ustlals, y lh pfrtncu`fr pfrf pdalr lxprlsfr`ls f`kuhfs cdhsnalrfcndhls fclrcf
al `f psncdsns lh `f nhbfhcnf.
Cdhtfmds cdh uhf jdrf y mlanf al trfgfed. Rdy f cdmlhzfr pdr prlslhtfr `f pfrtncu`frnafa al`
lhbdqul psncdfhf`ítncd lh cdhtrfpdsncnóh f` lhbdqul psnqunætrncd9 lhumlrfrî ùlkd `fs rlblrlh-
cnfs prlcnsfs al @fcfh sdgrl l` tlmf al `f psncdsns lh `f nhbfhcnf, y ﬆhf`mlhtl vdy f prlslhtfr
uh cfsd c`íhncd.
Cdmd sl afh culhtf ls uh prdkrfmf al uh cursd lhtlrd, `d vdy f jfclr grlvl y tf` vlz nrlmds
uh pdcd ræpnad sdgrl f`kuhfs cdsfs y snh l` altf``l qul mlrlclríf altlhlrsl lh cfaf uhd al `ds
fsplctds. @d qul qunlrd jfclr jdy,
jdy, y prdgfg`lmlhtl tlharæh tnlmpd lh l` rlstd al` föd d lh dtrf
dpdrtuhnafa, ls afr`ls uhf prlslhtfcnóh k`dgf` al` tlmf.
@f prnmlrf culstnóh qul pulad alcnr`ls yf ls qul hd anel psncdsns nhbfhtn` snhd psncdsns lh `f
nhbfhcnf. Lstd hd ls cfsuf`, pdrqul ls yf uhf tdmf al pdsncnóh lh rl`fcnóh f quî pfsf cdh `f
psncdsns lh `ds hnöds. Sn jfy f`kd qul sl pulal alcnr ls qul fsí cdmd sl jfg`f al hlurdsns nhbfh-
tn`, lh hnhkõh mdmlhtd @fcfh jfg`f al psncdsns nhbfhtn`, pdrqul `f psncdsns cdmd lstructurf ls
ftlmpdrf` y sl mfhtnlhl f `d `frkd al` tnlmpd. @f jnpótlsns cfusf` al `f bdrcùsnóh al` Hdmgrl
al` _farl buhcndhf tfhtd pfrf `ds hnöds cdmd pfrf `ds fau`tds. @f lstructurf hd sl mdanﬆcf,
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pulal prdaucnrsl uh alslhcfalhfmnlhtd, cdh sup`lhcnfs d hd, d slr uhf psncdsns hd alslhcf-
alhfaf, plrd `f lstructurf ls snlmprl `f mnsmf. Lsd sl dgslrvf tfmgnîh lh `ds hnöds f plsfr
al qul sl lstfríf tlhtfad f plhsfr al qul sl trftf al f`kuhf dtrf cdsf, sdgrl tdad cufhad sdh
hnöds muy plqulöds.
Sn f`kuhd al ustlals trfgfef lh f`kuhf nhstntucnóh cdh hnöds psncótncds sfgræ f quî ml rlﬆlrd,
plrd al tdafs mfhlrfs `ls vdy f jfclr f`kuhf alscrnpcnóh blhdmlhd`ókncf pfrf qul trftlh al
fprljlhalr al quî sl trftf.
Lh cfmgnd, sí sl jfg`f al hlurdsns nhbfhtn`. \hd pulal prlkuhtfrsl sn `f hlurdsns nhbfhtn` ls `f
hlurdsns lh `f nhbfhcnf, pdrqul lh tdad cfsd l` sueltd sl nhcùyl lh uhf lstructurf al lhtrfaf,
hd jfy uh alsfrrd``d cdh uh sueltd qul favnlhl f uhf lstructurf, snhd qul l` sueltd sl nhcùyl
al lhtrfaf lh `f lstructurf y jfy uh alsfrrd``d lh `f lstructurf. L` sueltd sl nhcùyl al lhtrfaf
lh `f psncdsns, lh `f hlurdsns, d lh `f plrvlrsnóh, y jfy uh alsfrrd``d lh `f lstructurf cufhad
sl trftf al `f hlurdsns. _dr mæs qul uh sueltd tdml yf uhf pdsncnóh, qul tdads `ds l`lmlhtds
al `f lstructurf sl alh al lhtrfaf, jfy f`kd qul qulaf plhanlhtl, qul algl slr alcnanad cdh
l` pfsfel al `f puglrtfa. Mncjl` Sn`vlstrl nhancf qul l` hnöd sl prlkuhtf quî qunlrl mn mfarl,
lh cfmgnd, l` fau`td sl prlkuhtf quî qunlrl uhf muelr
muelr.. Lmpnlzfh f buhcndhfr `fs nalhtnafals
slxufafs y `f rl`fcnóh cdh l` kdcl al dtrf mfhlrf. Lsd lh sí mnsmd afríf tdad uh alsfrrd``d
fclrcf al cómd sl frmfh lstds blhómlhds qul sl vlh lh `ds hnöds, sn sl pulal ræpnafmlhtl
fprljlhalr al quî lstructurf sl trftf, ltc. _lrd `d qul lstæ c`frd ls qul jfy hlurdsns lh `f nh-
bfhcnf. Cufhad sl jfg`f al hlurdsns nhbfhtn`, cufhad sl fkrlkf l` faeltnvd nhbfhtn`, ls `f rlcdhs-
truccnóh pdr pfrtl al` fau`td al `f hlurdsns al `f nhbfhcnf. Lstf rlcdhstruccnóh rltrdfctnvf
rltrdfctnvf ls `d
qul sl alhdmnhf hlurdsns nhbfhtn`.
@f hlurdsns nhbfhtn`, lh alﬆhntnvf, ls `d qul rlstf al `f nhbfhcnf lh l` anscursd al uh sueltd.
Rlh cnlrtf anblrlhcnf. Jfg`fmds al hlurdsns nhbfhtn`, lh cfmgnd lh hnhkõh mdmlhtd pdalmds
jfg`fr al psncdsns nhbfhtn` pdrqul hd sl prdaucl lstl snstlmf al rltrdfccnóh snkhnﬆcfhtl cdmd
tfmpdcd sl prdaucl `f snkhnﬆcfcnóh bæ`ncf. Lhtdhcls f bf`tf al lstf rltrdfccnóh snkhnﬆcfhtl hd
jfy uhf rlcdhstruccnóh al `f nhbfhcnf, hd jfy uhf rlsnkhnﬆcfcnóh snhd qul `d qul cdmprdgfmds
lh `f fhfmhlsns
mledr cdh
al `ds cfsds, pfcnlhtls
f trfvîs psncótncds
al `fs ls qul
lhtrlvnstfs cdh jfy uhf suclsnóh
l` fhf`nstf, aljfclr
sl pulal fcdhtlcnmnlhtds, y lh l`y
uhf cdhstruccnóh
lstfg`lclr uhf slculhcnf al cfusfs y lblctds9 plrd lstd ls uh trfgfed al cdhstruccnóh pdr pfrtl
al` fhf`nstf.
L` pfcnlhtl psncótncd hd trfl uhf gndkrfbíf, f vlcls `f trfl sn ls uh gulh pfrfhdncd y tnlhl f`kd
muy frmfad, plrd lh klhlrf` `f nhbfhcnf pfsf cdmd sn hd jugnlrf pfsfad hfaf, d sdh jlcjds
fns`fads, plrd hd ls cdh tdad l` arfmftnsmd y `f pfsnóh qul prlslhtf uh pfcnlhtl hlurótncd.
Lstf ls `f prnmlrf culstnóh f slöf`fr.
@f slkuhaf ls qul ls hlclsfrnd –supdhkd qul Edrkl `d algl jfglr fclhtufad fcæ–, jfclr uh
anfkhóstncd pdsntnvd al psncdsns9 jfy qul pdalr lhcdhtrfr l` blhómlhd l`lmlhtf`, l` blhómlhd
psncótncd pdr l` cuf` sl pulal alcnr qul sl trftf al psncdsns y hd al dtrf lstructurf, pdrqul ls
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
f trfvîs al lsds blhómlhds qul pdalmds lstfg`lclr `f jnpótlsns cfusf` qul sugyfcl f `ds blhó-
mlhds.
Qfmgnîh ls hlclsfrnd pdalr jfclr uh anfkhóstncd pdsntnvd al `f psncdsns lh `f nhbfhcnf, y lstd ls
gfstfhtl cdmp`ncfad,
cdmp`ncfad, prnmlrd pdrqul mucjfs vlcls sl tnlhal f plhsfr qul
qul ls nhhftd, qul hfcnó
psncótncd. L` mdmlhtd al` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd ls nmpdrtfhtl pdrqul hd ls `d mnsmd jfg`fr al
uh hnöd psncótncd al anlz föds y dtrd al ads föds, `f blhdmlhd`dkíf hd ls `f mnsmf, hd jugd
faqunsncnóh snmgó`ncf, l` rlcursd snmgó`ncd hd ls l` mnsmd.
Cdmd lstd ls uh prdg`lmf lh sí mnsmd, sl pulal alcnr qul @fcfh nhancf cdh prdpnlafa qul `ds
qul jfh lhbdcfad `f nalf al qul lxnstl uhf psncdsns lh `f nhbfhcnf sdh `ds psncdfhf`nstfs, y hd
sd`fmlhtl `ds `fcfhnfhds5 lstæ Mfrkfrlt Mfj`lr cdh `f nalf al `f snmgndsns, d Qustnh9 l nhcùsd
alhtrd al `ds i`lnhnfhds jfy tdad uh trfgfed rlf`nzfad. Sdh `ds psncdfhf`nstfs `ds qul puanlrdh
tldrnzfr y sfcfr uh pdcd `f psncdsns lh `f nhbfhcnf al` tlrrlhd purfmlhtl psnqunætrncd. Lh uh
prnmlr mdmlhtd sl `ds cdhsnalrfgf cdmd snmp`ls aîgn`ls d rltrfsfads, sdgrl tdad sn lrfh cjn-
quntds. _`fhtlfr qul hd ls uh trfstdrhd drkæhncd, ls alcnr, qul hd sl curf cdh uhf mlancfcnóh,
hn qul ls uh trfstdrhd klhîtncd, ls vd`vlr pdsng`l uh trftfmnlhtd.
Sl
al afh culhtf al
anfkhóstncd qul
qul sl ls l` krfh prdg`lmf
lstructurl al `f psnqunftríf
y `f cfusf`nafa cdhtlmpdræhlf,
qul sl `l ftrnguyf al fculrad
sl prdpdhlh anstnhtdsf`trftf-
tnpd
mnlhtds. Ls hlclsfrnd jfclr uh anfkhóstncd pdsntnvd, y vfmds f vlr ræpnafmlhtl al quî mfhlrf
pdalmds ``lkfr f lstfg`lclr`d.
@ld Ifhhlr nhfukuró l` trfgfed al tldrnzfcnóh sdgrl l` tlmf l nhtrdaued `d qul ``fmó l` futnsmd
nhbfhtn` prlcdz. _dr lsd `l cdmlhtfgf f Edrkl qul ls cfsn uhf nhtrdauccnóh f `d qul ustlals vfh
f trfgfefr sdgrl `f lsqunzdbrlhnf, pdrqul lh rlf`nafa l` qul nhtrdaued l` tîrmnhd al futnsmd
ls G`lu`lr lh 6>66, y cufhad jfg`ó al futnsmd `d p`fhtló cdmd uhf al `fs mdaf`nafals al `f
lsqunzdbrlhnf qul tlhíf `f pfrtncu`frnafa al uhf cnlrtf rltrfccnóh fblctnvf y uhf anﬆcu`tfa al
cdhtfctd cdh l` muhad. L` futnsmd ls uhf al `fs mdaf`nafals al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf.
@ld Ifhhlr lh 6>13, ads föds fhtls al qul tlrmnhl `f Slkuhaf Kulrrf Muhanf`, jnzd uh slkun-
mnlhtd al dhcl cfsds pfrf vlr su lvdùcnóh y f pfrtnr al f``í lstfg`lcnó `d qul ``fmó l` cufard
al futnsmd nhbfhtn` prlcdz. Ćuæ`ls sdh `fs cfrfctlrístncfs4 Fpfrlhtlmlhtl
Fpfrlhtlmlhtl ls cdmd sn hfcnlrfh
psncótncds. Al lhtrfaf, cufhad sl `ds qunlrl tdmfr lh `ds grfzds, hd sl fafptfh f `ds grfzds
al `f mfarl, hd ﬆefh `f mnrfaf, tnlhlh uhf mnrfaf dg`ncuf, jfy uh rlcjfzd lh `f f`nmlhtfcnóh,
mdvnmnlhtds lstlrldtnpfads, hd eulkfh, sn sl cflh d sl kd`plfh hd ``drfh, hd sl lhblrmfh, hd
sl rílh, jfg`fh lh tlrclrf plrsdhf d utn`nzfh uh sd`n`dqund qul hd sl lhtnlhal, d brfsls sul`tfs,
cdmd sn bulrfh jfg`fads pdr l` Dtrd rlpntlh brfsls snh slhtnad.
Ifhhlr lstfg`lcl cdmd cfusf`nafa qul lstds hnöds lxplrnmlhtfh tdad mdvnmnlhtd al` dtrd jf-
cnf l``ds cdmd uhf nhtrusnóh pdr `f bf``f al snmgd`nzfcnóh –fuhqul hd `d ancl lh lstds tîrmnhds.
Al fjí lstl lblctd al rlcjfzd al` dtrd. _lrd föfal qul hd jfy qul plhsfr`ds lh tîrmnhds alﬆcn-
tfrnds, y lstl ls l` krfh knrd qul sl `l pulal ftrngunr. Hd sdh aîgn`ls mlhtf`ls9 pdr l` cdhtrfrnd,
sdh hnöds qul tnlhlh uhf lxprlsnóh bfcnf` muy nhtl`nklhtl, nhcùsd f`kuhds al l``ds pulalh
cdhtfr jfstf cnlh9 tnlhlh uhf lxcl`lhtl mlmdrnf y dtrds ftrngutds alsfrrd``fads qul mulstrfh
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
qul al hnhkuhf mfhlrf sl trftf al uh aîﬆcnt nhtl`lctuf`. ^ @ld Ifhhlr ancl qul tfmpdcd sl
trftf al uh prdg`lmf drkæhncd. Hd ls drkfhncnafa hn aîﬆcnt nhtl`lctuf`, ls uh aîﬆcnt fblctnvd.
_frf nùstrfr`d pdalmds tdmfr `f pl`ícu`f Wfnhmfh, cdh Austnh Jdbbmfh. Cufhad Qdm Crun-
sl, l` jlrmfhd mlhdr, ``lvf f su jlrmfhd mfydr psncótncd f` Cfsnhd, cdh uhf sd`f mnrfaf sl
fculraf al tdad, mnrf uh mdmlhtd y kfhf f` Cfsnhd y jfcl uhf bdrtuhf. Wlsul`vl prdg`lmfs
mftlmætncds cdh uhf nhcrlíg`l rfpnalz. _lrd, f` mnsmd tnlmpd, tlhíf anﬆcu`tfals5 hd sl `l pd-
aífh fclrcfr, sn `d tdcfgfh, hd sdpdrtfgf `f fprdxnmfcnóh, ls uhf trfauccnóh lh fau`td al `d
qul slríf, y uhf vlrsnóh mledrfaf, hd alﬆcntfrnf, al uh hnöd futnstf. Dtrd lelmp`d al` cnhl `d
af uhf pl`ícu`f al Grucl [n``ns. Sl trftf al qul uh hnöd futnstf vl uh fslsnhftd. Qfmgnîh î` rl-
sul`vl prdg`lmfs cdh krfh rfpnalz plrd hd pulal lhtrfr lh cdhtfctd, sn sl `l prlkuhtf f`kd hd
cdhtlstf9 fuhqul hd sfgl al quî sl trftf tnlhl lsf cfpfcnafa qul mulstrf muy gnlh qul hd ls
uh aîﬆcnt nhtl`lctuf` snhd qul jfy f`kd mæs qul pulal lstfr d hd lstfr.
Muy gnlh, lstf ls `f alscrnpcnóh. @f cdhslculhcnf al lstf prlslhtfcnóh ls qul lstl cufard tuvd
mucjf prlkhfhcnf lh Lstfads \hnads, y lh `ds Mfhuf`ls al _snqunftríf ls uh cufard qul sl
cdhslrvf. Lh l` ASM-NNN l` tîrmnhd al psncdsns ‐nhbfhtn`” alsfpfrlcnó, hd lxnstlh `fs psncdsns
nhbfhtn`ls. Lxnstl `d qul ``fmfh Qrfstdrhds klhlrf`nzfads al` alsfrrd``d. Sl afh culhtf qul ls gfs-
tfhtl sutn` pulstd qul f` alcnr qul sdh trfstdrhds klhlrf`nzfads al` alsfrrd``d jfy f`kd al `d
lvdùtnvd, al `d drkæhncd d al `d klhîtncd lh eulkd qul mfhtnlhlh. _lrd huhcf puanlrdh jfclr
tdtf`mlhtl alsfpfrlclr l` Qrfstdrhd futnstf y cufhad jfclh `f rlvnsnóh lh 6>:; al` ASM-NNN,
lhtrl uhd al `ds cufards pdsng`ls alefh l` Qrfstdrhd futnstf. L` ASM-NR al 6>>1 lstfg`lcl ans-
tnhtfs mdaf`nafals al lstl trfstdrhd klhlrf`nzfad al` alsfrrd``d y pdhlh prnmlrd l` Qrfstdrhd
futnstf, d slf qul sl cdhslrvf, y alspuîs l` Síhardml al Wltt alscrntd sdgrl tdad lh muelrls y
qul fpfrlcl fhtls al `ds cuftrd föds. Alspuîs nhcùylh `ds Qrfstdrhds alsnhtl
alsnhtlkrftnvds
krftnvds al `f nhbfh-
cnf. Sl supdhl qul ``lkfh f cnlrtd krfad al alsfrrd``d y alspuîs lstl alsfrrd``d sl alsjfcl. L`
fclhtd lstæ pulstd lh l` trfstdrhd cdmpdrtfmlhtf` y lh l` crntlrnd fafptftnvd, sn sl alsfrrd``f
d hd falcufafmlhtl. F cdhtnhufcnóh pdhlh lh `f slrnl l` Síhardml al Fsplrklr
Fsplrklr,, qul hd fblctf f`
`lhkufel, lsf ls su pfrtncu`frnafa f anblrlhcnf al` futnsmd. _dr õ`tnmd lstæ l` Qrfstdrhd hd lspl-
cíﬆcd9 cufhad hd sfglh al quî sl trftf ls hd lsplcíﬆcd. _lrd tdad lstd `d anblrlhcnf al `f lsqun-
zdbrlhnf –fuhqul lh rlf`nafa hd jfgríf hnhkuhf rfzóh pfrf jfclr`d pulstd qul sl trftf al uhf
lsqunzdbrlhnf nhbfhtn`– pdrqul hd jfy hn fùcnhfcndhls hn al`nrnd. Ls uhf mfhlrf al prlslhtfr`d
pdr pfrtl al `ds mfhuf`ls al psnqunftríf, plrd lsd lstfríf pdr vlrsl.
Sn fﬆrmfmds qul `f lstructurf al `f psncdsns ls `f mnsmf lh `f nhbfhcnf y lh `f fau`tlz alglmds
lxtrflr sus cdhcùsndhls. _rnmlrd, jfy alslhcfalhfmnlhtd al `f psncdsns tfmgnîh lh `f nhbfh-
cnf, fuhqul f vlcls slf muy anbícn` al sntufr. Sdgrl tdad sn ls prlcdz, rlsu`tf f vlcls anbícn` al
alcnr cuæ` ls l` mdmlhtd prlcnsd.
@ls afrî uh lelmp`d. \hf hnöf al cnhcd föds ls ``lvfaf f `f cdhsu`tf pdrqul lscucjf uhf vdz
qul `l ancl qul `f mflstrf ls uh almdhnd. _dr fjí tlhíf
t lhíf rfzóh. _lrd l` fsuhtd ls qul `d lscucjf-
gf cdmd uhf vdz, cdmd
cdmd uh blhómlhd xlhdpætncd, hd cdmd uh plhsfmnlhtd. Lh `fs lhtr lhtrlvnstfs
lvnstfs
cdh `f fhf`nstf culhtf qul lh uhf dpdrtuhnafa sl pl`ló cdh l` pfarl pdrqul sl pdrtó mf`, y l`
pfarl `f cfstnkó lhclrræhad`f lh `f jfgntfcnóh, y lh lsl mdmlhtd lscucjó uhf vdz qul alcíf
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
qul l` pfarl lrf mf`d. Sl vl cdh mucjf snmp`ncnafa `f cdyuhturf arfmætncf. Lstf hnöf lstæ lh
uhf rl`fcnóh auf` cdh `f mfarl. Fpfrlcl uh pfarl, qul cfsuf`mlhtl ls l` suyd, lh dpdsncnóh
snmgó`ncf. L``f hd culhtf cdh `ds rlcursds snmgó`ncds pfrf nhscrngnr lstf sfhcnóh, lstf futdrnafa
pftlrhf, y lh l` ùkfr al` fkuelrd lh `d snmgó`ncd fpfrlcl lh `d rlf` `f vdz qul `l ancl pfpæ ls
mf`d. Hd ls l``f `f qul `d pnlhsf snhd qul uhf vdz sl `d aned. ^ f pfrtnr al lsd sl alsp`fzf f `f
ﬆkurf al `f mflstrf qul al f`kuhf mfhlrf algl lstfr lh rl`fcnóh mltdhímncf. Lh l` mdmlhtd
qul ml bul prlslhtfad ml pfrlcnó nhtlrlsfhtl pdr su snmp`ncnafa. Sdh pdcds l`lmlhtds y sl vl
c`frfmlhtl cómd sl pulal sntufr gnlh lh uhf hlhf al cnhcd föds, qul tnlhl fùcnhfcndhls y uh
al`nrnd9 uh al`nrnd pdcd lstructurfad, plrd f`kd lstæ nhtlhtfhad frmfr cdh lsd.
Suclal qul cufhad sdh hnöds muy plqulöds cdh cdmpdrtfmnlhtds lxtrföds sl tnlhal f plhsfr
qul tf` vlz slf uh trfstdrhd drkæhncd y ls anbícn` lstfg`lclr uhf cfusf`nafa psíquncf.
Fjdrf gnlh, @fcfh lh anstnhtfs dpdrtuhnafals sl rlﬆlrl f` tlmf al `f psncdsns lh `f nhbfhcnf.
_dalmds pfrtnr al `f mltæbdrf pftlrhf pfrf lstfg`lclr uhf anstnhcnóh anfkhóstncf, lh l` qul l`
Hdmgrl al` _farl fctõf sdgrl l` Alsld al `f Mfarl, y su nhcnalhcnf sdgrl l` Alsld al `f Mfarl
prdaucl `f nhscrnpcnóh al `f snkhnﬆcfcnóh bæ`ncf. _ulalh vlr uh frtícu`d qul sl ``fmf ‐L` hnöd
y su mfarl” al Lrnc @furlht, adhal pfrtl al lstf pfrtl al `f bórmu`f al `f Mltæbdrf _ftlrhf l
nhancf qul lh buhcnóh al cuæ` ls l` vf`dr qul tdmf `f x qul nhancf `f snkhnﬆcfcnóh pfrf l` sueltd
pdalmds sntufr`d lh `f hlurdsns, lh `f plrvlrsnóh d lh `f psncdsns.
Cufhad lstf x cdgrf l` vf`dr al síhtdmf hds lhcdhtrfmds cdh l` hnöd nhcùnad lh `f lstructurf
al `f hlurdsns, plrd lsd jfy qul vlr`d al `ds ads `fads. @fcfh ancl qul l` hnöd ls l` síhtdmf,
rlvl`f `f vlrafa al `d qul ls l` síhtdmf al `f pfrlef cdhyukf`. @d ancl lh ‐Ads hdtfs sdgrl l`
hnöd”. Lh lsf frtncu`fcnóh lhtrl l` pfarl y `f mfarl, cdmd jdmgrl y muelr
muelr,, lh lsl alslhculhtrd
qul snlmprl sl prdaucl lhtrl `ds slxds, lh lsl puhtd qul jfcl síhtdmf lh `f rl`fcnóh lhtrl uhd
y dtrd, sl sntõf l` hnöd cdmd síhtdmf. Fsí lh cnlrtd hnvl` l` síhtdmf al` hnöd vnlhl f nhtlrpl`fr
f `ds pfarls pulstd qul nhancf l` puhtd snhtdmætncd al rupturf al` anscursd pfrlhtf` lh l` qul
l` hnöd sl sntõf cdmd síhtdmf.
_lrd cufhad hdsdtrds rlcngnmds f uh hnöd hd rlcngnmds sd`fmlhtl l` anscursd qul tnlhl l`
sueltd mfarl
tfg`lclh sdgrl l`lstæ
ads hnvl`ls9 hnöd, snhd qul
l` hnvl` tfmgnîh
adhal l` hnödrlcngnmds
dcupf uhf ùkfr
ùh sueltd
ukfr cdmdqul ls hnöd.
síhtdmf lh_dr lsd slcdh-
`f pfrlef ls-
yukf` y lstæ l` dtrd hnvl` adhal l` hnöd trfl su síhtdmf, pdr `d qul `fs rfzdhls pdr `fs cuf`ls `ds
pfarls pulalh trflr f trftfmnlhtd f uh hnöd hd sdh `fs rfzdhls pdr `fs cuf`ls uh hnöd qunlrf
qulafrsl lh trftfmnlhtd. @ds hnöds tnlhlh sus prdpnds síhtdmfs y sus prdpnds pfalcnmnlhtds.
Jfcl mucjds föds, f` trfgfefr lh uhf nhstntucnóh psncdplafkókncf lh _frís, lh cnlrtf dpdrtu-
hnafa uhf muelr al `f f`tf gurkulsíf brfhclsf vnhd f cdhsu`tfrml jfg`æhadml al uh slcrltd.
L` slcrltd lrf qul l` mfrnad fcfgfgf al mdrnr y l``f sdsplcjfgf qul su mfrnad jfgíf mulrtd
al Snaf. Lxnstlh `d qul sdh `fs cfrpltfs rdefs lh Brfhcnf, pdr `d cuf` hd jfy hnhkõh tnpd al fc-
clsd f l``fs. Sn f`kunlh prdjngnó qul supnlrf al quî sl trftf su lhblrmlafa d su mulrtl, hfanl
pulal tdcfr l` slcrltd. L``f tlhíf lsf sdsplcjf y tfmgnîh `f sdsplcjf al qul prdgfg`lmlhtl l`
mfrnad jfgíf tlhnad rl`fcndhls jdmdslxuf`ls. QrflQrfl f` hnöd f `f cdhsu`tf pdrqul l` hnöd ``drf y
l``f nhtlrprltf qul lstd tlharíf qul tlhlr f`kuhf rl`fcnóh cdh l` hnöd y su ``fhtd. Cufhad vld f`
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
hnöd, ml culhtf qul ``drf pdrqul fhtl sus fvfhcls Cjfr`dttl `d rlcjfzf. @f hnöf hd rlspdhal f
su sd`ncntfcnóh fmdrdsf. @`drf pdr Cjfr`dttl. _daríf jfglr f`kuhf cdhlxnóh, tf` vlz, plrd vlmds
gnlh qul lhtrl `f cdhsu`tf
cdhsu`tf al `f mfarl y `d qul
qul ancl l` hnöd jfy uhf anstfhcnf.
anstfhcnf.
Qlhlmds fsí l` adg`l vlctdr al cómd dcupf l` hnöd uh ùkfr cdmd síhtdmf lh `f pfrlef cdhyu-
kf`, y l` hnöd mnsmd cdmd síhtdmf. Sn lstl vf`dr tdmf l` vf`dr al bf`d, sn l` hnöd qulaf nalhtnﬆ-
cfad f` bf`d al `f mfarl, hds lhcdhtrfmds cdh `f plrvlrsnóh. Wlsu`tf muy anbícn` lhcdhtrfr lh `f
nhbfhcnf hnöds qul sl pulaf anfkhdstncfr anrlctfmlhtl al plrvlrsnóh, fuhqul f vlcls suclal,
plrd cdmd jfy uh tnlmpd lh `f lstructurf, jfy uh tnlmpd al lhculhtrd lh l` qul sl crnstf`nzf
lsl sfglr sdgrl l` kdcl qul cfrfctlrnzf f `f plrvlrsnóh. Sl pulalh vlr ftnsgds, plrd ls cdmd sn
bf`tfrf mfydrmlhtl l` mdmlhtd lh l` qul sl tdmf uhf alcnsnóh fclrcf al lsf pdsncnóh. @d jl
lhcdhtrfad mæs brlculhtlmlhtl lh fad`lsclhtls, plrd rfrf vlz lh `f nhbfhcnf. Qf` vlz slf pdr-
qul snmp`lmlhtl hd ``lkfh f `f cdhsu`tf jfstf qul f`kd jfcl runad pfrf l``ds mnsmds. Jfy qul
plhsfr qul tdad lstd `d vlmds gfed trfhsblrlhcnf lh uh anspdsntnvd, d slf qul jfy qul vlr quî
pfcnlhtls ``lkfh y cuæ` ls `f sntufcnóh rlf`, plrd `ds algl jfglr slkurfmlhtl.
Bnhf`mlhtl, sn l` hnöd dcupf l` ùkfr al dgeltd lh l` bfhtfsmf mftlrhd, dgeltd cdhalhsfadr
al kdcl, hds lhcdhtrfmds cdh `f psncdsns. Lsd snkhnﬆcf qul l` hnöd hd lhtrf lh `f slrnl al
lqunvf`lhcnfs snmgó`ncfs adhal pulal tlhlr uh vf`dr snmgó`ncd al sustntucnóh al fculrad f
`f anf`îctncf bæ`ncf, f `ds trls tnlmpds al` Lanpd, f` slr y l` tlhlr qul sl eulkfh lh `f hlurdsns.
Lhcdhtrfmds, lh cfmgnd, uh ùkfr ﬆed lh l` bfhtfsmf mftlrhd.
Rfmds f lstfg`lclr trls tnlmpds, trls cdheuhtds al rlblrlhcnfs al @fcfh lh tdrhd f `f psncdsns
lh `f nhbfhcnf. L` prnmlr tnlmpd cdrrlspdhal f `ds föds „<?, fhtls al qul lscrngf su tlxtd sdgrl
`f ‐Culstnóh prl`nmnhfr...” y lstfg`lzcf cdmd jnpótlsns cfusf` `f bdrcùsnóh al` Hdmgrl al`
_farl. Jfg`f al `f psncdsns lh `f nhbfhcnf lh trls dpdrtuhnafals. @f prnmlrf ls lh l` Slmnhfrnd 6
f` cdmlhtfr l` cfsd Anci al Ml`fhnl I`lnh, lh `fs c`fsls
c` fsls al` 6; y al` 71 al blgrlrd al` „<1. @f sl-
kuhaf ls cufhad cdmlhtf l` cfsd Wdglrtd al Wdsnhl @lbdrt qul vd`vnó tfh bfmdsds f `ds @lbdrt,
f pfrtnr al` hnöd `dgd `ds @lbdrt sl jf vul`td uh c`æsncd alhtrd al hulstrf `ntlrfturf `fcfhnfhf.
Ls lh `f c`fsl al` 6? al mfrzd al` „<1. ^ `f tlrclrf rlblrlhcnf lstæ lh l` Slmnhfrnd 7 lh `f c`fsl al`
7 al blgrlrd al 6><<.
@f prnmlrf rlblrlhcnf sl rlﬆlrl f uh cdmlhtfrnd al uh frtícu`d al Ml`fhnl I`lnh qul sl ``fmf
‐@f nmpdrtfhcnf al `f bdrmfcnóh al símgd`ds lh l` alsfrrd``d al` yd” al 6>3?. @f slkuhaf
rlblrlhcnf sl prdaucl cufhad Wdsnhl @lbdrt lstfgf lh fhæ`nsns cdh @fcfh y f `f vlz jfcíf sus
cdhtrd`ls cdh î`. @f nhvntf lhtdhcls f prlslhtfr lh su Slmnhfrnd l` cfsd c`íhncd y @fcfh jfcl uhf
nhtlrvlhcnóh sdgrl l` cfsd. @f tlrclrf rlblrlhcnf sl trftf al uh frtícu`d al @fhk qul sl ``fmf
‐L` fgdrafel psncdfhf`ítncd al `f psncdsns lh l` hnöd”. Cdmd hd hds vfmds f pdalr altlhlr lh
cfaf uhd al lstfs rlblrlhcnfs, qunsnlrf nhancfr grlvlmlhtl qul lh l``fs @fcfh trftf al mdstrfr
cómd `f fccnóh al `d snmgó`ncd sdgrl `d rlf` prdaucl uh lblctd al lmlrklhcnf al `d nmfknhfrnd.
@f slkuhaf slrnl cdrrlspdhal f `ds föds „2?. \hd pdaríf prlkuhtfrsl pdr quî @fcfh cufhad
lh l` Slmnhfrnd 3 d lh `f ‐Culstnóh prl`nmnhfr...” trftf l` tlmf al psncdsns, hd jfcl hn uhf sd`f
mlhcnóh sdgrl `f lsplcnﬆcnafa lh `f nhbfhcnf. _nlhsd qul ls pdrqul sn gnlh anﬆlrl `f bdrmf al
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prlslhtfrsl `ds blhómlhds, hd jfy hnhkuhf anblrlhcnf f hnvl` al `f lstructurf, pdr `d qul tdad
`d qul ancl sdgrl l` fhæ`nsns al` _rlsnalhtl Scjrlglr vf`l pfrf l` fhæ`nsns al uh hnöd psncótncd.
Lh `ds föds „2? sl prdaucl uh cfmgnd al fxndmætncf5 yf hd sl trftf al` prladmnhnd al `d snmgó-
`ncd snhd al `d rlf`. _dr lsd surkl `f bdrmu`fcnóh al qul l` hnöd pulal dcupfr l` ùkfr al dgeltd
pfrf uhf mfarl y hd sd`fmlhtl slr uh síhtdmf.
Qlhlmds cdmd prnmlrf rlblrlhcnf `f al` 73 al lhlrd al 6>23, lh l` Slmnhfrnd 6?, adhal jfcl uh
cdmlhtfrnd al uh frtícu`d al _nlrf Fu`fkhnlr prlslhtfad lh `f Sdcnlafa Brfhclsf al _frís `f
hdcjl fhtlrndr.
fhtlrndr. @fcfh `d rltdmf lh su cursd. L``f jfgíf trfgfefad sdgrl l` tlmf al `f mfarl al`
lsqunzdbrîhncd y sntufgf qul pfrf `f mfarl al` lsqunzdbrîhncd l` hnöd pulal slr uh dgeltd td-
mfad cdmd f`kd drkæhncd mæs d mlhds md`lstd. _nlrf Fu`fkhnlr utn`nzf lsf lxprlsnóh y @fcfh
`f rltdmf pfrf slöf`fr qul sn ls uh dgeltd mæs d mlhds md`lstd, ls pdrqul ls tdmfad cdmd uh
dgeltd rlf`.
Wlculrad lh cnlrtf dpdrtuhnafa, cufhad trfgfefgf lh l` Cfstlx, f `f ` f mfarl al uh hnöd psncótncd
qul lh uhf lhtrlvnstf ml cdhtó qul l` pfrtd cdhsnstnó lh qul snhtnó qul tlhíf
t lhíf kfhfs al nr f` gföd
y f``í `d tuvd. Hd snhtnó cdhtrfccndhls hn tuvd `f nalf al qul pdaríf jfglr uh pfrtd. Cufhad bul
f` gfödhd
mlhtl slsl
lhcdhtró cdh
fhkustnf, uh glgî
cdrtó qul hfcnó.
l` cdraóh Lhtdhcls
umgn`ncf`, cdhtdad,
`nmpnó `f pu`crntua
fkfrró làl f`kunlh
glgî qulRlmds
y snkunó. Rlvnalhtl-
lmds fsí
qul lh `f fhfmhlsns al lstf muelr `ds trfstdrhds nhtlstnhf`ls lxprlsfh `f md`lstnf lh l` culrpd.
Hd ls `f prdg`lmætncf al cómd sl vf f ``fmfr, al quî slxd vf f slr, sn `d qunlrd d hd, quî ml
pfsf f mí, sn `d alslfgf, ltc. ^f lmpnlzf f plrﬆ`frsl lstf nalf al qul hd jfy uhf mltfbdrnzfcnóh
al pdr mland, snhd qul ls tdmfad cdmd f`kd rlf`.
@f slkuhaf rlblrlhcnf ls sdgrl l` tlmf al `f jd`dbrfsl, lh l` Slmnhfrnd 66, lh `f c`fsl al` 6? al
euhnd al 6>21. Lsd `d vfh f trfgfefr slkurfmlhtl lh lstfs c`fsls, hd anrî hfaf sdgrl lsd mæs
qul slöf`fr su rl`fcnóh cdh `fs dplrfcndhls `ókncfs al f`nhlfcnóh y slpfrfcnóh, l nhancfr qul sn
gnlh sl prdaucl `f dplrfcnóh al f`nhlfcnóh, hd jfy slpfrfcnóh lh `f psncdsns, y lsd prdaucl l`
lblctd al `f jd`dbrfsl.
@f tlrclrf rlblrlhcnf ls al` „2;, cufhad @fcfh ls nhvntfad f` anscursd al c`fusurf al uhfs edrhf-
afs sdgrl `f psncdsns lh l` hnöd drkfhnzfaf pdr Mfua Mfhhdhn. F``í jfcl uhf nhtlrvlhcnóh lh
`f qul ancl qul l` hnöd dcupf pfrf `f mfarl l` ùkfr al dgeltd cdhalhsfadr al kdcl. Hd ls l`
dgeltd trfhsncndhf` al [nhhncdtt, hd sl trftf al sustntucnóh snkhnﬆcfhtl, snhd al f`kd qul sl crns-
tf`nzf y sl vul`vl uh dgeltd al kdcl pfrf `f mfarl. Ads föds alspuîs, lh l` „2>, lh ‐Ads hdtfs
sdgrl l` hnöd”, @fcfh fﬆrmf qul l` hnöd dcupf uh ùkfr al dgeltd lh l` bfhtfsmf mftlrhd. Lsl
dgeltd ls rlf` y ls uh dgeltd al kdcl.
@f tlrclrf slrnl cdrrlspdhal f `ds föds „;? adhal hulvfmlhtl jfy uh cfmgnd al fxndmætncf
pdr pfrtl al @fcfh y l` îhbfsns yf hd lstæ pulstd lh `d rlf` snhd lh l` kdcl. Lh `f ansnmltríf lhtrl
`ds slxds, lh l` p`fhtld al `f rl`fcnóh slxuf` qul hd lxnstl, lh l` ùkfr al lsl nmpdsng`l `ókncd
–Mn``lr `d ancl al uhf mfhlrf muy gdhntf–, sl nhscrngl `f rl`fcnóh lhtrl l` pfarl y `f mfarl. Ls
uhf vul`tf uh pdcd anblrlhtl sdgrl l` hnöd cdmd síhtdmf lh `f pfrlef cdhyukf`, pdrqul lstf-
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g`lcl `f mdaf`nafa al rl`fcnóh lhtrl uh jdmgrl

jdmgrl y uhf muelr qul sl vul`vlh pfarl y mfar
mfarl,
l, y
cómd l` sueltd qulaf pdsncndhfad brlhtl f lstd.
Jfy uh tlrrlhd al nhvlstnkfcnóh lh lstl tlmf pdrqul snlmprl sl jfg`f al` lstrfkd al `f rl`fcnóh
mfarl-jnef. Mnlhtrfs prlpfrfgf lstf c`fsl plhsfgf qul lh hnhkõh mdmlhtd sl ancl cufhad sl
jfg`f al` lstrfkd al `f rl`fcnóh mfarl-jnef qul lsd snkhnﬆqul qul `f hnöf sl vul`vf psncótncf.
Sl pulal rl﬇lxndhfr pdr quî l` lstrfkd qulaf mæs al` `fad al `f hlurdsns, y lh hnhkõh md-
mlhtd sl pnlhsf qul uh hnöd qul dcupf l` ùkfr al dgeltd lh l` bfhtfsmf mftlrhd pdaríf slr
uh lstrfkd.
F pfrtnr al lstfs cdhsnalrfcndhls nhncnf`ls vlfmds cuæ`ls sdh `ds blhómlhds qul sl prlslhtfh
lh `ds hnöds pfrf pdalr jfclr uh anfkhóstncd anblrlhcnf`. _dalmds jfclr uhf anstrngucnóh al
`ds blhómlhds tdmfhad `ds trls rlknstrds5
rlknstrds5 `d snmgó`ncd, `d nmfknhfrnd
n mfknhfrnd y `d rlf`.
@ds hnöds anfkhdstncfads cdmd futnstfs nhbfhtn`ls prlcdcls sl prlslhtfh cdmd hnöds qul cfsn
hd jfg`fh, d `d jfclh lh tlrclrf plrsdhf, hd jfy uhf fprdpnfcnóh al` prdhdmgrl plrsdhf` ‐yd”,
sdh jfg`fads pdr l` Dtrd. \tn`nzfh pfrtls al uhf brfsl, f vlcls usfh só`d uhf pf`fgrf uhf vlz
y alspuîs hd `f vul`vlh f utn`nzfr
utn`nzfr.. Cufhad jfg`fh hd sl `ls lhtnlhal, y ls cdmd sn `fs pf`fgrfs
dlxprlsf
`fs sí`fgfs lstuvnlrfh
`f pfrtncu`fr plkfafs uhfsalf `d
lstructurfcnóh dtrfs snh prdaucnr
snmgó`ncd uh lblctdCdmd
lh `f psncdsns. al anscdhtnhunafa. Lstd
bf`tf l` dralhfadr
clhtrf` qul ls l` Hdmgrl al` _farl, lh ùkfr al lstfg`lclrsl uh nhtlrvf`d lhtrl `ds snkhnﬆ-
cfhtls, qulafh plkfads, qulafh cdmpfctfads. Ls uhf lxp`ncfcnóh muy slhcn``f al f`kd muy
cdmp`led. Al f``í qul hd lxnstf hnhkuhf pdsngn`nafa al vd`vlr jfcnf ftræs snhd qul `f cfalhf
snkhnﬆcfhtl fpfrlcl lh g`dqul. Hd ls uh aîﬆcnt bdhdfuand`ókncd hn al nhtl`nklhcnf, hn hlclsntfh
slr ``lvfr`ds pfrf qul f`kunlh `ds lauqul –qul ls `f tlhalhcnf fctuf` fmlrncfhf–, l` mîtdad
tlfcj, qul ls trftfr al vlr
v lr cuæ`ls sdh `fs cfpfcnafals al` hnöd y trftfr al alsfrrd``ærsl`fs. Lstds
hnöds pulalh alcnr uhf brfsl cdmp`ltf lh f`kõh mdmlhtd d uhf pf`fgrf sul`tf y alspuîs hd
vd`vlr`f f alcnr huhcf mæs, hd sl trftf al uh prdg`lmf frtncu`ftdrnd snhd al` usd al` `lhkufel.
Lh `f lsqunzdbrlhnf sl vl c`frfmlhtl `f mltdhnmnf snkhnﬆcfhtl, uhf pf`fgrf f` `fad al `f dtrf,
nhnhtlrrumpnafmlhtl, snh prdaucnr hnhkõh lblctd al slhtnad. Lh lstds hnöds, f pfrtnr al lstds
plafcntds al brfsls plkdtlfafs pdalmds nhblrnr qul jfy uh trfstdrhd jd`dbræsncd, uh usd jd`d-
bræsncd al` `lhkufel.
_dr dtrf pfrtl, hd jfy almfhaf f` Dtrd, d hd sl anrnklh f` Dtrd snhd qul mæs gnlh lstæh lh uhf
pdsncnóh al fmds, jfg`fh y sl anrnklh f` dtrd al fculrad f su vdùhtfa.
Rlfmds dtrds l`lmlhtds. Cufhad sl kd`plfh d sl `fstnmfh hd ``drfh, d hd sl lhblrmfh, ls cdmd
sn hd tuvnlrfh culrpd, y al jlcjd hd tnlhlh culrpd, sdh cdmd æhkl`ls pdrqul `d snmgó`ncd ls `d
qul af uh culrpd. Sn `ls pnad qul `lvfhtlh `f mfhd, pdr lelmp`d, ćómd sfglh quî ls `f ` f mfhd4
F` slr hdmgrfad pdr `d snmgó`ncd cdmd mfhd sl pulal anblrlhcnfr y `lvfhtfr
`lvfhtfr.. @d snmgó`ncd af
uh culrpd, mæs f``æ qul lh lsl culrpd pf`pntl uh slr vnvd adhal sl f`def `f `ngnad, lh adhal sl
f`def l` vnvnlhtl. @d snmgó`ncd plrmntl `f cdhstntucnóh al `f nmfklh, pulstd qul lh cnlrtf pdsn-
cnóh al` lspled l` sueltd faqunlrl, f trfvîs al `f cdhstntucnóh ydncf, su nmfklh lsplcu`fr. _dr
dtrd `fad, `f hdcnóh lspfcnd-tlmpdrf` sl `d af `d snmgó`ncd. _dr lsd `ds hnöds muy plqulöds
sl trdpnlzfh, sl cflh, sl ``lvfh `ds
` ds dgeltds pdr al`fhtl jfstf qul `d snmgó`ncd hd sl pdhl lh su
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ùkfr, y lsd tnlhl uh tnlmpd al alsfrrd``d lh `f lstructurf. _lrd lh `ds hnöds psncótncds plrsnstl
ùkfr,
lstf fuslhcnf al cdhstntucnóh lspfcnd-tlmpdrf` pdr `d qul pulal cfmnhfr pdr `f cdrhnsf al uh
gf`cóh snh hdcnóh al uh lspfcnd jfcnf fgfed d al pl`nkrd. Eustfmlhtl pdrqul `f bf``f snmgó`ncf
rlplrcutl lh su cdhstntucnóh al` lspfcnd y al` tnlmpd sl kd`plfh cdh tfhtf bfcn`nafa y hd `ls
aul`l.
ls Hd jfy uh c`íhncfmlhtl
tfh dgslrvfg`l culrpd qul jf fblctfad
qul f` vnvnlhtl
ls hdtfg`l cómd `dsy pdr l` cuf`
hnöds pulalh
hn gnlh slhtnrlàd`dr.
lmpnlzfh ^ lstd
trftfmnlhtd
y jfy f`kd qul sl mdanﬆcf, lmpnlzfh f ``drfr sn sl cflh y sl lmpnlzfh f lhblrmfr.
lhblrmfr. Ls f`kd muy
rlplrtdrlfad c`íhncfmlhtl lh anstnhtds `fads9 `d jl vnstd cdh pfcnlhtls plrd tfmgnîh, pdr lelm-
p`d, jfy uhf nhstntucnóh gl`kf qul sl ``fmf ‐@„Fhtlhhl 661”
661” adhal l``ds mdstrfgfh tfmgnîh lh
humlrdsds cfsds cómd sl vl lstl blhómlhd tfh pfrtncu`fr.
Qlhlmds lstd f hnvl` al` culrpd. Sl afh culhtf qul `d snmgó`ncd hd ls sd`fmlhtl l` usd al`
`lhkufel, snhd `d snmgó`ncd tfmgnîh ls `f lstructurfcnóh al` lspfcnd y `f pdsngn`nafa al tlhlr
uh culrpd, y lsd fblctf lh `d nmfknhfrnd `f cdhstntucnóh al `f nmfklh lsplcu`fr. Lstds hnöds,
pdr lelmp`d, hd rlcdhdclh su nmfklh lh l` lspled. Mnlhtrfs qul hn gnlh f`kd al `d snmgó`ncd
sl sntõf lh su ùkfr, l` hnöd sl rlcdhdcl. L` hnöd jfg`f lh tlrclrf plrsdhf pdrqul hd jfy uhf
fprdpnfcnóh al su yd, î` snkul snlhad l` dgeltd al` Dtrd, jfg`f al sí mnsmd cdmd ls jfg`fad pdr
l` Dtrd, ls cdmd `f mfrndhltf al` Dtrd. Lsd mulstrf gnlh su ùkfr al dgeltd.
Sl pulal alcnr qul lh `íhlfs klhlrf`ls lh tdaf cdhsu`tf al hnöds, nhcùsd hlurótncds, jfy f`kd
al` hnöd cdmd dgeltd al` Dtrd cufhad ls trfíad f `f cdhsu`tf. Hdsdtrds vfmds f `f gõsqulaf
al` sueltd qul lmlrkl y lsd pdsngn`ntf qul jfyf tf` vlz uhf lhtrfaf lh fhæ`nsns, plrd sdgrl `f
gfsl al `f pdsngn`nafa al cdhs
cdhsnalrfr
nalrfr qul jfy uh sueltd. Lh cfmgnd, lh lstfs cdhsu`tfs
cdhsu`tfs l` hnöd f`
slr jfg`fad y rlpltnr lcd`æ`ncfmlhtl `fs brfsls qul lscucjf, `d qul rlprdaucl ls qul snlmprl ls
jfg`fad pdr l` Dtrd snh `f pdsngn`nafa qul lmlref uh sueltd.
Lhtdhcls lh `d nmfknhfrnd sl tnlhl qul plhsfr qul hd sl trftf sd`fmlhtl al qul jfy nmfklh
lsplcu`fr snhd qul lsd rlplrcutl lh l` usd al` `lhkufel (lcd`f`nf) y lh l` usd al `ds mdvnmnlh-
tds (lcdprfxnf). Lcd`f`nf ls, pdr lelmp`d, prlkuhtfr`l ‐ćómd lstæs4, ´gnlh4”, y l` hnöd rlpntl
‐gnlh”, lhtdhcls qul cdhvlrsó cdh hdsdtrds. Lh rlf`nafa, só`d rlpntnó `f pf`fgrf. L` blhómlhd
nmfknhfrnd rlcfl sdgrl `f cfalhf snkhnﬆcfhtl y fpfrlcl `f lcd`f`nf, d snhd rlcfl sdgrl `ds md-
vnmnlhtds y fpfrlcl `f lcdprfxnf, plkfad f `f nmfklh al` dtrd. Lstds mdvnmnlhtds hd cdhstn-
tuylh uh eulkd. Cufhad uh hnöd hd eulkf ls uh íhancl anfkhóstncd krfvl. _ulal slr uh hnöd
hlurótncd cdh bulrtls nhjngncndhls, pdrqul l` eulkd rlqunlrl uh fmp`nd y muy sdﬆstncfad hnvl`
al drkfhnzfcnóh snmgó`ncf, y cufhad jfy uhf bf``f lh `f drkfhnzfcnóh snmgó`ncf rlplrcutl lh `fs
pdsngn`nafals al eukfr.
eukfr. Lhcdhtrfmds lh lstds hnöds l` usd rutnhfrnd y rntuf`nzfad al cnlrtds md-
vnmnlhtds, pdr lelmp`d, tdmfr `ds trlhcntds, pdhlr`ds uhd altræs al` dtrd, plrd snlmprl nkuf`.
@ds pfarls nhtlrprltfh lstds mdvnmnlhtds cdmd qul f` jned `l lhcfhtf eukfr cdh trlhcntds, plrd
hd jfy hnhkuhf lstructurfcnóh snmgó`ncf. Hd pdr hfaf Brlua cufhad jfg`f lh l` frtícu`d sdgrl
l` crlfadr `ntlrfrnd ancl qul `d qul ls l` eulkd pfrf l` hnöd vf f slr `f bfhtfsíf al` fau`td, pdrqul
rlqunlrl tdafs `fs sutn`lzfs al drkfhnzfcnóh snmgó`ncf qul `d qul ls `f bfhtfsíf lh l` fau`td, y
tfmgnîh nmp`ncf uhf sugeltnvfcnóh al `ds fcdhtlcnmnlhtds.
Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls ;?
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Cufhad l` hnöd eulkf lstæ sugeltnvfhad `d qul `l pfsó f î` snlhad dgeltd al` Dtrd. @ds hnöntds
f` eukfr f `f
` f mfmæ rlprdauclh sus prdpnfs vnvlhcnfs. F` eukfr cdh ``fs
fs muölcfs `f hnöf rltdmf
l`lmlhtds al su jnstdrnf, plrd lh lsl mdmlhtd yf hd ls l` dgeltd al` Dtrd, snhd qul sl trftf al
su prdpnf pdsncnóh al sueltd, pulstd qul sl fprdpnf y jfcl uh usd plrsdhf`. Lstd ls anstnhtd
f lstf pfhtdmnmf
pdsngn`nafa rntuf`nzfaf,
al mdanﬆcfcnóh. lstlrldtnpfaf,
_dr lsd `dkrfr adhal
` dkrfr qul jfyf ls snlmprl
f`kd `d lh
al eulkd mnsmd y hd jfy
uhf slsnóh cdhhnhkuhf
uh hnöd
psncótncd ls nmpdrtfhtl, hd ls cuf`qunlr cdsf.
Anenmds qul hd jfy cdhstntucnóh al` culrpd y qul sl prlslhtfh lcd`f`nfs, lcdprfxnfs, fùcnhf-
cndhls. @fcfh ancl qul jfy fùcnhfcndhls lh l` futnsmd y `d ancl lh anstnhtfs dpdrtuhnafals,
pdr `d mlhds lh ads. @d ancl lh l` anscursd al Knhlgrf cufhad fﬆrmf qul sn l` hnöd sl tfpf
`fs drlefs y hd qunlrl lscucjfr ls pdrqul sl lstæ lscucjfhad f sí mnsmd. Qfmgnîh jfg`f fhtls
al l``d lh l` anscursd al c`fusurf sdgrl `f psncdsns nhbfhtn`, sdgrl `f gfsl al uh cfsd qul jfgífh
prlslhtfad, lh adhal nhancf qul sn l` cjncd sl tfpf `fs drlefs ls pdrqul lstæ lscucjfhad vdcls,
lstæ fùcnhfhad.
@f jnpótlsns al @fcfh ls qul jfy fùcnhfcnóh lh l` futnsmd fuhqul sl mfhnﬆlstl lh bdrmf sutn`.
Lstd anﬆlrl al f`kuhfs tlhalhcnfs fctuf`ls fmlrncfhfs lh rl`fcnóh f `f psncdsns lh `f nhbfhcnf
qul pnlhsfh qul l` futnsmd ls uh trfstdrhd slhsdrnf`. Ls uhf trfhsbdrmfcnóh al uhf nalf fhtn-
kuf, pdrqul fhtls sl plhsfgf qul f `d mledr lrf sdrad, pdr lsd hd cdhtlstfgf sn sl `l jfg`fgf.
Lstd ls tfh prlkhfhtl qul jfstf jdy lh aíf mucjds al `ds hnöds qul ``lkfh f `f cdhsu`tf pfsf-
rdh yf pdr uh bdhdfuanó`dkd pfrf vlr sn jfy uh prdg`lmf fuantnvd. _lrd lstd lstæ ``lvfad f`
lxtrlmd pdr uhf cdrrnlhtl fmlrncfhf qul cdhsnalrf qul l` trfstdrhd ls qul lxnstlh cnlrtds sd-
hnads al vdz qul plrturgfh f` hnöd y qul jfy qul lhcdhtrfr l` gulh sdhnad pfrf qul pulaf rl-
fccndhfr.. \hd pulal alcnr qul ls tdad uh al`nrnd frmfad lh tdrhd f lstd, plrd sl `d tdmfh muy
fccndhfr
lh slrnd. Nhcùsd krfgfh f `fs mfarls cdh cnlrtf tdhf`nafa al vdz, `l cdhstruylh uh fpfrftntd,
sl `d pdhlh cdh fuaíbdhds pfrf qul l` hnöd lstî tdad l` aíf lscucjfhad lsl sdhnad, qul hd sî
sn ls lh bf`sltl d uh cfmgnd al sdhdrnafa, y dgtnlhlh l` rlsu`tfad al qul lsd `ds trfhqun`nzf. @f
tldrnzfcnóh qul afh ls qul sl trfhqun`nzfh pdrqul lscucjfh `ds sdhnads qul hlclsntfh lxfctf-
mlhtl pfrf su plrclpcnóh. Lstds hnöds sdh slhsng`ls y tnlhlh prdg`lmfs al fuancnóh f cnlrtf sd-
hdrnafa. Alsal `f plrsplctnvf psncdfhf`ítncf pfrlcl uh fpfrftd klhnf` pdrqul `dkrfh `dcf`nzfr f
`fs vdcls. @l frmfh uh fpfrftntd qul ``lvfh cdhsnkd f tdafs pfrtls y `fs vdcls
v dcls qulafh sntufafs
lh lstl rlknstrd al sdhdrnafa qul ls uh krfgfadr. _dr supulstd qul lsd f`nvnf pdrqul yf hd ls
`f ansplrsnóh al `fs vdcls snhd qul qulafh `dcf`nzfafs. Ml pfrlcl qul ls `f gulhf mfhlrf al
pdalr lhtlhalr lstfs curfs pdr krfgfadr,
krfgfadr, qul hd `fs suknlrd al hnhkuhf mfhlrf.
_lrd `f blhdmlhd`dkíf nhancf qul cufhad lstds hnöds lmpnlzfh f mnrfr pfrf tdads `fads y
anclh ‚lstæ fjí„, y slöf`fh f` vfcíd, lstds hnöds lstæh c`frfmlhtl fùcnhfads. ^ l` ‚lstæ fjí„ hd rl-
mntl f hnhkuhf snkhnﬆcfcnóh. Lstf brfsl ml rlsu`tó muy plcu`nfr pdrqul `f lscucjî cdh pfcnlh-
tls lh anstnhtds nandmfs, vnvnlhad lh Brfhcnf y vnvnlhad fcæ, y hd sl lxp`ncf pdr f`kd klhîtncd
hn nhhftd. Lstd mulstrf muy gnlh qul sn gnlh jfy anblrlhcnfs cu`turf`ls, al nandmf y almæs, lh
tdads `ds cfsds sl mulstrf eustfmlhtl lsl vfcíd al snkhnﬆcfcnóh.
Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls ;6
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Fsí qul ml pfrlcl qul pdr mæs qul slf anbícn` jfclr uh anfkhóstncd pdsntnvd al `f psncdsns lh
`f nhbfhcnf, y mucjfs vlcls tfmgnîh `d ls cdh `f hlurdsns lh `f nhbfhcnf, ml pfrlcl qul jfy qul
tdmfrsl l` tnlmpd y l` trfgfed al fpuhtfr f lsd pdrqul tnlhl cdhslculhcnfs lh `f anrlccnóh al
`f curf.
_fsd f cdhtfr`ls uh trftfmnlhtd. L` hnöd al 1 föds qul ml trflh f cdhsu`tf ls alrnvfad pdr `f
psncdplafkdkf. \suf`mlhtl `ds hnöds ``lkfh f `f cdhsu`tf f trfvîs al `f lscd`frnzfcnóh, cufhad
f`kd hd buhcndhf y `fs lscul`fs `ds mfhafh pfrf qul sl `l jfkf uh psncdanfkhóstncd d uh anfk-
hóstncd anblrlhcnf`. F`kuhfs
F`kuhfs vlcls f`kõh gulh planftrf favlrtnad plrcngl qul fjí jfy f`kd qul
hd buhcndhf y `d mfhafh f cdhsu`tf, y lstds sdh hnöds qul ``lkfh mæs plqulöds, al ads föds
y mland, trls. _lrd fhtls ls muy anbícn` lhcdhtrfr uhf cdhsu`tf pdrqul `fs mfarls lh klhlrf`
cdhsu`tfh f `ds planftrfs qul lsplrfh uh tnlmpd pfrf vlr cómd lvdùcndhfh.
L` hnöd qul prlslhtfrî ls alrnvfad pdr `f psncdplafkdkf pdrqul sl fís`f, hd sl anrnkl f` dtrd,
hd anrnkl `f mnrfaf, mnrf jfcnf uh cdstfad, `fs mflstrfs lmpnlzfh f plrcngnr f`kd qul hd vf.
Lh `f lhtrlvnstf cdh `f mfarl fpfrlcl qul l` hnöd fclptf `f f`nmlhtfcnóh al uhf mfhlrf muy
ríknaf. Cufhad jfg`f hd sl `l lhtnlhal, jfg`f lh g`dqul. \tn`nzf sí`fgfs qul hd lhtnlhalh, rlpn-
tl pf`fgrfs d brfsls qul lscucjf lh `f tl`lvnsnóh y `fs utn`nzf bulrf al cdhtlxtd snh afr hnhkõh
slhtnad. Sl kd`plf cdhtrf `fs pfrlals, huhcf ``drf, tfmpdcd sl lhblrmf. ^ cufhad sl `l hnlkf
f`kd pftf`lf y jfcl uh glrrnhcjl. _lrd sfgl prlhalr `f tl`lvnsnóh sd`d, y yf culhtf jfstf mæs al
cnlh y lscrngl `ds hõmlrds. _lrd lstl cdhtld al hõmlrds ls snmp`lmlhtl uhf slrnl y hd rlmntl
f hnhkuhf rl`fcnóh cdh uh dgeltd. Lstæ lstd qul sl pdaríf alcnr ls uh aîﬆcnt, plrd tfmgnîh fpf-
rlclh blhómlhds pdsntnvds5 yf sfgl cdhtfr jfstf cnlh y lscrngl `ds hõmlrds.
L` hnöd cdhstruyl slrnls, yf `ls vdy f lxp`ncfr cómd, plrd `d pfrtncu`fr ls qul lh l``fs snlmprl
jfy f`kd qul bf`tf. Sn lscrngl `ds cnlh hõmlrds jfy uh hõmlrd
hõmlrd qul snlmprl bf`tf, hd ls uhf sl-
rnl cdmp`ltf snhd qul snlmprl lstæ fkuelrlfaf, jfy uhf bf``f lh lstf slrnl, qul hd ls l` mnsmd
hõmlrd, pulal slr cuf`qunlrf.
Cufhad `d trflh f cdhsu`tf, y lstd vf f slr buhafmlhtf`, `f mfarl pnlhsf qul l` hnöd hd hlcl-
sntf trftfmnlhtd, qul l` hnöd lstæ gnlh, qul sl fís`f, qul l``f lrf fsí cufhad lrf cjncf, y l` qul
sdstnlhl
qul `f cdhsu`tf
`d trfnkfh ls l` pfarl.L`L`qul
f trftfmnlhtd. pfarl ancl qul
sdstnlhl `l pfrlcl
tfmgnîh qul l` hnöd
`f cdhsu`tf ls l`hdfgul`d
lstæ gnlh y qul qul
mftlrhd qunlrl
`d
trfl f `fs slsndhls pdrqul lh mland al` trftfmnlhtd `f mfarl qulaf lmgfrfzfaf, y pfsf f lstfr
dcupfaf pdr lsl dtrd dgeltd, jfstf qul vf f vd`vlr `f mnrfaf sdgrl l` jned y tnlhl cdhslculhcnfs
lh l` trftfmnlhtd.
Rlfmds cuæ`ls sdh `ds blhómlhds psncótncds qul pdalmds rlplrtdrlfr. Lh `d snmgó`ncd eustf-
mlhtl pdr lstl usd pfrtncu`fr al` `lhkufel sl prlslhtf l` usd jd`dbræsncd al` `lhkufel. Lstf cdm-
pfctfcnóh al `fs brfsls, al `fs pf`fgrfs, qul nmpnal lhtlhalr quî ls `d qul lstæ ancnlhad. F `f
vlz sn sl kd`plf hd snlhtl ad`dr, ls cdmd sn hd tuvnlrf culrpd. Jfg`f lh tlrclrf plrsdhf. \tn`nzf
pf`fgrfs snh lstfg`lclr uh lblctd al slhtnad. Lh `d nmfknhfrnd hd tnlhl nmfklh lsplcu`fr
lsplcu`fr,, hd sl
rlcdhdcl f` lspled. ^ fpfrlcl `d al `f lcd`f`nf y `f lcdprfxnf. ^ f hnvl` al `d rlf` tdmf `ds cugds
y pdr mdmlhtds sl tfpf `fs drlefs, mnrf jfcnf l` tlcjd jfcnlhad mdvnmnlhtd al rdtfcnóh9 lsd `l
suclal lh humlrdsfs dpdrtuhnafals. @f mfarl lxp`ncf lstd cdmd qul `l md`lstfh `ds runads.
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Rlh qul `f tldríf fuantnvf prladmnhf lh tdads `ds hnvl`ls. L``f cdhsnalrf qul `l md`lstfh `ds
runads, nhcùsd cufhad lstæ lh mn cdhsu`tdrnd y hd jfy hnhkõh runad, d slf qul pdalmds lstf-
g`lclr `f jnpótlsns al qul l` hnöd tnlhl fùcnhfcndhls fuantnvfs.
F` cdmnlhzd al` trftfmnlhtd l` hnöd rlcjfzf lhtrfr sd`d f` cdhsu`tdrnd. Lhtrf cdmd uh fpîhancl
al `f mfarl cdh sus futntds. Supóhkfhsl yd lstdy slhtfaf fcæ, `f mfarl lhbrlhtl y l` hnöd sl
snlhtf snlmprl al` `fad nzqunlrad al `f mfarl, hd qunlrl lhtrfr sd`d, `f mfarl jfg`f, tlhlmds
mucjfs lhtrlvnstfs al lstf mfhlrf, l` hnöd lstæ cdhclhtrfad mdvnlhad sus futntds y lh hnhkõh
mdmlhtd sl anrnkl hn cdh `f mnrfaf hn cdh `f vdz jfcnf mí. Jfstf qul uh aíf, cufhad nhtlhtfh
lhtrfr, cnlrrd `f pulrtf f `f mfarl, `l ankd ‚hd lhtrf„ y cnlrrd `f pulrtf. Aled l` hnöd falhtrd y
`f mfarl bulrf.
Hd ml vd`ví mfj`lrnfhf, hd sl trftf al qul nhtlhtd lstfg`lclr uhf nhanvnaufcnóh, slpfrfcnóh
al` hnöd, hd sl trftf al prdaucnr uh lblctd al slpfrfcnóh lhtrl `f mfarl y l` jned, qul uhd pd-
aríf lhtlhalr fsí `f mfhndgrf, d slf al qul jfy qul slpfrfr lsds ads culrpds. Lstf ls `f nalf
prnhcnpf` al Mfrkfrlt Mfj`lr adhal sl trftf al jfclr uh bdrtf`lcnmnlhtd ydncd, lstfg`lclr uhf
gulhf snmgndsns lhtrl `f mfarl y l` hnöd pfrf qul alspuîs sl slpfrlh y l` hnöd fpfrlzcf cdh
uh yd mæs bulrtl. ^ alhtrd al` mdvnmnlhtd `fcfhnfhd, Mfua Mfhhdhn cdh `fs nhstntucndhls
qul crló pfrf hnöds psncótncds buhcndhfgf al `f mnsmf mfhlrf. @ds hnöds tlhífh qul vnvnr lh
uhf mnsmf nhstntucnóh slpfrfads al `ds pfarls, pfrf lvntfr tdaf `f nftrdklhnf al `f rl`fcnóh cdh
`f mfarl. @ds fhf`nstfs lrfh al `f mnsmf cnuafa plrd tfmgnîh tlhífh qul lstfr bulrf al lsf
nhstntucnóh pfrf lvntfr tdad `d qul tlhkf qul vlr cdh `f lhadkfmnf. Lstf nalf al qul jfy qul
slpfrfr lblctnvfmlhtl f` hnöd al `f mfarl pdr `f mf`f nh﬇ulhcnf al `ds pfarls, sl trfs`faf tfm-
gnîh f hulstrf ddrnlhtfcnóh
rnlhtfcnóh `fcfh
`fcfhnfhf
nfhf y `d lhcdhtrfmds
lhcdhtrfmds tfmgnîh lh Mfua Mfhhdhn, d slf qul hhdd
ls hfaf mæs qul `f Lkdpsycjd`dky, snhd qul ls uhf al `fs f`tlrhftnvfs qul f vlcls sl prlslhtfh
cdmd trftfmnlhtd.
Hd sl trftf al lsd, snhd qul sl trftf al vlr cómd lhtrfr lh cdhtfctd cdh lsl hnöd qul hd sl anrnkl
hn cdh `f mnrfaf hn `f vdz jfcnf mí. Lhtdhcls l` hnöd sl qulaf pfrfad anlz mnhutds brlhtl f `f
pulrtf snh jfg`frml jfstf qul lh uh mdmlhtd ancl ‚fgrí„. ^ yd hd jfkd hfaf, ml qulad slhtf-
af jfstf qul l` hnöd vnlhl,
vn lhl, sl snlhtf snmîtrncfmlhtl f` ùkfr adhal lstfgf slhtfad cdh `f mfarl
rlprdaucnlhad su mnsmd klstd lh rl`fcnóh f` dtrd, sl snlhtf snh mnrfrml, al lspfàf, al`fhtl
míd al` `fad alrlcjd, lxfctfmlhtl snmîtrncfmlhtl y sl pdhl f jfclr `ds mnsmds mdvnmnlhtds,
y yd hd jfkd hfaf.
Mulstrf gnlh cómd ræpnafmlhtl rlstfg`lcl cdmd uh ùkfr al psluaópdad al` dtrd, ùkfr al
dgeltd, cdmd uhf snmp`l prd`dhkfcnóh al` dtrd, `d vul`vl f cdmp`ltfr. _lrmfhlclmds fsí au-
rfhtl uhds vlnhtl mnhutds adhal hd jfg`d, ml qulad lh sn`lhcnd, jfstf qul l` hnöd sl af vul`tf
y ml mnrf. Lh lsl mdmlhtd cdrtd `f slsnóh, `l ankd ‚muy gnlh, slkunmds `f próxnmf vlz„ y f
pfrtnr al lsl mdmlhtd f`kd sl mdanﬆcf, f pfrtnr al lsl mdmlhtd snlmprl lhtrf sd`d y lmpnlzf
f anrnknrsl jfcnf mí.
_frf pdalr tldrnzfr lstf nhtlrvlhcnóh hlclsntfríf cdhtfr cdh l` cdhclptd al slpfrfcnóh. @f an-
rlccnóh al `f curf cdh uh hnöd psncótncd fpuhtf f prdaucnr lstl lblctd al slpfrfcnóh qul hd
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lxnstl lh `f psncdsns, plrd qul fõh fsí uhd nhtlhtf prdaucnr lsl lblctd al slpfrfcnóh al` dgeltd,
pfrf qul lmlref uh sueltd. @d ankd fsí grlvlmlhtl.
Fjdrf pfsd f lxp`ncfr cdsfs mæs slhcn``fs. L` trftfmnlhtd aurf trls föds fprdxnmfafmlhtl.
Aurfhtl l` prnmlr föd, f pfrtnr al` mdmlhtd lh qul l` hnöd pulal lhtrfr sd`d y lmpnlzf f an-
rnknrsl f mí cdh `f mnrfaf y `f vdz, f`kd sl mdanﬆcf pdrqul lmpnlzfh ræpnafmlhtl f cflr sus
rntuf`ls, lmpnlzf f prdaucnr cnlrtf mdvn`nafa. Clalh uh pdcd lstfs cdhauctfs lstlrldtnpfafs
cdh `ds futds. Aurfhtl tdad lsl prnmlr föd al trftfmnlhtd fpfrlcl `f cdhstntucnóh al `f nmfklh
lsplcu`fr. Lh l` cdhsu`tdrnd sl anrnkl jfcnf uhf `æmpfrf, vl su rl﬇led y ancl ‚sdy yd„, lsd ls
snmu`tæhld, prnmlrd ancl ‚lsl ls Eufh„ supóhkfhsl, jfg`fhad lh tlrclrf plrsdhf, plrd yf rlcd-
hdcnlhad su nmfklh y alspuîs pulal fprdpnfrsl al lsf nmfklh y alcnr ‚sdy yd„. Snmu`tæhlf-
mlhtl qul pulal rlcdhdclr su nmfklh, qul jfy uhf cdhstntucnóh al `d lsplcu`fr
lsplcu`fr,, sl prdaucl `f
fprdpnfcnóh al` prdhdmgrl plrsdhf`.
Lh lstl puhtd tfmgnîh jfy f`kd qul ml lhslöó lstl pfcnlhtl. Lh l` mdmlhtd lh qul pulal rl-
cdhdclr su nmfklh y alcnr qul ‚sdy yd„, lh qul jfy f`kd al `d nmfknhfrnd
n mfknhfrnd qul `dkrf cdhstntunrsl,
lsf nmfklh qul qulaf `ngnanhnzfaf pdr lstl mdvnmnlhtd al cdhstntucnóh al `d lsplcu`fr jfcl
qul f`kd al su prdpnd slr vnvnlhtl qulal `ngnanhnzfad. Lstl hnöd tfh slrnd lmpnlzf f rlírsl, cdsf
qul fhtls hd jfcíf huhcf. Lh f`kuhfs dcfsndhls sl ríl, y lsd hd ml pfrlcl pdcd, pdrqul eustf-
mlhtl mulstrf cómd f`kd al su slr vnvnlhtl lmpnlzf f slr `ngnanhnzfad.
Lmpnlzf f cdhlctfrsl uh pdcd mæs cdh `ds dtrds plrd snlmprl al fculrad f su vdùhtfa, sn
qunlrl rlspdhal9 y cufhad `d jfcl ls snlmprl cdh mdhdsí`fgds, hd ls qul lstfg`lcl uhf krfh
cjfr`f. ^ lmpnlzf f frmfr slrnls. Anenmds qul cufhad ``lkó sfgíf `ds hõmlrds. Lh l` slkuhad
föd al trftfmnlhtd lmpnlzf f slr lscd`frnzfad, yf vf jfcnf `ds cnhcd
cn hcd föds, y lscrngl `ds hõml-
rds y sus hdmgrls, alspuîs `ds aífs al `f slmfhf, frmf slrnls al aífs al `f slmfhf, alspuîs
fsdcnf `ds hõmlrds cdh `ds aífs al `f slmfhf, `f slrnl al `ds cdmpfölrds al c`fsl, `f slrnl al `ds
f`nmlhtds cdmlstng`ls. Su trfgfed cdhsnstl lh l` frmfad al slrnls lscrntfs lh l` pfpl`.
^f l` jlcjd al qul pulaf lscrngnr jfcl qul tfmgnîh lstf pfhtdmnmf lh rl`fcnóh f `ds cugds
pulstds lh `ds díads claf, pulstd qul lsfs vdcls qulafh f`defafs lh `f `lctd-lscrnturf, pdr `d
qul l` blhómlhd fùcnhftdrnd clal.
Lh l` slkuhad föd al `f curf fpfrlcl `f prnmlrf mfhnblstfcnóh trfhsblrlhcnf`. Lscrngl lh uh pf-
pl` ‐`f ﬇fcf lscdpltf” y ancl qul ls su fhf`nstf. @ulkd lh dtrf dpdrtuhnafa lscrngl Sn`vnf y ancl
qul yd sdy su hdvnf, qul ml qunlrl, y mnlhtrfs `d ancl qulaf mnrfhad f` vfcíd, snh mnrfrml, `d
ancl uhf sd`f vlz y efmæs vul`vl f alcnr`d. _lrd, hd dgstfhtl, uhf vlz ancjd ‐`f ﬇fcf lscdpltf”,
lstf alc`frfcnóh fmdrdsf, lmpnlzfh f prdaucnrsl lblctds pdrqul f cdhtnhufcnóh ``lkf f` cdh-
su`tdrnd ``fmæhadml pdr mn hdmgrl y ml af uh glsd. Huhcf ml sfùafgf, lhtrfgf, sf`íf, plrd
efmæs sl anrnkíf f mí. F pfrtnr al ls
lsll mdmlhtd sl nhtrd
nhtrdaucl
aucl l` sfùad y l` cdhtfctd cdhmnkd.
cdhmnkd.
Wlculralh qul lstds hnöds hd qunlrlh qul sl `ds tdqul, l` fclrcfmnlhtd ls lxplrnmlhtfad cdh
uhf slhsfcnóh al nhtrusnóh cdrpdrf`. _lrd î` lhtrf lh cdhtfctd. ^ sl mu`tnp`ncfh `fs slrnls. Frmf
slrnls al `ds mlsls al` föd y `fs cruzf, `ds aífs al `f
` f slmfhf, pdr lelmp`d, y l` mlhõ al `d qul
vf f cdmlr lh cfaf aíf. Anguef fsclhsdrls y pdhl `ds pnsds. Lscrngl pf`fgrfs qul lscucjf lh
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nhk`îs y `fs lscrngl al fculrad f su bdhîtncf y frmf `nstfs. Mlmdrnzf tdads `ds hdmgrls al `f
Gng`nf y lscrngl tdaf uhf slrnl, jdefs lhtlrfs frmfhad tdads `ds hdmgrls al `f Gng`nf9 sn jugnlrf
snad mæs krfhal tf` vlz frmfríf uh al`nrnd rl`nkndsd, plrd pdr l` mdmlhtd lrf `f lscrnturf lh
slrnl.
Aurfhtl l` tlrclr föd al trftfmnlhtd lmpnlzf f cdhblccndhfr mfpfs al cf``ls. @l jfgífh rlkf`f-
ad uhf kuíf al `f cnuafa, sl `f mlmdrnzó y pusd f cdhstrunr mfpfs al `fs cf``ls. Lh f`kuhd al
lsds mfpfs sntõf `f anrlccnóh al mn cdhsu`tdrnd y ancl qul fjí lstæ ‐su ﬇fcf lscdpltf”, qul sdy
yd ‐`f ﬇fcf lscdpltf”. Alhtrd al` mfpf fpfrlcl sntufaf `f fhf`nstf. Lstl mfpf sl cdhstruyl gfed
trfhsblrlhcnf. F cdhtnhufcnóh frmf mfpfs al sugtls y cd`lctnvds l nhancf lxfctfmlhtl cuæ` ls l`
rlcdrrnad al `ds cd`lctnvds y l` sugtl qul tnlhl qul tdmfr pfrf ````lkfr
lkfr f` cdhsu`tdrnd.
Lstd ls uh `nhad lelmp`d al `d qul @fcfh ancl lh l` Slmnhfrnd 3 fclrcf al qul cufhad bf`tf `f
cfrrltlrf prnhcnpf`, qul ls l` Hdmgrl al` _farl, l` psncótncd sl drnlhtf cdh plqulöds `ltrlrds.
F bf`tf al `f cfrrltlrf prnhcnpf` lstl hnöd frmf tdaf uhf kldkrfbíf snmgó`ncf, plrd sl hdtf muy
gnlh qul lstf cdhstruccnóh só`d sl pulal jfclr gfed trfhs
trfhsblrlhcnf,
blrlhcnf, pdrqu
pdrqull lh `f mlanaf lh qul
pulal sntufr su ‐﬇fcf lscdpltf” lh lsds mfpfs, lsl mfpf cdgrf cnlrtf drnlhtfcnóh, `l af uh
slhtnad.
L` fhf`nstf cdmd slcrltfrnd al` f`nlhfad rlcngl su tlstnmdhnd, qul lh ùkfr al slr jfg`fad ls
lscrntd, y lsd `l pdsngn`ntf ``lvfr f cfgd lsl trfgfed, f` mnsmd tnlmpd qul `l plrmntl drnlhtfrsl
y lstfg`lclr uhf sup`lhcnf. Lstl hnöd hd cfmgnó al lstructurf snhd qul lstæ drkfhnzfhad uhf
sup`lhcnf qul `d sntõf lh bdrmf anstnhtf lh l` muhad.
Lh l` cufrtd föd al trftfmnlhtd, l` hnöd lmpnlzf f anguefr y jfcl cdmd `ds k`dgntds al `ds
cdmncs y lscrngl f`kd, cuf`qunlr cdsf, y sl mftf al rnsf, fuhqul hd lrfh krfcndsds hn cdmncs,
lrfh angueds adhal sl pulal jfg`fr al rnsf nhmdtnvfaf.
n hmdtnvfaf. Sn uh fau`td ``lkf lscrngnlhad cdsfs y
sl ríl, sn hd sl lhtnlhal `f rfzóh sl pnlhsf lh rnsfs nhmdtnvfafs. _lrd lsd nhmdtnvfad snlmprl
ls lhkfödsd, pdrqul l` jlcjd al qul uhd hd cdhdzcf al quî sl ríl hd pdr l``d snkhnﬆcf qul hd
tlhkf uh slhtnad pfrf qunlh sl ríl. Cdmd cufhad uhd vf pdr `f cf``l y sl pdhl f rlír sd`d, hds
rlímds pdr f`kd, hds fcdrafmds al uh cjnstl, hds pfrlcnó krfcndsd, jfy uhf mdtnvfcnóh. _lrd `f
anblrlhcnf rfancf lh qul lstf mdtnvfcnóh lh l` pfcnlhtl psncótncd,
p sncótncd, cdh lstfs rnsfs fpfrlhtlmlhtl
nhmdtnvfafs, tnlhlh uhf snkhnﬆcfcnóh p`lhf, tnlhl uhf snkhnﬆcfcnóh plrsdhf`. @d qul vlmds fcæ
cdh lstfs rnsfs al` hnöd anguefhad y rnîhadsl ls qul f`kd al su prdauccnóh lmpnlzf f cdgrfr
uhf snkhnﬆcfcnóh plrsdhf`.
_lrd, f` mnsmd tnlmpd, l` hnöd vf muy gnlh, vf muy gnlh lh l` cd`lknd, ls lscd`frnzfad snh prd-
g`lmfs, lstl hnöd qul jfgíf snad
snad fclptfad lh l` efraíh al nhbfhtls al uh
uhff mfhlrf lsplcnf` pfrf
qul hd vfyf f uhf lscul`f lsplcnf`nzfaf, pulal lscd`frnzfrsl, ls muy rlslrvfad, lstæ trfgfefh-
ad cdhstfhtlmlhtl cdh `d suyd, plrd hd sl sdcnf`nzf almfsnfad.
@`lkfad f lstl puhtd, `f mfarl ancl qul l` hnöd vf muy gnlh lh l` cd`lknd, cdhsnalrf qul hd tnl-
hl hfaf, qul lh rlf`nafa huhcf tuvd hfaf, qul efmæs hlclsntó vlhnr, qul hd `l snrvnó al hfaf l`
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
trftfmnlhtd, y qul hd `d vf f trflr mæs, qul hd hlclsntó fyuaf hn fhtls hn fjdrf, y qul tfmpdcd
`d vf f trflr pfrf qul sl alspnaf.
@ls vdy f `llr `d qul bul `f õ`tnmf slsnóh fhtls al `f alsplanaf, pdalmds
p dalmds vlr rltrdfctnvfmlhtl
quî pfsó lh `f õ`tnmf lhtrlvnstf fhtls al qul hd `d vd`vnlrf f vlr mæs. @f slsnóh fhtlrndr, snh
sfglr qul slríf `f õ`tnmf, l` hnöd lscrngl vfrnfs cdsfs lh anstnhtds pfpl`ls, pdrqul snlmprl trf-
gfefgf lscrngnlhad, y sdgrl cfaf uhd
uhd al l``ds pdhl l` sl``d adhal ﬆkurf mn hdmgrl, sl `f pfsf
sl``fhad cdh mn hdmgrl tdads `ds pfpl`ls. Lh uh pfpl` lscrngl `f anrlccnóh al` cdhsu`tdrnd,
lh dtrd `ds hdmgrls al `ds cd`drls lh nhk`îs, lh l` tlrclrd `f blcjf al lsl aíf y uhf slrnl al `ds
aífs snkunlhtls. Lh l` cufrtd fhdtf `f `íhlf al cd`lctnvd qul utn`nzf pfrf fsnstnr f `f slsnóh. Lh
l` õ`tnmd pfpl` euhtd f uh cufarncu`fad qul anguef, lh l` qul nhcùyl `fs `ltrfs al` fglclafrnd,
lscrngl ‚mucjfs krfcnfs Sn`vnf„. _nlhsd qul lsf bul su alsplanaf.
^d ml vdy f altlhlr lh lstl puhtd pfrf qul pfslmds f ``fs
fs prlkuhtfs y f `ds cdmlhtfrnds.
E. CJFMDWWD5 Mucjfs krfcnfs Sn`vnf (rnsfs). Hd sî cómd lscucjfrdh ustlals `f culstnóh. ^d
`f lscucjîancnlhad
c`frnafa y sl mlqul
bul anguefhad
ancl cdsfs uhf prlkuhtf
slhcn``fs y hd flhtrf
Sn`vnflhf altf``ls,
mlanaf qul `f lscucjfgf
snlmprl cdh tdaf
tlhkd f`kuhf auaf`f
rlsplctd al sn alcnr cdsfs slhcn``fs y hd lhtrfr lh altf``ls hd ls lhtrfr lh prdbuhanafa. _drqul
uhd pulal lhtrfr lh altf``ls y lhtrfr lh `f suplrﬆcnf`nafa al altf``ls, y tlhkd `f nmprlsnóh
al qul tdad `d qul trfhsmntl Sn`vnf ls lh uhf slhcn``lz al jn`d, uh aftd al prdbuhanafa lh l`
hd altf``l lh lstl cfsd. _dr lsd, pfrf mí bul prdbuhaf, hd bul suplrﬆcnf` y klhlrf`. ^d ^d lscucjî
lstd alsal l` snkunlhtl slhtnad, pfrf mí jfy uh dralhfadr al tdad `d qul ancl Sn`vnf, uh hõc`ld
cdhclptuf`, c`íhncd, qul dralhf tdaf su lxpdsncnóh, pfrf mí sl ``fmf `f slpfrfcnóh qul dralhf
alsal `ds prdg`lmfs al` `lhkufel y `f jd`dbrfsl, jfstf `f slpfrfcnóh lhtrl `ds pfarls y l` hnöd,
jfstf `fs cdhclptuf`nzfcndhls al @fcfh al` síhtdmf f` dgeltd.
Sdgrl lstd, ml jf pfsfad f mí, hd sî sn ls `d cdmõh, plrd cfaf vlz qul jl lscucjfad uhf prl-
slhtfcnóh al uh hnöd, al uh fhf`nstf qul prlslhtf f uh hnöd, d al uh fhf`nstf qul trfl f cdhtrd`
f uh hnöd, snlmprl ml surkl l` mnsmd prdg`lmf, ml anguef uh hnöd qul `l pfsf lstd d fqul``d
dtrd y yd snlmprl ml vld cdh `f prlkuhtf al cómd sfgl qul l` hnöd ls fsí. ^ snlmprl surkl `f
cdhbusnóh rlsplctd al sn ls l` hnöd qul anguefh `ds pfarls, qul `l culhtfh `ds pfarls qul ls, d
ls l` hnöd qul l` fhf`nstf vnd.
Snlmprl ml pfrlcl qul fpfrlcl suplrpulstd lstl anscursd al `ds pfarls sdgrl l` hnöd y `d qul
l` hnöd fpdrtf lh pfrtncu`fr. Snlmprl ml pfrlcl qul jfy qul anstnhkunr lsd.
Lhtdhcls `f prlkuhtf qul sl ml anguefgf ls `f snkunlhtl. Slkõh `d qul p`fhtló Sn`vnf, @fcfh
cdhcngnó lh uh mdmlhtd l` hnöd lh l` ùkfr al` síhtdmf al uhf anﬆcu`tfa al uhf frtncu`fcnóh
lhtrl l` pfarl y `f mfarl. Alspuîs @fcfh alsp`fzf lsd f `ds tîrmnhds al` dgeltd y almæs. @d
qul ml prlkuhtfgf ls l` dralh al `f cfusf`nafa. _drqul pdalmds lstfg`lclr ads cdsfs, l` hnöd
dcupf l` ùkfr al uh síhtdmf al `f frtncu`fcnóh al pfarl y mfarl, cufhad @fcfh pfsf f al-
tlrmnhfcndhls mæs al` dralh al `d rlf`-snmgó`ncd, l` pfarl y `f mfarl cdhcrltds sl lmpnlzfh
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
f vl`fr uh pdcd, yf hd tlhalmds f jfg`fr al `f mfarl al` lsqunzdbrîhncd snhd jfg`fmds al `f

rl`fcnóh al` lsqunzdbrîhncd cdh l` dralh snmgó`ncd y sl hds vl`f uh pdcd f `ds
` ds pfarls cdhcrltds.
Lh `f prnmlrf bdrmu`fcnóh al @fcfh lstæ muy pulstd `ds pfarls cdhcrltds. Lhtdhcls al fjí sur-
klh prlkuhtfs c`íhncfs muy nmpdrtfhtls, quî ùkfr `l afmds f `ds pfarls lh l` trftfmnlhtd al
uh hnöd, cdhvdcfmds f `ds pfarls, hd `ds cdhvdcfmds, trflmds f` hnöd, ltc., y almæs y aóhal
pdhlmds uhf cdsf y `f dtrf.
Cufhad @fcfh pnlhsf l` hnöd cdmd síhtdmf al `f frtncu`fcnóh al `ds pfarls, lstæ plhsfhad uh
dscurlcnmnlhtd al `ds síhtdmfs al` hnöd f` lstfr suplrpulstd cdh `ds síhtdmfs al` pfarl y al
`f mfarl d lstæ plhsfhad uh dralh al `f cfusf`nafa al `ds síhtdmfs al` hnöd. Sdh ads cdsfs
anblrlhtls.
_ulad plhsfr qul jfy uhf mfarl, cufhad Sn`vnf fvfhzfgf, sl ml anguefgfh anstnhtds cfsds,
uhf mfarl pdr lelmp`d, fpfrlhtlmlhtl uhf mfarl hlurótncf, qul tlhíf uhf tlhalhcnf f pl-
kfr cdmpu`snvfmlhtl, l``f cdmd tlmf. _lrd `ds hnöds cdh sus prdpnds síhtdmfs sl ugncfgfh y
cdhvdcfgfh f lsl síhtdmf al `f mfarl. Lhtdhcls lh uh mdmlhtd uhd hd sfgíf sn `f mfarl `l
plkfgf f` hnöd d l` hnöd sl jfcíf plkfr pdr `f mfarl. \hf cdsf ls plhsfr lstf altlrmnhfcnóh
cdmd qul jfy uh crucl al síhtdmfs y jfy qul rltnrfr, slpfrfr l` síhtdmf al `f mfarl pfrf vl-
jncu`nzfr`d f uh fhæ`nsns al `f mfarl pfrf qul fpfrlzcf l` síhtdmf al` hnöd9 dtrf cdsf ls plhsfr
qul lsl síhtdmf al `f mfarl cfusf `f psncdsns, hlurdsns al` hnöd. Sdh ads cdsfs anblrlhtls.
@f prlkuhtf lrf lsf lhtdhcls, jdy,
jdy, cdh tdaf `f lhslöfhzf al @fcfh alsfrrd``faf y almæs, cufh-
ad lstfmds plhsfhad lh `f nhtlr`dcucnóh cdh `ds pfarls, lstfmds plhsfhad lh `f cfusf`nafa
d lstfmds plhsfhad lh trfgfefr `f slpfrfcnóh al `ds síhtdmfs al` pfarl pfrf qul sl `nmpnl `f
zdhf al `ds síhtdmfs al` hnöd. Sl ml anguefgf lstf prlkuhtf.
S. QLHA@FWU5 Ls l` krfh prdg`lmf y crucl al fkufs lh `d qul ls l` trfgfed cdh hnöds. _dr
lelmp`d, Ml`fhnl I`lnh cdhsnalrfgf qul `ds pfarls tlhífh qul qulafr bulrf al` trftfmnlhtd
pdrqul sl trftf al `fs bfhtfsífs al` hnöd. _frf Mfua Mfhhdhn `ds pfarls qulafh alhtrd, pdr-
qul jfg`fhad `f mfarl clal l` síhtdmf al` hnöd. Brfhëdnsl Ad`td mnsmf, alcíf qul f`kd al `f
vlrafa al `ds pfarls sl eulkf fjí, `ds jfclmds jfg`fr y clal l` síhtdmf al` hnöd. _dr lsd @fcfh
anstnhkul lhtrl l` hnöd cdmd síhtdmf al` síhtdmf al` hnöd. @d jfcl lh l` mnsmd frtícu`d al `fs
ads hdtfs lh l` föd „2;.
L` tlmf ls pdr quî rlcngnmds f `ds pfarls y hd f` hnöd anrlctfmlhtl. Jfy vfrnfs culstndhls. Rfh
Rfh
al dralh præctncfs f culstndhls îtncfs, pdrqul prnmlrd tlhlmds qul sfglr qunîh cdhsu`tf, tfm-
gnîh pulal ``fmfr uhf muelr ancnlhad vlhkd f cdhsu`tfr pdrqul mn mfrnad tnlhl prdg`lmfs,
qunlrd ``fmfr pdrqul qunlrd qul mn mfrnad lhtrl lh trftfmnlhtd. F vlcls `d rlcngnmds y f vlcls
anrífmds gulhd, pdr quî hd ``fmf anrlctfmlhtl su mfrnad. Lh cfmgnd, efmæs `l alcnmds f uhf
mfarl pdr quî su jned al cnhcd föds hd ``fmf anrlctfmlhtl y vnlhl. Sdh mlhdrls al lafa, l`
qul vf f slr rlspdhsfg`l al lsl trftfmnlhtd ls qunlh `d vf f trflr, pdrqul vf f pfkfr y vf f afr
su cdhslhtnmnlhtd. Cdh qunlh sl lstfg`lcl `f mdaf`nafa al trftfmnlhtd ls cdh `ds pfarls, hd
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
pdalmds sf`tlfr`d, lsd lstæ, ls uh rlf`. @ds pfarls lxnstlh. Wlcngnmds lstds sueltds fau`tds qul
vnlhlh f cdhsu`tfr pdr l` hnöd, y l` cursd al lsf cdhsu`tf tfmgnîh alplhal al dtrds l`lmlhtds,
pdrqul tfmgnîh jfy qul vlr rlf`mlhtl f`kunlh qul ``lkf ancnlhad ‚vlhkd f cdhsu`tfr pdr mn
jned„, y alspuîs l` jned hd fpfrlcl huhcf lh su anscursd y `f mfarl ``drf tdaf `f lhtrlvnstf y
ls uhf cdhsu`tf
ftlhcnóh, pfrf `f mfarl.
sdh plrsplctnvfs, L` fsuhtd
f`kuhfs ls prnmlrd
plrsdhfs altlrmnhfr
sl altnlhlh lh qul lsall`qunîh ls `falcdhsu`tf.
síhtdmf `f mfarl,_lrd
lh-
tdhcls tdmfmds f` sueltd mfarl lh trftfmnlhtd. _lrd lsd hd snkhnﬆcf qul l` sueltd hnöd tlhkf
su síhtdmf y mlrlzcf slr rlcngnad. F `d mledr jfy ads almfhafs lh eulkd, d hnhkuhf, snh qul
lsd snkhnﬆqul trfhsbdrmfr lh uhf tlrfpnf bfmn`nfr cfaf cdhsu`tf al` hnöd, snhd qul lsd sl tnlhl
qul lxfmnhfr cfsd pdr cfsd. _lrd f mí ml pfrlcl qul `d crucnf` ls qul hd sl trftf hn al alefr
f `ds pfarls bulrf al` trftfmnlhtd pdrqul sl pnlral
pn lral `f cdhsu`tf y `d pulalh sfcfr lh cuf`qunlr
mdmlhtd, hn tfmpdcd fp`fstfr `f cdhsu`tf al` hnöd f trfvîs al `f cdhsu`tf al `ds pfarls.
Rdy f föfanr f`kd mæs fclrcf al `d qul pfsf cdh `ds pfarls y lh pfrtncu`fr `fs mfarls al `ds
hnöds psncótncds. Wdsnhl @lbdrt suklríf qul `fs mfarls al `ds
` ds hnöds psncótncds algífh slr tdmf-
afs pdr `f mnsmf fhf`nstf, qul hd sl `d alrnvl f dtrf plrsdhf. Hd ls uhf nhancfcnóh tdhtf, hd `d
ankd qul jfyf qul jfclr`d snlmprl, plrd tnlhl su rfzóh al slr y ls cdmd pfrf plhsfr`d, pdrqul
pfrf
afr`luhf
uhf muelr hlurótncf
snkhnﬆcfcnóh. quluhf
_lrd sumuelr
jned buhcndhf cdmd síhtdmf,
adhal rlf`mlhtl l` jned pulal mltfbdrnzfr,
hd qulaf alsp`fzfr,
cdh lstf pdsngn`nafa
al alsp`fzfmnlhtd snhd qul lstæ ﬆed lh su bfhtfsmf, pfrf l``f l` prdg`lmf vf f slr lsl y hd dtrd.
^ ls cnlrtd qul sn cufhad `f mfarl, lsf muelr qul hd hlclsfrnfmlhtl ls psncótncf, pulal slr
hlurótncf y qul jfyf jfgnad uhf bf``f lh `f trfhsmnsnóh, sl sntõf al dtrf mfhlrf, lsd rlplrcutl
tfmgnîh lh l` jned, pdrqul plrmntl f`kõh lspfcnd al slpfrfcnóh lh lstf crnstf`nzfcnóh al` hnöd
cdmd dgeltd al` bfhtfsmf al `f mfarl. Lhtdhcls qul lstîh sntufads lh l` mnsmd ùkfr tnlhl su
rfzóh al slr pdrqul jfy nafs y vul`tfs.
Alspuîs lxnstlh sutn`lzfs, pdrqul lh rlf`nafa pdr mæs qul lstî sntufad lsqulmætncfmlhtl l`
síhtdmf al` `fad al `f hlurdsns, y l` bfhtfsmf al` `fad al `f psncdsns, `d mlhds qul sl pulal al-
cnr qul f`kd al` bfhtfsmf mftlrhd lh `f hlurdsns snlmprl pfsf f` hnöd, jfy f`kd al `f trfhsmn-
snóh bfhtfsmætncf al `f mfarl f` jned. @f anblrlhcnf lstæ lh qul uhf cdsf qul f`kd al` bfhtfsmf
mftlrhd pfsl f` hnöd lh `f hlurdsns sdgrl `f gfsl al `f cfstrfcnóh y `f bf`tf9 y dtrf cdsf ls qul
lsl bfhtfsmf pfsl snh mlanfcnóh y qul qulal crnstf`nzfad snh `f bf`tf, d slf snh l` Hdmgrl al`
_farl qul nhscrngf uh dralh alhtrd al `f lstructurf, snh lsf dplrfcnóh al slpfrfcnóh.
Ml pfrlcl qul l` puhtd lslhcnf` ls lsl, pdr lsd lstdy tdtf`mlhtl al fculrad cdh vds qul l`
puhtd ls l` tlmf al `f slpfrfcnóh, sn sl nhscrngl d hd.
E. CJFMDWWD5
CJFMDWWD5 Mnlhtrfs ustlals snk snkulh
ulh plhsfhad
plhsfhad sl ml dcurríf tfmgnîh tlmfs al `f lafa al
rlclpcnóh al uh cjncd lh trftfmnlhtd. Hd ls `d mnsmd uh glgî, Sn`vnf alcíf qul lh l` glgî sl
rlknstrfh aftds cdhcrltds, cdmd eukfr cdh `f lafa al` hnöd pfrf f`glrkfr`d lh uh trftfmnlhtd
d hd y aóhal l` hnöd fpfrlcl uh dgeltd sd`d trftfad alsal `ds pfarls. Ml pfrlcíf qul lstl lrf
tfmgnîh uh puhtd anbícn` al prlcnsfr
prlcnsfr..
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
^ ml prlkuhtfgf sdgrl lstl bdhad ﬆhf`mlhtl quî ls `d qul cdhsnalrfmds uh síhtdmf al uh

hnöd, alsal lstf plrsplctnvf. Snlmprl alcnmds qul síhtdmf ls `d qul l` sueltd plrcngl cdmd tf`.
^ tlhkd `f nmprlsnóh qul lsplcnf`mlhtl lh hnöds cjncds, al trls, cuftrd, cnhcd d slns föds, vfh
f` fhf`nstf mucjfs vlcls, fõh cufhad l` fhf`nstf rlknstrl síhtdmfs lh l` hnöd, vfh cdmd f eukfr
fjí.
vf f`_lrd cómd ls `f culstnóh al `f plrclpcnóh al` hnöd al sus prdpnds síhtdmfs. L` hnöd f quî
fhf`nstf.
Ml jf dcurrnad mucjfs vlcls qul l` hnöd eulkf, vf, vnlhl, uhd pulal vlr síhtdmfs lh l` hnöd
plrd l` hnöd hd `ds plrcngl cdmd tf`ls.
´Vuî ls uh síhtdmf pfrf l` hnöd plrcngnad pdr î` cdmd tf`4. _drqul lstd ls c`fvl, sn l` hnöd vf
f eukfr f``í pdrqul `d ``lvfh `ds pfarls y hd plrcngl l` dgstæcu`d qul lsd `l vf f trftfr, ls uh
lspfcnd nhlsplcíﬆcd adhal `f almfhaf al` hnöd y tdad `d qul l` hnöd vf f``í f rlsd`vlr hd ls
muy c`frd cdmd mdtdr al `f curf.
F\ANQDWND5
F\ANQDWND5 _rlkuhtf lh rl`fcnóh f` ﬆhf` al uh trftfmnlhtd lh l` hnöd. Vuî `l md`lstf f` hnöd,
quî `l alef al md`lstfr lh tdad cfsd pfrf qul tlrmnhl l` trftfmnlhtd.
S. QLHA@FWU5 Ml prlkuhtfrdh hfaf mæs qul pdr l` cdmnlhzd, l` alsfrrd``d y l` ﬆh. _frf cdh-
tlstfr ræpnafmlhtl f `fs ads prlkuhtfs, lh tdrhd f` cdmnlhzd, lsl ls l` krfh tlmf, pdr lsd ankd
qul jfy sutn`lzfs lh tdad lstd, pdrqul cufhad `ds pfarls trflh f` hnöd f `f cdhsu`tf `d trflh
cdmd su dgeltd, ls sdgrl `f gfsl al `f bf`tf al `f nhscrnpcnóh, `f cfstrfcnóh, ltc., pdrqul jfg`fh
sdgrl î`. _ulalh alcnr ‚sl `l murnó `f fgul`f plrd î` hd `d sfgl„ y l` hnöd lstæ f` `fad, pfsf lsd
pdrqul cdmd ls uh dgeltd qul lstæ fjí f` ``fad,
fad, supdhlh qul hd lscucjf, qul ls sdrad. Wlculr-
alh qul l` tlmf al `f fcõstncf ls lslhcnf`. @`lkf cdmd uh dgeltd y alspuîs alpdsntfh lsl dgeltd.
L` hnöd hd sfgl muy gnlh pfrf quî lstæ fjí. Jfstf qul hd sl prdauzcf uhf rlctnﬆcfcnóh sugel-
tnvf qul snkhnﬆcf qul lmlref l` sueltd hd sl pulal jfg`fr al lhtrfaf lh fhæ`nsns. Mucjfs vlcls
lsf lhtrfaf lh fhæ`nsns hd sl prdaucl y l` síhtdmf al` hnöd clal pdrqul f`kd al `d snmgó`ncd sl
pdhl lh su ùkfr. L` cjncd huhcf pdaræ alcnr quî suclanó, plrd snh lmgfrkd pulal alcnr ‚bun y
ml jnzd gnlh y hd sî quî pfsó„. _lrd sn lhtrf lh fhæ`nsns yf ls dtrf cdsf, ls uh sueltd lh fhæ`nsns.
L` ﬆhf` sl altlrmnhf al fculrad f` cursd al uh fhæ`nsns, lhtrfh tdafs `fs cdhtnhklhcnfs al
uh fhæ`nsns. _dr lsd sl jfg`f al psncdfhæ`nsns fp`ncfad cdh hnöds, pdrqul jfstf qul hd lhtrf
vlrafalrfmlhtl uh sueltd lh fhæ`nsns, hd ls suﬆcnlhtl cdh qul lstî lh trfhsblrlhcnf, lh trfhs-
blrlhcnf lstæ lh slkunaf, lh tfhtd qul l` fhf`nstf nhtlrprltf sl prdaucl `f trfhsblrlhcnf, plrd
lsd hd f`cfhzf pfrf qul l` hnöd vlrafalrfmlhtl lhtrl lh fhæ`nsns. \hf vlz lscrngí uh frtícu`d
ancnlhad qul `f rlctnﬆcfcnóh sugeltnvf lh l` hnöd sl vlrnﬆcf lh `f lhtrfaf lh fhæ`nsns, pdrqul `f
rlctnﬆcfcnóh sugeltnvf snkhnﬆcf fgfhadhfr lstf pdsncnóh al dgeltd pfrf qul lmlref cdmd sueltd.
_dr lsd pulal sdstlhlr `f cdhsu`tf. _lrd cdmd snlmprl alplhal al` dtrd, î` pulal qulrlr vlhnr
y l` dtrd ancl qul hd, y fjí sl fcfgó `f cdhsu`tf.
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
Lh klhlrf` jfy nhtlrrupcnóh al fhæ`nsns y tlrmnhfcnóh, plrd hd ﬆhf`nzfcnóh lh l` slhtnad `fcf-

hnfhd, tlrmnhfcnóh pdrqul clal l` síhtdmf. Ls muy anbícn` eustnﬆcfr qul cdhtnhõl uh fhæ`nsns
cufhad l` síhtdmf sl ansnpó, sf`vd qul pfrf l` hnöd snkhnﬆqul f`kd lsl trfgfed fhf`ítncd lh sí
mnsmd. Sdy prdc`nvl cufhad sdh hnöds plqulöds qul `ds trftfmnlhtds aurlh muy pdcd, tlrf-
pnfs grlvls.f Jfy
f tlrmnhfr qul plhsfr
`ds vlnhtnuhd qul hdf sl
fuhqul pulal
v lcls
vlcls cdhsnalrfr
lxnstlh qul l`qul
sntufcndhls hnöd
`d nhkrlsl f `ds trls föds y vf
hlclsntfh.
F\ANQDWND5 Jfg`f al uhf mfarl qul lstfgf lmgfrfzfaf al klml`fs plrd qul jfgíf lspfcnd
F\ANQDWND5
snmgó`ncd pfrf uhf. \hf bul hlurótncf y `f dtrf futnstf.
S. QLHA@FWU5 Lstd mnsmd qul `d jl vnstd cdh uh prnmlr jned hlurótncd y l` slkuhad psncótncd,
adhal vlrafalrfmlhtl jfy ùkfr snmgó`ncd pfrf uhd y hd pfrf ads.
F\ANQDWND5
F\ANQDWND5 _rlkuhtf nhfuang`l.
S. QLHA@FWU5 Lsl ls uh tlmf pfrf trfgfefr lh sí mnsmd. Lh uh cfsd al Fkulaf Jlrhæhalz

qul cdmlhtî, l``f tdmf l` cfsd al uhf fad`lsclhtl qul f `ds 62 föds alslhcfalhf su psncdsns.
_lrd `f jfgíf tdmfad lh `f nhbfhcnf cdmd uhf hlurdsns. @d qul jncnmds bul vlr f pfrtnr al su
alslhcfalhfmnlhtd cómd tdads `ds l`lmlhtds qul pfrlcífh cdmd gnzfrrds lh `f nhbfhcnf lrfh
yf blhómlhds l`lmlhtf`ls, plrd qul pfsfrdh alsfplrcngnads y cdmd hd jfgíf uh alslhcfalhf-
mnlhtd hd f`cfhzfgfh lh sí mnsmds pfrf jfclr uh anfkhóstncd anblrlhcnf`, d hd tlhíf `f bulrzf
lh lsl mdmlhtd. _lrd tdmfads rltrdfctnvfmlhtl alsal l` fhf`nstf sl pdaífh cdhsnalrfr yf
cdmd blhómlhds psncótncds. Hd tlhkd prlslhtl l` cfsd. Lh dtrd cfsd, uh pfcnlhtl pfrfhdncd al
33 föds ml culhtf qul f` alslhcfalhfrsl su psncdsns alcíf qul lrf uh nùmnhfad. Fhtlrndrmlh-
tl, flsl
Lh `dsmdmlhtd
63 föds pdr slrprlslhtf
sl `l euaíd tnlhl
uhfqul
ùzjfclr su gfr
al` `fad mntzvf, rntd
nzqunlrad qulalhdnhncnfcnóh lh `fslhtnad,
tlhíf hnhkõh rl`nknóhlrf
euaíf.
uh
vfcíd al snkhnﬆcfcnóh. Cufhad sl alslhcfalhf `f psncdsns lsl blhómlhd l`lmlhtf` ls rltdmfad
y cdgrf uhf snkhnﬆcfcnóh plrsdhf`, uhf p`lhntua al slhtnad y ancl sdy uh nùmnhfad. F vlcls
vlmds lh pfcnlhtls fau`tds qul culhtfh blhómlhds fns`fads qul `l prdauclh plrp`lenafa plrd
qul hd cdhsu`tfh pdr lsd.
E. CJFMDWWD5
CJFMDWWD5 Cdh `f prlku prlkuhtf
htf ml surkíf dtrf cdsf qul lrf, l` trftfmnlhtd al `ds pfarls pfrf
lvntfr l` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd al` jned. @ds pfarls f vlcls tnlhlh uh lrrdr anfkhóstncd rlsplctd
al `d qul `l pfsf f` jned, hd `d pulalh plhsfr cdmd psncótncd, y rlfccndhfh cdh î` cdmd sn bulrf
uh hlurótncd.
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
^ lstd ml pfrlcl qul, trfgfefr cdh `ds pfarls uhf rlugncfcnóh al` slhtnad al `f psncdsns al su
jned, pulal lvntfr qul `ds pfarls buhcndhlh, @fcfh `d ``fmf l` uh pfarl, pfrf lvntfr qul `ds
pfarls cdh sus lmgftls, cdh `f cdhsnstlhcnf nmfknhfrnf al` jned `l prdvdqul l` alslhcfalhf-
mnlhtd.
Ml fcdrafgf al uh cfsd al uh hnöd qul cufhad `ds pfarls sl fgrfzfgfh, alsal muy cjncd, hd
al glgî, plrd al mæs krfhal plrd cjncd, cfaf vlz qul vlífv líf f `ds pfarls qul sl fclrcfgfh, crld
qul `d cdhtî, sl fgrfzfgfh, cufhad sl cruzfgf pdr prnmlrf vlz cdh l` pfarl `l alcíf ‚põarltl„.
Hd sl `d alcíf f` pfarl, cufhad sl cruzfgf cdh î` alcíf ‚põarltl„. ^ l` pfarl fblctfad pdr lstd
`d alefgf pfsfr cdmd uhf cdsf rfrf prnmlrd, plrd alspuîs uh aíf `d fkfrró al` cul``d y `l aned
‚pdr quî ml alcís lsd„ y ‚pdr quî ml alcís lsd„, y l` cjncd hd sfgíf quî rlspdhalr
rlspdhalr.. Jfstf qul `l
plkfgf cdhtrf `f pfrla fsí pfrf qul `l anelrf pdr quî `l alcíf lsd, jfstf qul l` cjncd `d mnró y `l
aned ‚hd sî, hd sî„. _lrd l` pfarl qulríf lhtlhalr pdr quî l` cjncd `d fkrlaíf, cufhad lsl cjncd
hd `d fkrlaíf. Lhtdhcls ml pfrlcl qul l` trfgfed sdgrl `f plrclpcnóh al` pfarl al` trfstdrhd al`
jned pulal lvntfr qul lstds lmgftls fsí alslqun`ngrlh y alscdmplhslh f` jned.
Gulhd, Sn`vnf, mucjísnmfs krfcnfs.
: al fkdstd al 7??7
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
RN
ALSLHCFALHFHQLS
Jdy vdy f slkunr alsfrrd``fhad uh tlmf lsplcíﬆcd al` Slmnhfrnd 3, qul jfgíf lmplzfad `f õ`tn-
mf vlz, uhf culstnóh `nkfaf f fqul``d qul hds nhtlrlsf buhafmlhtf`mlhtl, qul ls l` mdmlhtd
al` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd, lsl gdral lhtrl l` fhtls y l` alspuîs al` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd y cuyd
rfskd sugeltnvd ls `f plrp`lenafa.
Jfy mõ`tnp`ls rlblrlhcnfs f lstf culstnóh, qul ls uh tlmf al` anfkhóstncd anblrlhcnf`. @f plr-
p`lenafa y `ds aftds qul pdalmds dgslrvfr f`rlaladr al l``f, sdh `ds blhómlhds qul tlhlmds
lh culhtf pfrf rltnrfr l` anspdsntnvd fhf`ítncd d nhcùnr`d. Ml nhtlrlsf pfrtncu`frmlhtl alstfcfr,
alstfcfr,
pdrqul lstds blhómlhds sdh al uhf nmpdrtfhcnf buhafmlhtf` rlsplctd al `d qul jfclmds
cufhad sl hds almfhaf uh fhæ`nsns.
@f próxnmf
c`íhncfs. vlz jfg`frî
Sn ustlals al lsqunzdbrlhnf,
`d hdtfh, qul ls
lh `f prlslhtfcnóh
p rlslhtfcnóh aluhf pfrtncu`frnafa
lhblrmds alhtrdfal
snlmprl vfmds `fs lstructurfs
auafr mæs cufh-
ad sl trftf al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf qul cufhad sl trftf al `f pfrfhdnf, yf qul lsf õ`tnmf ls mæs
hítnaf y mæs c`frf, l nhcùsd `f lsqunzdbrlhnf, f vlcls dscn`f al mdad qul hd rlsu`tf tfh bæcn` al
anfkhdstncfr.
Crld qul hd lstæ mf` pfrf qunlh sl drnlhtf lh f`kõh mdmlhtd f trfgfefr cdh psncótncds, jfkf uh
rlcdrrnad pdr `fs anstnhtfs lstructurfs, rlcdrrlr `f gng`ndkrfbíf al f pdcd, nr frmfhad l` muhad
al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf d l` muhad al `f pfrfhdnf, d al `f ml`fhcd`íf.
Wlsplctd f `f gng`ndkrfbíf pfrf lstuanfr `f lsqunzdbrlhnf, `f prnmlrf nmprlsnóh ls qul jfy pdcd.
@fcfh ancl muy pdcfs cdsfs, f`kuhfs brfsls qul vfmds f trftfr
t rftfr al nhtlrrdkfr. Lhtrl dtrfs cdsfs
jfy uh tlxtd al G`lu`lr, qul lrf l` anrlctdr al` nhstntutd al Uurncj adhal trfgfefgf Euhk, su
slkuhad9 y tfmgnîh pulalh `llr uh nhtlrcfmgnd aurfhtl l` föd ‚66 lhtrl Brlua, Euhk y G`lu`lr,
G`lu`lr,
adhal lstl õ`tnmd, cdmd psnqunftrf, cdmnlhzf f nhcdrpdrfr y fp`ncfr
fp`n cfr `ds cdhclptds al` psncdf-
hæ`nsns, lstfg`lcnlhad cnlrtfs anblrlhcnfs cdh Brlua. Qfmgnîh jfy uhf cdrrlspdhalhcnf al Euhk
cdh Brlua f rfíz al lstl tlmf, y ls lh l` cfàlrd al lstl anæ`dkd nhfukurf`, adhal `f lsqunzdbrl-
hnf sl nhtrdaucl lh l` cfmpd psncdfhf`ítncd.
G`lu`lr ls l` futdr al uh tlxtd sdgrl `d qul lh lsl mdmlhtd sl ``fmfgf `f almlhcnf prlcdz,
uhf alhdmnhfcnóh al Irflpl`nh. Lh lsf îpdcf sl tntu`fgf f` `ngrd cdh l` hdmgrl al usd cdmõh
y l` sugtítu`d cdh l` tlxtd vlrafalrd. G`lu`lr ``fmf f lsl `ngrd5 Almlhcnf prlcdz, snkhnﬆcfhtl qul
sl usfgf lh `f îpdcf pfrf lstl tlmf, l nhcùyl cdmd sugtítu`d fqul``d al qul vf f jfg`fr5 ‐L`
krupd al `fs lsqunzdbrlhnfs
lsqunzdbrlhnfs”.”.
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
Alspuîs jfy uh trfgfed muy nhtlrlsfhtl al uh lspföd`, uh cd`lkf fmnkd qul sl ``fmf Rnclhtl
_f`dmlrf, uh fhf`nstf al Gfrcl`dhf, sdgrl `f lsqunzdbrlhnf lh Brlua, muy mnhucndsd, muy puh-
tuf`, anvnanad lh ads pfrtls qul sl pug`ncó lh `f rlvnstf \hd pdr \hd6.
Qfmgnîh jfy uh trfgfed snkhnﬆcftnvd sdgrl `f lsqunzdbrlhnf al Mn``lr7, adhal rlf`nzf uhf l`fgd-
rfcnóh sdgrl lsf nhtlrslccnóh G`lu`lr-Euhk. Jfcl uh rlcdrrnad lh l` mfrcd al `d qul p`fhtlf lstl
prnmlr fclrcfmnlhtd f `f lsqunzdbrlhnf, f pfrtnr al G`lu`lr, Euhk y Brlua, plrd nhcùyîhadsl
c`frfmlhtl lh l` cfmpd al `ds cdhclptds `fcfhnfhds, d slf qul jfcl uh pfsfel Brlua-@fcfh.
Alspuîs jfy ads cfrtfs lh `f cdrrlspdhalhcnf Brlua-Euhk 3, adhal nhtlrcfmgnfh sus nalfs sd-
grl lstfs culstndhls.
culstndhls.
Dtrf bdrmf al fgdrafr lstf culstnóh, ls rlcdrrlr tdad `d qul ancl `f psnqunftríf sdgrl `f culstnóh,
qul klhlrf`mlhtl hds alscrngl l` blhómlhd snh lstructurf, uhf alscrnpcnóh blhdmîhncf al `d
qul ls uhf lstructurf c`íhncf. Hds ls muy õtn` pdrqul ls l` blhómlhd qul vfmds f rlcdhdclr
pfrf jfclr l` anfkhóstncd, plrd alspuîs, cdh l` psncdfhæ`nsns, f vlcls rlvlmds l` anfkhóstncd al`
blhómlhd, qul `f psnqunftríf alﬆhl cdmd lsqunzdbrîhncd, y `d rlplhsfmds pfrf dtrf lstructu-
rf. Lvlhtuf`mlhtl, `d qul `f psnqunftríf lhtnlhal cdmd lsqunzdbrlhnf, hdsdtr
hdsdtrds
ds `d lhtlhalmds
cdmd hlurdsns jnstîrncf.
Cdmp`ltfríf lstl fclrcfmnlhtd f `f lsqunzdbrlhnf, cdh `f õ`tnmf vlrsnóh fp`fstfhtl al` psncdf-
hæ`nsns y al `f psnqunftríf c`æsncf, qul rlaucl tdad f cfsn hfaf, `d qul sl ``fmf l` ASM-NR, `f
bdrmu`fcnóh hdrtlfmlrncfhf al lstfs lstructurfs, adhal tdad qulaf fp`fhfad f cnlrtds blhó-
mlhds, y adhal `f anblrlhcnf lhtrl lstructurf psncótncf y hlurótncf alsfpfrlcl. _lrd cdmd l`
anæ`dkd cdh `f psnqunftríf algl jfclrsl cdh psnqunftrfs qul mfhlefh y qul sl sdstnlhlh lh l`
ASM-NR, ls muy nmpdrtfhtl pfrf hdsdtrds mfhlefr lstds l`lmlhtds.
Bnhf`mlhtl, hd alglh sf`tlfrsl l` trfgfed
t rfgfed al Brlua sdgrl l` cfsd Scjrlglr, l nhcùsd `fs mlmd-
rnfs al Scjrlglr mnsmd . Fquí, lh lstl slmnhfrnd, vfmds f p`fhtlfr f`kuhds jn`ds cdhclptuf`ls
1
qul vfyfh mdstræhadhds cdmd ls l` trfgfed y `d qul hds ugncf brlhtl f` lsqunzdbrîhncd.
@f vlz pfsfaf jfgífmds cdmlhzfad f p`fhtlfr `f culstnóh al `f plrp`lenafa. Snlmprl qul
fhf`nzfmds uh tlmf, uh cdhclptd d uhf cftlkdríf, alglmds trftfr al plhsfr `f f`tlrhftnvf cdh-
trfrnf. _frf hd lhtrfr lh lsl anscursd qul sl cnlrrf sdgrl sí mnsmd, p`fhtlfmds l` lxtlrndr al `f
plrp`lenafa qul prdpdhkd ls `f clrtlzf. Ls alcnr5 d plrp`lenafa d clrtlzf.
Lstd hds plrmntl ugncfr `d qul ls l` fhtls y l` alspuîs al` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd. @f plrp`lenafa
ls l` aftd lslhcnf` al` fhtls, al` prlalslhcfalhfmnlhtd9 lh cfmgnd, `f clrtlzf, yf slf al` al`nrnd
d al` blhómlhd l`lmlhtf`, ls uh aftd qul alglmds ugncfr ùlkd al` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd. D slf
qul lh l` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd `llmds clrtlzf, y lh l` gdral prlvnd, prl`nmnhfr f` alslhcfal-
hfmnlhtd, `llmds plrp`lenafa. Wæpnafmlhtl, qunlrl alcnr qul `f plrp`lenafa ls prlkuhtf, y `f
clrtlzf ls rlspulstf.
6- _F@DMLWF, Rnclhtl, ‐Brlua y `f lsqunzdbrlhnf”, lh5 \hd pdr uhd 3: y 3>, Gfrcl`dhf.
7- MN@@LW, Efcquls-F`fnh, ‐Lsqunzdbrlhnf y pfrfhdnf”, lh5 _sncdsns y psncdfhæ`nsns, La. Mfhfhtnf`.
3- Cdrrlspdhalhcnf Brlua-Euhk. Cfrtf :B, 2 al Ancnlmgrl 6>?2. y cfrtf 67 E, : al Lhlrd 6>?;. La. Qfurus.6>;>.
1- SCJWLGLW, Afhnl` _fu`, Mlmdrnfs al uh lhblrmd
lhblrmd hlrvndsd, 6. la. Gulhds Fnrls, La. _lrﬆ`, Fkdstd al 6>>>.
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Lstds aftds sdh plafkókncds, pdrqul sfglmds qul hd qunlrl alcnr qul f`kunlh qul hd sl jf
alslhcfalhfad slf purf plrp`lenafa, snhd qul tlhlmds qul alscugrnr `f pdsncnóh al plrp`len-
afa qul f vlcls sl lhvul`vl lh uh anscursd qul pulal slr al clrtlzf. ^ sfglmds tfmgnîh qul
`f clrtlzf lh uh psncótncd alslhcfalhfad cfl lh uhf zdhf al su anscursd adhal auaf, vfcn`f,
nhcùsnvl fclrcf
qul sl `llh al lh
hd só`d `f rlf`nafa al suydncfs
fﬆrmfcndhls al`nrnd.
al`Dpsncótncd,
slf qul alspuîs tlhlmds
snhd lh sus fctds, qul vlr îstds,
yf qul `fs clrtlzfs
y buh-
afmlhtf`mlhtl l` pfsfel f` fctd, lstæh sdstlhnads lh uhf clrtlzf, plrd hd sdh anscursd al `f
clrtlzf. D slf qul lh l` rl`ftd qul jfcl l` psncótncd, f vlcls lhcdhtrfmds `f nhaltlrmnhfcnóh,
plrd `llmds `f clrtlzf lh sus rlspulstfs, fqul``fs qul sl sdstnlhlh lh uhf clrtlzf hd sdstlhnaf
pdr sus lhuhcnfads ydncds.
@fcfh ancl fclrcf al `f plrp`lenafa lh l` Slmnhfrnd 66
6655 ‐@fs rl`fcndhls al` sueltd cdh l` lxtlrndr
sdh al plrp`lenafa”. @f prlkuhtf qul hds jfclmds cufhad lscucjfmds uhf brfsl fsí ls quî ls
`f rlf`nafa. ^ `ls jfgíf ancjd `f vlz pfsfaf qul sn jfg`fmds al sueltd, al` dtrd `fad al` sueltd,
hd al` yd, `d qul jfy lh l` ùkfr al lsf rlf`nafa `d qul lstæ ls l` Dtrd. D slf qul l` pfrtlhfnrl
hfturf` al uh sueltd ls l` Dtrd cdh mfyõscu`f. ^ lh l` blhómlhd al qul sl trftl, vf f fpfrlclr
l` psncótncd cdmd plrsdhf lh anf`îctncf cdh `f rlf`nafa. Lh `f lstructurf vf f fpfrlclr l` sueltd
lh anæ`dkd
psncdsns cdhrl`fcndhls
cdmd l` Dtrd. _dr lsd vfmds
anstnhtfs f plhsfr
f` Dtrd tdafs `fsf `f
y hd anstnhtfs lstructurfs c`íhncfs
rlf`nafa, `d lh l` alcnr
qul qunlrl cfmpdqul
allh
`f
l` cfmpd lsqunzdbrîhncd l` Dtrd vf f slr l` culrpd. Mnlhtrfs qul lh l` pfrfhdncd, @fcfh p`fhtlf
qul ls uh Dtrd qul tnlhl cdhsnstlhcnf, l nhcùsd qul tnlhl
t nlhl cdhsnstlhcnf fmlhfzfhtl.
Jfy lhtdhcls uh pfrtlhfnrl qul ls uhf plrsdhf, dtrd qul ls sueltd, dtrd qul ls l` Dtrd.
_dr supulstd, sn plhsfmds lh l` cfmpd al `fs psncdsns, lsl Dtrd al` psncótncd lh su lstructurf,
tnlhl f`kuhf brfkn`nafa y f`kuhf algn`nafa. Cufhad sl ancl bdrcùsnóh al` Hdmgrl al` _farl,
lstd qunlrl alcnr qul l` Dtrd lstæ mf` cdhstntunad, qul jfy uhf cdmp`ncfcnóh lh `f cdhstruccnóh
al lsl Dtrd. ^ `f rlspulstf brlhtl f lsl Dtrd qul lstæ brfkn`nzfad, algn`ntfad, trfstdrhfad d als-
frtncu`fad pdr `f bf`tf al` Hdmgrl al` _farl, qul ls `d qul `d cdhstntuyl cdmd uh Dtrd, l` sueltd
psncótncd `f cdhstntuyl al anstnhtfs bdrmfs, slkõh `fs lstructurfs c`íhncfs lh eulkd.
Ancl @fcfh tfmgnîh fclrcf al `f plrp`lenafa5 Ls `f rlf`nafa qul jfg`f . _lrd jfy qul fc`frfr qul
l` sueltd vl, vnvl y snlhtl nhmlrsd lh `f rlf`nafa al sus cdhkîhlrls, al su muhad, qul lh lsf
rlf`nafa f`kd jfg`f.
Sn alcnmds hfaf mæs qul lstd, hd tlhlmds c`frd sn lsf rlf`nafa jfg`f pfrf uh psncótncd als-
lhcfalhfad d jfg`f pfrf uh prlpsncótncd. L` aftd al `f plrp`lenafa ls uhf prnmlrf rlspulstf
brlhtl f `f rlf`nafa qul `l jfg`f, brlhtl f `f cuf` l` sueltd hd tnlhl rlspulstf. Fpfrlcl f`kd qul
al f`kuhf bdrmf `d nhtlrpl`f y brlhtl f `d cuf` l` sueltd hd tnlhl rlspulstf, hn al`nrfhtl, hn nhtlr-
prltfhtl, snhd qul qulaf plrp`led brlhtl f lsd qul `d nhvfal.
_frf afr uh lelmp`d, lh `f prlslhtfcnóh al fylr `f sueltd, qul lrf uhf muelr qul lh su anscursd
pfrlcíf hlurótncf, lh uh mdmlhtd altlrmnhfad qul lstæ afhad uhf c`fsl al nhk`îs, snh hnhku-
hf cfusf qul l``f pulaf lxp`ncfr, sl pdhl f ``drfr y hd pulal afr rlspulstf fclrcf al pdr quî
``drf9 `d õhncd qul pulal jfclr ls alcnr`l f` cjncd qul `l lstfgf afhad c`fsl qul sl rltnrl y hd
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sfgl pdr quî. @d qul jfcl ls cfmgnfrsl `ds zfpftds pdr pfhtu﬇fs, y sl anrnkl f uh suplrmlr-
cfad plqulöd f` qul jfcíf 7? föds qul hd ngf, y f` qul ngf su mfarl, sl anrnkl f``í, jfg`f cdh
uhf gd`sf, lmpnlzf f pdhlr cdsfs alhtrd al `f gd`sf
g d`sf snh sfglr cdh quî alstnhd y `l ancl f` aulöd
al` suplrmlrcfad, jned al fqul` nhtlr`dcutdr al su mfarl, qul cufhad pfsf cdh l` cdcjl hd `f
sfùaf. F pfrtnr
nhtlrhfrdh. al fjí,
Vuî pfsó hd`dsfgl,
õhncd qulpulal
´quî sfgl ls qulaluhf
alcnr lsd4slödrf `f ``lvó
Hd pulal f su
alcnr cfsf, y alsal f``í `f
hfaf.
Lstl ls uh blhómlhd qul fpfrlcl lh su muhad mu`tnp`ncfad pdr uh ``drfr snh cfusf, al` cuf`
hd pulal afr rfzdhls, y qul jfcl f` anfkhóstncd anblrlhcnf`. Sn sl lhculhtrf lh l` cfmpd al `f
psncdsns, hd vf f pdalr snkhnﬆcfr lsd qul `l pfsf, plrd sn sl lhculhtrf lh l` cfmpd al `f rlprl-
snóh hlurótncf, prdgfg`lmlhtl jfyf uhf rlspulstf qul `l plrmntf frtncu`fr f`kd fuhqul slf trls
mnhutds alspuîs. _dr lelmp`d, pulal lxp`ncfr qul lmplzó f ``drfr pdr uh aftd qul hd jfgíf
rlknstrfad, rlblrnad f` qul lstfgfh trftfhad cdh su fùmhd, rlcdhstruylhad f pfrtnr al lsl aftd
f`kd qul al culhtf al lsl ``fhtd snh mdtnvd fpfrlhtl. Sn l``f puanlrf jfclr lsf rlcdhstruccnóh
cdh uh fhf`nstf lstfmds brlhtl f `d qul sl ``fmf rltrdfccnóh, rlsnkhnﬆcfcnóh, fprês-cdup, tdafs
bdrmfs qul nhancfh qul lh uh anscursd sl pulal snkhnﬆcfr lsd al f`kuhf bdrmf f pdstlrndrn.
_lrd lh cfmgnd, `f rlspulstf psncótncf f lsl lhnkmf slræ `f plrp`lenafa, y lh uh slkuhad md-
mlhtd, sl cdhstrunræ `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al`nrfhtl al `d qul f``í dcurrnó, hd puanlhad rlsnkhnﬆcfr,
rlsnkhnﬆcfr,
hn rlplhsfr su pdsncnóh al sueltd rlsplctd al` muhad l nhcdrpdrfr lstl aftd lxtlrhd.
Lh lstf culstnóh tlhlmds l` `ímntl lhtrl `f jnstlrnf y `f psncdsns. Lh `f jnstlrnf, lstds blhómlhds
al lxtrfölzf mucjfs vlcls fpfrlclh al` mnsmd mdad, plrd hd fsí f` hlurótncd dgslsnvd, qul
snlmprl nhcdrpdrf sus síhtdmfs cdmd hfturf`ls y frmf su mfrcd cdh `d uhnvlrsf` al ‐f tdads
`ls pfsf `d mnsmd” nhcdrpdrfhad su síhtdmf hd cdmd lkdsnhtóhncd, hd `d snlhtl cdmd lxtrföd.
Lstd ls anstnhtd f fqul``f jnstîrncf, pdr lelmp`d, qul lstæ lh uhf rl`fcnóh slxuf` y al prdhtd
snlhtl qul mland culrpd sl `l pfrf`nzf, tnlhl uhf jlmnp`leíf, y hd lxnstl uhf rlspulstf mîancf
qul lxp`nqul lsl blhómlhd cdrpdrf` trfhsntdrnd y f l``f `l fpfrlcl cdmd uh aftd qul hd cdgrf
slhtnad, felhd y brlhtl f` cuf` qulaf tfh plrp`lef cdmd uh psncótncd. Föds alspuîs, sn sl trftf
al uhf jnstlrnf, f `d mledr pulal rlsnkhnﬆcfr cnlrtfs culstndhls rlblrnafs f su culrpd y rlnhtlr-
prltfr lsl aftd qul lh lsl mdmlhtd `l prdvdcó cnlrtf plrp`lenafa.
Ancl @fcfh5 L` Dtrd ls fqul``d pdr `d cuf` sl jfclh rlcdhdclr lh `f mlanaf qul f su vlz `d rlcdhdclh .
@f prdg`lmætncf al` rlcdhdcnmnlhtd, lh sus vfrnfcndhls, pfsf pdr slr ugncfaf cdmd `f pdsncnóh
lslhcnf` al uh sueltd5 jfclrsl rlcdhdclr.
rlcdhdclr.
Cufhad uh blhómlhd hds alef plrp`leds, hds lhcdhtrfmds brlhtl f `d dpulstd f jfclrhds rlcd-
hdclr. Sn l` Dtrd hds rlcdhdcl, hd sl af `f plrp`lenafa, hds f`nvnf, hds trfhqun`nzf, hds plrmntl
afr rlspulstfs, ugncfrhds, ltc. L` blhómlhd qul hds alef plrp`leds ls l` blhómlhd adhal l`
Dtrd hd rlcdhdcl f` sueltd. Sfglmds qul lh lstl puhtd al hd rlcdhdcnmnlhtd jfy ads cdsfs5 l`
blhómlhd qul sl alsprlhal al` fpfrftd psíquncd al` sueltd y `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al` fhf`nstf, qul
sl lhculhtrf lh l` ùkfr al `d qul hd rlcdhdcl f` sueltd.
Lstf ls `f f`tlrhftnvf lxnstlhtl lhtrl psncdtlrfpnf y psncdfhæ`nsns. Mnlhtrfs qul `f rlspulstf
al` psncdtlrfplutf ls fqul``f qul rlcdhdcl f` sueltd, sus síhtdmfs, su plrsdhf, su vdùhtfa al
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alcnr, `f rlspulstf al` psncdfhf`nstf ls fqul``f rlspulstf snstlmætncf plrd adsnﬆcfaf al hd rlcd-
alcnr,
hdclr `d qul l` sueltd lstæ ancnlhad,
ancn lhad, lh õ`tnmf nhstfhcnf, hd rlcdhdclr `d qul l` sueltd rlcdhdcl
cdmd su prdg`lmf. @f rlspulstf al` fhf`nstf vf pdcd f pdcd lxtrfylhad al `f vdùhtfa al alcnr,
`ds l`lmlhtds mfrknhf`ls f l``f pfrf jfclr`ds prlslhtls.
Wlculralh fqul``f bdrmu`fcnóh gfstfhtl c`frf qul sdstnlhl lh l` nhcdhscnlhtl jfg`f lh uh su-
eltd lh tdads `ds ùkfrls qul lscfpfh f su drnlhtfcnóh y su vdùhtfa al alcnr
alcnr.. Ls pdr lsd qul
cufhad l` fhf`nstf jfcl prlslhtl fqul``d qul l` sueltd hd rlcdhdcl al sí mnsmd, sl pdhl lh l`
ùkfr al` blhómlhd l`lmlhtf`, lh `f pdsncnóh al fqul` qul ancl ‐hd tl rlcdhdzcd, lh lsd lh qul
tl qulrîs jfclr rlcdhdclr”.
Snh lmgfrkd, cufhad rlcdhdclmds l` nhcdhscnlhtl, l` yd sl snlhtl mf`trftfad, fgfhadhfad,
lxcùnad. Fjí pdalmds hdtfr l` tnpd al rl`fcnóh qul tnlhl l` sueltd cdh su nhcdhscnlhtl, `d qul
tfmgnîh sl vf f jfclr prlslhtl lh `f rl`fcnóh trfhsblrlhcnf`. Cufhad nhtlrprltfmds bulrf al su
cdhtlxtd snkhnﬆcftnvd, d slf, pdr lelmp`d, lxtrflmds uh aftd, uhf mltæbdrf cdh uh slhtnad ans-
tnhtd f` qul l` sueltd `l dtdrkf, jfclmds alcnr f lsf mltæbdrf uhd al `ds slhtnads qul tnlhl y al
lsl mdad `f snkhnﬆcfmds lh rl`fcnóh f hulstrf drnlhtfcnóh. @f mltæbdrf, y lh õ`tnmf nhstfhcnf
tdaf pf`fgrf, f` cfmgnfr`f al cdhtlxtd, qunlrl alcnr dtrf cdsf falmæs al `fs qul ancl.
Ls alcnr qul cufhad l` fhf`nstf nhtlrprltf, nhtrdaucl lsf snkhnﬆcfcnóh anstnhtf qul hd sl nh-
cdrpdrf f `f drnlhtfcnóh al` alcnr, y lsd ls `d qul jfcl qul sl pulaf alcnr qul l` fhf`nstf sl
lhculhtrf lh l` ùkfr al` nhcdhscnlhtl, d qul jfcl al blhómlhd l`lmlhtf`. @f rlspulstf qul af
l` sueltd f lstf nhtlrvlhcnóh al` fhf`nstf, ls `f mnsmf qul prdvnlhl al` nhcdhscnlhtl, plrd cdh
l` nhcdhscnlhtl uhd pulal tlhlr anstnhtfs rl`fcndhls, nhcùsnvl rl`fcndhls al rlcjfzd prdbuhad
y al lhded. _dr lsd cufhad ustlals lscucjfh alcnr ‐hd lstdy al fculrad cdh `d qul ml ancl”,
sl trftf al `f fﬆrmfcnóh ydncf brlhtl f` nhcdhscnlhtl. Lh vlrafa sn l` fhf`nstf lstæ gnlh plkfad
f` anscursd al` pfcnlhtl, pdr le. tdmfhad uhf pfrtl al ancjd anscursd ls alcnr usfhad `f cntf, l`
pfcnlhtl algnlrf alcnr hd lstdy al fculrad cdh `d qul anel, y hd tfhtd cdh l` fhf`nstf qul `d jf
cntfad. L` fhf`nstf pdaríf alcnr lhtdhcls uas. hd sl pdhlh al fculrad. (Wnsfs.)
F vlcls ls anbícn`, pdrqul sl cdhvnlrtl lh uhf fbrlhtf l` hfrcnsnsmd. Qlhkfmds
Qlhkfmds lh culhtf qul l`
nhcdhscnlhtl fbrlhtf l` hfrcnsnsmd.
Jugd uh mdmlhtd lh `f præctncf al` fhæ`nsns adhal nhcdhscnlhtl y síhtdmf sl plkfrdh, y lh-
tdhcls, `lvfhtfhad l` síhtdmf, afgf `f nmprlsnóh
n mprlsnóh qul sl `lvfhtfgf l` nhcdhscnlhtl y uhd alefgf
al lstfr anvnanad. _dr lsd fﬆrmfmds5 f` ﬆhf` tfmgnîh lstfmds anvnanads, plrd al dtrf bdrmf.
Dtrf dgslrvfcnóh qul vf lh `f `íhlf al `d qul lstdy ancnlhad5 ‐Altræs al `f mfrndhltf, `f mfrnd-
hltf qul jfg`f, jfy dtrf cdsf”. Lsf dtrf cdsf qul jfy altræs al `f mfrndhltf ls `f qul qulrlmds
jfclr prlslhtl cufhad nhtlrprltfmds. _lrd lsf mfrndhltf `ls alcíf, pulal pdhlrsl aurf, ríkn-
af, rlsplctd al lsf dtrf cdsf qul jfy mæs f``æ al l``f, pdrqul lsd `f sdmltl f `f cfstrfcnóh, f yd
hd sdy yd, yd sdy lsd, yd sdy, quî sdy, ltc.
Lh cfmgnd, lh l` psncótncd, y mæs prlcnsfmlhtl `f plrp`lenafa, `d qul prdaucl ls `f lxplrnlhcnf
cdhtuhalhtl al slr hfaf mæs qul uhf mfrndhltf, algnad f `fs brfkn`nafals nalhtnﬆcftdrnfs al`
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sueltd psncótncd, lh uh lqun`ngrnd snlmprl nhlstfg`l al su cdhsnstlhcnf. ^ lsl aftd qul fpfrlcl
cdmd lxtlrndr `l prdvdcf, lsf lxplrnlhcnf al alefr`d cdmd uhf mfrndhltf. Fsí, `f plrp`lenafa
slríf `f rlspulstf al `f mfrndhltf cufhad f`kd `l ancl ‐sds uhf mfrndhltf”, slríf uh mdad al
cfrlclr al rlspulstfs pfrf rlspdhalr f lsl aftd qul `d nhtlrrdkf.
Wlsplctd f lstf sueltd al `f qul jfg`ægfmds fylr, ls hdtfg`l qul l``f rlﬆlrf f anæ`dkds cdh
fhf`nstfs lh trftfmnlhtds fhtlrndrls, mdmlhtds al alscdmplhsfcnóh adhal tlhíf plhsfaf su
vnaf f pfrtnr al `ds < föds, y `f fhf`nstf `f ``lvfgf f `ds 3. Lh su rlkrlsnóh al trfgfed, rlculrads,
ltc., `f jfcl pfsfr al `ds <, adhal l``f jfgíf `dkrfad dralhfr su muhad, f `ds 3 föds, y lmpnlzf
f rlcdrafr cdsfs al lsf lafa y f``í sl prdaucl `f alscdmplhsfcnóh.
Sl alscdmplhsf al uhf bdrmf qul hd qulaó muy c`frf. _lrd jfy uhf cdhsnstlhcnf qul l``f
frmó f`rlaladr al `ds < föds y qul l` fhæ`nsns tdcf y lh ùkfr al l`fgdrfr uhf rlspulstf c`frf,
f` alscugrnr lh fhæ`nsns qul su vnaf lmplzfgf hd f `ds <, snhd f `ds 3, lh uh fhæ`nsns pulal
prdaucnr l` lblctd al rl`fhzfr l` prdclsd y rldralhfr tdaf su jnstdrnf. _lrd lstf fhf`nstf `d qul
jfcíf lh lsl mdmlhtd ls alsdralhfr sus nalfs y `f sueltd, hd pdaíf rlfrmfr hfaf, snhd mæs
gnlh lhtrfgf lh uh cfds y lh uhf cdhbus
cdhbusnóh.
nóh.
Lh uh sueltd cdh uhf c`frf rltrdfccnóh `l plrmntl rlplhsfr, lsds jntds snmgó`ncds, `ds <, 3, af
tdad nkuf`, sf`vd cufhad uhd fpulstf f uh jntd snmgó`ncd lh lsl ùkfr, cdh `d cuf`, su rlspulstf
c`frfmlhtl hlurótncf slríf pdalr rldralhfr tdad, rlsnkhnﬆcfr l nhcdrpdrfr `d dcurrnad f `ds 3
föds f su plrclpcnóh al su jnstdrnf.
@fcfh ancl lh `f pæknhf :?5 ‐Ads bdrmfs al jfg`fr al` sueltd, anrnknrsl f` Dtrd”. Qlmfs al `f
almfhaf, anrnknrsl f` Dtrd. @f almfhaf pulal slr plhsfaf lh ads rlknstrds. Cufhad uh sueltd
ancl5 ‐qunlrd qul ml fyual f fc`frfr lstd”, slkurfmlhtl ls uhf almfhaf, plrd ls uhf almfh-
af cdhscnlhtl. _lrd jfy tfmgnîh uhf almfhaf nhcdhscnlhtl qul hd sl lxprlsf pdr `f vdùhtfa
y lxnklhcnf al qul l` dtrd ankf d hd ankf f`kd. @fcfh vf f alcnr qul tdaf pf`fgrf ls almfhaf, y
yf hd só`d l` planad, pdr lsd anstnhkunmds f``í `d qul pulal slr uhf almfhaf cdhbuhanaf cdh
`fs kfhfs, `f vdùhtfa, ltc., y `f pf`fgrf. Lstfs pf`fgrfs mfrknhf`ls f `f drnlhtfcnóh qul l` sueltd
sl af pfrf jfg`fr, sdh tfmgnîh almfhafs, plrd bdrmf pfrtl al uhf almfhaf nhcdhscnlhtl.
Fkrlkf5 ‐Anrnknrsl f` Dtrd y rlcngnr al î` l` mlhsfel qul hds cdhcnlrhl al uhf bdrmf nhvlrtnaf”.
Ads bdrmfs al `f nhvlrsnóh9 uhf ls `f nhvlrsnóh hlurótncf qul rlcngl al` Dtrd uhf rlspulstf qul
hd ls `f qul lsplrf, plrd qul, pdr lelmp`d, pulal fgsdrglr víf uh fhæ`nsns cdh `f fsdcnfcnóh
`ngrl, ‐hd lstdy al fculrad, hd ml pfrlcl, plrd qunlrd cdhtfr`l qul cufhad ustla aned lsd yd
tuvl lstf nmfklh”. \hf rlspulstf ls hd `d vld, hd `d crld, plrd ml jf dcurrnad lstd. Lstf ls `f
rlspulstf qul guscfmds lh l` fhæ`nsns, adhal f plsfr al` sueltd, f plsfr al qul hd crllr lh lsd,
sl `l jf dcurrnad dtrf cdsf y f pfrtnr al lsd sl `l dcurrl lstd y lstd. F``í sl fgrl `d qul ``fmfmds
l` cfmnhd al` nhcdhscnlhtl.
Ancl5 @f rlspulstf nhvlrtnaf. L` aftd qul lstdy mfrcfhad al` `fad al `f lxtlrndrnafa, qul sl ``fmf
al lsl mdad, ‐síhardml al lxtlrndrnafa lh `f psncdsns”, ls l` aftd qul vnlhl al fbulrf, cdmd
uhf rlspulstf qul hd nmp`ncf uhf prlkuhtf prlvnf, cdmd uhf rlspulstf qul hd pulal frtncu`fr
f uhf prlkuhtf, hn f uh nhtlrrdkfhtl snqunlrf, y qul `d õhncd qul jfcl ls cjdcfr cdh l` sueltd.
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Lstf rlspulstf qul vnlhl al fbulrf, sl vf f bdrmu`fr cdmd `f pfrfhdnf cdmp`ltf, rlspulstf qul
vnlhl al fbulrf, qul sl anrnkl f mí y lsplcnf`mlhtl f mí, qul ml cdhcnlrhl. Lstd pulalh `llr`d
lh l` Cfpítu`d ZNR al` Slmnhfrnd 3.
Qdad `d qul lstdy alscrngnlhad, cdmd lxtlrndr, cdmd síhardml al lxtlrndrnafa, sdh `ds síhtd-
mfs lh l` muhad, `ds síhtdmfs lh l` Dtrd, qul jfg`fh f` sueltd, qul `l anclh, qul `d nhtlrpl`fh,
qul `d nheurnfh, ltc.
Sdh síhtdmfs y mdvnmnlhtds lh l` muhad qul f vlcls sdh plrcngnads pdr l` sueltd cdmd slhtn-
mnlhtds al tlrmnhfcnóh al` muhad, cdmd cfíaf al` muhad, ltc. _lrd hd ls só`d qul lstîh bulrf
snhd qul falmæs al lstfr bulrf, `d qul cdmp`ltf l` mdvnmnlhtd ls qul sl anrnklh f mí, qul lsd
ml ancl f`kd f mí9 hd ls uh mdvnmnlhtd qul yd dgslrvd lh l` muhad snhd qul `f rlspulstf al`
Dtrd nhvlrtnaf ls qul lsd ml nhtlrpl`f, sl anrnkl f mí.
@d dtrd qul vf f alcnr cdmd tlrclr tîrmnhd al cdmp`ltfmnlhtd al `f pfrfhdnf lh l` cfpítu`d ZNR
ZNR,,
ls qul falmæs bf`tf uh tlrclr l`lmlhtd qul ls `f ftrngucnóh sugeltnvf. Jfgífmds ancjd lh f`kõh
mdmlhtd qul jfy uh pfr, ftrngucnóh sugeltnvf l nmp`ncfcnóh sugeltnvf. @f ftrngucnóh sugeltnvf
ls qul ls ‐lsl” l` qul ml `d ancl. @f nmp`ncfcnóh sugeltnvf f` cdhtrfrnd ls `f rlsnkhnﬆcfcnóh, l`
lblctd sueltd. Lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns y mucjd mæs lh l` cfmpd al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf, hd jfy
nmp`ncfcnóh sugeltnvf, pdr lsd hds nhtlrlsf vlr `ds anstnhtds lstftutds al ancjf nmp`ncfcnóh.
Fylr pdr lelmp`d, lstf muelr al auadsf lstructurf, cufhad `f lhtrlvnstfadrf `l prlkuhtf, fclr-
cf al sus síhtdmfs dgslsnvds, qul l``f ugncfgf f `ds 7? föds, y lstf muelr ancl, ‐hd ml fculrad
muy gnlh, `l ankd `f vlrafa, lh vlrafa `d qul yd ``fmd jdy síhtdmfs dgslsnvds”. D slf qul
rlsnkhnﬆcf lh `f fctuf`nafa cdmd síhtdmf dgslsnvd fqul``d qul fylr alscrngíf cdmd f`kd qul
`l pfsfgf, y cufhad `l prlkuhtfh pdr lsds síhtdmfs anríf f`kd fsí cdmd5 ‐hd, hd ls qul jfgíf
síhtdmfs dgslsnvds, ls uhf rlsnkhnﬆcfcnóh qul yd jfkd jdy al lsl aftd”. Ls alcnr qul afgf `f
pfutf al uhf rlsnkhnﬆcfcnóh. _lrd rlsnkhnﬆcfr f`kd qunlrl alcnr qul f pfrtnr al lsd, yd pulaf
cfmgnfr tdaf mn pdsncnóh al sueltd rlsplctd al mucjfs cdsfs. _drqul snhd `f rlsnkhnﬆcfcnóh
sugeltnvf slríf muy bæcn`. Vulrlmds vlr qul lsd nmp`ncf uh rldralhfmnlhtd al su pdsncnóh lh
tdads `ds hnvl`ls pfrf qul slf uhf rlsnkhnﬆcfcnóh snmgó`ncf, ltc. Vul slf uhf vlrafalrf rlnh-
tlrprltfcnóh al su jnstdrnf.
Lh `f pæknhf :6, @fcfh ancl5 Lxcùnad l` Dtrd cdh mfyõscu`f, `d qul cdhcnlrhl f` sueltd ls ancjd rlf`-
mlhtl pdr l` plqulöd dtrd. @ls alcíf brfkn`nafa al` Dtrd cdh mfyõscu`f, pdr su cdhstntucnóh, bdr-
cùsnóh al` Hdmgrl al` _farl. D slf tf` plrsdhf qul lhcfrhf pfrf l` psncótncd `d qul pfrf dtrds
lhcfrhf `f vdz al `f cdhcnlhcnf, Ands, d bdrmfs mæs snmgó`ncfs al lsd qul `l jfg`f, sl lhcfrhfh
lh l` plrsdhfel al `f tl`lvnsnóh qul `l lstæ jfg`fhad f î` lh lsl mdmlhtd.
Ls tfmgnîh uhf bdrmf lh qul @fcfh lhtlhaíf lstf culstnóh lh `ds prnmlrds tnlmpds, adhal
alcíf qul lh l` cfmpd al `fs psncdsns l` Dtrd lrf uh dtrd nmfknhfrnd. D slf qul lh l` cfmpd al
`fs bdrmfcndhls al` nhcdhscnlhtl, lh l` föd „<:, `d ancl fsí5 ‐lh l` cfmpd al `fs psncdsns hd jfy
Dtrd, jfy dtrd cdh mnhõscu`f”.
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L` Dtrd pfrf l` psncótncd tnlhl sugeltnvnafa, y lstd pulal vlrsl lh Scjrlglr c`frfmlhtl. Lh vlr-
afa lstd ls uhf pfradef. Jfy ansyuhcnóh lhtrl l` Dtrd y `f sugeltnvnafa. Cufhad alcnmds qul
`f tnlhl, lstd snkhnﬆcf qul ls uh dtrd. L` Dtrd cdh mfyõscu`f, y pdr lsd @fcfh `d ``fmf ùkfr al`
cóankd, ùkfr al` snkhnﬆcfhtl, ls uh ùkfr snmgó`ncd, qul lhcfrhfh plrsdhfs. Lhtdhcls Ands lh
l` muhad
mf`f al Scjrlglr
vdùhtfa, ls cdmd
fkrlsnvnafa, uh plrsdhfel,
tdafs ls cdmdal
`fs cdhhdtfcndhls uhf
uhplrsdhf qul tnlhl vdùhtfa, nhcùsd
slr jumfhd.
@d mnsmd `f cdhcnlhcnf mdrf`. @f cdhcnlhcnf mdrf` qul fpfrlcl lh hdsdtrds cdmd lxnklhcnf
cdmd prlsnóh f slr, cdmd cu`pfgn`nafa pdrqul l` sueltd jfcl `d qul hd algl, sl lhcfrhf lh
f`kõh plrsdhfel qul hds ancl lsd mnsmd. Nhcùsd, pulal fpfrlclr l` pfarl, `f mfarl y tdaf `f
hdvl`f laípncf f`rlaladr al lsd, fuhqul alsplefad ræpnafmlhtl lh uh fhæ`nsns, fpfrlcl `f lxn-
klhcnf al` sueltd mnsmd, y hd fpfrlcl uhf sdmgrf qul `l lstæ ancnlhad
ancn lhad d vnd qul `l jfcl jfclr
jfclr..
_dr lsd anstnhkunmds c`frfmlhtl `f sugeltnvnafa al` sueltd. L` sueltd cdmd l` Dtrd hd tnlhlh
sugeltnvnafa. Alcnr lstd c`frntd fsí pfrlcl uhf plqulöf cdsf, plrd lsd cfmgnf tdad. Cfmgnf
tdaf hulstrf bdrmf al lvfùfr `f vlrafa, pdr lelmp`d. Ćómd sl lvf`õf `d futîhtncd sn plhsf-
mds qul l` sueltd hd tnlhl sugeltnvnafa4 @ds fblctds jfh snad lh `f jnstdrnf al` psncdfhæ`nsns y
snkulh snlhad, aftds qul jfclh crllr qul l` plsd al `f futlhtncnafa, al `f vlrafa qul sl ancl ls
pdr l` fblctd qul sl culhtf. _lrd sn alcnmds qul l` sueltd hd tnlhl sugeltnvnafa, sl hds p`fhtlf
dtrf bdrmf al lvfùfcnóh al cómd l` sueltd sl nmp`ncf lh `f futlhtncnafa al su anscursd, qul
yf hd ls l` fblctd. ^ l` fblctd `d tlhlmds qul rlcd`dcfr lh dtrd ùkfr. Lhtdhcls pfrf hdsdtrds
qul uh sueltd jfg`l al `f mulrtl al su pfarl y `d` d ankf brífmlhtl, y jfg`l al `f mulrtl clrcfhf,
hd ls nhancnd al hd cdmprdmnsd d al cdmprdmnsd cdh l` aul`d qul lstæ lh eulkd, pdrqul hd
pdalmds mlanr pdr `f sugeltnvnafa. @f sugeltnvnafa ls uh lhkföd, y f vlcls `fs lmdcndhls lxf-
klrfafs sdh lhcugrnadrfs al uhf bf`tf al nmp`ncfcnóh y al jlcjd sl vl lh `ds fhæ`nsns, cufhad
ls f`defad lh l` ùkfr al `f sugeltnvnafa y al `f fhkustnf plrmfhlhtl, qul ls uhf cdfrtfaf al`
sueltd qul eulkf lh l` fblctd `d qul tnlhl qul eukfr lh `f nmp`ncfcnóh cdmd sueltd.
_dr lsd, sn l` sueltd hd tnlhl sugeltnvnafa, cfmgnf tdaf hulstrf bdrmf al lvfùfr `d qul ls fu-
tîhtncd, `d qul hd ls futîhtncd, cuæ` ls `f nmp`ncfcnóh vlrafalrf
v lrafalrf d cuf` hd. Al lsl mdad, sl als-
frtncu`f l` fblctd cdmd snkhd al` vf`dr al vlrafa, pdr lsd @fcfh jfcl tdad uh alsfrrd``d sdgrl
`d qul sdh `ds vf`drls al `f vlrafa.
L` Dtrd –ancl @fcfh fcæ- lstæ lxcùnad vlrafalrfmlhtl al `f pf`fgrf al`nrfhtl. Altræs al l``f, al `f
pf`fgrf al` al`nrfhtl, hd jfy
jfy dtrf vlrafa. L` sueltd hd `l ftrnguyl vlrafa f`kuhf y lstæ brlhtl f lstl blhó-
mlhd lh `f plrp`lenafa. @f culstnóh ls cómd lhtlhalr lstd. Cufhad l` Dtrd lstæ lxcùnad vlraf-
alrfmlhtl al `f pf`fgrf al`nrfhtl, altræs al `f pf`fgrf al` al`nrfhtl hd jfy dtrf vlrafa. Vunlrl
alcnr qul al tdad `d qul ancl hd jfy prlkuhtf pdsng`l, hd jfy anstfhcnf cdh su prdpnd anscursd9
l` sueltd psncótncd, yf `d anenmds, lstæ nalhtnﬆcfad f su prdpnd anscursd.
Lsd pdr lsd qul lstf sueltd al fylr hds p`fhtló hulvfs auafs, pdrqul lh f`kõh mdmlhtd,
alsprlhanîhadsl al `d qul lstfgf ancnlhad, aned5 ‐crld qul `d qul lstdy jfg`fhad ls cdhtrf-
anctdrnd”. Jnzd uhf dgslrvfcnóh sf`naf al su prdpnd anscursd, jfgnlhad lscucjfad `d qul l``f
mnsmf jfgíf ancjd.
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Lstd ls uh aftd c`fvl qul def`æ `d tuvnîrfmds mucjfs vlcls lh l` cfmpd al `f hlurdsns lh l`
mfrcd al uh fhæ`nsns, yf qul hd snlmprl lstæ5 qul l` sueltd lh uh mdmlhtd altlrmnhfad lscu-
cjl su prdpnd anscursd.
\hd pdaríf alcnr rfancf`nzfhad lstf culstnóh qul l` fhf`nzfhtl sl fhf`nzf só`d cfusfad pdr
l` fhf`nstf, pdr lsd lh l` fhæ`nsns `fcfhnfhd, cufhad f`kunlh prlkuhtf f dtrd5 ‐´quî vnstl lh
slsnóh4”, lh vlrafa `f rlspulstf snlmprl ls. ‐jdy alscugrí lh slsnóh f pfrtnr al `d qul anel tf`
cdsf, qul ml vn ``lvfad f alcnr”. Lh vlrafa `f rlspulstf nalf` al uh fhf`nzfhtl `fcfhnfhd slríf
îstf. _lrd cufhad l` fhf`nstf fpfrlcl lh l` ùkfr al` alscugrnmnlhtd al` sueltd, lh vlz al alscu-
grnr`d l` sueltd, l` fhf`nstf f``í rrlbulrzf
lbulrzf su ùkfr al Dtrd,
Dtrd, cdmd l` als
alscugrnadr
cugrnadr,, l` qul trfh
trfhsmntl,
smntl,
l` qul lhslöf y l` qul jfcl alscugrnr
alscugrnr.. ^ lstd pulal slr uh mdmlhtd al` fhæ`nsns. _lrd lh l` jd-
rnzdhtl, l` fhf`nstf vf f alscfrtfrsl al lsl ùkfr, pfrf hd cdhstntunrsl lh l` sfglr snhd lh l` sueltd
supulstd sfglr.
sfglr. _dr lsd `f prlkuhtf qul uh fmnkd pulal jfclr, sdgrl ‐´quî aned tu fhf`nstf4”,
supdhlh f` fhf`nstf uh sfglr lelrcnad qul vf f alcnr uhf vlrafa. Ls uhf supdsncnóh al sfglr. L`
qul hd sl `d tnlhl qul crllr ls l` fhf`nstf. F vlcls lstd ls uh trfstdrhd, pdrqul f`kunlh pulal
alcnr5 ‐lh slsnóh hd vld hfaf”, ‐hd ml aned hfaf”, ‐aned pdcd”, ‐hd sî quî aned”, ltc.
Lstd sl drnlhtf lh l` futd trfgfed al` sueltd cdhsnkd mnsmd, cfusfad pdr l` fhf`nstf, buhafmlh-
tf`mlhtl pdr l` fhf`nstf, y hd pdhnîhadsl cdmd tfpóh sfgnlhad î` f``í. @ds fhf`nstfs tfmgnîh
tnlhlh prdg`lmfs pfrf sdstlhlr su ùkfr snh lelrclr l` sfglr, pdrqul cufhad hd pulal lelrclr
l` sfglr,
sfglr, hd `l ls muy lvnalhtl
lvn alhtl pdr quî cdgrf, y algl tlhlr c`frd qul cdgrf, eustfmlhtl, pdr hd
lelrclr lsl sfglr.
sfglr. Fuhqul snh auafs ls mæs trfhqun`nzfhtl pfrf l` fhf`nstf sdstlhlr lsl ùkfr al
sfglr y ls lh lsl cfsd qul l` fhf`nstf nalhtnﬆcfad f` Dtrd, fgrl lh l` jdrnzdhtl uhf suelcnóh f`
fhf`nstf, uhf suelcnóh f` cfmpd al` Dtrd y uh rlbulrzd al `fs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls. _lrd slpfh qul
cdh lstd sl rlbulrzfh `ds síhtdmfs, y sl fgrl l` cfmnhd al `ds rlfhæ`nsns pdr trlnhtf föds, cdmd
dcurrl hdrmf`mlhtl lhtrl hdsdtrds.
Jfy uhf rl`fcnóh lhtrl nalhtnﬆcfrsl f` prdpnd anscursd, y `f plrp`lenafa. Jfy uhf sd`nafrnafa.
Alcnr plrp`lenafa ls alcnr qul f`kunlh hd tnlhl l` rlcursd al slpfrfrsl al su prdpnd anscursd,
pfrf lscucjfr f`kd lh `d qul ancl mæs f``æ al `d qul qunsd alcnr. @f plrp`lenafa ls l` cf``leóh snh
sf`naf brlhtl f` jlcjds al qul hd pulal slpfrfrsl al su prdpnd anscursd.
Wlculralh tfmgnîh, `d jl rlpltnad vfrnfs vlcls cdmd uhf nhancfcnóh c`íhncf muy prlcnsf, qul
pfrf nhtlrvlhnr, alglmds lsplrfr,
lsplrfr, cufhad sl pulal lsplrfr, f qul l` sueltd mnsmd sf`kf al su
prdpnd anscursd. Mucjfs vlcls, ls l` mdmlhtd lh qul uh sueltd, cdmd lstf sueltd al fylr, jfcl
uhf dgslrvfcnóh sdgrl su prdpnd anscursd.
@d nhtlrlsfhtl dcurrl cufhad l` sueltd jfcl uhf dgslrvfcnóh sdgrl `d qul aned, lsl ls uh hõc`ld
al fplrturf, pdrqul fjí l` sueltd lstæ ancnlhad qul jfy uhf vlrafa mæs f``æ al `d qul aned.
@f drnlhtfcnóh al` fhf`nstf vf f lsl puhtd, y f pfrtnr al fjí sl alstntuyl tdad `d ancjd y sl
drnlhtf pdr `f cdhtrfanccnóh, pdr lelmp`d, lh lsl cfsd al fylr. ^ uh fhf`nzfhtl fsí drnlhtfad,
fqul` qul lstæ lh `f anspdsncnóh qul p`fhtlfmds cdmd trfgfed fhf`ítncd, algnlrf, lstrnctfmlhtl
jfg`fhad, d`vnafr tdad `d qul lstfgf ancnlhad y plhsfr pdr l` cfmnhd al `fs cdhtrfanccndhls, al
su yd cdhtrfanctdrnd d al su slr cdhtrfanctdrnd, y fgrnr f tdaf `f jnstdrnf al sus cdhtrfanccndhls,

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d tdafs sus dcurrlhcnfs, `d cuf` hd ls `d mnsmd qul `f jnstdrnf hn `ds rlculrads, snhd tdafs `fs
dcurrlhcnfs qul pulaf l`fgdrfr f`rlaladr al `d cdhtrfanctdrnd. Cdmd, pdr lelmp`d, plhsfr lh
`íhlfs pfrf`l`fs.
Cufhad l` fhf`nstf rlcdrtf `d cdhtrfanctdrnd, y l` sueltd rlspdhal ‐tlhkd `f dcurrlhcnf al `íhlfs
pfrf`l`fs plrd hd sî quî qunlrl alcnr”, lh lsl cfsd tfmgnîh jfg`f l` sueltd. Qfmgnîh cdmd
cufhad jfg`f al uh rlculrad al su nhbfhcnf. _lrd `f c`fvl ls qul lstfmds fcdstumgrfads f
rlcdhdclr f` sueltd cufhad jfg`f al su nhbfhcnf, al` Lanpd, al su mfmæ, al su pfpæ. Sueltd y
fhf`nstf mucjfs vlcls hd crllh qul l` sueltd lstæ, jfg`l al `d qul jfg`l, fuhqul jfg`l al `f
cdhtrfanccnóh y al `fs `íhlfs pfrf`l`fs, y fvfhcl pdr `f kldmltríf cufhad lstfgf jfg`fhad al
prdg`lmfs al bfmn`nf. Ls eustfmlhtl lh `f kldmltríf, qul vfmds f lhcdhtrfr uh cfmnhd, y qul
vfmds f lhcdhtrfr puhtds c`fvl al `f pdsncnóh al` sueltd, y lstd sl algl f Brlua. Mucjd mæs lh
`f kldmltríf qul lh su jnstdrnf, sus rlculrads, d su Lanpd, qul ls adhal l` sueltd lstæ mæs felhd
f sí mnsmd. Fadhal lstæ mlhds cfptfad pdr su yd, pdr l` slhtnad al `fs cdsfs, qul f`nmlhtf su
síhtdmf. Lh lsf `íhlf, lhtdhcls l` fhæ`nsns ls tfmgnîh uh vfcnfmnlhtd al slhtnads, al fqul``ds
slhtnads cdh `ds qul uhd sl frmó lh `f vnaf.
_lrd rltdmlmds5 lh l` ùkfr al `f fsdcnfcnóh `ngrl l` psncótncd qulaf plrp`led. Qdad lstd qul
lstfgf p`fhtlfhad, lh rlf`nafa, ls `d cdhtrfrnd al `f plrp`lenafa. @f plrp`lenafa nhancf qul
cdh lsd l` sueltd hd pulal jfclr hfaf y cdh `d qul `l dcurrl. Ls pdr lsd qul mucjfs vlcls l`
anfkhóstncd anblrlhcnf` hd pulal jfclrsl lh `f prlslhtfcnóh al lhblrmds, pdrqul pfrf jfclr`d
tlhlmds qul fvfhzfr uh pdcd mæs pfrf vlr cuæ`ls sdh `fs rlspulstfs qul tnlhl l` sueltd brlhtl
f `f plrp`lenafa.
Jfy uh aftd c`fvl muy nmpdrtfhtl qul ml nhtlrlsf pfrtncu`frmlhtl dgslrvfr, nr alstfcæhad`d,
qul ls uhf bórmu`f qul sl rlpntl, cdmd bórmu`f vfcíf, cdmd tfhtfs qul sl usfh lh l` cfmpd
`fcfhnfhd, bórmu`fs vfcífs snh cdhslculhcnfs5 l` psncótncd lstæ lh l` `lhkufel plrd lstæ bulrf
al` anscursd. Ls uhf bdrmu`fcnóh qul tnlhl cdhslculhcnfs sumfmlhtl nmpdrtfhtls, y qul tnlhl
mucjd qul vlr cdh `d qul lstfmds ancnlhad.
´Vuî qunlrl alcnr qul l` psncótncd lstæ lh rl`fcnóh f` `lhkufel4 Cdmd alcnmds snlmprl ´sn
hd lstuvnlrf lh l` `lhkufel aóhal lstfríf4 Jfcnlhad uhf dpdsncnóh sf`vfel, hd sl trftf al uh
prdclsd alklhlrftnvd, hd ls uh prdg`lmf md`lcu`fr
md`lcu`fr.. Ls uh prdg`lmf al rl`fcnóh f` `lhkufel. ^
lstd ls `d qul vfmds f sdstlhlr, qul tdaf pdsngn`nafa al trftfmnlhtd al `f psncdsns ls qul jfy
uhf rl`fcnóh f` `lhkufel y hd ls prl`nhkðístncf, d slf qul `f culstnóh lh eulkd tnlhl qul vlr cdh
`f tlmætncf al `f rl`fcnóh f` `lhkufel y hd `f rl`fcnóh f prdclsds alklhlrftnvds, clrlgrf`ls, al
supulstf ltnd`dkífs químncfs.
Alcnr qul l` psncótncd lstæ lh l` `lhkufel qunlrl alcnr qul ls pdsng`l trftfr`d lh l` mfrcd al` `lh-
kufel, y cdhsnalrfmds qul su cfusf`nafa hd lstæ lh su drkfhnsmd, snhd qul lstæ lh `f rl`fcnóh
lhtrl l` drkfhnsmd y l` `lhkufel. Sl trftf al `fs anﬆcu`tfals al frtncu`fcnóh al su rl`fcnóh f`
`lhkufel, adhal l` drkfhnsmd cdmd tf` fpfrlcl lh `ds dgstæcu`ds qul lhculhtrf lh su rl`fcnóh
f` `lhkufel, ls alcnr qul fpfrlclr cdmd drkfhnsmd y hd cdmd culrpd, ls uh lblctd al `f `lhkuf
y al `f rl`fcnóh cdh l` `lhkufel.
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@fcfh sdstnlhl qul l` anscursd al` psncótncd, al` lsqunzdbrîhncd lh pfrtncu`fr, ls rlf`, qunlrl
alcnr qul hd ls snmgó`ncd9 hd jfy mltæbdrf, hd jfy mltdhnmnf y lstf ls uhf al `fs bdrmfs al
lhtlhalr `f plrp`lenafa y `f nalhtnﬆcfcnóh f su prdpnd anscursd. Ls l` aftd qul sl `ll cdmd
bulrf al` anscursd. Vunlrl alcnr qul l` psncótncd hd ls hn pulal slr uh sueltd al` snkhnﬆcfhtl,
rlprlslhtfad
clr `f culstnóhpdr uh snkhnﬆcfhtl
snkhnﬆcfhtl, vfmdspfrf dtrd snkhnﬆcfhtl.
f lhcdhtrfr ^ lh l` mdmlhtd
`f alscdmplhsfcnóh qul nhtlhtfmds
d l` al`nrnd lelr-
alslhcfalhfad,
pdrqul ls nmpdsng`l nhcùnr`d lh l` anscursd.
Hdtlh qul lstd hd qunlrl alcnr qul uh sueltd psncótncd hd jfg`l, qul hd pulaf prdhuhcnfr uh
anscursd. _rdhuhcnfh anscursds, jfy lhuhcnfads, plrd cufhad lh psncdfhæ`nsns hds rlblrnmds f`
anscursd ls f `f lstructurf al lsl anscursd adhal uh snkhnﬆcfhtl sl frtncu`f f dtrd snkhnﬆcfhtl,
lh uh prdclsd al fhtncnpfcnóh y rltrdfccnóh qul prdaucl `f rlsnkhnﬆcfcnóh. D slf qul anscursd,
lstrnctfmlhtl jfg`fhad, ls qulafr lh pdsncnóh al sueltd, `d qul ls dpulstd f qulafr nalhtnﬆcf-
ad f` anscursd qul uhd prdhuhcnf. Ls `d qul p`fhtlfgf cdh `f mltæbdrf al `f mfrndhltf, slhtnr
qul jfy uhf vlrafa d plrcngnr qul jfy uhf vlrafa mæs f``æ al `d qul ankd. _lrd l` sueltd psn-
cótncd cfrlcl al `f pdsngn`nafa al jfclr lstf frtncu`fcnóh. Bulrf al anscursd qunlrl alcnr bulrf
al `f lstructurf cdhstntutnvf al` anscursd y hd bulrf al pdalr jfg`fr,
jfg`fr, qul slríf l` cfsd lsplcíﬆcd
al
al uh mutnsmd. tnlhlh
su mlmdrnf, _lrd `ds sueltds`fpsncótncds
jnstdrnf, jfg`fh,
rl`ftfh, plrd anclh`fcdsfs,
`ls bf``f rlculrafh
lstructurf al su su vnaf, trflh
anscursd, jlcjds
qul gæsncf-
mlhtl ls lstd qul ``fmægfmds rlsnkhnﬆcfr y rlpdsncndhfrsl cdmd sueltd brlhtl f `d qul anclh.
Lsd ls lstfr bulrf al` anscursd.
@f nmp`ncfhcnf al lstd pfrf l` fhf`nstf ls qul lh `f mlanaf qul lstæ bulrf al` anscursd, hd sl
pulal nhtlrprltfr.
nhtlrprltfr. Brlua, cufhad sl lhbrlhtó cdh `ds prnmlrds psncótncds, nhtlrprltfgf l` Lanpd,
y G`lu`lr, nhcùsd, lh f`kõh mdmlhtd usf `ds mlcfhnsmds brluanfhds y jfcnlhad uhf lqunvf-
`lhcnf lhtrl al`nrnd y sulöd, rlspdhanlhad l` fhf`nstf f` sulöd y f` al`nrnd al `f mnsmf bdrmf.
Fuh hd sl jfgíf anstnhkunad qul l` psncótncd lstfgf bulrf al` anscursd fuhqul jfg`fgf, plrd
lstfgf lh rl`fcnóh f` `lhkufel. Lhtdhcls, sn l` sueltd lstæ lh l` anscursd, pdalmds nhtlrprltfr,
nhtlrprltfr, sn
hd `d lstæ, `f nhtlrprltfcnóh hd vf, hd prdaucl l` lblctd al alcdhstruccnóh, qul ls l` trfgfed al
`f nhtlrprltfcnóh. ^ lstd ls lblctd al lstfr bulrf al` anscursd.
Sn ustlals rlcdrrlh `f lhslöfhzf al @fcfh jfy ads bdrmfs al lhtlhalr l` anscursd, uhf ls `f qul
lxp`nquî fhtlrndrmlhtl, qul ls `f prnmlrf pfrtl al su lhslöfhzf, qul ls buhafmlhtf`mlhtl
`f pdsngn`nafa al rltrdfccnóh, al rlsnkhnﬆcfr uh snkhnﬆcfhtl cdh l` dtrd, lsd qul jfcl f` `fpsus,
`fs bdrmfcndhls al` nhcdhscnlhtl brluanfhf, ltc. @f prnmlrf
p rnmlrf lstructurf al` anscursd qul p`fhtlf
@fcfh. Ads snkhnﬆcfhtls, uhd frtncu`fad f` dtrd, adhal uhd fhtncnpf f` slkuhad y l` slkuhad
rlsnkhnﬆcf l` prnmlrd, crlfhad uhf hulvf snkhnﬆcfcnóh. Mdvnmnlhtd al `f lstructurf prnmlrf
al` anscursd qul af cdmd lblctd al snkhnﬆcfcndhls snlmprl hulvfs, qul ls `f gftlríf snkhnﬆcfh-
tl prdaucnlhad snkhnﬆcfcndhls. Nhcùsd, @fcfh jfg`f f``í al crlfcnóh pdîtncf. L` anscursd, lh su
mdvnmnlhtd, lh vlz al rlblrnrsl f `f rlf`nafa, crlf lblctds pdîtncds, qul sdh cdh `ds
` ds qul @fcfh
drnlhtf lh `ds prnmlrds tnlmpds f` fhæ`nsns, f `ds lblctds pdîtncds al` anscursd. Crlfcnóh pdîtncf
rlsplctd al `ds lblctds al snkhnﬆcfcnóh.
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^f lh `f slkuhaf pfrtl al su lhslöfhzf, mæs lsplcíﬆcfmlhtl lh l` Slmnhfrnd 6;<, @fcfh jfg`f

al `ds cuftrd anscursds9 l` anscursd al` fmd, l` anscursd al `f jnstîrncf, d anscursd jnstîrncd, l`
anscursd al` fhf`nstf y l` anscursd uhnvlrsntfrnd. Lh lsds cuftrd anscursds @fcfh `dcf`nzf cuftrd
l`lmlhtds al cfaf uhd y cuftrd ùkfrls, qul knrfh y vfh p`fhtlfhad uhf lstructurf ﬆef al fr-
tncu`fcnóh al cfaf anscursd.
Rfmds f usfr uhd al lsds anscursds pfrf plhsfr `f lsqunzdbrlhnf. Ls uhf nhancfcnóh al Mn``lr
lh l` tlxtd ‐_frfhdnf y lsqunzdbrlhnf”, adhal pnlhsf `f anblrlhcnf lhtrl l` hlurótncd, l` lsqun-
zdbrîhncd y l` pfrfhdncd, lh rl`fcnóh f `d qul sl ``fmf l` anscursd al` fmd.
Lh `f pæknhf 7??, d slf gnlh fvfhzfad l` Slmnhfrnd, tdad `d qul ```fmfmds
`fmfmds l` síhardml al lxtl-
rndrnafa @fcfh `d pdhl lh uh tîrmnhd qul vf alhtrd al su `ókncf al lsl mdmlhtd5 ‐@`lkfmds
f` `ímntl adhal l` anscursd alslmgdcf lh f`kd mæs f``æ al `f snkhnﬆcfcnóh”. Jfy qul `llr ‐mæs
f``æ al `f snkhnﬆcfcnóh bæ`ncf”. Lstd qul lstæ mæs f``æ qul jlmds hdmgrfad cdmd síhardml al
lxtlrndrnafa. @d ``fmf, snkhnﬆcfhtl lh `d rlf`. D slf qul fjdrf jfg`fmds al jlcjds, blhómlhds
qul l` sueltd hd pulal frtncu`fr, y fjdrf sl `l af uh sustlhtd snmgó`ncd. Ls qul lsd lstæ sdstlhn-
ad lh uh snkhnﬆcfhtl lh `d rlf`, `d qul lh `ds prnmlrds cfpítu`ds al` Slmnhfrnd, ``fmf hld`dknsmd,
uh snkhnﬆcfhtl lh `d rlf` ls uh snkhnﬆcfhtl qul hd jfcl cfalhf, pdr `d cuf` hd prdaucl lblctd
al snkhnﬆcfcnóh bæ`ncf. @d qul prdaucl sdh snkhnﬆcfcndhls al`nrfhtls. Ls uhf pf`fgrf, uhf brfsl
alsfrtncu`faf al tdad anscursd, qul nrrumpl y su bórmu`f mæs c`frf alsal l` puhtd al vnstf al`
blhómlhd psncótncd ls `d qul sl ``fmf `f fùcnhfcnóh vlrgf`. _lrd tfmgnîh ls uh snkhnﬆcfhtl lh
`d rlf`, pdr lelmp`d, uh jíkfad qul sl alsprlhal al` rlstd al` culrpd. Qfmgnîh
Qfmgnîh ls uh snkhnﬆcfh-
tl lh `d rlf`, ls `d qul Brlua vf f ``fmfr l` `lhkufel al órkfhds, cufhad l` órkfhd dcupf l` ùkfr
al uh snkhnﬆcfhtl lh `d rlf` qul sl slpfrf al `f drkfhnzfcnóh. Ancjd lh tîrmnhds snmgó`ncds,
ls uh snkhnﬆcfhtl qul hd sl frtncu`f f `f cfalhf. L` alstnhd al lstl snkhnﬆcfhtl ls c`fvl lh `f
lhslöfhzf al @fcfh, pdrqul jdy `d vlmds cdmd l` síhardml al lxtlrndrnafa y lh `f lhslöfhzf
al @fcfh, `d `llrlmds alspuîs cdmd `f `ltrf prdauctd al uh fhæ`nsns.
@f `ltrf, `f lscrnturf, sl jfcl al snkhnﬆcfhtls lh `d rlf`. \hf vlrsnóh al `f lscrnturf ls qul ls uhf
prlcnpntfcnóh al` snkhnﬆcfhtl. Ls `d qul qulaf al` mdvnmnlhtd snkhnﬆcfhtl. L` hld`dknsmd lh
cfmgnd lstæ alsal l` prnhcnpnd. D slf qul fjí vfmds f tlhlr uhf cdhvlrklhcnf lh `f lhslöfhzf
al @fcfh, lh `d qul lmpnlzf jfg`fhad cdmd al `f lstructurf al `f psncdsns y alspuîs vf f jf-
g`fr al `f cdhstntucnóh al tdad sueltd f`r
f`rlaladr
laladr al `d qul ``fmf `f bdrcùsnóh klhlrf`nzfaf.
klhlrf`nzfaf. _dr
lsd jdy lstfmds jfg`fhad al `f bdrcùsnóh al` Hdmgrl al` _farl. Qdad `d dtrd ls rlprlsnóh.
_frf uh sueltd hlurótncd hd jfy snkhnﬆcfhtls lh `d rlf`, fuhqul @fcfh alspuîs vf f rlbdrmu`fr
lstf culstnóh y vf f p`fhtlfr qul lh l` ùkfr al` hld`dknsmd y al` snkhnﬆcfhtl lh `d rlf`, sl lh-
culhtrfh `ds prdg`lmfs al `f lscrnturf. Lstl alsp`fzfmnlhtd sl drnlhtf f pdalr clrhnr cfaf vlz
mæs l` ﬆh al` fhæ`nsns.
@ls rlcdmnlhad tfmgnîh l` cfpítu`d ZNR qul vf f afr culhtf al tdad lstd y vf f p`fhtlfr l`
gdral, l` mdmlhtd lh qul lmpnlzf `f psncdsns, lh quî mdmlhtd jfy psncdsns alslhcfalhfaf,
`f prlkuhtf qul dralhf tdad lsl cfpítu`d. ´Lh quî mdmlhtd al`nrf4, y ancl qul f pfrtnr al`
<- @FCFH, Efcquls, L` Slmnhfrnd, @ngrd 6;, L` rlvlrsd al` psncdfhæ`nsns, Lantdrnf` _fnaós, Gulhds Fnrls.
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
mdmlhtd lh qul l` Dtrd jfg`f. L` Dtrd qunlrl lstd y qunlrl sdgrl tdad qul sl slpf, qunlrl snk-
hnﬆcfr`d. Lh cufhtd jfy al`nrnd lhtrfmds lh l` admnhnd al `f nhtlrsugeltnvnafa.
L` cfmpd fhf`ítncd bul trfkfad pdr `f nhtlrsugeltnvnafa. @f nhtlrsugeltnvnafa nh﬇fmfaf lh l`
cfmpd psncdfhf`ítncd, sl ``fmfgf fquí, y fjdrf, cdhmnkd, y sl rlblríf f tdads `ds tlmfs al`
víhcu`d, f `fs tlrfpnfs vnhcu`frls, ltc. Qdad `d qul sl ``fmó al lsf bdrmf, ls l` alsp`nlkul al `f
nhtlrsugeltnvnafa.
@f ``fmfaf rl`fcnóh lhtrl trfhsblrlhcnf y cdhtrftrfhsblrlhcnf ls l` cfmpd al `f nhtlrsugeltnvn-
afa. @fcfh vf f dpdhlr, f anblrlhcnfr lstl cfmpd al `f nhtlrsugeltnvnafa lh uhf anf`îctncf cdh
`f sugeltnvnafa lxcùnaf, qul ls `f rl`fcnóh sueltd-Dtrd, adhal hd jfy sugeltnvnafa al` Dtrd y
hd jfy sugeltnvnafa al` sueltd. @d qul lstæ ancnlhad ls qul lh lsf lstructurf al tdad sueltd jfy
uhf bf``f y `d qul lxcùnad al `f rl`fcnóh sueltd y Dtrd, vul`vl, y hd vul`vl lh cuf`qunlr ùkfr
ùkfr,,
vul`vl lh l` cfmpd al` Dtrd, cdmd fqul``d qul l` Dtrd qunlrl y sugeltnvæhadsl.
Hdsdtrds `llmds lsf sugeltnvnafa al` Dtrd cdmd uh aftd síhtdmætncd lh `f psncdsns y hd cdmd
uh aftd al gulhf rlvlrnê lhtrl pfcnlhtl y fhf`nstf.
F f`kuhds
deds hlurótncds
f cuf`qunlr `ds fmlhfzf
aftd sugeltnvd qul fpfrlzcf
al` fhf`nstf, `f plrsdhf
mnlhtrfs al`hlurótncds
qul dtrds fhf`nstf, y jfclh
trftfhfpfrlclr
al clrrfrplr-
`ds
mfhlhtlmlhtl f` fhf`nstf cdmd plrsdhf. L` fhf`nstf sl jfcl fpfrlclr tfmgnîh cdmd plrsdhf
cufhad ancl ‐ml pfrlcl”. L` Dtrd, l` dgeltd f, hd jfg`fh lh tîrmnhds al pfrlclr. Cufhad l`
fhf`nstf utn`nzf lh su nhtlrprltfcnóh l` ‐ml pfrlcl”, lstæ ancnlhad qul ls uhf plrsdhf cdh uh
pfrlclr.. Qlhkfh
pfrlclr Qlhkfh lh culhtf qul uh mflstrd huhcf ancl ‐ml pfrlcl”. Lhtdhcls l` `lhkufel al `f
nhtlrprltfcnóh tnlhl qul slr rlbdrmu`fad cdmd uh adg`l `lhkufel. @lhkufel al` Dtrd y `lhkufel
al` dgeltd f pdrqul l` Dtrd ls l` Dtrd qul `f trfhsblrlhcnf cdhstntuyl, plrd l` fhf`nstf trfgfef
cdhtrf lsl Dtrd y trfgfef cdh `f fùsnóh y l` lhnkmf, hd lelrcnlhad f lsl Dtrd. ^ trfgfef alsal
l` dgeltd f, slmg`fhtl al f9 l` ùkfr al` fhf`nstf ls l` al` slmg`fhtl al uh dgeltd f, y lhtdhcls
tlhlmds qul sfglr cdmd jfg`f uh dgeltd f. @d qul yd `ls prdpdhkd ls qul snlmprl jfg`f cdmd
`f fùcnhfcnóh vlrgf`.
@f
al`nhtlrprltfcnóh al` fhf`nstf@fsldrnlhtfcnóh
`fpsus al` nhcdhscnlhtl. cdhstruyl al
cdh`fl`nhtlrprltfcnóh
lstn`d al `f fùcnhfcnóh vlrgf`
huhcf ls ‐yd y cdh
ankd”, l` ‐f`kd
snhd lstn`d
ancl f``í”, ‐f`kd ancl y falmæs ancl alsal falhtrd al` anscursd al` sueltd”. _dr lsd ls nmpdr-
tfhtl lh `f bórmu`f al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh alsf`defr tdad `d qul pulaf quntfr`l vf`dr fùcnhftdrnd.
@f fùcnhfcnóh hd ls f`kd qul lxp`ncf, l` `fpsus y l` nhcdhscnlhtl hd lxp`ncfh. _dr `d tfhtd l`
fhf`nstf tnlhl qul guscfr lsl ùkfr adhal alsal l` sueltd sl prdaucl uh `fpsus, y lsl ùkfr ls
uh lblctd qul hd pulal hd prdaucnr uh lblctd al sdrprlsf. @d qul hd qunlrl alcnr qul cfaf
nhtlrvlhcnóh hulstrf prdauzcf uh lblctd sdrprlsf, plrd hds drnlhtfmds jfcnf lsl puhtd.
Sdh mdmlhtds anstnhtds al` fhæ`nsns cufhad f`kunlh ancl hd, ls l` Dtrd, hd qunlrd vlr f `f plr-
p lr-
sdhf, y pulal slr tfmgnîh uh mdmlhtd al` fhæ`nsns, yf mæs clrcf al` ﬆhf`, cufhad l` fhf`nstf
lmpnlcl f alcflr cdmd l` Dtrd, pfrf pfsfr f` ùkfr hd al uhf plrsdhf hd rlspltfaf, qul ls `f
bdrmf rnaícu`f l nmfknhfrnf al crllr qul hd jfy Dtrd. Cufhad uhd alsprlcnf f` fhf`nstf jfy
uh Dtrd gnlh krfhal L` alsprlcnd cdhstntuyl uh Dtrd alsprlcnfg`l. Lmplzfr f trfgfefr lhtrl `f
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
plrsdhf al` fhf`nstf y l` ùkfr al` Dtrd, ls uhf bdrmf al lmplzfr f alsnalhtnﬆcfr f` fhf`nstf al`
ùkfr al` Dtrd, jfclr`d uh Dtrd cdh bf`tf y ﬆhf`mlhtl uh Dtrd nhlxnstlhtl. Ls lmplzfr f``í f jf-
clr vngrfr lsl ùkfr qul tuvd uhf cdhsnstlhcnf snmgó`ncf y al lsl mdad trfgfefr su cfstrfcnóh.
c fstrfcnóh.
Jfstf fquí `d rlblrnad f` tlmf al `f plrp`lenafa. Jfrî f`kuhds grlvls cdmlhtfrnds sdgrl `f
lsqunzdbrlhnf.
Sn plhsfmds lh `f lsqunzdbrlhnf y `f pdhlmds lh anf`îctncf cdh `f pfrfhdnf, tlhlmds qul vlr
nhmlanftfmlhtl qul lstf õ`tnmf ls uhf lstructurf qul p`fhtlf uhf cdhsnstlhcnf al` `fzd sdcnf`,
adhal l` prdg`lmf, eustfmlhtl, ls lsf cdhsnstlhcnf f` víhcu`d cdh l` Dtrd, mnlhtrfs qul lh `f ls-
qunzdbrlhnf, qul lstæ mæs al` `fad al` futnsmd, al` muhad prdpnd, al` fns`fmnlhtd, al f`kd qul
hd sl alsp`nlkf jfcnf l` muhad snhd jfcnf l` sueltd mnsmd, vlmds uhf algn`nafa al lsl `fzd
sdcnf`. ^f
^f tlhlmds lh l` blhómlhd ads mdvnmnlhtds9 uhd qul hds vf f afr uhf cdhsnstlhcnf (`ds
nhtlr`dcutdrls al` pfrfhdncd), qul sul`l slr jfstf pl`nkrdsf rlsplctd al `f nmfknhfrnzfcnóh al`
víhcu`d y l` crlcnmnlhtd nh﬇fmfad lh l` pfrfhdncd al tdad `d nmfknhfrnd9 pdr lsd alcnmds qul
lh l` pfrfhdncd hdrmf`mlhtl hd alglmds prdaucnr uhf ﬆkurf almfsnfad cdhsnstlhtl pdrqul
lsd nh﬇fmf su nmfknhfrnd.
@d vlmds lh `fs jnstlrnfs tfmgnîh, f vlcls lh cnlrtd rnlskd, cufhad f jnstîrncfs muy bæ`ncfs, l`
fhf`nstf sl pdhl tfmgnîh lh lsf anf`îctncf
anf`îctn cf bæ`ncf, jfcl crlclr vnd`lhtfmlhtl `f fkrlsnvnafa.
Qfhtd lh l` pfrfhdncd cdmd lh `f jnstlrnf, lh f`kuhds cfsds, jfy uh `ímntl adhal tlhlmds qul
vlr sn hds drnlhtfmds cdh hulstrf pdsncnóh jfcnf nh﬇fmfr `d nmfknhfrnd d sn f alstntunr`d. Cdh
l` pfrfhdncd hd jfy auafs, jfy qul lsqunvfr snlmprl lstl crlcnmnlhtd al `d nmfknhfrnd, nr f
guscfr`d lh dtrd ùkfr.
ùkfr.
Cdh `f jnstlrnf pdalmds alcnr qul jfy anstnhtfs pdsncndhls, jfy mæs mfrklh tfmgnîh. @d qul
sl ``fmf `f vfcn`fcnóh cf`cu`faf al `f hlutrf`nafa al` fhf`nstf, sl prdaucl cufhad l` fhf`nstf
sf`l al` ùkfr al` Dtrd y sl pdhl fjí cdmd sueltd. Ancl vfcn`fcnóh cf`cu`faf, hd ls lstrftlknf
cdhsnstlhtl snhd vfcn`fcnóh cf`cu`faf, y ancl f vlcls vf`l pdr mucjfs nhtlrprltfcndhls f rnlskd
al` f`dcfmnlhtd qul pulal f``í surknr,
surknr, f rfíz al qul l` fhf`nstf fpfrlcl cdmd plrsdhf ancnlhad
ancn lhad
‐qunlrd lstd”,p`fhtlfr
ùkfr pulafh ‐hd qunlrd”, ‐hd `d qunlrd”al`
lstf mfhnblstfcnóh y ‐`d rlcjfzd”,
fhf`nstf cdmdtdafs mfhnblstfcndhls qul lh cfaf
sueltd.
Sn tdmfmds uh mfhuf` al psnqunftríf cdmd l` al Jlhry Ly pdr lelmp`d y trftfmds al vlr f``í
quî ls `f lsqunzdbrlhnf. Ancl f``í5 ‐Sl cfrfctlrnzf pdr `f anskrlkfcnóh mlhtf`”. L` prnmlr aftd
qul af al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf ls `f anskrlkfcnóh. @f prnmlrf prlkuhtf qul alglmds jfclrhds ls
sn lsd dcurrl lblctnvfmlhtl. @f rlspulstf ls qul hd snlmprl. Sn `ds blhómlhds bulrfh prlcnsds
l nhfpl`fg`ls, huhcf jfgríf auaf anfkhóstncf. Anrífmds5 snlmprl qul jfy anskrlkfcnóh mlhtf`
jfy lsqunzdbrlhnf. _lrd `d qul sfglmds ls qul pulal jfglr anskrlkfcnóh mlhtf` y hd jfglr
lsqunzdbrlhnf.
@fs prlkuhtfs qul pdalmds jfclrhds brlhtl f lstf dgslrvfcnóh sdh ads5 ćuæ` ls `f pfrtncu`frn-
afa al `f anskrlkfcnóh mlhtf` lh `f lsqunzdbrlhnf, quî `f anblrlhcnf al `f anskrlkfcnóh mlhtf`
qul pulal jfglr lh altlrmnhfads mdmlhtds al f`dcfmnlhtd lh `f jnstlrnf49 y falmæs ćuæ`ls
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
sdh `ds buhafmlhtds al `f anskrlkfcnóh4 Hd só`d uh lelrcncnd cnlhtíﬆcd al sfglr l` buhafmlhtd

al `fs cdsfs, snhd pdrqul lh l` buhafmlhtd al `f anskrlkfcnóh mlhtf` vfmds f lhcdhtrfr `fs
rlspulstfs pdsng`ls.
Jlnalkklr p`fhtlf `f prdpdsncnóh al` buhafmlhtd, ls alcnr qul tdad tnlhl uhf cfusf y tnlhl uh
buhafmlhtd, y alglmds lhcdhtrfr`d.
@ls fhtncnpd lhtdhcls qul ls lstf anskrlkfcnóh `d qul vfmds f pdhlr lh eulkd pfrf lhcdhtrfr
sus buhafmlhtds.
L` anscursd fmd, buhafmlhtf`mlhtl, ls l` anscursd al `f rlprlslhtfcnóh. Cufhad l` anscursd
fmd lstæ trfstdrhfad, jfy uhf cdmp`ncfcnóh al `f rlprlslhtfcnóh. @d qul rlprlslhtf pdr su-
pulstd ls l` `lhkufel, ls `f `lhkuf, ls l` anscursd.
‐\hf hlurdsns qul sl ansdcnf al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf”. Ćuæ` ls `f anblrlhcnf lhtrl `f ansdcnfcnóh
al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf y `f ansdcnfcnóh lh `f hlurdsns jnstîrncf lh pfrtncu`fr4 @f jnstlrnf c`æsncf hn
qul jfg`fr, plrd `f jnstlrnf fctuf` tfmgnîh prlslhtnﬆcf plrmfhlhtlmlhtl `d qul sl ``fmf `f
ansdcnfcnóh.
Hdtlh `ds l`lmlhtds qul mlzc`f Ly. ‐\hf crnsns al drnknhf`nafa euvlhn`”. Jfg`f al `f lsqun-
zdbrlhnf y ancl crnsns al drnknhf`nafa euvlhn`. Ćómd jfgræ qul lhtlhalrsl lstf drnknhf`nafa4
´Vuî ls `f drnknhf`nafa4 ´Ls `d qul lscfpf f` rlcdhdcnmnlhtd4 Lh l` lxtrlmd, tdaf prdauccnóh
qul l` cdhtlxtd hd rlcdhdzcf cdmd hdrmf`, cdmd jfgntuf`, cdmd lstæhafr (fõh lh `f lxtlhsnóh
al` lstæhafr qul afh `fs slctfs, `fs bdrmfs euvlhn`ls al rfancf`nafa), tdad `d qul slf drnknhf`í-
snmd, hds vf f cd`dcfr ﬆhf`mlhtl al` `fad
` fad al lsd qul vnlhl al fbulrf, al lsd felhd. _dr lsd, hd
hds snrvl al drnlhtfcnóh l` cdhtlxtd sdcnf`, yf qul snlmprl alplhal al qunlh jfg`l. Sn l` fhf-
`nstf lstæ lh eulkd, `f drnknhf`nafa nkuf` slræ alﬆhnaf alsal `f lstrlcjlz al su prdpnf pdsncnóh
sugeltnvf. Sn l` fhf`nstf ls uh gdjlmnd rfancf`nzfad, prdgfg`lmlhtl cdmprlhaf al dtrd mdad
`fs drnknhf`nafals.
Lh f`kõh mdmlhtd `ls cdmlhtfgf qul jfgíf f`kunlh qul tlhíf uhf anspdsncnóh cfsn hfturf` f `f
drnknhf`nafa, pdr `d cuf` hd `d fmlhfzfgf hnhkõh tnpd al drnknhf`nafa. Sl ``fmfgf _ncjdh Wn-
vnêrl y pdaíf lhtlhalr y cfptfr tdad tnpd al drnknhf`nafa, pdrqul î` lrf uh plrsdhfel drnknhf`,
nhcùsd lrf uh plrsdhfel drnknhf` lh l` cfmpd al` psncdfhæ`nsns, al adhal jfgíf qulafad slkrl-
kfad al` cfmpd al `ds fhf`nstfs qul lrfh hd drnknhf`ls. ^ qul lsd drnknhf` jfgíf prdaucnad uh
lblctd al slkrlkfcnóh lh î` eustfmlhtl pdr sus drnknhf`nafals.
_lrd snlmprl tlhkfmds lh culhtf qul `f drnknhf`nafa `f tlhlmds qul almdstrfr hd lh rl`fcnóh
f` cdhtlxtd sdcnf` mæs d mlhds rfrd, snhd f `f pdsncnóh al` sueltd qul ls `d lxtlrndr f` sueltd
mnsmd, hd f `d qul dpnhf su mfarl d su pfarl qul sl lscfhaf`nzfh pdrqul jfcl lstd d fqul``d.
_dr lsd cufhad alcnmds qul l` fhf`nstf hd cdmprlhal, qunlrl alcnr qul l` fhf`nstf hd sl nalhtn-
ﬆcf hn f `ds eulcls, hn f `f pd`ncíf, y hd af pdr ardkfanctd f f`kunlh qul tdmf cdcfíhf. D slf qul
l` fhf`nstf cufhad uh eulz `l mfhaf uh sueltd pfrf trftfr`d pdr su fanccnóh, algl culstndhfr
f` sueltd su rl`fcnóh f `f ardkf, y hd pfrtncnpfr lh l` fcdsd al eulcls y pfarls pfrf qul alel al
cdhsumnr.
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
L` fhf`nstf hd algl nalhtnﬆcfrsl, algl cdmprlhalr l` cdhtlxtd sdcnf`, algl lhtlhalr dtrf cdsf
qul hd ls `f prlsnóh al lsl cdhtlxtd.
Hd alglmds prlhalrhds lh uhf ùcjf qul hd tnlhl alstnhd rlsplctd al` kdcl. Qnlhl alstnhd al
prlsnóh plrd hd tnlhl alstnhd lh cufhtd f `f buhcnóh al` fhf`nstf, qul ls alsfrtncu`fr `ds buhaf-
mlhtds al uh kdcl alstructnvd, y lsl buhafmlhtd hd sl `dkrf cdh prlsndhls sdcnf`ls, sl `dkrf
cdh uhf lscucjf qul lxclaf f `f prlsnóh sdcnf`.
_lrd cunafad, pdrqul hd sl trftf al `f ﬆkurf al` fhf`nstf `ngrl qul fcdmpföfgf tdad9 lrfh dtrds
tnlmpds al `nglrfcnóh slxuf`, hd sdmds `nglrtnhds. L` fhf`nstf `nglrtnhd bul uh fhf`nstf qul tuvd
uhf îpdcf y tuvd uh slhtnad. Hdsdtrds sdmds `ds fhf`nstfs al `f frtncu`fcnóh al` kdcl, hd al `f
`nglrtfa slxuf`, hn al `f `nglrtfa al kdcls.
Gulhd, slkunmds lhtdhcls `f próxnmf.
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RNN
LSV\NUDBWLHNF5 L@ ANSC\WSD LS WLF@
Lh lstf dpdrtuhnafa alsfrrd``frlmds `f lstructurf qul ``lvf pdr hdmgrl lsqunzdbrlhnf, cdhtn-
hufhad cdh fqul``d qul p`fhtlfmds `f
` f vlz fhtlrndr.
L` hdmgrl lsqunzdbrlhnf tnlhl uhf jnstdrnf anstnhtf f` al pfrfhdnf. _frfhdnf ls uh hdmgrl al
prnhcnpnds snk`d ZNZ. Lsqunzdbrlhnf ls uhf bdrmu`fcnóh al prnhcnpnds al` snk`d ZZ, ls alcnr qul `f
pf`fgrf lsqunzdbrlhnf fpfrlcl uh snk`d alspuîs cdh G`lu`lr, lh l` mfrcd al` psncdfhæ`nsns. G`lu-
`lr ls cdhtlmpdræhld al Brlua, `d jfgíf `líad y cdhdcíf `f tldríf brluanfhf, l jnzd uh trfgfed
sdgrl `f almlhcnf prlcdz, bdrmf qul jfgíf alsfrrd``fad Irflpl`nh. Ls alcnr qul G`lu`lr pfrtl
al `f almlhcnf prlcdz pfrf ``lkfr f `f lsqunzdbrlhnf, uhf lhblrmlafa cdhsnalrfaf alklhlrf-
tnvf, qul vf clanlhad lsl ùkfr al `d alklhlrftnvd, cdhkîhntd, jlrlantfrnd f dtrf cfusf`nafa, `f
al` `lhkufel y l` anscursd. _dcd f pdcd sl vf jfcnlhad uh lspfcnd pfrf nhtrdaucnr f` lsqunzd-
brîhncd cdmd uh slr al `lhkufel fuhqul hd al anscursd, `d cuf` nmp`ncf qul ls trftfg`l pdr `f
`lhkuf, plrd qul f` mnsmd tnlmpd hd ls uh sueltd anvnanad.
Lh tîrmnhds klhlrf`ls, cufhad l` anscursd lstæ lh eulkd, `d qul dcurrl ls qul jfy mdvnmnlhtds
snkhnﬆcfhtls, qul jfy mltæbdrf, qul jfy mltdhnmnf, qul jfy rlprlslhtfcnóh al` sueltd pdr uh
snkhnﬆcfhtl, y su cdhslculhcnf ls qul lsl sueltd lstæ anvnanad. Lh l` cfmpd al `f hlurdsns hds
lhcdhtrfmds lxfctfmlhtl cdh lstd, ls alcnr cdh uh sueltd al anscursd, alhdmnhfad sueltd al`
snkhnﬆcfhtl. Ls f``í adhal vfmds f lhcdhtrfr y lelrclr `f anvnsnóh prnmlrf lhtrl uh yd qul sl
qunlrl lxprlsfr,
lxprlsfr, qul alscrngl sntufcndhls qul vnvl, prldcupfcndhls, ls alcnr qul lelrcl uhf vd-
ùhtfa al alcnr9 y `d qul sl prdaucl lh l` lblctd sueltd, adhal l` yd hd jfg`f snhd qul ls jfg`f-
ad pdr `d qul ancl. Lstf ls `f drnlhtfcnóh lh l` cfmpd al `f hlurdsns qul nmp`ncf lstfr lh l` ans-
cursd. @fcfh ``fmf f lsd sueltd anvnanad, y Brlua nhcdhscnlhtl. Lstf ls `f dplrfcnóh qul lh tfhtd
hd pulal faeuancærsl`l f` sueltd psncótncd cdmd uh sueltd al` anscursd, nmpnal plhsfr`d cdmd
sueltd anvnanad. Hd ls jfg`fad, hd tnlhl `f pdsngn`nafa al slr jfg`fad pdr su prdpnd anscursd.
Lhtdhcls `d qul lhcdhtrfmds lh l` sueltd psncótncd ls uhf pfrtncu`fr vlrsnóh al lsl slr jfg`fad,
`d qul sl jf alhdmnhfad fùcnhfcnóh vlrgf`. Cdh î` hd pdalmds lelrclr `d qul sl nmpu`sf lh uh
fhæ`nsns, qul ls jfg`fr snh plhsfr
plhsfr,, ls alcnr, snh `f drnlhtfcnóh al` yd y su vdùhtfa al alcnr
alcnr..
@f fùcnhfcnóh vlrgf` ls sd`nafrnf cdh `d qul @fcfh ``fmf `f nhncnftnvf al` Dtrd. Lsd qul vnlhl
al fbulrf qul `l jfg`f f` sueltd, `d nhtlrpl`f y brlhtl f `d cuf` lh uh prnhcnpnd hd lhculhtrf
rlspulstf, ls alcnr, qulaf plrp`led. Ls l` prnmlr mdvnmnlhtd al `d qul ``fmfmds l` alslhcf-
alhfmnlhtd al `f psncdsns. @d jfgífmds `dcf`nzfad cdmd uhd al `ds blhómlhds prnmfrnds al
`f psncdsns, fqul``d qul `l jfg`f brlhtl f `d cuf` qulaf plrp`led. Ls `f prnmlrf rlspulstf lh l`
slhtnad cdmõh al` tîrmnhd5 qulafrsl plrp`led, hd sfglr quî jfclr cdh lsd, hd tlhlr rlspulstf
psíquncf –ancl Brlua–, brlhtl f lsd qul nhtlrpl`f su muhad, `d qul alhdmnhf trfumf.
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Lhtdhcls, mnlhtrfs lh `f hlurdsns l` fhf`nstf cdh su nhtlrvlhcnóh cfusf qul l` sueltd slf jfg`f-
ad, lh `f psncdsns sl lhculhtrf cdh qul lsd yf jfg`ó.
@f nhtlrvlhcnóh al` fhf`nstf ls slkuhaf rlsplctd al `d qul l` sueltd yf dplró. @d qul jfcl cdh
l` blhómlhd prnmfrnd ls `d qul alhdmnhfmds l` trfgfed al `f psncdsns sdgrl l` blhómlhd l`l-
mlhtf`.
Cufhad ustlals `lfh `fs mlmdrnfs al Scjrlglr6 (lh pfrtncu`fr lh l` cfpítu`d RN), vlræh qul hd
lstfmds sd`fmlhtl brlhtl f blhómlhds prnmfrnds, snhd brlhtl uh trfgfed muy nmpdrtfhtl al
nhtlrprltfcnóh y cdhstruccnóh al` blhómlhd prnmfrnd. Scjrlglr tnlhl uhf krfh cfpfcnafa al
trfgfed sdgrl `ds blhómlhds prnmfrnds, y alsfrrd``f uh tlxtd lscrntd cfpítu`d pdr cfpítu`d, qul
dralhf y qul drkfhnzf su muhad, lh su lslhcnf alsdrkfhnzfad, dralhæhad`d y anvnanîhad`d
slkõh andsls, slkõh jdmgrls, y sus pdsncndhls slkõh sus culrpds. Q Qrfgfed
rfgfed lhtdhcls al` sueltd.
Bnhf`mlhtl tlhlmds trls tnlmpds5
• blhómlhd prnmfrnd,´
• plrp`lenafa,
• l` trfgfed al `d qul ``fmfmds `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al`nrfhtl al lsl blhómlhd prnmfrnd.
Sdgrl lsl bdhad mucjfs vlcls nhtlrvnlhlh anstnhtds anscursds5 `f psnqunftríf cdh `f mlancfcnóh,
l` fhf`nstf cdh sus rlspulstfs qul fpuhtfh f alsp`lkfr `d qul pulal alhdmnhfrsl l` futdtrftf-
mnlhtd al` sueltd. @d fhtlrndr nmp`ncf uhf pdsncnóh anblrlhtl f `f qul pfrlcl lxprlsfrsl lh f`-
kuhfs bdrmu`fcndhls brluanfhfs,
brluanfhfs, qul sdstnlhlh f`kd qul sl sd`tó al lsl sueltd y jfy qul vvd`vlr
d`vlr
f nhslrtfr.
nhslrtfr. L` lblctd al prltlhalr jfclr lstd, cjdcf cdh uhf nmpdsngn`nafa al lstructurf, pdrqul
lsd lstæ bulrf pdr lstructurf9 ls `d qul alhdmnhfmds bdrcùsnóh.
@f bdrcùsnóh prdaucl l` lblctd al qul lsd l`lmlhtf` fpfrlzcf f``í lh l` anscursd d lh l` culrpd,
lhbrlhtfad f `d cuf` l` sueltd hd tnlhl pdsngn`nafa al snkhnﬆcfr`d, afr`l uh slhtnad, y pdr `d
tfhtd, lstd rltdrhf f` cfmpd al` sueltd alsal fbulrf. Bdrcùsnóh qunlrl alcnr qul rltdrhf als-
al fbulrf, pdr lelmp`d, lh uh blhómlhd l`lmlhtf` qul sl ``fmf fùcnhfcnóh vlrgf`, adhal l`
sueltd sl qulaf plrp`led, `d qul qunlrl alcnr qul hd `d pulal snkhnﬆcfr. L` psncótncd rlspdhal
f lstl blhómlhd cdh uh al`nrnd y l` hlurótncd cdh `f ``fmfaf snkhnﬆcfcnóh bæ`ncf, qul ls uhf
snkhnﬆcfcnóh cdmpfrtnaf, qul lh l` fhæ`nsns alefræ su ùkfr f `f fsdcnfcnóh `ngrl, f `f gõsqulaf
al uh slhtnad õ`tnmd qul ls l` bfhtfsmf buhafmlhtf`.
Lstd p`fhtlf uhf vnlef anscusnóh rlsplctd f sn `f cftlkdríf `fcfhnfhf al sueltd sl pulal utn`nzfr
lh l` cfmpd al `fs
` fs psncdsns. @fcfh rlspdhanó qul sí sl pulal. @f prlkuhtf tnlhl su rfzóh al slr
lh `f mlanaf qul sueltd y anscursd sdh nhtlralplhanlhtls. Fﬆrmfmds f` mnsmd tnlmpd qul l`
psncótncd lstæ bulrf al anscursd, d slf qul jfg`f, plrd hd lstæ lh l` cfmpd al` anscursd. _dr lsd
l` anscursd fjí hd ls l` al` slhtnad cdmõh, snhd ls l` anscursd lh su lslhcnf y lh su lstructurf
al buhcndhfmnlhtd. Ls `d qul prdaucl l` lblctd sueltd.
6- SCJWLGLW, Afhnl` _fu`, Mlmdrnfs al uh lhblrmd

lhblrmd hlrvndsd, 6. la. Gulhds Fnrls, La. _lrﬆ`, Fkdstd al 6>>>.
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Sn jfy sueltd bulrf al anscursd, lstd tnlhl pdr cdhslculhcnf míhnmf `f rlbdrmu`fcnóh al `f cf-
tlkdríf al sueltd, lh pfrtncu`fr,
pfrtncu`fr, `d qul sl alhdmnhó sueltd al` snkhnﬆcfhtl.
@d qul @fcfh ``fmf anscursd fmd ls l` anscursd al rlprlslhtfcnóh al` sueltd pdr l` snkhnﬆcfhtl,
`d qul alhdmnhf tfmgnîh anscursd al` nhcdhscnlhtl. Lstf ls `f lstructurf cuftrnpfrtntf al` ans-
cursd fmd, qul sl `ll lh tîrmnhds muy klhlrf`ls, snh lhtrfr lh l` altf``l al `d qul lstd nmp`ncf.
Cufhad f`kunlh lstæ mæs f``æ al su vdùhtfa al alcnr, lstd qunlrl alcnr qul sl alef rlprlslhtfr
pdr uh S6, snkhnﬆcfhtl fmd, y lh tfhtd tf` sl rlprlslhtf cdmd sueltd anvnanad. \h
snkhnﬆcfhtl fmd ls uh vlrafalrd snkhnﬆcfhtl lh `f mlanaf qul sl frtncu`f f dtrd snkhnﬆcfhtl,
qul cdmd tf` –lh lsl mdmlhtd al `f lhslöfhzf al @fcfh–, sl frtncu`f y sl lhcfalhf f dtrd snk-
hnﬆcfhtl, qul lh lstl cfsd rlprlslhtf tdads `ds dtrds snkhnﬆcfhtls al `d qul pdarífmds ``fmfr
`f cfalhf snkhnﬆcfhtl, pdr uh S 7.
Lstd ancl @fcfh lh lsl mdmlhtd fclrcf al `f hfturf`lzf al` snkhnﬆcfhtl, qul pfrf slr`d huhcf
pulal lstfr sd`d, snlmprl tnlhl qul lstfr lhcfalhfad. Sn lstæ alslhcfalhfad ls uh hld`dknsmd
y sl trfstdrhf tdad lsl anscursd.
Lhtdhcls tlhlmds
rlprlslhtfcnóh al`lh l` pnsd
sueltd al frrngf
y tdads S6, S7, `dalqul
`ds lblctds af culhtf al
snkhnﬆcfcnóh qul`ddcurrlh
qul hdmgrî cdmd
cufhad mltæbdrf
uhd sl alef
jfg`fr y lstæ lh l` anscursd.
Lstd nmp`ncf pdalr rlsnkhnﬆcfr `f prdpnf jnstdrnf, nmp`ncf pdalr nhtlrprltfr`f, `d qul pdhl lh
eulkd uhf bdrmf al mlmdrnf qul sl ``fmf `f rlmlmdrfcnóh y qul ls anstnhtf f `f mlmdrnf al
jlcjds qul pulal tlhlr uh lsqunzdbrîhncd, qul hd pulal rlsnkhnﬆcfr su jnstdrnf lh lstl slh-
tnad, snhd qul pulal tlhlr uhf mlmdrnf f vlcls muy puhtuf`. Cufhad uhd `l prlkuhtf f uh
lsqunzdbrîhncd cuæhad dcurrnó tf` cdsf, pulal rlspdhalr qul f `ds 6: föds y 3 mlsls snh auafr.
Ls alcnr qul lsf mlmdrnf `f tnlhl, `d qul hd pulal ls rlnhtlrprltfr, rlsnkhnﬆcfr
rlsnkhnﬆcfr y afr`l slhtnad
f lsds jlcjds, qul ls `d qul plrmntl lsf rl`fcnóh S6, S7 adhal `d qul sl rlprlslhtf hd ls `d qul
yd qunlrd alcnr snhd f` sueltd anvnanad.
Alcífmds lhtdhcls qul cufhad lstfmds lh lstl anspdsntnvd al` nhcdhscnlhtl lh lelrcncnd, hd
l` al` nhcdhscnlhtl muad snhd al` nhcdhscnlhtl qul lstæ lh mfrcjf –d slf cufhad sdmds jf-
g`fads–, l` lblctd ls uh prdauctd qul qulaf bulrf, l` dgeltd f. Ls `d qul sl ``fmf l` ùkfr al`
prdauctd.
Cufhad l` dgeltd f lstæ nhcùnad lh `f cfalhf snkhnﬆcfhtl sl rdmpl `f cfalhf, y `d qul sl prd-
aucl ls S6, S6, S6, snh lsl S7 qul prdvnlhl al lsl mdvnmnlhtd al rltrdfccnóh d snkhnﬆcfcnóh.
Dtrf bdrmf al lxp`ncfr lstl mnsmd blhómlhd, ls alcnr qul l` sueltd psncótncd lstæ nalhtnﬆcfad f
su yd. Lstd pulal dgslrvfrsl pfrtncu`frmlhtl lh l` cfsd al` pfrfhdncd, qul lstæ fgsdùtfmlhtl
cdhvlhcnad al `d qul ancl, pnlhsf y snlhtl, y fctõf lh cdhslculhcnf9 ls `d qul sl ``fmf l` blhó-
mlhd al `f clrtlzf. @f psnqunftríf `d alhdmnhf cdhvnccnóh al`nrfhtl. Ls `f clrtlzf qul hd só`d sl
mulstrf lh `d qul l` sueltd ancl, snhd qul f vlcls ls plrclptng`l lh `ds fctds qul rlf`nzf, y lh sus
nhtlrprltfcndhls qul sdh nhfpl`fg`ls, nhqulgrfhtfg`ls.
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Lstf rlprlslhtfcnóh, lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns lstæ f`tlrfaf. Lhtdhcls ćómd pdalmds plhsfr
f uh sueltd lh `f psncdsns4 Lstl sueltd hd ls l` qul sl anvnal gfed `ds lblctds al` snkhnﬆcfhtl, snhd
uh sueltd qul ``fmfrlmds sueltd al` kdcl. Ls lh `f ‐_rlslhtfcnóh” al @fs mlmdrnfs al uh hlurópf-
tf, lh l` föd 6>227, adhal @fcfh anstnhkul ads sueltds5 l` al` snkhnﬆcfhtl y l` al` kdcl. @d ancl
fsí5
jfclr‐@f tlmætncflhqul
lscucjfr hdsdtrds mlanmds
`f pd`frnafa, cdh `f pfcnlhcnf
`f mæs rlcnlhtl qul lxnkl
pfrf prdmdvlr f``í l`l`sueltd
tlrrlhd,
alàdhal qulrlmds
kdcl lh l` ùkfr
adhal lstfgf l` sueltd qul rlprlslhtf uh snkhnﬆcfhtl pfrf dtrd snkhnﬆcfhtl snlmprl dtrd, lsd
qul hds vf f plrmntnr uhf alﬆhncnóh mæs prlcnsf al `f pfrfhdnf cdmd nalhtnﬆcfhad l` kdcl lh
l` ùkfr al` Dtrd cdmd tf` 3”.
Cufhad uh sueltd lstæ lh cfalhf, ankfmds lstæ rlprlslhtfad, ls uh sueltd qul tnlhl
tn lhl mdvn`nafa,
ls alcnr qul jdy sl rlprlslhtf pdr uh snkhnﬆcfhtl y mföfhf pdr dtrd. Lh lsl cfsd, alcnmds qul
l` sueltd ls móvn`, pdrqul hd lstæ ﬆefad f uhf pdsncnóh, y lstd ls `d qul aföf lh l` cfmpd al `f
hlurdsns, qul lsl sueltd qul lstæ anvnanad slf uh sueltd cdh cnlrtd krfad al nhaltlrmnhfcnóh9
plrd lstd ls al lstructurf, pdrqul l` sueltd lstæ rlprlslhtfad pdr snkhnﬆcfhtls qul sl mulvlh,
y f` mdvlrsl, alsp`fzfh f` sueltd lh su rlprlslhtfgn`nafa. Cufhad `ds snkhnﬆcfhtls hd sl mul-
vlh, l` sueltd lstæ c`fvfad lh lsds snkhnﬆcfhtls qul `d rlprlslhtfh, pdrqul lsds snkhnﬆcfhtls
hd tnlhlh mdvn`nafa.
_lrd jfy dtrf bdrmf al alscdhdclr lstf lstructurf, qul ls l` anscursd ydncd qul, pdr lelmp`d,
lstdy prdhuhcnfhad fjdrf qul tfmgnîh ﬆef f` sueltd plrd al bdrmf nmfknhfrnf l nhcdhsnstlhtl.
Lstf ﬆefcnóh ls trfhskrlang`l pdr `f rlspulstf al` fhf`nstf, lstf drnlhtfcnóh qul ﬆef yf hd l`
snkhnﬆcfhtl qul rlprlslhtf f` sueltd, snhd `f pf`fgrf qul rlprlslhtf f uh yd, qul ls `f pf`fgrf
al` anccndhfrnd, y qul hd rlprlslhtf f` sueltd snhd f `f vdùhtfa al alcnr. Ls `d qul tlhlmds
pfrf jfg`fr, snhd hd pdarífmds cdmuhncfrhds, hd sl pdaríf lhslöfr, pdrqul sn sl lelrcnlrf `f
fsdcnfcnóh `ngrl, ls `f anvnsnóh al` qul jfg`f ``dd qul sl lhslöfríf. Qdads `ds tlmfs sl vfh alsp`f-
zfhad y alstntuylhad, pfrf prdgfr qul `f pf`fgrf lh su lslhcnf hd cdmuhncf, hd alscrngl snhd
rlprlslhtf. L` anscursd qul frmf l` yd snlmprl ls brækn` lh su gfsl, pdr `d tfhtd `f prlslhcnf al`
sueltd snlmprl ls pdsng`l. Lstæ fjí, vf`l uh trfspnî, uh d`vnad, pfrf qul l` sueltd al snkhds al
su prlslhcnf.
_dr lsd @fcfh cufhad lhslöf ancl mucjfs vlcls5 ‐cufhad jfg`d y lhslöd lstdy lh pdsncnóh
fhf`nzfhtl”. Vunlrl alcnr qul lstæ muy clrcf al su anvnsnóh sugeltnvf, pdrqul l` jfg`fr nmp`ncf
lstfr f` gdral al lsf prlslhcnf, pdr lsf nhcdhsnstlhcnf
n hcdhsnstlhcnf al` yd.
@f buhcnóh rlprlslhtftnvf al` snkhnﬆcfhtl fmd sl pùrf`nzf lh `f lsqunzdbrlhnf, d slf qul hd vf
f jfglr uhd sd`d, snhd anvlrsds S 6.
Lhefmgrl ancl Mn``lr rlsplctd al lstl S6. Lh vlz al uh S 6 qul ml rlprlslhtf pfrf dtrd snkhnﬆ-
cfhtl, ls uh lhefmgrl al snkhnﬆcfhtls9 ml rlprlslhtfh anstnhtds snkhnﬆcfhtls. Lh `f mlanaf qul
`d rlprlslhtfh vfrnds, hd sl prdauclh lhtrl lstds snkhnﬆcfhtl lblctds al frtncu`fcnóh d al lhcf-
7- @FCFH, Efcquls, Futrls îcrnts, lantndhs au Slun`, _frís, 7???, ‐_rîslhtftndh als Mîmdnrls a„uh
a„uh hîvrdpftjl”, prîslhtftndh al `f
trfauctndh al _. Auqulhhl, (6>22) nh Cfjnlrs pdur `„Fhf`ysl, 6>22.
3- @FCFH, Efcquls, Futrls îcrnts, ngnalm, pæknhf 76<.
Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 6?6
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alhfmnlhtd lhtrl l``ds. @ds hdmgrls jfgntuf`ls al lstds lhcfalhfmnlhtds sdh `f mltæbdrf, l`
puhtd al cfpntóh, `f fhtncnpfcnóh y `f rltrdfccnóh.
Lstl lhefmgrl prdaucl lhtrl dtrds l` lblctd al `d qul sl alhdmnhf `lhkufel al órkfhd, l` qul
sl mfhnﬆlstf lh l` jlcjd al qul l` lsqunzdbrîhncd hd pulal drkfhnzfr su culrpd. Lstd pulal
prdaucnrsl lh vfrnds hnvl`ls, uhd rlblrnad f` alsfeustl lhtrl l` órkfhd y su buhcnóh, y dtrd lh `f
rl`fcnóh lhtrl órkfhds. Lh cdhcùsnóh, tdads lstds ansbuhcndhfmnlhtds hds plrmntlh cdhcùnr
qul l` lsqunzdbrîhncd hd tnlhl culrpd, sn prlcnsfmds qul tlhlr uh culrpd ls pdalr mfhlefr`d.
Ls l` lblctd hlclsfrnd qul sl prdaucl cufhad `ds snkhnﬆcfhtls hd pulalh rlku`fr l` kdcl, y pdr
cdhslculhcnf, lsl kdcl hd sl `dcf`nzf.
@lhkufel al órkfhd qunlrl alcnr lhtdhcls qul `ds órkfhds hd lstæh frmóhncfmlhtl cdhstntun-
ads lh uh culrpd uhnﬆcfad, y falmæs, l` qul pdrtf lsl culrpd hd `d pulal mfhlefr al fculrad
f su vdùhtfa, hd `d pulal usfr,
usfr, d slf `d usf gnzfrrfmlhtl, cdh mfhnlrnsmds, cdh mdvnmnlhtds,
ltc. @ds órkfhds jfg`fh cfaf uhd pdr su culhtf, cdmd prnhcnpnd klhlrf`9 alspuîs tlharlmds
qul vlr lh cfaf cfsd cómd jfg`f, quî órkfhd jfg`f, pdr qul hd ls qul tdads `ds órkfhds jfg`fh
f` mnsmd tnlmpd, gfstf cdh qul jfg`l uhd. Lh Scjrlglr sl vl muy c`frfmlhtl cómd su culrpd
sl nh﬇f, sl mulvl, y tnlhl hlrvnds qul tnlhlh `f buhcnóh al cdmuhncfcnóh cdh Ands. Sl drkfhnzf
tdad uh culrpd qul hfaf tnlhl qul vlr cdh l` culrpd qul vlmds lh l` lspled, cdh fqul` pdr l`
cuf` hds rlcdhdclmds mutufmlhtl. \stlals pulalh `llr `fs mlmdrnfs al Scjrlglr pfrf vlr
quî culrpd lxtrföd sl frmf f``í, uh culrpd al` qul sn jncnîrfmds uh angued, slríf uhf lsplcnl
al mdhstrud, uh lsplcnl al Brfhilstlnh. Qlharífmds qul nhcùnr `f uhnﬆcfcnóh al `ds hlrvnds,
d lh su cfglzf pdhlr jdmgrlcntds, y lstfrífmds muy `leds al `d qul sl ``fmf l` culrpd lstîtncd
y frmóhncd, fuhqul lstl pfalzcf f`kuhfs anstdrsndhls hfturf`ls al` lxclsd al cdmnaf d al`
lxclsd al föds, qul `d vfh trfhsbdrmfhad, plrd qul hd f`cfhzfh f lhbrlhtfrhds cdh hulstrd
culrpd cdmd Dtrd.
Bulrf al `fs psncdsns, tlhlmds trfstdrhds al` culrpd, jfy cdsfs qul sl alsrlku`fh, plrd hd ``l-
kfh f alsprlhalrsl al` culrpd. @f vdz mnsmf pulal tdmfr lblctds al f`tlrnafa cdh l` prdpnd
sueltd, y lhtdhcls prdaucl l` lblctd al qul sl ancl cdsfs. Lstd ls prdtdtípncd lh l` hlurótncd
dgslsnvd y sus nalfs qul sl `l nmpdhlh. Cufhad `f vdz sl alsprlhal sl prdaucl `f rupturf al`
anscursd nhtlrndr.
nhtlrndr. Lh l` cfmpd al `f pfrfhdnf tlhlmds uh Dtrd cdhsnstlhtl cdh l` cuf` l` sueltd
jfcl `f lxplrnlhcnf al slr jfg`fad. Lsl Dtrd tdmf cdhsnstlhcnf al kdcl y pnlral vf`dr snmgó`n-
cd, qulafhad l` kdcl `dcf`nzfad lh l` Dtrd, cdhvnrtnîhadsl lh uhf fmlhfzf pfrf l` sueltd.
Lhtdhcls l` al`nrnd cdhstntuyl dtrd culrpd qul cdmd sl vl hd sl jfcl al cfrhl y julsd.
Lh pfrtncu`fr `f lsqunzdbrlhnf nùmnhf uh aftd cdhstntutnvd al tdad sueltd, qul ls qul hd tlhl-
mds uh culrpd al hfcnmnlhtd, fuhqul `d tlhkfmds alsal l` puhtd al vnstf ﬆsnd`ókncd. L` slr
jumfhd –f anblrlhcnf al` fhnmf`–, hd ls uh culrpd snhd qul tnlhl qul faqunrnr`d pdr mland al
`ds rlcursds snmgó`ncds, rlf`ls l nmfknhfrnds qul sl `d plrmntfh9 al fjí qul `ds síhtdmfs lh l`
culrpd pulalh plrtlhlclr f cuf`qunlr lstructurf.
Hd qunlrd alefr al mlhcndhfr lh lstl cfmnhd al jfclrsl uh culrpd, `f buhcnóh al` dgeltd. Lh
Brlua lstd sl prlslhtf gfed `f bdrmf al `ds dgeltds `ngnanhf`ls. @fcfh `ds rlbdrmu`f cdmd dgel-
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tds lhmfrcfads pdr `f almfhaf y l` alsld, pfrf prlcnsfr`ds cdmd prdbuhafmlhtl cdrpdrf`ls.
Ls lh `f anf`îctncf cdh lstds dgeltds qul sl cdhstntuyl uh culrpd, y ls lh `ds trfstdrhds al lstf
anf`îctncf adhal l` sueltd tdmfræ su alcnsnóh5 hlurdsns d psncdsns.
L` culrpd
lh fhæ`nsnspulal alsrlku`frsl
prdaucl snhlblctds
lstl tnpd al qul slal
trftl al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf.
lxtrföfmnlhtd Lh dpdrtuhnafals,
y alsplrsdhf`nzfcnóh `f lhtrfaf
qul afh ùkfr
f qul @fcfh sl lsbulrcl lh anstnhkunr`ds lh l` slmnhfrnd sdgrl @f fhkustnf al `ds blhómlhds
1
snmn`frls qul lhcdhtrfmds lh `f lsqunzdbrlhnf.

@fs anltfs, `f knmhfsnf y `f cnrukíf lstîtncf sdh rlspulstfs f lstds blhómlhds. @f cnrukíf lstî-
tncf f vlcls nhtlrvnlhl cdmd uh fctd al rlku`fcnóh al uh culrpd pfrf fprljlhalr`d y pdalr
cfptfr`d, y f vlcls ls uh fctnhk qul lh tfhtd tf` hd altnlhl l` trfstdrhd. Sl trftf lh klhlrf` al
uh cnlrtd lxclsd al` culrpd qul prltlhal slr rlku`fad. Cufhad ls uh fctnhk, lsd nhsnstl, pdr `d
qul l` kdcl qul sl alsrlku`fgf lh lsl culrpd y qul `f cnrukíf lstîtncf prltlhanó rlku`fr
rlku`fr,, bf``f y
vul`vl `f cnrukíf lstîtncf, qul nhtlhtf afr`l dtrf vul`tf. Ls nhtlrlsfhtl dgslrvfr mucjfs vlcls
cómd `f cnrukíf lstîtncf sl rlf`nzf lh culrpds qul hd tnlhlh hfaf al fhtnlstîtncds.
Ml lstdy rlﬆrnlhad f f`kunlh lh pfrtncu`fr
p frtncu`fr qul cdhsnalrfgf qul su culrpd lrf lxcl`lhtl, plrd
trftfgf al `dkrfr `f plrblccnóh, snlmprl `l bf`tfgf f`kd mæs, y cfsn `d `dkrf lhcdhtrfhad `f eustf
mlanaf, plrd qulaó uhf mfrcf prdauctd al `f nhtlrvlhcnóh. F`kd snlmprl lscfpf, ls `d qul
alhdmnhfmds dgeltd f. Vul lscfpl hd qunlrl alcnr qul hd tlhkf uhf ugncfcnóh pdsng`l, uhf
rlku`fcnóh, plrd sn hd `f tnlhl,
tn lhl, rltdrhf cdmd trdzds al culrpd alsfrtncu`fad. @f cnrukíf lstîtncf
jf subrnad alsp`fzfmnlhtds9 f` prnhcnpnd, lrf uhf bdrmf al prd`dhkfr `f euvlhtua, plrd jdy ls
tfmgnîh uhf gõsqulaf al `f plrblccnóh. L` psncdfhæ`nsns pfrtl al lstl puhtd al nmpdsng`l, al`
jlcjd al qul snlmprl jfy uhf mfrcf. @fcfh lh l` slmnhfrnd al @f `ókncf al` bfhtfsmf< `d prlcnsf-
gf fsí5 ‐hd jfy uhnvlrsd al` anscursd d gnlh hd jjfy fy cftæ`dkd al `ds cftæ`dkds”. \h síhtdmf slræ
fqul``d qul sl prdaucl f`rlaladr al lstl puhtd nrrlku`fg`l. Ls l` slhtnmnlhtd al qul f`kd sl
alsrlku`f. Ls pdsng`l qul uh fctd `d rlku`l y puhtd, f``í sl altnlhl. _lrd sn hd `d jfcl, lhtdhcls
tlharlmds fctnhk d síhtdmf, y l` psncdfhæ`nsns slræ cdhvdcfad.
Anenmds qul sn cdmpfrfmds `f lsqunzdbrlhnf cdh `f pfrfhdnf, lhcdhtrfmds drnlhtfcndhls an-
blrlhtls. @f pfrfhdnf anræ (cdmd lscucjægfmds lh `f prlslhtfcnóh al lhblrmds)5 ‐afml uhf
fmltrf``fadrf y yd ml dcupd al` kdgnlrhd”. _lrd lh cfmgnd, l` muhad al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf sl
drnlhtf f` muhad nhtlrndr. Ls lh lstl puhtd qul pdalmds alcnr qul l` blhómlhd l`lmlhtf` lh `f
pfrfhdnf `d lhcdhtrfmds lh l` anscursd, y lh `f lsqunzdbrlhnf lh l` culrpd.
Rul`vd f alcnr qul l` blhómlhd l`lmlhtf` ls fqul` blhómlhd qul fpfrlcl rlcdrtfad al tdaf
snkhnﬆcfcnóh, brlhtl f` cuf` l` sueltd pulal l`fgdrfr uh al`nrnd, plrd hd pulal lhtlhalr `d qul
pfsf, hd pulal afr`l slhtnad. Ls pdr lsd qul tdad aftd al` culrpd qul alsfrtncu`l su frmdhíf,
lh l` cfmpd al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf sl cdhvnlrtl lh uh blhómlhd l`lmlhtf`. Ls pdr lsl mdtnvd qul
lh `fs prlslhtfcndhls al lhblrmds, cufhad prlsumnmds lstfr brlhtl f uh lsqunzdbrîhncd, `fs
nhtlrrdkfcndhls sdgrl l` culrpd hd pulalh hn alglh slr lvntfafs, pdrqul ls f``í adhal sl vf f
eukfr `d qul ``fmfmds
``fmfmds l` blhómlhd l`lmlhtf`, y hd lh l` anscursd.
1- @FCFH, Efcquls, Slmnhfrnd @f fhkustnf, 6>23, nhîantd.
<- @FCFH, Efcquls, Slmnhfrnd @f `ókncf al` bfhtfsmf, 6>2;, Nhîantd.
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Lh l` cfmpd al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf `d qul vf f sugrfyfr @fcfh hd sdh tfhtd `ds blhómlhds l`l-
mlhtf`ls lh l` anscursd, snhd tdad l` anscursd cdmd uh blhómlhd l`lmlhtf`, `d qul qunlrl alcnr
qul hd ls uh vlrafalrd anscursd cdh rlprlslhtfcnóh, rltrdfccnóh, snkhnﬆcfcndhls y rlsnkhnﬆcf-
cndhls. _dr lsd `f mlmdrnf sl mfhtnlhl, puanlhad rlcdrafr plrblctfmlhtl aftds al su jnstdrnf,
plrd `d qul hd pulal ls rlnhtlrprltfr`f.
L` mfhuf` al psnqunftríf qul cdhsu`tî ls l` al Jlhrn Ly2, uh psnqunftrf pfrtncu`fr, qul sl nhcù-
yl lh `d qul sl ``fmó `f psnqunftríf anhæmncf, hd lh `f psnqunftríf c`æsncf, ancl qul lh `f lsqun-
zdbrlhnf sl prdaucl uhf jfg`f al `f ﬆsurf al` yd, d slf qul vfmds f jfclr uhf anvnsnóh lhtrl `f
psnqunftríf qul sdstnlhl l` aîﬆcnt, l` altlrndrd, `f anvnsnóh
anv nsnóh y `f lscnsnóh vlrsus l` sueltd al` kdcl.
Ls `f f`tlrhftnvf qul p`fhtlf @fcfh f plhsfr `f culstnóh lh tîrmnhds al aîﬆcnt d altlrndrd, pfrf
lhcdhtrfr lh l` cfmpd al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf hd l` aîﬆcnt, snhd lsl rlcdhdcnmnlhtd al lsl sueltd
pfrtncu`fr qul ``fmfmds sueltd al` kdcl.
_lrd fjdrf vlfmds l` mdad aræstncd lh qul l` ASM-NR jfcl alsfpfrlclr `f lstructurf cufhad
jfg`f al lsqunzdbrlhnf.
Jlhrn Lyblhómlhds
fqul``ds alscrngl lhqul
`f lsqunzdbrlhnf `f fctntuacdmd
Brlua vf f nhtlrprltfr al rlcjfzd, `f alscdhﬆfhzf
nhtrdvlrsnóh al `f `ngnad, yy alﬆhl
`f anstrfccnóh,
cdmd l`
mlcfhnsmd psíquncd al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf. D slf qul `f `ngnad sl rltnrf al` muhad y vf jfcnf l`
cfmpd al` sueltd, jfcnf l` cfmpd al su culrpd, nhtlrprltfad cdmd uhf fctntua al rlcjfzd. Lh
vlrafa, alcnr qul l` lsqunzdbrîhncd sl lhculhtrf lh uhf fctntua al rlcjfzd, nmp`ncf, snh sfglr-
`d, afr`l uhf snkhnﬆcfcnóh. _lrd lh vlrafa lsl blhómlhd qul nhtlrprltf l` psnqunftrf cdmd al
rlcjfzd, hd `d ls tf`, hd sl trftf al uh rlcjfzd f hfaf, snhd qul ls `f nhtrdvlrsnóh al `f `ngnad,
qul prdaucl l` lblctd al lsl fpfrlhtl rlcjfzd. _dr lsd hulstrd cfmnhd cdmd fhf`nstf ls alefr
qul l` sueltd snkhnﬆqul d al`nrl y hd sumfr snkhnﬆcfcndhls. Cufhad f`kunlh lstæ cf``fad, hd al-
glmds alcnr qul hds rlcjfzf d hd hds qunlrl. Ls Lsll ls uh al`nrnd hlurótncd al snkhnﬆcfr tdad, qul
tfmgnîh `d tlhífh `ds fhf`nstfs prl-`fcfhnfhds, ls alcnr qul nhtlrprltfgfh lh `f trfhsblrlhcnf
snkhnﬆcfhad cdmd anrnknad f `f plrsdhf al` fhf`nstf tdad `d qul alcíf l` sueltd. L` lqunvf`lhtl
al lstd lh l` cfmpd al `f `ntlrfturf sl prdaucl cufhad sl jfcl `f psncd`dkíf al` futdr, y sl lx-
p`ncf uh tlxtd pdr `f
` f gndkrfbíf al lsl futdr.
Jfy uh tlxtd al Mfrkulrnttl ^durclhfr; qul fcfgf al sf`nr sdgrl ûind Mnsjnmf, uh lscrntdr
efpdhîs snkhnﬆcftnvd, qul ﬆhf`mlhtl f `ds 1< föds jnzd `d qul sl ``fmf l` Slppuiõ, ls alcnr
l` suncnand rntuf` efpdhîs. M. ^durclhfr jfcl uh trfgfed sdgrl `f dgrf y `f vnaf al Mnsjnmf y
anstnhkul fjí f`kd muy nhtlrlsfhtl pfrf hdsdtrds, `d qul ls `f plrsdhf –`d qul `ls nhtlrlsf f `ds
mlands, `f plrsdhf y `ds aftds fhlcaótncds al `f plrsdhf–, y prdpdhl lh l` ùkfr al lsd qul `d
qul jfy qul prlcnsfr ls f` futdr, hd f `f plrsdhf al` lscrntdr y sus fhîcadtfs gndkræﬆcfs. ^ l`
lscrntdr,, pfrf hdsdtrds l` sueltd, sl `ll hd lh `f gndkrfbíf rlf` al su vnaf snhd lh su dgrf.
lscrntdr
Su dgrf cdhstruyl f uh lscrntdr qul hd cdnhcnal cdh `f plrsdhf. Lstl snlmprl ls hulstrd trfgfed.
Cdhstrunmds f` futdr al uh anscursd, qul ls `d qul ``fmfmds sueltd y hd hds dcupfmds al `fs
2- L^, Jlhrn y dtrds, Qrftfad al psnqunftríf, :. la., La. Mfssdh, Gfrcl`dhf, 6>>7.
;- ^D\WCLHFW, Mfrkulrntl, Mnsjnmf d `f vnsnóh al` al` vfcíd. La. Slnx Gfrrf`. 7??7.
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fhîcadtfs al su vnaf plrsdhf`. D mledr ancjd, hds dcupfmds plrd pfrf cdhstrunr f` lscrntdr,
pdrqul `fs fhîcadtfs al `f vnaf plrsdhf` sl jfclh anscursd y f` jfclr anscursd hfcl l` lscrntdr,
snlmprl qul `d slpfmds altlctfr. Hfcl l` lscrntdr qul pfrf hdsdtrds ls l` sueltd al uh anscursd.
_lrd lsd hd `d `llmds alsal `f vnaf snhd `d `llmds alsal l` rl`ftd, hd alsal `f gndkrfbíf, snhd
alsal l` tlxtd qul lscrngl d al` tlxtd qul altlctfmds lh su jfg`fr
jfg`fr..
Wltdrhfhad f` tlmf al` rlcjfzd y `f alscdhﬆfhzf lh `f lsqunzdbrlhnf, sn gnlh jfy lsqunzdbrl-
hnfs pfrfhdnals, lh `d qul pdarífmds ``fmfr `f lsqunzdbrlhnf purf hd jfy tf` alscdhﬆfhzf,
jfy rltnrd al `f `ngnad, `d qul prdaucl l` lblctd al qul l` sueltd pfrlcl alscdhﬆfr al` muhad,
fuhqul sl trftf al uhf snkhnﬆcfcnóh ftrngunaf f` sueltd lsqunzdbrîhncd pdr qunlh alscdhdcl
cuf` ls l` mlcfhnsmd psíquncd.
@d qul sí jfy ls l` al`nrnd al nh﬇ulhcnf, cnlrtds lh `f lsqunzdbrlhnf, y jfy uhf ﬆkurf qul pd-
almds alhdmnhfr `f al` tl`îpftf d `f trfhsmnsnóh al plhsfmnlhtd. Qlmfs al nh﬇ulhcnf, al
lhvlhlhfmnlhtd, tdads blhómlhds qul cdmnlhzfh f cdhbuhanr `f anvnsnóh lhtrl lsqunzdbrl-
hnf y pfrfhdnf, pdrqul lmpnlzf f dcurrnr qul lblctnvfmlhtl jfy cnlrtds blhómlhds qul jfclh
cdnhcnanr y gdrrfr `fs anblrlhcnfs al lstructurf. Ls alcnr qul lh l` cfmpd al `fs lsqunzdbrlhnfs,
l` lhvlhlhfmnlhtd ls uh jlcjd rlf` qul pulal dcurrnr, plrd lsd `ds jfcl suplrpdhlr cdh `f
pfrfhdnf. Lstd ls `d qul dcurrl snlmprl cufhad hds anrnknmds f` cfmpd al` blhómlhd, y tdad
algl tlrmnhfr lh l` cfmpd al `f `ókncf al lsl blhómlhd, lh l` mæs y l` mlhds, mæs plrslcucnóh
d mlhds plrslcucnóh, pdr lelmp`d.
Lstfmds fsí lh l` cfmpd al `d qul Brlua ``fmó l` cfmpd lhlrkîtncd, l` cfmpd al `d mæs y al
`d mlhds cfrkfad, al `f mfydr d mlhdr prdylccnóh qul cdh l` tnlmpd sl alsp`fzó al mfhl-
rf tf` qul lh `f jnstdrnf al` psncdfhæ`nsns `f tldríf lhlrkîtncf bul `líaf al anblrlhtls mfhlrfs.
_dr lelmp`d, l` i`lnhnsmd utn`nzó `d mfsnvd, `f prdylccnóh mfsnvf, cdmd alﬆhntdrnf al uhf
lstructurf, `d qul lh rlf`nafa nmp`ncf qul hd sfglh `llr lsf lstructurf lh eulkd. Fsí, lhtrfh `fs
cfhtnafals qul só`d sdh mlanafs pdr f`kunlh, pdr uh sueltd qul ls l` psnqunftrf, l` mîancd d l`
fhf`nstf, qunlh alcnal cdh su prdpnf sugeltnvnafa `d` d qul ls mæs y `d qul ls mlhds. D slf qul ls
l` nhtlr`dcutdr al `f psncdsns d al `f hlurdsns, cdmd l` fmd qul alﬆhl `d qul lstæ cdrrlctd y `d
nhcdrrlctd, `d qul ls mfsnvd d hd. Alglmds alstntunr f lsl fmd y pdhlr lh su ùkfr `f lstructurf
qul slpfrf `ds cfmpds.
Jlhrn Ly, lh l` mfhuf` al` qul vlhífmds jfg`fhad, ancl qul `f nalf al`nrfhtl pulal lstfr
lxprlsfaf, vfkf, dcu`tf, d pdr l` cdhtrfrnd, slr adkmætncf d fgsdùtf. Sn hds pdhlmds al` `fad
al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf jnpdtîtncfmlhtl purf, mæs gnlh sugrfyfrífmds `f anﬆcu`tfa pfrf lxprlsfr
`f nalf, mæs qul l` adkmftnsmd al `f nalf, pdrqul f``í, mæs gnlh lstfmds lh l` cfmpd al `f
pfrfhdnf, adhal `f dtrf alscrnpcnóh mfsnvf ls qul lh `f pfrfhdnf l` al`nrnd
al`nrn d sl jfcl snstlmætncd,
mæs bæcn` al cdhclhtrfr, mnlhtrfs qul lh `f lsqunzdbrlhnf l` al`nrnd hd sl cdhsnkul frtncu`fr cd-
jlrlhtlmlhtl, y pdr `d tfhtd af lsf fplrturf qul jfcl anbícn` `f rlku`fcnóh.
Lsl al`nrnd lsqunzdbrîhncd pdgrl lh su frtncu`fcnóh p`fhtlf `fs anﬆcu`tfals pfrtncu`frls al` trf-
tfmnlhtd al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf.
Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 6?<
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Wlculralh qul lh l` cfmpd al `f pfrfhdnf, pfrf `f psnqunftríf c`æsncf, lstæ `f lrdtdmfhíf, qul
slríf l` pfrfankmf al uhf nalf adkmætncf, `d dpulstd f `d qul sl prdaucl lh `f lsqunzdbrlhnf.
Lh `f lrdtdmfhíf `d qul alscrngl `f psnqunftríf ls uh pdstu`fad nhfmdvng`l, fqul``d qul Brlua
bdrmu`ó cdh `f brfsl ‐î` ml fmf”. Sn jfh tlhnad dpdrtuhnafa al vlr
v lr uhf lrdtómfhf, sl lhcdh-
trfræh
l` cdh
sueltd qul f vlcls
sdstlhkf `f jnstlrnf
l` snhtfkmf ‐mlgdralf
fmf”,lstl cfmpd
f plsfr, pdrallelmp`d,
`f lrdtdmfhíf. Lstl
al qul hd vlpdstu`fad jfcljfcl
f su pfrtlhfnrl qul
anlz föds. ^ ls alsal lsl snhtfkmf qul nhtlrprltf `ds mf`ds trftds, `ds f`lefmnlhtds, l` cfsf-
mnlhtd al` dtrd, `f pftlrhnafa d mftlrhnafa al` sueltd, tdads snkhds hd lxp`ícntds al fmdr. Al
lsl mdad, l` sueltd lstæ rlprlslhtfad pdr uh pdstu`fad õhncd alsal l` cuf` nhtlrprltf tdads `ds
fctds al` muhad, y ls f``í adhal sl p`fhtlf fqul``d qul pdarífmds ``fmfr adkmætncd.
Lh `f lsqunzdbrlhnf sl trftf al `d cdhtrfrnd9 ls lh lstl slhtnad, fhtnadkmætncf, mæs pdsmdalr-
hf9 sl trftf mæs al` rl`ftnvnsmd qul al` adkmftnsmd. _darífmds alcnr5 l` pfrfhdncd adkmætncd
vlrsus `f lsqunzdbrlhnf pdsmdalrhf.
Lh lstf `íhlf sl nhtrdaucl lh l` cfmpd al `fs lsqunzdbrlhnfs `d fùcnhftdrnd, `fs lxplrnlhcnfs
fùcnhftdrnfs, plrd ml kustfríf mæs sugrfyfr l` blhómlhd al alsplrsdhf`nzfcnóh.
Cdmd aftd prlcnsd al `f purf lstructurf al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf alglmds tlhlr lh culhtf `f als-
plrsdhf`nzfcnóh, y ls pdr lsd qul @fcfh, lh l` Slmnhfrnd 6?:, euhtf f `f lsqunzdbrlhnf cdh `f jns-
tlrnf. @fs ads lstructurfs c`íhncfs sl uhlh lh l` lxtrföfmnlhtd y `f alsplrsdhf`nzfcnóh. Lsl ls l`
gdral cdh l` qul hds lhcdhtrfmds
lhcdhtrfmds cufhad fpfrlclh bu bulrtls
lrtls lblctds al alsplrsdhf`nzfcnóh lh `f
jnstlrnf qul hds jfcl prlkuhtfr sn hds jlmds lqunvdcfad lh l` anfkhóstncd, y ls adhal pulal
f vlcls fpfrlclr uhf lsqunzdbrlhnf adhal supusnmds uhf jnstlrnf.
Vunlh cdnhcnal mæs cdh `f pfrfhdnf lh cnlrtfs dpdrtuhnafals ls l` dgslsnvd, pdr lsfs nalfs
nmpulstfs qul `l vnlhlh al fbulrf, qul `l anclh `d qul algl jfclr, y qul jfclh qul mucjfs
vlcls uh dgslsnvd alslhcfalhfad, prlsd al lsfs nalfs dgslsnvfs qul `d cdhauclh y f`tlrfh su
plhsfmnlhtd, sl lhculhtrl lh uh nmprlcnsd crucl cdh `f pfrfhdnf. _frf lhcdhtrfr lstf brdhtlrf
hd alglmds cdhbuhanr f` dgslsnvd cdh f`kunlh dralhfad.
L`
qulplhsfmnlhtd dgslsnvd,
slf uh vlrafalrd l` síhtdmf
síhtdmf dgslsnvd,
dgslsnvd `f nalfhdsllsalgl
uh plhsfmnlhtd
alsplkfr al`fgurrnad l nhsnstlhtl.
yd, y lhtdhcls yf hd _frf
fpf-
rlcl cdmd uh tnpd plsfad qul snlmprl ancl `d mnsmd. Lh lsl blhómlhd dgslsnvd, sl nhcùylh
tdads `ds fgurrnads. Fuhqul jfy jnstîrncds qul tfmgnîh sdh fgurrnads.
@f nalf dgslsnvf ls uhf nalf qul sl nmpdhl f `f vdùhtfa al alcnr. Sn cufhad lstdy jfg`fhad
ml fpfrlcl `f nalf5 ‐`fs dvlefs tnlhlh `fhf”. ´Vuî jfkd4, `f alslcjd y snkd cdh mn anscursd.
Lhtdhcls hd ls uh síhtdmf. Cufhad `d ls, ml f`tlrf, ml nhtlrrumpl, prdvdcf uh julcd lh mn
vdùhtfa al alcnr. Lsd sí ls uh síhtdmf.
Lh lsf prlcnsnóh al `f hlurdsns dgslsnvf cdmd síhtdmf lh l` plhsfmnlhtd, lsd vnlhl al fbulrf,
`d qul jfcl anbícn` anstnhkunr cufhad ls uhf vdz qul jfg`f d ls uh plhsfmnlhtd qul sl nmpdhl.
Qlhlmds lhtdhcls l` pfr hlurdsns dgslsnvf/pfrfhdnf, y pdr dtrd `fad, jnstlrnf/lsqunzdbrlhnf.
:- @FCFH, Efcquls, Slmnhfrnd @f Fhkustnf (6>23), nhîantd.

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J. Ly tfmgnîh sugrfyf cdmd uh blhómlhd pftdkhdmóhncd al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf `f nhtlrclptfcnóh.

´Vuî ls `f nhtlrclptfcnóh slkõh Jlhrn Ly4 @f nhtlrrupcnóh al uh anscursd, fuhqul hd ls uh l`l-
mlhtd anfkhóstncd lh sí. _ulal slr uhf nhtlrclptfcnóh psncótncf, d pulal slr f`kd qul hd qunlrl
alcnr
alcnr,
, f`kd qul
uh slcrltd. _lrdhdtfmgnîh
qunlrl jfg`fr
pulal yslr
qull` fpfrlcl lh l` anscursd
dcu`tfmnlhtd cdmd qul sl cf``f
al uhf nhtlrclptfcnóh f`kd, nhcùsnvl
psncótncf, y sn uhd
`l prlkuhtf pdr quî sl nhtlrrumpnó, rlspdhal qul pdrqul jfy tlmfs slxuf`ls qul hd qunlrl
jfg`fr,, y lsd hd ls uhf nhtlrclptfcnóh psncótncf, plrd pulal lhcugrnr f lsf nhtlrclptfcnóh, snk-
jfg`fr
hnﬆcfhad cdmd slcrltd `d qul ls uhf vlrafalrf nhtlrclptfcnóh.
_dr lsd cufhad f`kunlh lh l` blhómlhd sl nhtlrclptf, tlhlmds qul anstnhkunr l` plqulöd mf`
–qul prdaucl `fs fuslhcnfs–, al` slcrltd hlurótncd, d al` slcrltd psncótncd qul lhcugrl `f nhtlr-
clptfcnóh psncótncf.
@f nhtlrclptfcnóh psncótncf nmp`ncf qul f``í fpfrlcl uh vfcíd qul hd pulal slr snkhnﬆcfad.
@f psnqunftríf alﬆhl f `f nhtlrclptfcnóh al` snkunlhtl mdad5 ‐L` rl`ftd sl pfrf gruscfmlhtl.
Aurfhtl f`kuhds slkuhads l` plhsfmnlhtd sl lc`npsf. Lh l` `lhkufel, mutnsmd f vlcls nhtl-
rrumpnad pdrf`kuhf
clptfcnóh ls nheurnfs
alvlrgf`ls”. _lrd slkõh
lstfs vfrnfhtls lstf alﬆhncnóh
qul fhuhcnî fhtls. Sl hd pdalmdslànstnhkunr
nhtlrrumpl anscursd,snl``fplhsf-
nhtlr-
mnlhtd sl lc`npsf, ls lxfctfmlhtl `f alﬆhncnóh al `d qul pdaríf slr l` pltnt mf` al `f lpn`lpsnf,
uhf fuslhcnf, qul mucjfs vlcls prdvdcf fccnalhtls f rlpltncnóh.
Jfgíf uh lstuand qul jfgíf jlcjd _ncjdh Wnvnêrl al `ds fccnalhtls lh cd`lctnvds, y altlctó
jfcnlhad l`lctrdlhclbf`dkrfmfs qul mucjds cd`lctnvlrds pfalcífh l` pltnt mf` y qul tlhífh
plqulöfs fuslhcnfs al uh slkuhad, mdmlhtd lh qul sl pfsfgfh uh slmæbdrd lh rded.
@f nhtlrclptfcnóh lh l` cfmpd lpn`îptncd ls l` sueltd qul lstæ jfg`fhad y sl qulaf muad, y cdh-
tnhõf cdmd sn hfaf, y f` prlkuhtfr`l quî pfsó, rlspdhal qul hd pfsó hfaf, y hn sl and culhtf
al lsf nhtlrrupcnóh lh su anscursd. Ls uhf fuslhcnf snh mlmdrnf y snh rlknstrd al` sueltd, muy
dgslrvfg`l pdrqul jfy uhf c`frf bf`tf al mlmdrnf al `d qul f``í dcurrnó.
Bíelhsl qul cufhad lh `f alﬆhncnóh ancl5 lh l` `lhkufel, mutnsmd, lstd cdnhcnal cdh l` cfmpd al
`f lsqunzdbrlhnf qul lstdy prlcnsfhad, plrd fkrlkf qul f vlcls sl nhtlrrumpl
n htlrrumpl pdr nheurnfs vlr-
gf`ls9 y lstd ls `f pfrfhdnf. @
@dd qul `ls qulríf mdstrfr cdh lstfs culstndhls, ls qul sn hhdd dralhf-
mds `f lstructurf lh rl`fcnóh f` blhómlhd, cdmd `f psnqunftríf, hd sfglmds lh quî lstructurf
lstfmds, pdrqul f` `fad al` mutnsmd, qul sugrfyf `f lsqunzdbrlhnf, lstæh `fs nheurnfs vlrgf`ls,
qul sl anguef al` `fad al `f pfrfhdnf, y ls fsí qul ``ff lstructurf cdmnlhzf f gdrrdhlfrsl.
Qfmgnîh p`fhtlf Ly qul jfy culstndhls jnpdcdharífcfs. Q
Qdad
dad `d qul lstfmds ancnlhad al` culrpd
sl pulal `llr lh l` cfmpd al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf cdmd tlmfs jnpdcdharífcds. Sdh blhómlhds al
trfstdrhd al` culrpd, y f``í tlharlmds qul anstnhkunr `d qul sdh `ds mnlads jnpdcdharífcds al
uh hlurótncd, al `d qul sdh `ds fhuhcnds d trfhsmnsndhls d lxprlsnóh al `lhkufel al órkfhd
qul sl `ll cdmd l` lstómfkd qul tdmf vnaf prdpnf. Wlculralh qul `ds hlurótncds usfh mucjfs
vlcls mltæbdrfs rlsplctd al` culrpd qul hd snlmprl sdh bæcn`ls al anstnhkunr al ancjd `lhkufel
al órkfhd. Lhtdhcls, jfy qul nhafkfr lstfs mltæbdrfs pfrf vlrnﬆcfr su cdhsnstlhcnf cdmd tf`ls.
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@ds jnstîrncds sul`lh usfr mucjfs al lstfs mltæbdrfs sdgrl l` culrpd, y jfy qul nhtlrrdkfr sus
slhtnads cufhad auafmds al` anfkhóstncd, pfrf vlrnﬆcfr sn fpfrlcl `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al`nrfhtl
qul l` sueltd rlf`nzf al ancjd órkfhd.
Qdad ls culstnóh
nhtlrrupcnóh, al lxp`drfr
y l` slhtnad lh l` pfrf
qul tnlhl anscursd, al nhafkfr
l` sueltd. _dr lsdlh lstf fﬆrmfcnóh,
alﬆhnr lsf alplhal
uhf lstructurf mltæbdrf,allsf
`f
nhtlrrdkfcnóh qul sl jfkf. ^ sn hd jfy tf` nhtlrrdkfcnóh, sl pulal ﬇uctufr lhtrl psncdsns y hlu-
rdsns, y îstds sdh `ds aîﬆcnts cdh qul hds lhcdhtrfmds mucjfs vlcls lh uhf prlslhtfcnóh al
lhblrmds adhal `f prlkuhtf qul bf`tó nmpnal l` anfkhóstncd, y hds alef brlhtl f uhf lstructurf
anbícn` al altlrmnhfr
altlrmnhfr..
Bnhf`mlhtl, Jlhrn Ly alscrngl l` futnsmd cdmd `d mæs buhafmlhtf` al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf. Lstf-
mds al fculrad, lstd vf lh `f `íhlf al` lhcnlrrd, cdh l` rltnrd al `f `ngnad al` muhad, d slf qul
l` futnsmd, alsal hulstrf plrsplctnvf, qulaf alstfcfad lh l` rl`ftd al `f psnqunftríf.
_lrd l` culrpd lh `f lsqunzdbrlhnf ls buhafmlhtf` pfrf hd ftrngunr`l f` psncdfhæ`nsns `d qul
tfmgnîh ancl `f psnqunftríf, qul sdstnlhl qul ‐l` culrpd lstæ prlslhtl lh `f lsqunzdbrlhnf al
uhf bdrmf pfrtncu`fr, lh `f rl`fcnóh lhtrl l` órkfhd y l` culrpd”. Lstæ gnlh prlcnsfad ancnlhad
qul lh l` cfmpd al `f ` f lsqunzdbrlhnf jfy uhf lsplcnl al anæ`dkd d anf`îctncf lhtrl l` culrpd ttd-
d-
tf`nzfad y l` órkfhd qul f``í hd sl vl`f,
vl` f, y ls muy nmpdrtfhtl lstf nalf al` vl`fmnlhtd. Qlhlmds
Qlhlmds
hdcnóh al `f lxnstlhcnf al` culrpd cufhad hds aul`l, pdrqul snhd l` culrpd buhcndhf muad9 ls
cufhad fpfrlcl uh trfstdrhd al` culrpd qul hds lhtlrfmds qul tlhlmds uh culrpd. L` culrpd
jfg`f. ^ jfg`f gfed `f bdrmf al` ad`dr, `f md`lstnf d l` trfstdrhd. Sn `d lhtlhalmds lh l` cfmpd
al` `lhkufel, tdad `d qul alcnmds cufhad hds aul`l uhf rdan``f `d tlhlmds qul trfaucnr pdr `f
rdan``f qul hds jfg`f d `f cnhturf qul hds jfg`f. D slf qul f``í jfy uh mlhsfel. Hd ls al` julsd
al `f rdan``f, ls al` sueltd al` `lhkufel qul snkhnﬆcf lsd cdmd mlhsfel.
^ lstd ls muy c`frd sn `d lhtlhalmds cdh sutn`lzf, fuhqul f`kuhds sdh sdrads f lsf rdan``f qul
jfg`f y snkulh cdrrnlhad, eukfhad cdh su rdan``f jfstf qul prdauclh uh aföd mfydr. Anclh
`ds inhlsnó`dkds qul f` ad`dr lh l` culrpd jfy qul rlspltfr`d9 plrd jfy sueltds qul anclh qul sn
hd aul`l hd snrvl, al mdad qul jfy qul slkunr f tdaf mfrcjf, qul l` ad`dr sl curf cdrrnlhad,
jfstf qul sl qunlgrfh.
Jfy dtrds qul pdr uh `lvl ad`dr al rdan``fs vfh f lscucjfr l` mlhsfel al `f mulrtl, lh l` dtrd
lxtrlmd, y vfh f nr cdrrnlhad f` trfumftó`dkd pfrf qul `ls alscfrtl uh tumdr al rdan``f. @f
rdan``f jfg`f y `ds julsds jfg`fh.
L` lsqunzdbrîhncd tnlhl anﬆcu`tfa pfrf ugncfr `fs buhcndhls al su culrpd, al sus órkfhds.
Cufhad pulafh `lfh l` Cfpítu`d RN al `fs mlmdrnfs al Scjrlglr pfrf prlcnsfr quî qulrlmds
alcnr cdh trfhstdrhds al` culrpd y sus buhcndhls pfrf l` lsqunzdbrîhncd. Lstds trfstdrhds tfm-
gnîh sl `llh lh `f lhurlsns y lh tdafs `fs anﬆcu`tfals nhbfhtn`ls lh l` mfhled al` culrpd, qul
alplhal al` dralh snmgó`ncd qul vf dralhfhad buhcndhls y órkfhds.
órkfhds. Lstd nhcùyl tfmgnîh, pdr
lelmp`d, l` usd al` plhl, qul hd ls uhf buhcnóh hfturf` al` culrpd mfscu`nhd, snhd qul algl
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su pulstf lh mfrcjf f `fs mfrcfs qul l` snkhnﬆcfhtl alef lh l` órkfhd y qul cdmõhmlhtl sl
snkhnﬆcfh cdmd cfstrfcnóh.
^ sfglmds qul cufhad l` plhl hd lstæ gnlh snmgd`nzfad, f`kuhds jdmgrls pfalclh anﬆcu`tf-
als lh su
al uhf usd,
bf``f lhjfstf slhtnr qul
`f lrlccnóh, snhdhd `d tnlhlh
qul d cfrlclr
hd tnlhlh al `f slhsngn`nafa
slhsngn`nafa lh l` plhl. falcufaf. ^f
^f hd sl trftf
Cufhad l` culrpd jfg`f, `f mlancnhf snlmprl lstæ cdhvdcfaf, cdh su nhstrumlhtd, qul ls `f
mlancfcnóh. @f mlancfcnóh hd lscucjf síhtdmfs, hn pdr `d tfhtd sueltds al hnhkõh kdcl pfr-
tncu`fr. @nsf y ``fhfmlhtl fpuhtf f suprnmnr ancjds síhtdmfs, plrd `d rlf` nhsnstnræ. Lstl ls uh
prdg`lmf klhlrf` al `f cnlhcnf.
_lrd hd jfcl bf`tf nr tfh `leds, f vlcls sdh `ds prdpnds pfarls `ds qul hd lscucjfh `ds síhtdmfs
al uh jned. L` jlcjd al qul slfh psncdfhf`nstfs hd ls uhf kfrfhtíf lh lstl p`fhd. Ls fsí qul `f
lhurlsns al uh cjncd, nhsnstlhtl, pulal slr rlcjfzfaf pdr `ds pfarls cdmd síhtdmf, qul hd ls-
cucjfh qul fjí pfsf f`kd y qul rlspdhalh ancnlhad qul lstd hd ls prdg`lmf, qul ls sd`fmlhtl
qul l` hnöd tnlhl sulöd plsfad, y lh cdhslculhcnf l` pfarl só`d sl `lvfhtf f mlanfhdcjl pfrf
``lvfr`d f` gföd. Lstd pulal aurfr jfstf `ds 62 föds.
@f mlancfcnóh tnlhl uhf buhcnóh qul ls tdmfr l` síhtdmf plrd alscdhdclr f` sueltd qul jfg`f.
Fsí, l` Rnfkrf rlsul`vl l` síhtdmf al `f nmpdtlhcnf fhu`fhad l` mnlad f `f hd lrlccnóh. Hd jfy
fhæ`nsns al` síhtdmf f``í. Hdtlh qul lh lstl puhtd jfy uhf f`tlrhftnvf5 lhtrl l` síhtdmf qul
cdhstruyl uhf almfhaf al fhæ`nsns, d `f mlancfcnóh qul `d suprnml. Qdaf `f culstnóh ls sn lsd
nhsnstl d hd. Falmæs, ls al alstfcfr `f nhsnstlhcnf al` síhtdmf gfed dtrfs bdrmfs mæs cdmp`ncf-
afs qul l` síhtdmf nhncnf`.
_dr lelmp`d, sl pulal jfclr usd al` Rnfkrf pfrf f`cfhzfr `f sftnsbfccnóh al uhf jnstîrncf. Cufh-
ad cdh l` culrpd prdpnd hd f`cfhzf, lhtdhcls jfy qul sumfr Rnfkrf f uh jdmgrl pdtlhtl pfrf
vlr sn f`cfhzf `f sftnsbfccnóh al `f jnstîrncf y rlhanr mæs. _frf mn sdrprlsf, jl lscucjfad lstd
al uh jdmgrl qul huhcf tuvd prdg`lmf al nmpdtlhcnf, y qul ml lhtlrd föds alspuîs qul usf
Rnfkrf pfrf pdalr rlspdhalr cdh mæs bulrzf f `fs almfhafs al uhf jnstîrncf, qul falmæs `l
pnal hd fgfhadhl
elr,, qul
elr só`d lsd, snhd mucjfs
f sus jneds, dtrfs
y qulcdsfs pfrff vnvnr
sl vfyf `fs cuf`ls hd jfy
cdh l``f9 Rnfkrf5
Rnfkrf5
plrd qul fgfhadhl
hd pulal ttdmfr f rf
supfrf
dmfr Rnfkrf
Rnfk mu-
lsd, y lhtdhcls `d qul prdaucl sdh alsóralhls lh su muhad.
Hd ls qul lstfmds cdhtrf `f mlancfcnóh, qul ls fgsdùtfmlhtl hlclsfrnf lh l` cfmpd al `f
psncdsns y lh dpdrtuhnafals cdh `ds hlurótncds. @d qul qunlrd ls favlrtnr qul tdad lstd qul
alcnmds lhtrf lh l` cfmpd al` fp`fstfmnlhtd al` síhtdmf, y qul `f lscucjf al lsl síhtdmf ls
snlmprl nmpdrtfhtl. @f mlancfcnóh `d alsp`fzf, `l af uhf hulvf bdrmf f` síhtdmf. @d lhcugrl
qunlrl alcnr hd `d jfcl tfh vnsng`l, `d dcu`tf, `d fp`fhf y lsd sf`tf vnd`lhtfmlhtl pdr dtrd ùkfr.
ùkfr.
Sn rfancf`nzfmds l` alscdhdcnmnlhtd al `f lstructurf al `f psncdsns lh `f lsqunzdbrlhnf, lh pfrtn-
cu`fr tlhlmds tdads `fs nafs y vul`tfs al `f psnqunftríf al `fs qul l` psncdfhæ`nsns sl jf f`nmlh-
tfad, qul fsnmn`fmds, rlplhsfmds y rlbdrmu`fmds.
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Qlhlmds tfmgnîh uhf vlrsnóh psnqunætrncf alsmlrlcnaf, lmpdgrlcnaf, qul fvfhzf mucjd mæs
lh l` alscdhdcnmnlhtd al tdafs `fs lstructurfs y al tdafs `fs prlcnsndhls9 ls `d qul sl ``fmf l`
ASM-NR.
>
Jfy trls pæknhfs

cdhsu`tfr. alancfafs
^ ml nhtlrlsf f `f lsqunzdbrlhnf
prlslhtfr`d pdrqul lslhcdh
l` ASM-NR , lstl
`d qul hds mfhuf` quljdy,
lhcdhtrfmds ustlals
y hdpulalh
cdh `f
psnqunftríf c`æsncf, cdh `fs
` fs rlspulstfs mlancfmlhtdsfs `nkfafs f` ASM-NR
ASM-NR.. Lh tdads `ds ùkfrls
adhal hds mdvlmds lstæ su prlslhcnf, jfstf cufhad tlhlmds qul jfclr uh rlcngd pfrf uhf
prlpfkf –adhal ancl anfkhóstncd al fculrad f` ASM-NR–. Lh `ds jdspntf`ls, lh l` muhad al `f
psnqunftríf, `f ``fmfaf gnpd`frnafa sl jf anbuhanad al uhf bdrmf cfsn anvlrtnaf, sn ls qul hd
tuvnlrf cdhslculhcnfs hlkftnvfs pfrf f`kuhds pfcnlhtls. L` anfkhóstncd suplrﬆcnf` al `f gnpd-
`frnafa nmp`ncf uhf mlancfcnóh qul hd snlmprl ls falcufaf f `f lstructurf qul lstæ lh eulkd
y qul `f mlhtfaf gnpd`frnafa lhcugrl.
\h lsqunzdbrîhncd hd alslhcfalhfad tdmfad pdr gnpd`fr y mlancfad cdh fhtnalprlsnvds, `d
mdtdrnzf cdh uhf lhlrkíf pfrf `f qul hd tnlhl uh mfrcd psíquncd falcufad, y lstd `d fclrcf
pl`nkrdsfmlhtl f `f alscdmplhsfcnóh.
F `f nhvlrsf jfy fhtnpsncótncds fctuf`ls ``fmfads al õ`tnmf klhlrfcnóh, cdh `ds cuf`ls sl mlan-
cf f hlurótncds alscdmplhsfads. Lstd qunlrl alcnr qul `ds lstfgn`nzfh gdrrfhad l` síhtdmf. ^
hd lstæ ancjd qul `f cdmplhsfcnóh ls `d qul mledr `l pulal pfsfr f uh hlurótncd. @f hlurdsns
prdaucl lstrfkds lh `f vnaf al uhf plrsdhf, ls `d qul pdalmds ``fmfr mucjfs vlcls uh sn`lhcl
in``lr.
L` ASM-NR alﬆhl `f lsqunzdbrlhnf cdmd ‐uh trfstdrhd cdh síhtdmfs psncótncds cdmd cfrfctlrís-
tncf alﬆhntdrnf”. Hdsdtrds jfg`fmds al uhf lstructurf psncótncf cdh síhtdmfs al anvlrsd dralh
qul dralhfmds al fculrad f `f lstructurf. Lh cfmgnd, slkõh lsl mfhuf`, ls uh trfstdrhd qul
hdmgrf f`kd qul hd sl sfgl muy c`frfmlhtl quî ls, qul tnlhl síhtdmfs psncótncds.
@f nalf al` síhtdmf lh l` ùkfr al `f lstructurf, fgrl l` cfmnhd f `f pdsngn`nafa al su suprlsnóh
lsplcnf`mlhtl pdr víf mlancfmlhtdsf, `d qul nhancf uhf cnlrtf cdjlrlhcnf lhtrl mfhlefrsl lh
l` cfmpd
cfcnóh vf al `f rlspulstf
f anrnknrsl f lslmlancfmlhtdsf,
síhtdmf. cdh alsp`fzfr `f psncdsns f` síhtdmf, yf qul `f mlan-
Alsal l` psncdfhæ`nsns `d qul sl ``fmf trfstdrhd lh vlrafa ls `f lstructurf, y `f mlancfcnóh

prdaucl lblctds qul alscdhdclmds cufhad suprnmnmds l` síhtdmf. Suprnmnr alsal hulstrf
plrsplctnvf, cdh``lvf l` sfglr quî suprnmnmds y quî qulaf lh su ùkfr.
ùkfr.
_dr lelmp`d, sn cdhsnalrfmds l` cfsd Scjrlglr
Scjrlglr,, quntfr`l l` al`nrnd y `f fùcnhfcnóh ls f`lefr`d al
`ds rlcursds cdh `ds qul culhtf pfrf jfclrsl uh culrpd y uh ùkfr
` ukfr lh l` muhad.
>- FMLWNCFH
Mfssdh, _S^CJNFQWNC
Gfrcl`dhf, 6>><. FSSDCNFQNDH, ASM-NR5 Mfhuf` al anfkhóstncd y lstfaístncd
lstfaístncd al `ds trfstdrhds m
mlhtf`ls
lhtf`ls. 6. la., La.
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@f fpulstf al` psncdfhæ`nsns ls hd dpdhlrsl f `ds rlcursds al` psncótncd, y pdr lsd jfg`fmds al
futdtrftfmnlhtd. _drqul hd `l nhvlhtfmds rlcursds, snhd fcdmpföfmds y cfusfmds l` nhvlhtd
qul `d nhstrumlhtf pfrf jfclrsl uh culrpd lh l` cfmpd al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf.
L` ASM-NR,
fkrlkf f` jfg`fr
`f fuslhcnf al al` psncótncd
cdhcnlhcnf al`dlhblrmlafa.
rlﬆlrl f nalfs al`nrfhtls
D slf y f fùcnhfcndhls
qul rlnhtrdaucl mfhnﬆlstfs,
uh vnled lhlmnkd y
huls-
trd qul sl ``fmf `f cdhcnlhcnf al lhblrmlafa.
Sdh aftds muy ftrfctnvds, pdrqul tdad slríf tfh bæcn` sn puanîrfmds altlrmnhfr sn sl af culhtf
d hd qul lstæ `dcd. Sn gnlh
g nlh jfy `dcds qul pfrlcl qul sl anlrfh culhtf, jfy dtrds qul c`frfmlhtl
hd sl afh culhtf. _darífmds anfkhdstncfr `fs cdsfs pdr l` krfad al cdhcnlhcnf qul tnlhlh al su
lhblrmlafa.
Lh rl`fcnóh f `f fùcnhfcnóh y l` al`nrnd, lh lstl cfsd, hd alplhalh al `f lstructurf nhtlrhf al
lsds blhómlhds snhd al uh bfctdr lxtlrhd qul ls `f cdhcnlhcnf al` sueltd rlsplctd al sn lstæ al-
`nrfhad. Lsf cdhcnlhcnf ls sugsnanfrnf al cftlkdrífs cdmd `f hdrmf`nafa.
Fjí vlrlmds fvfhzfr uh prdtdtnpd al jdmgrl y uh prdtdtnpd al muelr, qul sdh `ds ``fmfads
‐hdrmf`ls”. Lsf cdhcnlhcnf sfgl al lhblrmlafa y sfùa, sfgl al `f hdrmf`nafa. Slríf nhtlrl-
sfhtl nhtlrrdkfr`f sdgrl sus buhafmlhtds.
Fsí, l` sueltd y su al`nrnd sl alﬆhlh alsal lsf cdhcnlhcnf qul ls cdmp`ltf, ``lhf al prleuncnds,
``lhf al cdhancndhfmnlhtds sdcnf`ls, ``lhf al prleuncnds rlsplctd f `d qul ls l` dtrd, y anguef lh
l` jdrnzdhtl f`kunlh ‐hdrmf`” y f`kunlh qul tfmgnîh ls ‐hdrmf`” qul pulal mlanr `f hdrmf-
`nafa al lsl sueltd. Altræs al `f mlhtfaf cdhcnlhcnf vfmds f lhcdhtrfr f` –ancjd nróhncfmlh-
tl– ‐tlrfplutf”9 y pdr `d tfhtd vul`vl l` psncdfhf`nstf, psnqunftrf, mîancd d `d qul bulrl, cdh l`
angued al `d qul î` altlrmnhf cdmd hdrmf`, cdmd cdhcnlhcnf al hdrmf`nafa.
^ pdr supulstd lstl ls l` prnmlr pfsd. L` slkuhad pfsd ls cómd lsl sueltd algl vnvnr, cómd
lsl sueltd algl prdkrlsfr y ﬆhf`mlhtl cuæhad lsl sueltd lstæ curfad, slkõh `f vlrsnóh qul l`
‐tlrfplutf” tnlhl al ancjf hdrmf`nafa.
L` ASM-NR ancl tfmgnîh qul l` psncótncd

p sncótncd ls lqunvf`lhtl f al`nrfhtl, d slf gdrrf tdaf anstnhcnóh
lhtrl l` trfgfed al` psncótncd y `ds blhómlhds prnmfrnds, `f anblrlhcnf qul l` psncdfhæ`nsns nh-
trdaucl lhtrl l` blhómlhd y l` trfgfed. ^ f` gdrrfrsl l` blhómlhd qulafmds snh l` trfgfed qul
nmp`ncf hulstrf pdsncnóh brlhtl f` psncótncd.
Ancl tfmgnîh qul lh `f psncdsns, l` culrpd d `ds fctds sdh cdhtrd`fads alsal fbulrf. Lstd dcurrl
lh Scjrlglr,
Scjrlglr, plrd jfy qul prlkuhtfrsl5 ´quî qunlrl alcnr qul sdh cdhtrd`fads alsal fbulrf4 Hd
lstæ anstnhkunad fjí l` culrpd y l` `lhkufel al órkfhds al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh qul jfcl l` sueltd.
Cufhad l` culrpd lstæ cdhtrd`fad alsal fbulrf, lstfmds lh uh slkuhad tnlmpd. Ls `f nhtlr-
prltfcnóh qul jfcl l` sueltd al` alscdhtrd` lh su culrpd. Sl sf`tlfh `ds blhómlhds prnmfrnds y
vfh anrlctfmlhtl f `f snkhnﬆcfcnóh qul l` sueltd `l af f lsl blhómlhd prnmfrnd. D slf vul`vl f
sf`tlfr gfed lstf bdrmf `d qul ``fmfmds `f lstructurf, d slf l` blhómlhd l`lmlhtf`.
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Snkul l` tlxtd lh lstl slhtnad5 @ds plhsfmnlhtds jfh snad cfptfads pdr uhf bulrzf lxtlrndr qul sl ``fmf
rdgd al plhsfmnlhtd d plhsfmnlhtds lxtlrndrls qul sl jfh nhtrdaucnad lh `f prdpnf mlhtl. L` cdmpdrtf-
mnlhtd, `f alsdrkfhnzfcnóh, sl mfhnﬆlstf pdr cdmpdrtfmnlhtds nhbfhtn`dnals.
Hulvfmlhtl lstfmds
qunlh lstæ lhbrlhtl al`lh `d mnsmd, ls uhf
lsqunzdbrîhncd, snkhnﬆcfcnóh
qul pulal qul vf
alcnr qunlh ls kfhæhadsl pfrf l` tlrrlhd al
d hd nhbfhtn`dnal.
Síhtdmfs pdsntnvds y hlkftnvds al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf. Lstds síhtdmfs lstæh mfrcfads y fsdcnfads f uhf
mfrcfaf ansbuhcnóh sdcnf`. D slf qul sl mnalh `ds síhtdmfs al `fs psncdsns pdr su krfad al cdhvn-
vlhcnf lh `d sdcnf`. F``í lmplzfmds f tlhlr prdg`lmfs rlsplctd al tdafs `fs pdsncndhls qul sdh
hd muy sdcnf`ls, y qul hd sdh psncótncfs snh lmgfrkd9 d slf qul fjí fgrnmds lsl cfmpd f tdafs
`fs cdhauctfs fhtnsdcnf`ls qul c`frfmlhtl qulafrífh alﬆhnafs cdmd psncótncfs.
Lstd hd ls hnhkuhf cdhslculhcnf fgstrfctf, ls uhf `ókncf al `ds tdtf`ntfrnsmds, trftfr cdmd `dcds
f `ds qul hd sl nhtlkrfh f `ds vf`drls al uhf îpdcf, qul prdaucl lblctds al lstl tnpd5
tnp d5 cdhsnalrfr
qul `f lhurlsns al uh hnöd qul sl drnhf lh l` cd`lknd, ls uh aftd fhtnsdcnf` qul fgrl `f pdsngn`n-
afa al tlhlr qul rltnrfr`d al` cd`lknd. C`frfmlhtl qulafrífh lh l` cfmpd al `fs ` fs psncdsns.
Dcurrnó qul lh Lstfads \hnads, uhf hlhf al < föds sl jfcíf pns lh `f lscul`f, y l` anrlctdr
``fmó f` pfarl (uh mîancd frklhtnhd) y `l aned qul tlhíf qul sfcfr f su jnef al` cd`lknd. Lstl
mîancd, qul cdmd gulh frklhtnhd sl jf fhf`nzfad mucjds föds, p`fhtló qul lsd lrf uh síhtd-
mf, plrd l` anrlctdr cdhtlstó qul hd `l nmpdrtfgf `d qul prdaucíf uh lblctd fhtnsdcnf`, qul l`
cd`lknd hd plhsfgf f`glrkfr.
Dtrd cfsd5 uh cjncd `l aned zdrrnhd f dtrd cdmpfölrd, ``fmfrdh al` cd`lknd f `ds
` ds pfarls y `ls pu-
snlrdh uhf prulgf f cump`nr,
cump`nr, alhtrd al` fu`f al `ds hnöds, pfrf rlku`fr `f cdhauctf al su jned,
pdrqul l` cd`lknd hd sl jfcíf cfrkd al `ds síhtdmfs fhtnsdcnf`ls al `ds cjncds. @ds síhtdmfs fh-
tnsdcnf`ls `d rlsul`vlh `ds pfarls alhtrd al `f bfmn`nf. L` cd`lknd qunlrl f cjncds frtncu`fads f `d
sdcnf`, qunlrl alcnr snh síhtdmfs. L` pfarl prlkuhtó quî tnlhl al fhtnsdcnf` alcnr`l zdrrnhd f uh
fmnkd, y `l lxp`ncfrdh qul l` síhtdmf fhtnsdcnf` ls qul l` zdrrnhd tnlhl mf` d`dr y qul lsd ls uhf
nheurnf qul jdy lmpnlzf f `ds < föds al lsf bdrmf y mföfhf tlrmnhf lh bdrmfs mæs fkrlsnvfs.
Sdh fhîcadtfs cdh `fs qul qunlrd nùstrfr qul hd ls cfsuf` qul l` psncdfhæ`nsns jfyf lhcdhtrfad,
f plsfr al `ds
` ds lsbulrzds al Brlua mnsmd, anﬆcu`tfals pfrf nhslrtfrsl lh uh muhad drkfhnzfad
pfrf alscdhdclr síhtdmfs. Vul sl rlspdhaf f` síhtdmf cdh `f slkrlkfcnóh, `f mlancfcnóh d l`
mnsn`. _lrd `d rlf` nhsnstl y cufhad hd sl `d
` d lscucjf sl lhcfgrntf.
6? al dctugrl al 7??7
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RNNN
_FWFHDNF5 @F F@\CNHFCNÓH RLWGF@
KLWFWAD MFLSD
Edrkl Cjfmdrrd ml prdpusd qul `ls anlsl f`kuhfs hdcndhls sdgrl `f pfrfhdnf gæsncfmlhtl f
pfrtnr al `f lhslöfhzf al @fcfh.
Mn hdmgrl ls Klrfrad Mflsd, trfgfed lh l` NCGF lh `f prlslhtfcnóh al lhblrmds. Hd sî sn jfy
f`kuhd al ustlals qul lstuvd lh `f prlslhtfcnóh qul jncnmds fylr,
fylr, pdrqul ls uh lelmp`d nùs-
trftnvd adhal sl vnsuf`nzf `f lstructurf psncótncf.
@d qul jl prlpfrfad pfrf jdy ls uh rlcdrrnad qul cdhsnstl lh alﬆhnr qul ls `f pfrfhdnf y cuæ`
ls l` mlcfhnsmd lstructurf` al `f psncdsns. @fcfh jfcl lsplcnf` jnhcfpnî lh lstd qul l` Dtrd
jfg`f, l` Dtrd
Slmnhfrnd 3 ‐R
`l jfg`f,
‐Rlhkd
lhkd l` Dtrd nmp`ncf
al` ﬆfmgrlrd”, lstf f` pfcnlhtl.
pfcnlhtl @ls jfg`frî
pfrfhdncf pfrf l``d`lal
qul sdstnlhl `dancjd
jfh qul lstæ lh l`
mfrrfhf
lh l` pfsn``d. Alspuîs trflrî uh lelmp`d c`íhncd al uh cfsd lh l` qul lstuvl anrlctfmlhtl vnh-
cu`fad, al` cuf` jncl uhf prlslhtfcnóh lh l` föd „:; pfrf jfg`fr sdgrl anblrlhcnfs c`íhncfs lhtrl
hlurdsns y psncdsns.
Cufhad @fcfh sl prdpdhl fgdrafr `f pfrfhdnf sl prlkuhtf pdr tdads `ds p`fhtlds c`íhncds y
hdsdkræﬆcds qul prlslhtfgf `fs psncdsns al lhtdhcls lh 6><<. Wlculralh qul `f psncdsns hd lrf
fõh nh﬇unaf pdr `ds psncdbærmfcds. Lmplzfgfh lh lsf îpdcf f fpfrlclr f`kuhds, crld qul l`
prnmlrd bul l` Fmp`nfctn`.
@fcfh sdstlhíf qul Brlua mfhtuvd fprlcnfcndhls anfkhóstncfs sdgrl `fs psncdsns y cdhtrnguyó
f` lsc`frlcnmnlhtd plrd hd f` trftfmnlhtd. Brlua tlhíf uhf pdsncnóh alcnanafmlhtl favlrsf f`
trftfmnlhtd al psncótncds pdrqul alcíf qul jfcífh plralr tnlmpd f` pfcnlhtl, f` fhf`nstf y als-
prlstnknfgfh f` psncdfhæ`nsns qul hd `dkrfgf lblctds tlrfpîutncds.
Sfglmds qul Brlua pug`ncf l` cfsd Scjrlglr f`rlaladr al 6>6?, yf cfsn cufhad lh `f lscul`f al
Uurncj nh﬇unaf pdr î` f trfvîs
t rfvîs al Euhk y G`lu`lr lstfgfh nhvlstnkfhad `f lsqunzdbrlhnf.
Snh lmgfrkd Brlua utn`nzf uh crntlrnd, adhal `f pfrfhdnf lrf l` vlrafalrd hõc`ld cdhsnstlhtl
lh cdhtrfpdsncnóh f `ds al`nrnds mlhds snstlmftnzfads. F lstds õ`tnmds `ds nhcùíf alhtrd al `fs
pfrfbrlhnfs y alhtrd al lstfs f `f lsqunzdbrlhnf.
Mnlhtrfs qul pfrf `f psnqunftríf f`lmfhf l` sltlhtf pdr cnlhtd al `ds lhblrmds lrf pfrfhdncds,
f` alcnr al @fcfh, lh `f psnqunftríf brfhclsf l` pfrfhdncd lrf f`kunlh mf`vfad, nhtd`lrfhtl, al
mf` jumdr, drku``dsd, alscdhﬆfad, susclptng`l, cdh uhf lxtrlmfaf y lxfklrfaf sdgrlstnmf-
cnóh al sí mnsmd. Sdstlhífh qul cufhad l` pfrfhdncd lrf almfsnfad pfrfhdncd ``lkfgf f al`nrfr.
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Lstd ls nmpdrtfhtl pdrqul `ds vlrafalrds pfrfhdncds, l` al`nrnd plrmfhlcl fgsdùtfmlhtl lh-
cugnlrtd d ls vlrdsímn` cdh `f rlf`nafa. Irflpl`nh alcíf qul uhd pdaíf alscugrnr f uh pfrfhdncd
f` cfgd al vfrnds nhcnalhtls euancnf`ls y lrf muy anbícn` rfstrlfr `f pfrfhdnf lh slhtnad c`íhncd
yf qul cufhad surkíf l` al`nrnd, lrf yf uh pfrfbrîhncd.
Fprdvlcjd pfrf alcnr`ls qul @fcfh, fvf`fhad lstf tlsns irflpl`nfhf, p`fhtló
p `fhtló qul l` títu`d al su
dgrf al` föd „37 ‐Al `f psncdsns pfrfhdncf y su rl`fcnóh cdh `f plrsdhf`nafa”, lrf lqunvdcfad.
Lh `ds föds „;? sdstnlhl qul `f plrsdhf`nafa lrf `f pfrfhdnf mnsmf y ﬆhf`mlhtl fculraf cdh
Irflpl`nh.
L` psncdfhæ`nsns sn f`kd ``lvó f `f lxplrnlhcnf psnqunætrncf ls qul `ds blhómlhds dgslrvfads tnl-
hlh uh slhtnad y sdh nhtl`nkng`ls.
Snh lmgfrkd trfed cdmd cdhtrfpfrtnaf f trfvîs al` lxnstlhcnf`nsmd al Efsplr, `f nhstfurfcnóh
al `f cdmprlhsnóh. D slf qul `ds blhómlhds qul sl prlslhtfh lh `fs psncdsns d lh `fs hlurdsns
pulalh slr cdmprlhanads f pfrtnr al sí mnsmds. Efsplr jnzd al `f cdmprlhsnóh l` pnvdtl al `f
psncd`dkíf klhlrf`. Su mîtdad qul @fcfh crntncf ls qul sl pfrtl al `f cdhsnalrfcnóh al qul jfy
cdsfs dgvnfs.
\stlals `d dgslrvfræh lh l` Slmnhfrnd @fs _sncdsns, lstfs cdsfs dgvnfs, qul sdh pfrf uh blhdml-
hó`dkd lstfr trnstl, ls supdhlr qul l` sueltd hd f`cfhzf `d qul fhjl`f. Hfaf mæs bf`sd pdrqul
jfy sueltds qul f`cfhzfh `d qul fhjl`fh y plrmfhlclh trnstls. Sn f`kunlh prdﬆlrl uhf gdbltfaf
f uh hnöd lstl vf f ``drfr pdrqul `f cdhsnalrf uhf fkrlsnóh. Hd snlmprl ls fsí, î` alcíf qul lh
`f lxplrnlhcnf qul tlhíf f trfvîs al `f pftd`dkíf sl lhcdhtró cdh uh hnöd qul cufhad `l afgfh
uhf gdbltfaf prlkuhtfgf sn lstf lrf uhf fkrlsnóh d uhf fcfrncnf, y fcdral cdh lstd vfrnfgf l`
lstfad al æhnmd.
Qfmgnîh hdsdtrds dgslrvfmds uhf cdhauctf típncf pdr lelmp`d lh `ds blhómlhds al trfhsn-
tnvnsmd, adhal l` sueltd qulaf cfpturfad pdr `f nmfklh al` dtrd y uh hnöd sl pdhl f ``drfr
ancnlhad ml jfh plkfad, cufhad lh vlrafa jf rlcngnad uh cfstnkd su cdmpfölrd.
Dtrf cdsf qulcdh

sl prdauclh @fcfh alstfcfalf``fdgslrvfr
l` alc`nhfr `f lstfaístncf,
hfturf`lzf, lh dtdöd yylhlsnhvnlrhd
qul sl supdhl
cufhadqul `ds suncnands
ls eustfmlhtl f`
rlvîs. @f mfydr cfhtnafa al fqul``ds sl prdaucl lh prnmfvlrf. @fs nhcdjlrlhcnfs fpfrlclh
ræpnafmlhtl y `f lxplrnlhcnf hd tnlhl mæs vf`dr qul l` qul pulal tlhlr pfrf dtrf cnlhcnf.
Lh lsl slhtnad `f lxplrnlhcnf nhmlanftf lstæ f pfrtnr al` psncdfhæ`nsns nhmlrsf lh uh cfmpd
frtnﬆcnf`, qul jfcl qul hdsdtrds tlhkfmds qul vf`drfr `d qul l` sueltd hds cdhﬆlsf lh rl`fcnóh
al trfhsblrlhcnf cdh hulstrd fpfrftd cdhclptuf`. L` fhæ`nsns y sus cdhclptds kuífh hulstrf præc-
tncf9 d slf qul fqul``f cdmprlhsnóh qul pfrlcl alcnr`d tdad pdr sí mnsmf hd ls f `d qul hds
jfgntufmds lh tfhtd hdsdtrds sdmds prfctncfhtls al` psncdfhæ`nsns.
@fcfh jfcl uhf crítncf f Irflpl`nh gfstfhtl nhtlrlsfhtl, adhal dgslrvf qul cufhad mæs ls-
tuanf `f hdcnóh al pfrfhdnf, mæs snkhnﬆcftnvf fpfrlcl, plrd cufhtd mæs snkhnﬆcftnvf fpfrlcl
ls mæs pfrfaóencf, yf qul sl nmgrncf lh l` rlsu`tfad al `f dgslrvfcnóh psnqunætrncf hdcndhls
aîgn`mlhtl cdhstntunafs cdmd fhafmnfel cdhclptuf` y cdh `f sfgnauríf fkrlkfaf.
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Nhtlrvnlhl `f sfgnauríf pdrqul lh l` tlmf al `f `dcurf suscntf lh tdads lxp`ncfcndhls al `f mns-

mf y pdr `d tfhtd sl alauclh cdsfs qul jfclh f` klhnd plrd f`lefaf al `f præctncf psncdfhf`ítncf
y psnqunætrncf. @fcfh sdstlhíf qul `f lxplrnlhcnf fhf`ítncf, `l jfgíf lhslöfad qul hd jfgíf cdsf
mæs anspfrftfaf qul `f rlf`nafa jumfhf, d slf qul î` nhcùíf f tdaf `f rlf`nafa jumfhf cdh
uh bulrtl bfctdr al nhtlrrdkfcnóh. Sn crllh tlhlr, ancl, uh ^d fafptfad qul sfgl `d qul algl
jfclr, rlcdhdclr, tlhlr lh culhtf `fs rlf`nafals, ls cdhvlhnlhtl lhtdhcls qul sl fpfrtlh al`
psncdfhæ`nsns. Lh lsl slhtnad hd jfy hfaf mæs hlcnd qul uh alstnhd jumfhd. Sn f`kunlh f`cfhzf
uh sulöd adrfad gfstf jfg`fr brfhcfmlhtl cdh î`, pfrf sfglr qul lsl sulöd pdcd `l nmpdrtf f`
sueltd y qul sl lhculhtrf prldcupfad pdr dtrfs cdsfs.
_`fhtlfgf lh lsl lhtdhcls f `f f`turf al` Slmnhfrnd 3 al @fs _sncdsns, ‐`f bl`ncnafa lstæ snlmprl
lh dtrd `fad y lstæ snlmprl mæs f``æ al hdsdtrds”.
Sn gnlh bulrdh `frkds, fmp`nds y sdstlhnads `ds lstuands psnqunætrncds qul sfglh ustlals cd-
mlhzfrdh cdh _nhl` y Lsqunrd` f ﬆhls al` snk`d ZRNNN, nhtlhtfrdh alscrngnr `fs lhblrmlafals
mlhtf`ls, y rlf`nzfrdh f pfrtnr al` snk`d ZNZ uhf slrnl al nhtlhtds al c`fsnﬆcfcnóh qul bulrdh
prósplrds plrd qul cdh﬇uylrdh y crlfrdh vlrafalrfs bulhtls al cdhbusnóh.
@fcfh sl gfsf lh uh psnqunftrf muy rlcdhdcnad, Irflpl`nh, qul prdaued uhf slrnl al mfhuf-
`ls, y lh 6:>> nhcùyl `fs fhtnkufs pfrfhdnfs alhtrd al `f almlhcnf prlcdz y lmntnlhad uhf
alﬆhncnóh nhtlrlsfhtl al `f pfrfhdnf qul `f anblrlhcnf al `ds dtrds al`nrnds cdh `ds cuf`ls sl
cdhbuhaíf.
Alcíf Irflpl`nh, `f pfrfhdnf sl anstnhkul al `fs almæs pftd`dkífs pdrqul sl cfrfctlrnzf pdr l`
alsfrrd``d nhsnandsd al cfusfs nhtlrhfs y snkulh uhf lvdùcnóh cdhtnhuf al uh snstlmf al`n-
rfhtl, aurfalrd l nmpdsng`l al qulgrfhtfr, qul sl nhstf`f cdh uhf cdhslrvfcnóh cdmp`ltf al `f
c`frnafa y l` dralh lh l` plhsfmnlhtd, `f vd`ncnóh y `f fccnóh.
@fcfh cdhsnalrfgf lstf alscrnpcnóh cdmd `d mæs l`fgdrfad fclrcf al `f pfrfhdnf. _lrd vlfh
qul ls `d qul î` jfcl. Lmpnlzf f fhf`nzfr puhtd pdr puhtd lstf alﬆhncnóh y lhculhtrf qul
vlrafalrfmlhtl ls pdcd õtn` pdrqul hd rlsnstl l` mlhdr fhæ`nsns. L` alsfrrd``d hd ls nhsnandsd,
snlmprl jfy grdtls, bfsls, falmæs al uh mdmlhtd blcuhad.
Wlculralh qul sn jfy f`kd qul @fcfh nhtrdaued lh `f psnqunftríf y lh l` lsc`frlcnmnlhtd al
`fs lhblrmlafals mlhtf`ls, bul `f hdcnóh al alslhcfalhfmnlhtd, pfrtncu`frmlhtl al alslh-
cfalhfmnlhtd al `fs psncdsns. Lhtdhcls hd ls f`kd qul sl alsfrrd``f sd`fpfafmlhtl snhd qul
jfy uh mdmlhtd al rupturf qul hd ls alplhanlhtl sd`d al cfusfs nhtlrhfs. Ls fgsdùtfmlhtl
mfhnﬆlstd qul hd sl pulal `nmntfr `f lvdùcnóh al `f pfrfhdnf f cfusfs nhtlrhfs. _frf cdhvlh-
clrsl al l``d gfstf pfsfr f` cfpítu`d al ltnd`dkíf al su mfhuf` y `llr `ds futdrls cdmd Sîrnlux
y Cfpkrfs, cufhad sl guscfh `fs cfusfs alslhcfalhfhtls al `f pfrfhdnf snlmprl sl pdhl al
mfhnﬆlstd uh l`lmlhtd lmdcndhf` lh `f vnaf al` sueltd, uhf crnsns vntf` qul tnlhl qul vlr lblc-
tnvfmlhtl cdh rl`fcndhls al nhtlrfccnóh cdh l` mland.
Dtrd pærrfbd, `f lvdùcnóh cdhtnhuf al uh snstlmf al`nrfhtl
al` nrfhtl aurfalrd l nmpdsng`l al qulgrfh-
tfr. Hfaf mæs bf`sd, l` snstlmf al`nrfhtl vfríf, jfyæmds`d d hd qulgrfhtfad. F alcnr vlrafa
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lstl fsuhtd ml pfrlcl slcuhafrnd, `fs vfrnfcndhls sl alglh f `fs nhtlrvlhcndhls al` lxtlrndr y f`
mfhtlhnmnlhtd d `f plrturgfcnóh al cnlrtd dralh lh l` muhad qul rdalf f` lhblrmd.
Cufhad yd lmplzfgf mn præctncf cdh psncótncds trfgfefgf cdh _ncjdh Wnvnlrl y Mfsdttf. \hf
al `fs cdsfsrlaucífh
trncfmlhtl qul vlífmds c`íhncfmlhtl lrf
sus plrturgfcndhls pdrqul `ds lhblrmds
l` sd`d jlcjd al flhtrfr
vlclsf alscdmplhsfads psnqunæ-y
uhf c`íhncf psnqunætrncf,
hds prlkuhtægfmds cuæ` lrf l` bfctdr lstfgn`nzfadr cufhad hd sl fpl`fgf f `f mlancfcnóh. Huh-
cf f`cfhzfmds f pdhlrhds al fculrad pdrqul sl alcíf qul f`kd al uh dralh favlhíf, f pfrtnr
al `f nhstntucnóh qul `d kfrfhtnzfgf sup`nlhad `f bf`tf al mltæbdrf pftlrhf. Dgslrvfmds qul
`ds sueltds psncótncds lh klhlrf` tlhífh uhf tlhalhcnf f qulrlr cdhdclr f` anrlctdr d futdrnafa
mæxnmf adhal lstds lstfgfh nhtlrhfads. Snh lmgfrkd l` fcclsd f `ds qul cnrcuhstfhcnf`mlhtl
lelrcífh `f buhcnóh prdaucíf uh alslqun`ngrnd hdtfg`l.
Alcífmds qul anùnr lstf ﬆkurf pftlrhf`, lrf uh mîtdad pfrf pdsngn`ntfr
p dsngn`ntfr `f nhstf`fcnóh al cnlr-
tf pfcnﬆcfcnóh al `ds pfcnlhtls. Cdhstftægfmds qul f`kunlh dbrlcnad f` ùkfr al sfglr, cdmd
pdaríf slr l` anrlctdr al uhf nhstntucnóh, prlcnpntfgf tdaf uhf snhtdmftd`dkíf fhæ`dkf f` als-
lhcfalhfmnlhtd.
Dtrf fprlcnfcnóh sdstnlhl qul l` al`nrnd pfrfhdncd sl nhstfurf cdh uhf cdhslrvfcnóh cdmp`ltf
al `f c`frnafa y al` dralh lh l` plhsfmnlhtd, `f vd`ncnóh y `f
` f fccnóh. @fcfh dgeltf lhtdhcls qul
alglmds alﬆhnr quî ls `f c`frnafa pdrqul sí, lh l` al`nrnd pfrfhdncd fpfrlcl c`frd l` dgeltd,
c`frf `f fccnóh f rlf`nzfr, tlhlmds qul ugncfr `f hdcnóh al c`frnafa lh rl`fcnóh f `f hdrmf`nafa,
pdrqul lstfmds lxtrfpd`fhad `f rlprlslhtfcnóh al c`frnafa tdmfaf al` pfrfhdncd f `ds qul hd
pfalclh al pfrfhdnf.
@ds hdrmf`ls hd lstfmds snkhfads pdr uhf vdùhtfa bîrrlf, pdr uhf c`frnafa lh `ds dgeltnvds.
@f klhtl vnvl al anstnhtfs mfhlrfs, y ls mæs cdmõh qul uh sueltd pulal pdhlr auafs sdgrl `d
qul vf f jfclr, `d qul pnlhsf y `d qul crll, f` cdhtrfrnd al` pfrfhdncd.
@f cdhstntucnóh al uh sueltd hdrmf` lstæ afaf lh gfsl f `f cfhtnafa al cdhtrfanccndhls qul
pulal fsumnr. Curndsfmlhtl cufhad `f cdhtrfanccnóh hd ls fclptfaf surkl l` blhómlhd al
rlprlsnóh lh l` cfsd
vfmds f lxp`ncfr al hlurdsns, y lh l` cfsd al psncdsns uh mlcfhnsmd muy pfrtncu`fr qul
`f prlcùsnóh.
@d qul sn dgslrvfmds lh `ds pfcnlhtls lsqunzdbrîhncds ls qul hd prdclalh cdmd uh cnlhtíﬆcd.
\h cnlhtíﬆcd, uh fhf`nstf lh uh cdhsu`tdrnd fhdtf `ds blhómlhds y prdpdhl uhf nhtlrprltfcnóh
pfrf uh mdmlhtd slkuhad.
F anblrlhcnf `ds pfrfhdncds hd f`cfhzfh `f cdhcùsnóh rfzdhfhad snhd pfrtnlhad al `f ``fmfaf
nhtuncnóh al`nrfhtl.
Ml alcífh qul lh lsl slhtnad f`kuhds mftlmætncds, y `ds bísncds, trfgfefh al lsf mfhlrf, d slf
alsfrrd``fh nhtuncndhls f `fs qul trftfh al buhafmlhtfr. @d qul pfsf ls qul f anblrlhcnf al`
pfrfhdncd, l` rfzdhfmnlhtd hd lstæ lhtlrfmlhtl f` slrvncnd al `f nhtuncnóh y sdmltl l` prdauctd
crlfad f `f lstructurf anscursnvf al su cnlhcnf d slf f` cdheuhtd al sueltds fgdcfads f nhtlrrd-
kfhtls cdmuhls. Lh lsl slhtnad jfy qul slpfrfr c`frfmlhtl `d qul pulal slr l` anscursd al
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`f cnlhcnf, l` prdclalr al uh cnlhtíﬆcd, y l` prdclalr al uh fhf`nstf brlhtl f `d qul nhtuyl. @ds

blhómlhds qul fpfrlclh lh `f pfrfhdnf lstæh clrrfads f`rlaladr al `d nhlbfg`l.
@f lstructurf al`nrfhtl lstæ mfrcfaf pdr l` hd lhcfalhfmnlhtd al uh snkhnﬆcfhtl buhafmlh-
tf`. Ls uhf
rltdrhf lstructurf
al `d rlf` y hd`fslal `f psncdsns
lhcfalhf adhal fpfrlcl
f` cdheuhtd al `ds `f bf`tf al uh snkhnﬆcfhtl prnmdranf` qul
snkhnﬆcfhtls.
\stlals sfglh qul Brlua lh ‐Hlurdsns
‐Hlurdsns y psncdsns” y lh ‐@f pîranaf al `f rlf`nafa lh `f psncd-
sns”, jfgíf p`fhtlfad qul hdtfgf cnlrtfs anblrlhcnfs lhtrl l` prdclalr hlurótncd y l` psncótncd.
L` hlurótncd alcíf sl rltnrf al `f rlf`nafa f` nkuf` qul l` psncótncd, cufhad sl brustrf cdh l``f.
_lrd rltnrfrsl al `f rlf`nafa, lhtrfr lh cdh﬇nctd nhtrfpsíquncd hd qunlrl alcnr qul sl alsjfkf
al `fs rlprlslhtfcndhls rlprnmnafs, lstd qunlrl alcnr qul `fs rlprlslhtfcndhls lstæh suprnmn-
afs plrd sul`lh rltdrhfr gfed `f bdrmf al síhtdmfs, trfhsfccndhls qul cdhdclmds cdmd vul`tf
al `d rlprnmnad y cdhﬆkurfh dtrf rlf`nafa, qul Brlua cdhsnalrfgf snmgó`ncf. Wlsumnlhad, l`
sueltd rltrdclal jfcnf su bfhtfsmf lh `f hlurdsns y alspuîs sl `fhzf jfcnf l` muhad lxtlrndr
al mfhlrf snhtdmætncf. @f culstnóh ls anblrlhtl lh `f psncdsns, adhal l` sueltd hd qunlrl sfglr
hfaf lh l` slhtnad al `f rlprlsnóh.
Hd qulrlr sfglr hfaf lh l` slhtnad al `f rlprlsnóh ls al f`kuhf bdrmf suprnmnr `f rlprlslhtf-

cnóh y l` fblctd, y lh lsl slhtnad l` sueltd sl rltnrf mæs f``æ al `fs bfhtfsífs. Cufhad tnlhl qul
vd`vlr f `f rlf`nafa `d jfcl cdh l`lmlhtds prlsnkhnﬆcfhtls, d slf cdhstruylhad uhf rlf`nafa
qul tlrmnhf snlhad gnzfrrf. D slf jf dplrfad l` mlcfhnsmd al `f prlcùsnóh.
\stlals sfglh qul l` cdhclptd al prlcùsnóh bul trfíad pdr @fcfh f pfrtnr al uhf hdcnóh eu-
ríancf. Lh cuf`qunlr prdclsd euancnf` tnlhlh qul prdaucnr mdmlhtds al cnlrrl, pdr lelmp`d `f
lhtrfaf al prulgfs, pfrf prdaucnr uh cfmpd sdgrl l` cuf` l`fgdrfr y cdhcùnr uhf slhtlhcnf.
L` sueltd psncótncd jf l`lknad rlcjfzfr f` snkhnﬆcfhtl al` Hdmgrl al` _farl, lqunvf`lhtl lh uhf
`lcturf brluanfhf f` rlcjfzd al `f gljfeuhk prnmdranf` adhal sl fsnlhtf l` snstlmf snmgó`ncd.
Lstd ls f`kd qul suclal lh tdafs `fs psncdsns.
_frf
al uhqul ustlals slprnmdranf`,
snkhnﬆcfhtl jfkfh uhfl`fgdrî
nalf, y pfrf vlr tdafadhal
uh lelmp`d `f cdhbusnóh
f`kunlhqul pulal
hd jf snadklhlrfr
n hscrnptdl` f`rlcjfzd
nhscrnptd hfclr,
lh uh f`lefad pulg`d, lh l` rlknstrd cnvn`. ^ qul cdmd lh `fs lscul`fs al cfmpföf mucjds hd
tdmfh lh cdhsnalrfcnóh tdafs `fs bdrmf`nzfcndhls `lkf`ls qul sl tdmfh lh `fs cnuafals, lstl
hnöd jfgíf ``lkfad f fad`lsclhtl tlhnlhad uh hdmgrl qul sd`d `d rlcdhdcíf î`, sus pfarls y sus
cdmpfölrds. _lrd jltl fquí qul ``lkfad f `f fad`lsclhcnf, uhf cdmnsnóh nhvlstnkfadrf ancl
qul î` jf cdmltnad uh al`ntd, f `f mfhlrf mfﬆdsf jfcnlhad alsfpfrlclr tdad su rlknstrd al
nalhtnafa.
Ls uh sueltd qul al prdhtd euríancfmlhtl sl lhculhtrf f anspdsncnóh al `d qul l` dtrd pulal al-
cnr
cnr,, `ds pfarls `d crnfrdh, `f mflstrf qul `d jf cdhdcnad al plqulöd, plrd jltl fquí qul tdaf `f
frkumlhtfcnóh fcusftdrnf
fcusftdrnf lstæ gfsfaf lh uhf bf`tf al nhscrnpcnóh. ^ `f bf`tf al nhscrnpcnóh
n hscrnpcnóh tnlhl
cdhslculhcnfs anrlctfs sdgrl l` fccndhfr al `ds dtrds y al î` mnsmd, f tf` puhtd qul sl pulal
prlvlr uhf slvlrf sfhcnóh pdr uh al`ntd hd cdmltnad.
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\stlals alglh sfglr qul lh `f

` f îpdcf al `f rlprlsnóh, ígfmds muhnads al` adcumlhtd al nalh-
tnafa, pdrqul lrf hlclsfrnd rlbuknfrsl lh `f nalhtnafa
n alhtnafa supdhnlhad qul cdh l``f pdaífmds als-
p`fzfrhds trfhqun`ds.
Lh lsl slhtnad
fqul``d qul ls l` hd qulrlr sfglr
cdhstntutnvd hfaf,lhlhtfhtd
al` sueltd l` slhtnad al ``ddhfaf
nhfukurf rlprnmnad,
mæs hn ls uh mlhds
hfaf hd qulrlr
qulsfglr
tdaf al
`f
lstructurfcnóh snmgó`ncf.
Wlculralh qul `f lstructurfcnóh snmgó`ncf fpuhtf`f `f anmlhsnóh nmfknhfrnf. Cufhad l` hnöd
af vul`tf su cfglzf y mnrf f su pfarl guscfhad uh fslhtnmnlhtd, fﬆrmf `d qul lstæ snkhnﬆcfh-
ad pfrf fquî`.
Sn ustlals alsfcdmdafh `d snmgó`ncd lhcdhtrfræh f uh sueltd qul sl mf`sdstnlhl lh sus nalh-
tnﬆcfcndhls nmfknhfrnfs. _dr `d tfhtd l` mlcfhnsmd al hd qulrlr sfglr hfaf lh l` slhtnad al `f
rlprlsnóh, ls buhafmlhtf` lh tfhtd cdmprdmltl `f lstructurf al `f sugeltnvnafa.
Jfy uh lelmp`d lh ‐L` jdmgrl al `ds `dgds” adhal sl alcíf hd fclptfgf `f cfstrfcnóh y al
prdhtd lsf cfstrfcnóh sl `l jnzd prlslhtl lh `d rlf` cufhad lh cdmpföíf al `f Cjfcjf, su hd-
arnzf, vl qul su alad pu`kfr plhaíf al uh cd`kfed al pnl`.
pn l`. Lstf ls uhf vnsnóh ftrdz f tf` puhtd
qul qulaf plrp`led, pfrf`nzfad y @fcfh nhtlrprltf qul `f cfstrfcnóh lstfgf suprnmnaf lh `d
snmgó`ncd, favnhnlhad alsal `d rlf`.
Lh lsl slhtnad tdafs `fs lstructurfs psncótncfs tnlhlh lstl sl``d cdmõh. Cufhad @fcfh sdstnlhl
qul pulalh lhcdhtrfr `f mnsmf lstructurf lh tdads `ds blhómlhds psncótncds, f plsfr al slr
anblrlhtls lh su prlslhtfcnóh blhdmlhd`ókncf, nhancf f`kd, l` plsd lstructurf`.
Wlculralh l` al`nrnd al Scjrlglr, cdmnlhzf cdh uh sulöd adhal î` tnlhl `f nalf al slr uhf
muelr lh l` mdmlhtd al` cdntd, y lstf lstructurf plraurf lh l` alsfrrd``d al` al`nrnd jfstf cdh-
snalrfrsl `f muelr al Ands.
@fcfh vf f nhtlhtfr pdhlr dralh f pfrtnr al `f lstructurf lh `f `lcturf al `ds cufards psnqunætrn-
cds. @f blhdmlhd`dkíf ustlals `f pulalh rlcdklr lh cuf`qunlr trftfad psnqunætrncd y l` al Jlh-
rn Ly snkul snlhad uh gulh tlxtd alscrnptnvd y c`fsnﬆcftdrnd al `ds anstnhtds tnp
tnpds
ds al pftd`dkífs
psncótncfs. @fcfh fgdraf `ds al`nrnds y `fs mfhnblstfcndhls psncótncfs f trfvîs al sus cftlkdrífs,
`d rlf`, `d snmgó`ncd y `d nmfknhfrnd. @d qul plrmntl nhstf`fr cnlrtd rnkdr lh `f psnqunftríf. Lstds
rlknstrds hds pulalh mdstrfr qul uh sueltd qul lmpnlzf f rlcdhdclr qul sl cruzfh futds al
cd`dr rded, faqunlrl uhf lsplcnf` snkhnﬆcfcnóh. Lstf snkhnﬆcfcnóh sl `f pulal tdmfr alsal l`
puhtd al vnstf al `d rlf`. ^ alsal l` puhtd al vnstf al `d rlf` pdarífmds cdhcùnr qul ls af`tóhn-
cd. Lhtdhcls slríf uh lrrdr plrclptnvd. Alskrfcnfafmlhtl hd jf lhcdhtrfad l` af`tdhnsmd pfrf
lxp`ncfr `f pftd`dkíf psnqunætrncf, plrd `f trfancnóh nhancf qul ls uh lrrdr plrclptnvd.
_ulalh tfmgnîh alsal l` puhtd al vnstf nmfknhfrnd plhsfr qul l` cd`dr rded ls uh cd`dr qul
nmp`ncf rnvf`nafa, fkrlsnvnafa. ^ tfmgnîh alsal `d snmgó`ncd, adhal pdr lelmp`d lh uh eulkd
al cfrtfs jfy dpdsncnóh lhtrl hlkrd y rded.
L` eulkd snkhnﬆcfhtl lmpnlzf f cdhstntunr `f gfsl pfrf dralhfr lstl tnpd al blhómlhds.
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Brlua jfgíf lstfg`lcnad, y lstd `l pfrlcl nmpdrtfhtl f @fcfh, uhf krfmætncf5 `f krfmætncf al`
yd `d fmd, plrd lstd al`ftf jdmdslxuf`nafa y pfsfgf pdr l` yd hd `d fmd, yd `d dand, y alspuîs
sl prdaucíf f`kd pfrf albdrmfr fgsdùtfmlhtl tdafs lstfs brfsls qul ftdrmlhtfgfh f` sueltd.
Lh l` ml danf, sl cdhstntuíf `f pfrfhdnf y l` sueltd sl lstfgn`nzfgf.
_lrd @fcfh vf mæs f``æ y af drnklh f` lsqulmf @fmgaf adhal anstrnguyl l` snstlmf nmfknhfrnd
y l` snstlmf snmgó`ncd, p`fhtlfhad f` nhcdhscnlhtl cdmd anscursd al` Dtrd qul vf f altlrmnhfr
f` sueltd, hd snh ftrfvlsfr lstf gfrrlrf nmfknhfrnf. Lh lstl lsqulmf l` ^d lstæ lhtrl f y f„, f„ ls
l` dtrd lh qunlh ml vld f pfrtnr al` cuf` cdhstntuyd mns nalhtnﬆcfcndhls y l` nhcdhscnlhtl ls l`
qul jfg`f ftrfvlsfhad `d nmfknhfrnd.
Ls lhtdhcls cufhad @fcfh vf f lhcdhtrfr `ds pfræmltrds pfrf alﬆhnr `f lstructurf al `ds al-
`nrnds. Alsfrrd``f `d qul sl jf cdhdcnad cdmd pf`fgrf p`lhf y pf`fgrf vfcíf. Î` ancl qul `f pf-
`fgrf p`lhf ls fqul``f qul sl cdhstntuyl cufhad l` sueltd tnlhl bl lh l` dtrd, ls alcnr, cufhad l`
dtrd alvnlhl mæs f``æ al uh dtrd nmfknhfrnd uh ùkfr adhal rlsnal `d snmgó`ncd.
@ds lelmp`ds, l` tõ lrls mn muelr,
muelr, d tõ lrls mn mflstrd. Vuî qunlrl alcnr, qul `fs pf`fgrfs ``lvfh
f`kd al buhafhtl. Buhafhtl qunlrl alcnr qul buhaf dtrd ùkfr, ùkfr qul lstæ lhcfrhfad pdr
f`kunlh. Lsl f`kunlh ls rlcdhdcnad plrd hd ls cdhdcnad. \stlals lsd `d pulalh vlr bæcn`mlhtl
lh l` fhæ`nsns. Lh l` fhæ`nsns pulalh lhcdhtrfrsl cdh pfcnlhtls qul f `fs pdcfs slsndhls d tf` vlz
alsal `f prnmlr lhtrlvnstf anclh ml fhf`nzd. Alcnr ml fhf`nzd hd ls pdcd, pdrqul tdafvíf f vl-
cls hn snqunlrf sl jf nhstf`fad l` sueltd supulstd sfglr
sfglr.. ^ ustlals anræh gulhd, ancl ml fhf`nzd
pfrf trfhqun`nzfr f f`kõh bfmn`nfr qul `d jf nhtnmfad f fhf`nzfrsl.
D slf ls f`kunlh qul sl sdstnlhl lh `f rl`fcnóh cdh hdsdtrds lh l` lel nmfknhfrnd y hd jf cdhstn-
tunad l` dtrd cdmd mæs f``æ al fqul` lel. D slf cufhad cdhstntuyf f` fhf`nstf cdmd su fhf`nstf,
lsl ùkfr alvnlhl yf uh bfctdr alsal adhal `fs pf`fgrfs qul î` prdﬆlrf vfh f tlhlr uh slhtnad
pdr snmp`lmlhtl rl﬇lefrsl lh l` dtrd. Ls `d qul @fcfh ``fmf l` mlhsfel nhvlrtnad.
Lh `f tldríf al `f cdmuhncfcnóh pdaífmds ugncfr`f alhtrd al` lel f-f„. Jfy uh mlhsfel qul
pulal slr mæs d mlhds eustd, pulal slr mæs d mlhds c`frd, jfy uh lmnsdr y uh rlclptdr. _lrd
lstd hd dcurrl prlcnsfmlhtl lh `f anmlhsnóh al` fhæ`nsns.
@fcfh lhtnlhal qul l` lmnsdr rlcngl al` rlclptdr l` mlhsfel lh bdrmf nhvlrtnaf.
n hvlrtnaf. D slf qul cufh-
ad l` sueltd jfg`f lh fhæ`nsns rlcngl sus pf`fgrfs cdh dtrf snkhnﬆcfcnóh.
Ls muy nmpdrtfhtl. Sl p`fhtlf l` cdrtl al `fs slsndhls pdrqul ls hlclsfrnd nhstf`fr uhf puhtuf-
cnóh f trfvîs al `f pf`fgrf al` sueltd. @f prlslhcnf al` fhf`nstf kfrfhtnzf al f`kuhf mfhlrf lsl
ùkfr qul ls rlcdhdcnad plrd qul f su vlz ls alscdhdcnad.
´Vuî ls `d qul surkl cdmd prdauctd al lstl rlcdhdcnmnlhtd4, surkl f`kd qul uhd cdmd pfcnlh-
tl snlmprl tnlhl lhtrl cdmn``fs. _frlcnlrf qul cdh `f fsdcnfcnóh `ngrl uhd pulal ``lkfr f alcnr
cuf`qunlr cdsf, f vlcls uhd sl lhtusnfsmf y fpfrlcl lblctnvfmlhtl ancnlhad cdsfs qul huhcf
jugnlrf nmfknhfad, plrd cdh l` trfhscurrnr al` fhæ`nsns vfh f dgslrvfr qul lh `f mlanaf lh qul
sl cdhstntuyf lstl dtrd ùkfr, `f pf`fgrf faqunlrl snkhnﬆcfcnóh. ^ faqunlrl uhf snkhnﬆcfcnóh f
puhtd tf` qul mucjds pfcnlhtls sl nhjnglh f` jfg`fr, pdrqul sfglh qul `fs pf`fgrfs faqunlrlh
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
uh lstftutd anblrlhtl. Fsí `f prlslhcnf al` fhf`nstf, pdsngn`ntf `f cdhstntucnóh al uhf cfalhf
snkhnﬆcfhtl frtncu`faf qul snkunlhad f Brlua, plrmntl ``lhfr `fs `fkuhfs mhîmncfs qul vl hd
lstæh f anspdsncnóh al` sueltd hlurótncd.
Qlhlmds
´_dr quî4yf `f cdhstntucnóh
_drqul al`vf
l` sueltd hd krfh Dtrd.nhstf`fr
f alefr Lstd lsl``dsnkhnﬆcfhtl
qul fpfrlclprnmdranf`,
prdg`lmftnzfad lhqul
fqul``d `f psncdsns.
vul`vf
lstl ùkfr lh uh ùkfr al `ly, lh uh ùkfr adhal tdad sl prlslhtl frtncu`fad, y f` rlcjfzfr lsl
snkhnﬆcfhtl prnmdranf` vf f tlhlr slrnfs anﬆcu`tfals lh `f cdhstntucnóh al î` cdmd sueltd.
Vuî vf f fpfrlclr lhtdhcls cdmd sup`lhcnf, lh quî mfrföf sl vf f lhcdhtrfr. L` sueltd cdmd
sueltd al` alsld sl cdhstntuyl f pfrtnr al` Dtrd lh uhf sntufcnóh al rnvf`nafa prnmdranf` qul
@fcfh lh`fzó cdh l` cdhdcnmnlhtd pfrfhdncd.
Ls pfrfhdncd pdrqul f` prnhcnpnd jfy alsplafzfmnlhtds y l` dtrd `l prlslhtf uhf uhnafa kls-
tf`tncf adhal î` pulal drkfhnzfrsl, adhal lmpnlzf f dgslrvfr qul l` alsld al` Dtrd ls `d qul
`l nhtlrlsf lh tfhtd `l prdvll uhf nhtlkrnafa.
Lhtdhcls `ds dgeltds qul `l prdvll l` Dtrd, d `ds dgeltds f `ds cuf`ls sl anrnkl l` Dtrd, sdh `ds
vlrafalrds dgeltds al su alsld. ^ fjí surkl
surkl lsf bórmu`f l` alsld ls l` alsld al` Dtrd, l` dgeltd
al` alsld ls l` dgeltd al` alsld al` Dtrd.
_lrd lstf ls `f anmlhsnóh nmfknhfrnf, anmlhsnóh nmfknhfrnf qul tnlhl mucjds prdg`lmfs, pdr-
qul sl vf f lhcdhtrfr ansputfhad y rnvf`nzfhad cdh fqul` qul famnrf, sl vf f lhcdhtrfr ans-
putfhad y rnvf`nzfhad pdr l` mnsmd dgeltd. D slf qul `d qul lh uh slhtnad pdsngn`ntf `f cdhstn-
tucnóh ydncf pdr dtrd `fad sl hutrl al uh cdmpdhlhtl al fkrlsnóh y al rnvf`nafa nmpdrtfhtls.
@d snmgó`ncd vnlhl f dralhfr lsf rl`fcnóh nmfknhfrnf cdh l` alsld, anrífmds cdmd uh mflstrd
lh uhf c`fsl, ancl tf` cdsf tl cdrrlspdhal f tn, tf` cdsf f` dtrd, y `d snmgó`ncd lh lsl slhtnad ls
pfcnﬆcfhtl lh prnhcnpnd. _lrd rlculralh qul `d snmgó`ncd sl nhslrtf lh uhf rl`fcnóh prlvnf cdhs-
tntunaf pdr `f rnvf`nafa y `f
` f cdmpltlhcnf. Lstd `d tnlhlh qul tlhlr lh culhtf, pdrqul cufhad l`
sueltd cdhstntuyf f` Dtrd, f` Dtrd al` cuf` `l vf f favlhnr l` mlhsfel lh bdrmf nhvlrtnaf, hd vf
falslr
`dssnh cnlrtfal
`ímntls alscdhﬆfhzf, lstlsllsplrcngl
`f bl, al prdhtd l` tlmf.qul
_drqul lsl Dtrd
al õ`tnmfs ls lxtlrndr
uh jumfhdf î` lhmfscfrfad alhtrd
cdmd cuf`qunlrf, ls
uh sueltd qul hd ls nmpfrcnf`, ls alcnr qul pulal tlhlr nhtlrlsls y qul lsds nhtlrlsls sdh `líads
alsal `f anmlhsnóh nmfknhfrnf. Lhtdhcls anrlmds tfmgf`lf `f rl`fcnóh cdh l` Dtrd.
@fcfh fjí trfl uh l`lmlhtd buhafmlhtf` y ls l` nhtlrrdkftdrnd lh `ds pfcnlhtls psnqunætrncds.
Ancl uh pfcnlhtl psnqunætrncd pulal tlhlr cdh hdsdtrds uhf rl`fcnóh adhal lblctnvfmlhtl hds
ugnqul lh l` ùkfr al` Dtrd, anrífmds rlcngf l` mlhsfel lh bdrmf nhvlrtnaf, pnlhsl nhcùsd lh
mlhtnrhds pdrqul rlculralh
rlculralh qul `f mlhtnrf ls nhstntunr f` Dtrd. Cdhdclh l` cjnstl al Brlua hd
ml ankfs qul vfs f Crfcdvnf pfrf qul yd pnlhsl qul vfs f @lmglrk cufhad lh vlrafa vfs f
Crfcdvnf, ls alcnr sl trftf al lhkföfr f` dtrd, y l` Dtrd cdh mfyõscu`f ls eustfmlhtl fqul` f`
cuf` sl mnlhtl.
@ls alcíf lhtdhcls qul cdh `ds
` ds pfcnlhtls sdgrl tdad cdh `ds pfrfhdncds hd almfsnfad alscdm-
plhsfads, pdrqul `f pfrfhdnf-pfrfhdnf hd cdhsu`tf, l` tlmf qul sl fgrl ls qul l` sueltd pulal
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
mfhtlhlr cdh ustlals uhf rl`fcnóh adhal `ds pulafh rlcdhdclr cdmd f`kunlh cdh futdrnafa,
cdmd f`kunlh cdh sfglr y cdmd f`kunlh al` cuf` sl pulal nhcùsd rlcngnr uhf pf`fgrf anstnhtf.
_lrd `ds al`nrnds, prlslhtfh f`kuhfs vlcls hld`dknsmds qul hd alslfh slr ancjds. L` lelmp`d
qul af @fcfh ls uhf pfcnlhtl qul tfraó lh alcnr qul jfgíf uhf pf`fgrf ‐kf`dpnhfr” qul jfgíf
plrmfhlcnad suprnmnaf al su cdhcnlhcnf. ^ l` pfcnlhtl sul`l lhtrlkfr lsd f anskustd. ´_dr quî4
_drqul lsf pf`fgrf ls pfrf î` uhf pf`fgrf qul tnlhl tdad l` vf`dr al uhf nhcókhntf ls lstructu-
rfhtl, d slf qul hd pulal prlscnhanr al l``f, lsf pf`fgrf hd sl vf f rl﬇lefr lh l` Dtrd. Jfy f`kd
rlslrvfad adhal `ds ads lstæh lh nkuf` pdsncnóh.
Fylr lh `f prlslhtfcnóh c`íhncf qul lblctuî vlífmds f f`kunlh qul hd `d pdaífmds cftf`dkfr
cdmd uh al`nrnd pfrcnf`, pdrqul `ds al`nrnds pfrcnf`ls surklh al `f lscnsnóh, qul jfcl qul l`
sueltd tlhkf rl`fcnóh cdh uh dtrd al` cuf` sl lsplrf uhf pf`fgrf p`lhf plrd f su vlz jfy zdhfs
lscnhanafs qul hd lhtrfh lh rl`fcnóh cdh l` dtrd, d slf qul hd sdh anf`lctnzfg`ls.
@f lqunvdcfcnóh psncdfhf`ítncf, y lstd ls f prdpósntd al` prdhóstncd, ls crllr qul trftfhad uh
al`nrnd pfrcnf` mlanfhtl `f pfrtl qul sl cdhsnalrf sfhf al `f plrsdhf`nafa, sl vf f cdhslkunr
f`kuhf mdanﬆcfcnóh lh `f dtrf. @d qul jf ancjd @fcfh ls qul î` jf cdhdcnad sdh rllaucfcnd-
hls, pdrqul anscursnvf.
`f anf`îctncf `ds hld`dknsmds cdmd `ds blhómlhds l`lmlhtf`ls, sdh pf`fgrfs qul hd lhtrfh lh
Fylr
ylr,, prlslhtfmds uh pfcnlhtl adhal su vnaf lstfgf tdmfaf pdr uh al`nrnd, f tf` puhtd qul f`
rlhdvfr l` rlknstrd, `l prlkuhtfrdh sn lrf tfxnstf y sn tdmf mlancfmlhtds. Cdhtlstó qul tdmfgf
psncdbærmfcds y `f psncó`dkf `l prlkuhtf f rfíz al quî. Lhtdhcls alspfcjó tdad l` al`nrnd y hd
dgtuvd `f rlhdvfcnóh al `f `nclhcnf al cdhaucnr qulafhad f pfrtnr al lhtdhcls snh trfgfed.
Lh lsl puhtd î` tnlhl qul jfg`fr al sus cdhvnccndhls y hds cdhstntunmds lh sus pdrtfvdcls.
Cufhad tdad ﬆhf`nzó, `d hdtî uh pdcd plrturgfad, y prlkuhtd ‐`l snrvnó pfrf f`kd `f lhtrl-
vnstf”, sí ancl, ‐pfrf qul ustlals cdhdzcfh y fhdtlh qul vdy f slr fslsnhfad”, d slf qul hd sl
nhstntuyó hnhkuhf rl`fcnóh al supdsncnóh al sfglr.
Fjdrf, l` tlmf
al` fsuhtd allh
lstfgf lstl jdmgrl
qul ls qul tlhíf
î` lrf nh﬇unad lblctnvfmlhtl
pdr jdmgrls uh al`nrnd
nhvnsng`ls cnrcuhscrntd
qul dplrfgfh sdgrly `fsumîau`f
plhsf-
mnlhtd y jfcíf qul tuvnlsl qul alscdhﬆfr al sus prdpnds plhsfmnlhtds. @f lstructurf pdr `f
cuf` uhd pdaíf fﬆrmfr qul sl trftfgf al uh al`nrfhtl, hd lstfgf tfhtd lh `f prlslhtfcnóh al
f`kunlh lh`dqulcnad qul alcíf qul l` kdgnlrhd `l algíf ads mn``dhls al aó`frls pdrqul sl `l
jfgíf alvfùfad l` anhlrd. @f lsplcnﬆcnafa lstfgf afaf lh l` mdmlhtd lh qul sl `l ` l jfcl c`frd
qul lstds jdmgrls nhvnsng`ls dplrfh sdgrl su snstlmf al plhsfmnlhtd. D slf, l` Dtrd tdmf `f
nhncnftnvf y fhdhfaf f` sueltd. Ls `d qul jfcl f` anfkhóstncd anblrlhcnf`.
L` Dtrd tdmf `f nhncnftnvf y fhdhfaf f` sueltd lh l` hõc`ld al su slr. Lstd ls c`frd, hd jfy auaf.
Jfy uhf brfsl al Scjrlglr qul ls nùmnhf lstf pdsncnóh. Scjrlglr ancl yd hd sdy uh pfrfhdncd
pdrqul `ds pfrfhdncds, sdh klhtl qul sl tdmf cdmd clhtrd al` muhad y tdad sl anrnkl f l``ds.
Hd plrtlhlzcd f lsf cftlkdríf, pdrqul ls Ands qunlh lstæ nhtlrlsfad lh mí.
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Lsl Dtrd tdmf l` ùkfr y jfcl al` sueltd uh alspded, sdmltnad f lsfs pf`fgrfs y `l alef f `f rl-
`fcnóh nmfknhfrnf muy pdcf mdvn`nafa.
Cdhdclh l` al`nrnd al `f mfrrfhf, vlhkd al `f ﬆfmgrlríf, fjí @fcfh dgslrvf cdmd lh `f psncdsns
l` Dtrd jfg`f lh `d rlf`. Lstd ls buhafmlhtf` pdrqul rlprlslhtf
rlprlslhtf l` huad vnvd al `fs psncdsns.
L` lelmp`d al `f mfrrfhf ls uh al`nrnd cdmpfrtnad lhtrl mfarl l jnef, qunlhls vnvnlhad euhtfs
tlhífh fcdral f sus rl`ftds uhf vlcnhf nhtrusf. Sl prlslhtfgf brlculhtlmlhtl lh su cfsf l nhtl-
rrumpíf cnlrtfs rl`fcndhls íhtnmfs, qul sl afgfh lhtrl `f mfarl y `f jnef. \h aíf altlrmnhfad
sl lhculhtrf lh l` pfsn``d cdh uh blstlefhtl y `f pfcnlhtl snlhtl qul lstl jdmgrl `f nheurnf an-
cnîhad`l mfrrfhf.
_frf @fcfh lrf f`kunlh fmfg`l qul sl alsp`lkfgf gnlh lh `f
` f lhtrlvnstf al prlslhtfcnóh. Aned lh-
tdhcls qul jfgíf lstfad plhsfhad f`kd fhtls al qul dcurrnlrf l` alskrfcnfad lpnsdand. _lhsfgf
vlhkd al `f cjfhcjlríf, fquí trfaucnad cdmd vlhkd al `f ﬆfmgrlríf. D slf, jfgíf jfgnad uh
plhsfmnlhtd rlf` fpfrlcnad brlhtl f fqul` jdmgrl, f` cuf` jfcl pdrtfadr al `f pf`fgrf mfrrfhf.
Mfrrfhf cdrrlspdhalríf qul sl fcdp`l f` vlhkd al `f ﬆfmgrlríf lh tfhtd pulad slr uhf mf-
rrfhf y pdr `d tfhtd alsmlmgrfaf, ansyuhtf. L``f bdrcùyó d prlcùyó lstf pf`fgrf qul qulaf
alpdsntfaf lh l` pfrtlhlr, cdh `d cuf` sl nhncnf uh cdh﬇nctd trlmlhad pdrqul `f pf`fgrf vnvnaf
cdmd nheurnf alsfrtncu`f l` anscursd. Lhtdhcls l` dtrd alsfrtncu`fad al tdad anscursd sl vul`vl
fmlhfzfhtl.
L` cfsd qul trfíf al `f prlslhtfcnóh al lhblrmds hd ls uh pfrfhdncd snhd uh pfrfbrîhncd, l` hõ-
c`ld lslhcnf` lstfgf f`rlaladr al sus plhsfmnlhtds tl`lpætncfmlhtl nh﬇unads.
Fjdrf `ls cdmlhtfrl `f jnstdrnf qul prdmltí f` cdmnlhzd. Lh `ds föds al `f anctfaurf plrtlhlcíf
f uh lqunpd psnqunætrncd. Sl hds ``fmó lh uhf lmlrklhcnf pdrqul jfgíf uhf plrsdhf f`tlrfaf
pdr uh al`nrnd nmpdrtfhtl, alsdrkfhnzfad qul pdstlrndrmlhtl sl lstfgn`nzó cdmd al`nrnd bfh-
tæstncd. Vulríf nhtlrvlhnr lh `f kulrrf cfsn sl alc`frfaf cdh Cjn`l, alcíf qul tlhíf cdhtfctds
cdh l` cfralhf` Sfmdrî qul lh lsf îpdcf dﬆcnó al mlanfadr. Cdmd lstægfmds f uh mls al`
alslhcfalhfmnlhtd
ùkfr adhal sl jfgífal `f psncdsns puanmds
alslhcfalhfad rlcurrnr f vfrnfs plrsdhfs qul jfgífh lstfad lh l`
`f psncdsns.
Lstl jdmgrl ``fmfad Cfr`ds, lrf uh trfumftnzfad pdr hulstrd bõtgd`. Lh 6><7 sl crlf uhf ls-
cul`f al ærgntrds y al fjí cdmnlhzfh f sf`nr ﬆkurfs alstfcfafs tfhtd lh l` dralh hfcndhf` cdmd
nhtlrhfcndhf`. F lsf
lsf lscul`f lhtrf Cfr`ds f `f lafa al 7< föds, mucjfcjd nhqunltd, f`lkrl, cdh
nhc`nhfcndhls alpdrtnvfs qul cu`tnvfgf tfmgnîh `f `ntlrfturf y `f pd`ítncf. Su vnaf sl alsp`lkfgf
snh trdpnlzds lh tdads `ds óralhls y f` brlhtl al uh cdmlrcnd ``lvf f `f bfmn`nf f uh crlcnlhtl
gnlhlstfr lcdhómncd. Rnvíf
Rnvíf cdh su mfarl y uh jlrmfhd mfydr
mfydr sd`tlrd.
Sd`d rlknstrf cnlrtd plsfr pdr `f mulrtl al su pfarl dcurrnaf f `ds 6> föds. _falcnó `nklrfs
alprlsndhls f `ds 77 föds cufhad sus fmnkds cdmlhzfrdh f bdrmfr mftrnmdhnd, snhtnîhadsl
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
pdslíad pdr uhf prdbuhaf sd`lafa. Hd pfsfrfh 2 mlsls cufhad uhnad f uh vnled cdmpfölrd
rltdmf su vnaf sdcnf`, `nkæhadsl f nhhumlrfg`ls muelrls qul `d ``lvfrfh f cdhsnalrfrsl bl`nz.
Bnhf`mlhtl sl pdhl al hdvnd y lhtrf f `f lscul`f al ærgntrds.
ærgnt rds.
Lh fqul``f lscul`f, jfgíf prdg`lmfs cdmd lh tdafs `fs lscul`fs, plrd lrf alstfcfg`l `f cfpf-
cnafa pfrf cdhaucnrsl lh lsl mland, dgslrvfaf pdr uh bfmn`nfr clrcfhd qul sl alslmpföfgf
cdmd nhstructdr.
Sl alslhvd`víf muy gnlh lh `f ``fmfaf pd`ítncf nhstntucndhf`, lh uhf îpdcf anbícn`, cufhad `f
blalrfcnóh al bõtgd` lstfgf nhtlrvlhnaf pdr l` kdgnlrhd mn`ntfr. Wlsd`víf tdad tnpd al nhtrnkfs
lhtrl cdmpfölrds y prdblsdrls y lkrlsf f `ds 7 föds cdmd frgntrd al <tf cftlkdríf. Lh uhf cf-
rrlrf ræpnaf fscnlhal f 3rf cftlkdríf adhal anrnkíf lhculhtrds al 6rf ‐A” y fctufgf cdmd eulz
al `íhlf lh 6rf ‐F, G, C y A”. Bdrmf pfrtl al uhf plqulöf cfmfrn``f y `l tdcf vnfefr f Wdsfrnd,
cdh cdmpfölrds favlrsds f î` plrd cdh `f cdmp`ncnafa al` vlladr. Lh l` lstfand muhanf`nstf sl
ngfh f ansputfr ads puhtds crucnf`ls cdh uh lqunpd al `f Cfpntf` Blalrf`.
Qdads ngfh uh pdcd hlrvndsds, l` pfrtnad ngf f slr anbícn` y lh `ds lhculhtrds anbícn`ls cfaf uhd
trftf cdh fstucnf al sf`vfr su rlspdhsfgn`nafa, cdmd ls cdmõh lhtrl `ds jumfhds qul sd`d
fspnrfh fsclhalr.
^f lh l` lhculhtrd, l` frqulrd `dcf` tuvd cdmp`ncfcndhls qul jncnlrdh pl`nkrfr su vf``f. @ds
frqulrds cdh lxplrnlhcnf hd alslfh ùcnrsl, lstd sl af pdr föfanaurf9 prlﬆlrlh sí, mfhtlhlr
`leds f `ds al`fhtlrds favlrsfrnds y sl vf`lh f vlcls al mlands n`ícntds. L` frqulrd dgslrvf qul
l` lstn`d al` eulz lrf slkunr `fs eukfafs f anstfhcnf, alefhad `f rlspdhsfgn`nafa fgsdùtf f Cfr`ds
al mfrcfr pdsncndhls bulrf al eulkd (dbbsnal).
Fsí `l ancl qul `lvfhtl `f gfhalrntf mæs slkunad, qul pfrf lsd `f tnlhl y sn hd qul sl `f nhtrd-
auzcf lh l` rlctd.
Cfr`ds nhbdrmf al` nhsu`td f` frgntrd y lstl dralhf `f lxpu`snóh al` eukfadr.
eukfadr.
Al fjí lh fal`fhtl sl prdaucl uh nhclsfhtl alsdralh. @ds `dcf`ls nhankhfads pdr `f lxpu`snóh
al su frqulrd rladg`fh sus nheurnfs, rlsu`tfad al `fs cuf`ls cdmnlhzfh uhf slrnl al lxpu`sndhls
qul jfcl qul l` rlblrí sl fclrqul y `l ankf5 ‐Cfr`ds, fjdrf l` pfrtnad `d tlhlmds qul fkufhtfr
hdsdtrds.”
L` põg`ncd cdmnlhzf f prdvdcfr alsóralhls krfvls y frrdef f Cfr`ds dgeltds cdh `fs pldrls nh-
tlhcndhls. Sl jfcl hlclsfrnf `f nhtlrvlhcnóh pd`ncnf` y cdmnlhzf l` alsp`nlkul. Cdmd lh Wdsfrnd
`ds lblctnvds al slkurnafa snmpftnzfgfh cdh `ds cùgls `dcf`ls, lstds sl alsp`fzfh pfrf prdtlklr
f` dtrd eulz al `íhlf, qunlh hd lrf l` fkrlanad. Lh lsl mdmlhtd Cfr`ds cruzf `f `íhlf y alcnmds
cruzf `f `íhlf pdrqul yf hd jfgræ rltdrhd. _lrp`led, trftfhad al lùanr `ds dgeltds frrdefads
cdhtrf su plrsdhf, cdhslrvfhad su pulstd f plsfr al` rltnrd al prdtlccnóh pd`ncnf` tnlhl `f clr-
tlzf al qul sl jf cdmp`dtfad `f pd`ncíf cdh l` põg`ncd, `ds eukfadrls y sus ads cdmpfölrds.
Al fjí lh fal`fhtl uh al`nrnd al nhtlrprltfcnóh snstlmftnzfad (pfrfhdncd) sl sdstnlhl. Lh `f
slccndhf` pd`ncnf` ls l` õhncd qul hd clal fhtl `f suklrlhcnf al `ds prlsnalhtls al `ds cùgls,
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
qunlhls prltlhaífh jfclr pfsfr `ds nhcnalhtls pdr prdtlstfr bf``ds. Cfr`ds sl mfhtlhíf f hnvl`
al `f vlrafa al `ds fcdhtlcnmnlhtds y ﬆrmf lh anscdhbdrmnafa cdh `ds dtrds ads eulcls.
Cfmnhd f` flrdpulrtd tnlhl `f clrtlzf qul `l qunlrlh frrlgftfr l` pdrtfbd`nds adhal ``lvfgf l`
fctf `fgrfaf y lh Gulhds Fnrls hfanl `d pulal cdhvlhclr pfrf rlf`nzfr uh nhbdrml cdheuhtd
mæs ftlhufad.
Ls fsí cdmd nmpdrtfhtls eukfadrls al 6rf anvnsnóh sdh susplhanads pdr 6? blcjfs, l` ærgntrd pdr
2 mlsls y î`, Cfr`ds lhvíf su rlhuhcnf plhsfhad qul fqul``d jfgíf snad uh cdmp`dt.
Mfhtnlhl uhf fctnvnafa crlftnvf snstlmftnzfaf nhcùsd cufhad ls cntfad pdr l` trnguhf` al ans-
cnp`nhf, cdhﬆrmf `d plhsfad y lstructurf frkumlhtds vlrdsímn`ls
vlrdsímn`ls f puhtd tf` qul sdh tdmfads
sus l`lmlhtds al euncnd pfrf plhfr f sus cd`lkfs y f `ds butgd`nstfs lxpu`sfads. Hfanl sfgíf
jfstf lhtdhcls al su hulvd lqun`ngrnd, plrd jfgíf uhf cdhvnccnóh adkmætncf qul dscn`fgf lhtrl
uhf `dcurf rfzdhfhtl y uh al`nrnd al rlnvnhancfcnóh, f` plrslkunr cdmd dgeltd `f eustncnf. Mfs, î`
`f alﬆhl qul lh fqul` lpnsdand `f eustncnf sl trfhsbdrmó lh bfhtfsíf y pnlhsf jdy qul l` aíf qul
lstd sl rl`ftl, qul f`kunlh lscrngf `ngrds sdgrl lstds lvlhtds, `f eustncnf sl jfræ rlf`nafa.
Ćuæ` bul l` lpnsdand alslhcfalhfhtl4 @f fccnóh pd`ncnf` qul pdr su pfrcnf`nafa qunlgrf `f rl`f-
cnóh nalf` sdstlhnaf pdr su pfarl eustd pdr lxcl`lhcnf, fpdyfad pdr `f ﬆkurf al _lróh f qunlh
rlcdhdcíf uhf vnrtua, f` prdc`fmfr eustncnf sdcnf`.
Lstds nalf`ls buhcndhfrífh snh prdg`lmfs pfrf fns`fr l` cfmpd al `fs ﬆkurfs nmfknhfrnfs qul
cdhﬆkurfh su lstructurf jfstf qul sl prlcnpntf `f psncdsns.
Ls lvnalhtl qul `f nrrupcnóh al \H _farl cdmd snh rfzóh sl nhstf`f cufhad l` alsp`fzfmnlhtd
pd`ncnf` sl prdaucl. Î` hd pulal cdhtlhlr cdh sus rlknstrds rlf`, snmgó`ncd l nmfknhfrnd l` lblctd
al uh kdcl fgsdùtd. Ls fjí, cufhad sl jfcl prlslhtf `f fuslhcnf al` mæs \hd d slf al` cufrtd
fhn``d l` síhtdmf (snhtjdml). Lstf fuslhcnf, jfcl qul `ds rlknstrds sl jfkfh lqunvf`lhtls y qul
lh su cdmnlhzd `fs fccndhls adkmætncfs lh su fpfrnlhcnf al lqun`ngrnd rlsu`tlh al `f yuxtfpd-
sncnóh al `d nmfknhfrnd, `d rlf` y `d snmgó`ncd.
Ls hdtfg`l cdmd cfptd @fcfh f``í f `f plrsdhf`nafa. ´_lrd hulstrd plrsdhfel ls uh pfrfhdncd4
Sí, lh su lhtrfaf f `f psncdsns. Hulstrd sueltd 1 föds alspuîs al` lpnsdand sdstlhíf lh f`kuhds
lscrntds ‐cufhad `ds jdmgrls sl fgfhadhfh f sus lxclsds sdh nhankhds al slr `ngrls, brfsl qul
Sfh Mfrtíh aned f su leîrcntd. F uh leîrcntd qul hfanl vnkn`l tdads sfglh `d qul pulal dcurrnr. ^
fquí `d nhtlrlsfhtl lh 6>:6 (mdmlhtd al` lpnsdand) hfcnó dtrf jnstdrnf snmn`fr qul tnlhl puhtds
al cdnhcnalhcnfs qul bul pfrf mí prfkmætncf y cdmd yf l`lkí l` dtrd cfmnhd, l` al `f sfhkrl,
qul hd l`nknó _lróh, tfmgnîh vf f slr arfmætncf pfrf l` pfís”.
Lh euhnd al fqul` föd, jfg`f y lscrngl sdgrl ‐`f gftf``f pdr `f vlrafa”. _frf l``f ls hlclsfrnd.
@f rlf`nafa al `f mlancnhf nhancf qul hd sl sfgl al quî mfhlrf sl prdaucnræ `f rlprdauccnóh
lh l` föd 7???. Rdy
Rdy f fyuafr f `f mlancnhf lh lstl fsplctd. F` hd lxnstnr `f muelr cdmd culrpd
rlprdauctdr,, l` jdmgrl alglræ cfmgnfr `ds jægntds, ls alcnr fgsdrglr cdh `f gdcf `ds lsplrmf-
rlprdauctdr
tdzdnals y ùlkd tdmfr píàdrfs cdhclptnvfs cufhad alsll rlprdaucnr. Aurfhtl föds `f muelr
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jf tdmfad píàdrfs fhtncdhclptnvfs, cdmltnlhad uhf al `ds plcfads mæs ftrdcls al crímlhls
al `lsf jumfhnafa qul sl algl rlvlrtnr...
Ands slræ l` buturd psnqunftrf al` föd 7??? plrd alscdhdcl l` gf`fhcl ﬆhf`, mnlhtrfs qul mn
bfhtfsíf mfhlef trls jnpótlsns5
Vul Ands gfel y cdhauzcf l` Fpdcf`npsns. Vul `f eustncnf trnuhbl lh `f Frklhtnhf. Vul `f eustncnf
trnuhbl lh `f F.B.F.
_frlcl puls lhcdhtrfr su lstfgn`nafa f`rlaladr al` cfræctlr bfhtæstncd cdh fuslhcnf al lvd-
ùcnóh al snstlmftnzfcndhls y fuslhcnf al lvdùcnóh alﬆcntfrnf, `d qul cdhﬆkurf uh al`nrnd
bfhtæstncd.
Lsplrd qul `ds cfsds y `ds fsplctds tlórncds qul alsfrrd``î pulafh slr al utn`nafa pfrf ustlals.
Krfcnfs.
61 al hdvnlmgrl al 7??7
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NZ
ML@FHCD@ÍF5 L@ DGELQNRD
Jdy vfmds f jfg`fr al uhf lstructurf lsplcnf` qul sl jf prlstfad cdmd tlmf pfrf `f mõsncf, y
jfstf pfrf `f `ntlrfturf, cdsf qul hd dcurrl cdh lstructurfs cdmd `f lsqunzdbrlhnf d `f pfrfhdnf.
Ls uhf lstructurf qul tnlhl f`kd al sdcnf`5 `f ml`fhcd`íf.
Nhtuntnvfmlhtl, alcnmds qul f`kunlh ‐ls uh ml`fhcó`ncd”, al `d cuf` surkl uhf prnmlrf prl-
kuhtf5 ´f quî hds rlblrnmds cufhad alcnmds qul f`kunlh ls uh ml`fhcó`ncd4
Snlmprl qul lstfmds lh l` mfrcd al` slhtnad cdmõh, al `f plrclpcnóh, jfy uhf pîranaf, y `d
qul sl pnlral ls `d qul fquí trftfmds al prlcnsfr `f lstructurf. Cufhad vfmds f` blhómlhd y
hds qulafmds cfptfads pdr î`, `d qul sl pnlral hdrmf`mlhtl ls lsf lstructurf, yf anenmds quî
ls `d qul dcurrl lh mucjfs al `fs alscrnpcndhls qul jfcl l` ASM-NR,
ASM-NR, adhal anfkhóstncds cdmd
l` al gnpd`frnafa (rlcursd jfgntuf` pfrf afr culhtf al mucjfs pftd`dkífs), ansnmu`f `f prdg`l-
mætncf al `f anblrlhcnf al lstructurfs, y lh pfrtncu`fr l`nmnhf uh l`lmlhtd buhafmlhtf` qul
jlmds usfad lh `f prlcnsnóh al `fs lstructurfs, tfhtd pfrf `f hlurdsns cdmd pfrf `f psncdsns5 `f
cftlkdríf al sueltd.
Wlculralh qul cufhad alcnmds sueltd, hds rlblrnmds f fqul``d qul lstæ `nkfad f `f lscucjf al
`f pf`fgrf, f `f lscucjf al `f `lhkuf. L` sueltd huhcf ls plrclptng`l pdr `f mnrfaf, snhd pdr `f
lscucjf, y pdr `f lscucjf al uh anscursd. L` sueltd p`fhtlf uhf rl`fcnóh cdh `ds dtrds, cdh l`
Dtrd, qul ls uhf rl`fcnóh qul lscfpf f `d
` d qul jfgntuf`mlhtl jlmds ``fmfad víhcu`d lhtrl ads
plrsdhfs, y lsd jfcl f `f anﬆcu`tfa al plrcngnr`d, cfptfr`d y cdhstrunr`d.
Cufhad alsal l` slhtnad cdmõh alcnmds qul tf` plrsdhf ls uh ml`fhcó`ncd d uhf ml`fhcó`ncf,
hds rlblrnmds, slkõh `fs lxplrnlhcnfs al cfaf uhd, f f`kunlh qul sl pdhl lh mlhds, f f`kunlh
qul pnlral,
cd, qul f f`kunlh al`
ls hdstæ`kncd qulpfsfad,
sl cdhsnalrf mnhusvæ`nad
sl ancl5 lhKfral`”,
‐`f vnuaf al f`kõh hnvl`. Ls f`kunlh
rlﬆrnîhadsl qul
f al uhlsslödr
hdstæ`kn-
slödr,
, pdr
lelmp`d, qul jfg`f al Kfral`. Ls alcnr qul jfy f`kd qul l` ml`fhcó`ncd lh l` slhtnad cdmõh,
rlﬆlrl f `d qul bul, f `d qul yf hd lstæ, y qul prdaucl lsl lblctd hdstæ`kncd. L` ml`fhcó`ncd hd
ls uhf plrsdhf al nalf`ls, al buturd, hd ls buturnstf. Hd lstæ rlblrnad f` prlslhtl, hd ls fctuf`,
snlmprl tnlhl uhf cfrkf al` pfsfad y pdr `d tfhtd lstæ rlblrnad f `f pîranaf.
F `f gõsqulaf al `f lstructurf lsplcíﬆcf al` ml`fhcó`ncd, pdalmds yf alcnr f`kd5 l` ml`fhcó-
`ncd sl rlﬆlrl f` pfsfad y hd f` prlslhtl hn f` buturd, pdrqul tnlhl uhf rl`fcnóh íhtnmf cdh `f
pîranaf, y l` pfsfad ls l` tnlmpd plranad.
Slríf nhtlrlsfhtl vlr lh l` `ngrd al _rdust Lh gõsqulaf al` tnlmpd plranad, sn lstf ls uhf gõsqulaf
ml`fhcó`ncf d hd, yf qul alsal su títu`d pfrlcl slr`d. _lrd ls prdgfg`l qul uh ml`fhcó`ncd –lh
l` slhtnad lstrnctd–, qunzæs pdslylrf l` rlcursd f `f lscrnturf, y pdr `d tfhtd, yf hd slríf tfh
ml`fhcó`ncd, slríf lh tdad cfsd `f lscrnturf cdmd sup`lhcnf al uh ml`fhcó`ncd qul al f`kuhf
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bdrmf lscfpf f `fs altlrmnhfcndhls al su lstructurf. Hd ls al ml`fhcó`ncd pdalr lscrngnr sdgrl

`f ml`fhcd`íf.
Cufhad alcnmds qul uhf plrsdhf qul sl alsmlrlcl, qul pnlral, qul lstæ rlblrnad f `d plranad,
nhmlanftfmlhtl
vnanr fkufs. \hd tlhlmds
ls `d qulads cftlkdrífs
sl ``fmf lh `dsbf`d9
–Ϝ, mlhds cdhclptds qul
y dtrd ls hds drnlhtfh
dgeltd f. pfrf lmplzfr f an-
Lstfs ads cftlkdrífs plrmntlh anvnanr `fs fkufs lhtrl `d qul fpfrlcl lh l` blhómlhd cdmd nkuf`
plrd ls anblrlhtl. \hf cdsf ls `f rl`fcnóh f `d qul ``fmfmds – Ϝ qul sdh tdads `ds lblctds al
ansmnhucnóh qul uh hlurótncd pfalcl lh cuf`qunlr hnvl`.
Ls tfmgnîh l` – Ϝ uh mdmlhtd al` fhæ`nsns al f`kunlh qul tnlhl uhf cdhsnstlhcnf tdcfaf pdr su
síhtdmf d tdcfaf pdr `f vfcn`fcnóh al uh bfhtfsmf, pdr jlcjds al `f vnaf. @f rlspulstf fhf`í-
tncf algn`ntf `fs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls, ﬆhf`mlhtl `fs jfcl cflr y lstd l` sueltd `d rlknstrf lh mucjds
mdmlhtds cdmd mlhds. Cufhad lsd sl tdcf jfy uh lblctd al cfíaf alhtrd al uh fhæ`nsns, jfy
uh lblctd al fhkustnf, y uh lblctd al alsdrnlhtfcnóh, jfy uh lblctd al lxtrföfmnlhtd tfmgnîh,
sdh tdads anstnhtds lblctds cdmd blhómlhds c`íhncds al `d qul sl ``fmf `f bf`tf lh slr
slr,, qul ls uh
cfmnhd hlclsfrnd al tdad mdvnmnlhtd al `fs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls lh uh fhæ`nsns.
\h ml`fhcó`ncd ls f`kunlh qul pfsó pdr l` –Ϝ, `d ftrfvlsó, y sl lhcdhtró cdh l` dgeltd9 ls f`kunlh
qul lstæ nalhtnﬆcfad f` dgeltd, y hd tdaf plrsdhf qul jfg`f lh mlhds al sí ls f`kunlh qul lstæ
nalhtnﬆcfad f` dgeltd.
Lstf ls uhf prnmlrf fprdxnmfcnóh pfrf anvnanr fkufs lhtrl uh hlurótncd y uh psncótncd. Hdtlh
tfmgnîh qul cufhad jfg`fmds al lsqunzdbrlhnf d al pfrfhdnf, hd jfy hnhkuhf auaf al qul
sl trftf al `f psncdsns. Jfy uhf tlmætncf plrsnstlhtl lh `d sdcnf`, al cdhbuhanr l` blhómlhd al
`f ml`fhcd`íf cdh cuf`qunlr alprlsnóh. Cuf`qunlr alprlsnóh af lstl mlhds, lstf nhlrcnf, lstl
alcfnmnlhtd, lstd qul fpfrlcl lh `fs mföfhfs cufhad f`kunlh alprnmnad sl lhbrlhtf f` aíf qul
tnlhl pdr al`fhtl, uh trfgfed qul sl `l vnlhl lhcnmf y qul snlhtl hd pulal lhbrlhtfr. Lsds sdh
lblctds al alprlsnóh qul pulalh lstfr plrblctfmlhtl lh uh ml`fhcó`ncd plrd hd f`cfhzfh al
hnhkuhf mfhlrf f cdhstntunr uhf psncdsns.
@f pfrtncu`frnafa al` blhómlhd ml`fhcó`ncd, ls `f al cdhbuhanrsl cdh f`kd qul jf tdmfad krfh
vnklhcnf pdr `ds fhtnalprlsnvds, lxtlhanlhad `f alprlsnóh f cdstf al `f ml`fhcd`íf, cdhbuh-
anîhadsl cdh `f alprlsnóh, cdh `d qul anclh `ds pdltfs, y qul jfcl plhsfr f `f ml`fhcd`íf cdmd
bulrf al` cfmpd al `f psncdsns.
\hd pdaríf alcnr qul `d qul jfcl lvnalhtl f `f psncdsns, cufhad uhd lscucjf f uh psncótncd als-
lhcfalhfad, ls l` al`nrnd, qul plrmntl altlctfr snh almfsnfafs vul`tfs qul f`kunlh f``í lstæ al-
`nrfhad (snlmprl qul slf suﬆcnlhtlmlhtl c`frd). Lstl ls uh puhtd qul tnlhl su pfrtncu`frnafa,
`d qul sl ``fmf l` al`nrnd ml`fhcó`ncd. L` al`nrnd ml`fhcó`ncd hd ls uh al`nrnd tfh dgvnd cdmd l`
al`nrnd lsqunzdbrîhncd d l` al`nrnd pfrfhdncd. Snh lmgfrkd, alsal Brlua, y alsal @fcfh, jfy uh
al`nrnd ml`fhcó`ncd. Jfy uh al`nrnd prdtdtípncd al` ml`fhcó`ncd qul ls l` qul sl alhdmnhfad l`
al`nrnd al nhankhnafa.
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Snh lmgfrkd, sn hds mfhtlhlmds lh l` p`fhd al `f snkhnﬆcfcnóh al` al`nrnd qul lh lstl cfsd
slríf `f mlhtfaf nhankhnafa, hds lhcdhtrfmds lh uh hnvl` qul hd ls prdpnfmlhtl al `f lstruc-
turf. L` cdhtlhnad al` al`nrnd plrmntl c`fsnﬆcfcndhls, plrd `f c`fsnﬆcfcnóh hd ls `f prlcnsnóh al
`f lstructurf. Snh lmgfrkd, cufhad p`fhtlfmds uh sueltd nalhtnﬆcfad f` dgeltd, tlhlmds qul
nhtlrrdkfr sn só`d sl pulal sdstlhlr qul `f mfhnblstfcnóh al `f nalhtnﬆcfcnóh f` dgeltd plranad,
l` só`d snkhd al lsd, ls uh cdhtlhnad snkhnﬆcftnvd al` al`nrnd. Hulstrd cfmnhd lstfríf bfcn`ntfad
lh `f mlanaf lh qul tdaf plrsdhf qul pfalzcf uh al`nrnd al nhankhnafa
n hankhnafa slríf uh ml`fhcó`ncd,
`d cuf` dcurrl lh uh cnlrtd hnvl`, plrd f vlcls ls pdsng`l jfclr uh anfkhóstncd al ml`fhcd`íf snh
qul lstî l` al`nrnd cdh cdhtlhnad al nhankhnafa9 d slf qul alglmds sfglr nhtlrrdkfr `ds snkhds
al `f nalhtnﬆcfcnóh f` dgeltd qul hd sd`fmlhtl pulalh slr lxprlsfads lh l` al`nrnd
al`n rnd al nhankhn-
afa, d slf lh `d mfhnﬆlstd al` cdhtlhnad al` al`nrnd.
Hdsdtrds alcnmds snlmprl qul l` al`nrnd ls l` trfgfed al nhtlrprltfcnóh qul jfcl uh sueltd al
su pdsncnóh. Wlculralh qul anenmds qul pdr uh `fad, jfy blhómlhds prnmfrnds al `f psncdsns,
y pdr l` dtrd, al`nrnd al nhtlrprltfcnóh. L` al`nrnd ls l` trfgfed qul jfcl l` psncótncd sdgrl `ds
blhómlhds prnmfrnds.
Alsal l` puhtd
p`ncfcnóh. al vnstf
Jfy f`kd al `f
f `d qul l` rlspulstf
ml`fhcó`ncdc`íhncf, îstf ftnlhl
cdhvdcf, cnlrtflhfkrlsnvnafa
`f ml`fhcd`íf
al`su pfrtncu`fr pdr
nhtlr`dcutdr cdm-`d
nhvu`hlrfg`l al su clrrfmnlhtd9 plrd falmæs l` ml`fhcó`ncd tnlhl, pdr lstructurf, fgnlrtf uhf
pulrtf, qul lh vlrafa ls `f vlhtfhf, `f` f vlhtfhf f` pfsfel f` fctd suncnaf.
Fsí cdmd `f pfrfhdnf tnlhl `f pulrtf fgnlrtf f` jdmncnand, pdr su lstructurf mnsmf, l` ml`fhcó-
`ncd tnlhl `f pulrtf fgnlrtf f` suncnand pdr `f lstructurf al nalhtnﬆcfcnóh f` dgeltd.
´_dr quî4 Wlculralh qul l` alstnhd al` dgeltd f ls uh alstnhd al lstfr bulrf. \h alstnhd al
dgeltd cfíad, pdrqul l` dgeltd f ls l` símgd`d al `d qul hd sl pulal sug`nmfr. Lhtdhcls pdr
lstructurf, lh tdaf `f `lhkuf, lh tdad l` `lhkufel, lh tdad anscursd, jfy f`kd qul hd sl `dkrf
fgsdrglr,, ls `d qul sl ``fmf dgeltd f.
fgsdrglr
@fcfh `d ancl fsí lh l` Slmnhfrnd sdgrl @f `ókncf al` bfhtfsmf6, l` jdmgrl tnlhl uhf rl`fcnóh al
bdrcùsnóh cdh su prdpnd slr, f` qul ``fmf altrntus. Ls, ancl, `d qul pdr lstructurf lstæ bdrcùnad
al `d snmgó`ncd, y lstd tnlhl uhf slrnl al mfhnblstfcndhls. Dtrf bdrmf al alcnr f`kd al lstf nm-
pdsngn`nafa ls cufhad jfg`f al `f vlrafa. Ancl5 `f vlrafa hd tdaf pulal slr ancjf. Lh rlf`nafa,
sdh bdrmfs al jfg`fr al lstd qul qulaf fbulrf al `f cfpturf snmgó`ncf.
Cufhad Brlua jfg`f al` psncdfhæ`nsns cdmd prdblsnóh nmpdsng`l, qunlrl alcnr qul l` psncdfhæ-
`nsns tnlhl uhf rl`fcnóh al nmpdsng`l cfpturf al` tdad, `d qul Brlua ``fmó cfstrfcnóh9 jfy f`kd
qul lscfpf, y qul pdr `d tfhtd prdblsnóh nmpdsng`l hd qunlrl alcnr prdblsnóh nmpdtlhtl, snhd
prdblsnóh qul trfgfef sdgrl uh nmpdsng`l snh `f nhtlhcnóh al rlfgsdrglr`d cdmd pdsng`l, snhd
qul trfgfef cdh lsl nmpdsng`l y cd`dcf f` sueltd hlurótncd lh uhf pdsncnóh qul hd tlhíf lh rl`f-
cnóh cdh `f nmpdsngn`nafa9 ls `d qul Brlua ``fmf alclpcnóh.
6- @FCFH, Efcquls, Slmnhfrnd @f `ókncf al` bfhtfsmf (6>2;), nhîantd.

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Wlculralh qul `f alclpcnóh hd ls `f alclpcnóh hlurótncf al ‐lstdy alclpcndhfad”. @f alclp-

cnóh lh tîrmnhds brluanfhds, sn ustlals `llh tdads `ds frtícu`ds lh `ds qul sl rlﬆlrl f` Lanpd,
ls uhf buhcnóh snmgó`ncf qul lhvíf f `d nmpdsng`l, f` dgeltd nhfcclsng`l, f` dgeltd nhclstudsd,
alclpcnóh al `f mfarl, knrd jfcnf l` pfarl, knrd al `f mfarl qul hd ttnlhl
nlhl plhl –ancl Brlua–9 lsl
ls l` mdtdr qul drnlhtf f` sueltd lh l` mfrcd laípncd jfcnf l` pfarl, plrd hd ls qul lsd cdhstntu-
yl f uh hlurótncd, snhd qul prdaucl `f cdhstntucnóh al uh sueltd. Al lsl mdad, `f alclpcnóh ls
uh mdtdr qul alsp`fzf f` sueltd lh `fs ﬆkurfs laípncfs. _dr alclpcnóh f` hd rlcngnr uh hnöd al`
pfarl, `f hnöf sl drnlhtf jfcnf l` jdmgrl, hd sl drnlhtf jfcnf l` mf`lstfr.
_lrd sn `l alcnmds f `f klhtl qul l` psncdfhæ`nsns prdpdhl alclpcnóh, lstd prdvdcfríf mf`lh-
tlhanads.
Vul uhf plrsdhf sl lhculhtrf alclpcndhfaf qunlrl alcnr qul lhtró lh cdhtfctd cdh `d nmpd-
sng`l y sl cd`dcó lh rl`fcnóh f `d nmpdsng`l, `d qul prdaucl hd uhf plrsdhf alprnmnaf, snhd
uhf plrsdhf lhtusnfstf. Ls alcnr, qul prdaucl cdmd lblctd `f alclpcnóh ls l` lhtusnfsmd. L`
lhtusnfsmd hd ls uhf pfsnóh fkntfaf al `f sugeltnvnafa, ls l` lstfr lh l` cfmnhd al `d qul uhd
algl jfclr.
Lh tîrmnhds cdhclptuf`ls, lhtusnfsmd qunlrl alcnr mæxnmd sueltfmnlhtd f` snkhnﬆcfhtl fmd
qul uhd jf lxtrfíad al uh fhæ`nsns. Lstd `d pulalh `llr lh l` õ`tnmd pærrfbd al` Slmnhfrnd 667.
Ls f``í adhal @fcfh jfg`f al uh fmdr snh `ímntls cdmd lblctd al` ﬆhf` al` fhæ`nsns, qul nmp`ncf
uh mæxnmd sueltfmnlhtd f` snkhnﬆcfhtl fmd lxtrfíad lh l` fhæ`nsns. Ls uhf bdrmf, hd `f õhncf,
al jfg`fr al lstd.
Snlmprl rlculrad uh anæ`dkd cdh fmnkds al F_F,
F_F, rlblrnad f` ﬆh al fhæ`nsns. L``ds lh lstl puhtd
jfg`fh al `nglrtfa crlfadrf, lxf`tfcnóh ydncf, y yd `ls alcíf qul fjí hdsdtrds `llmds mæxnmd
sueltfmnlhtd. Lh lsl puhtd ml alcífh ustlals prdauclh lsc`fvds y hd klhtl `ngrl.
@f `nglrtfa ls tdad uh tlmf alsal Mfrx. Wlculralh qul su bórmu`f al `f `nglrtfa qul uhf vlz
ml cdstó `f nrdhíf al uh ﬆ`ósdbd, lrf qul ls `f cdhcnlhcnf al `f hlclsnafa, ls alcnr, slr `ngrl ls
slr cdhcnlhtls al `f hlclsnafa. Lsf vlz `l rlcntî lstd f uh ﬆ`ósdbd, sl `d lscrngí y ml pusd fgfed
‐qulad lhtlrfad”. Mfrx pdhl lh lsl ùkfr l` prdg`lmf al `f cdhcnlhcnf, mnlhtrfs hdsdtrds
ugncfmds `f nmp`ncfcnóh al` sueltd, ls alcnr, l` mæxnmd sueltfmnlhtd f `ds snkhnﬆcfhtls fmds.
L` ml`fhcó`ncd p`fhtlf l` tlmf al `f nmpdtlhcnf al fcclsd f su pdsncnóh y cdmd ancl cdsfs
qul tnlhlh qul vlr cdh tlmfs al `f vnaf, hd cdmd l` pfrfbrîhncd qul pulal alcnr qul vnlhlh
dvhns, pdr lelmp`d, nhcùyîhadsl lh uhf nhtlrprltfcnóh al`nrfhtl al su prdpnf jnstdrnf y al sus
prdpnds fctds, prlstæhadsl f `f anscusnóh. Ls mæs anbícn` l` anæ`dkd cdh f`kunlh qul ancl qul
cdhvlrsf cdh dvhns, mæs gnlh uhd tnlhal f trftfr al lhtlhalr quî sdh lsds dvhns cdh `ds qul
jfg`f. _lrd cdh f`kunlh, qul pdr lelmp`d, ancl qul ls cu`pfg`l al `d qul jnzd cdh sus jneds,
snlmprl sl prlstf f uh hnvl` adhal l` al`nrnd ls anscutng`l, pdr `d tfhtd nhvntf f `ds qul rdalfh
f uh ml`fhcó`ncd f cdhtrfalcnr`d, cdsf qul sfglmds qul ls `d pldr qul uhd pulal jfclr brlhtl
f uh psncótncd. _rnmlrd pdrqul hd tnlhl hnhkõh lblctd, y slkuhad qul f` al`nrnd sl `d fcdmpföf
7- @FCFH, Efcquls, L` Slmnhfrnd, @ngrd 66, @ds cuftrd cdhclptds buhafmlhtf`ls al` psncdfhæ`nsns (6>21), La. _fnaós, Gulhds Fnrls.
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lh su frtncu`fcnóh f` mæxnmd hnvl`, plrd huhcf sl cjdcf, pdrqul hd jfy pdsngn`nafa al cjdcfr
cdh lsd snh qulafr lh `f nmpdtlhcnf.
n mpdtlhcnf.
_dr supulstd cufhad l` fhf`nstf lstæ nalhtnﬆcfad f uh fmd, pdr su prdpnf pdsncnóh, ls alcnr,
cufhad lstæ lh pdsncnóhafsugeltnvf
turf`, nhlùang`lmlhtl allstl
lblctds al fhf`nzfr f` Lh
dralh. dtrddtrfs
y hdpf`fgrfs,
al cfusfrcufhad
su fhæ`nsns, `f tlhalhcnf
l` fhf`nstf sl pdhlhf-
lh
`f pdsncnóh al fmd brlhtl f` síhtdmf y mucjd mæs brlhtl f uhf lstructurf cdmd `f ml`fhcó`ncf,
nhlùang`lmlhtl, cfl lh l` ùkfr al` fmd, qul cufhad `fs cdsfs hd mfrcjfh sl pdhl fkrlsnvd.
\hf vlrsnóh al lstd ls fqul``f qul pulalh `llr lh f`kuhds lsplcnf`nstfs lh l` trftfmnlhtd al `f
ml`fhcd`íf, qul p`fhtlfh qul f` ml`fhcó`ncd jfy qul plhltrfr`d muy bulrtlmlhtl lh su lstruc-
turf pfrf jfclr lstf``fr su hõc`ld ml`fhcó`ncd. D slf qul l` fmd, cufhad `fs cdsfs hd mfrcjfh,
sl pdhl fkrlsnvd, y lsplcnf`mlhtl cufhad hd mfrcjfh al fculrad f su cdhclpcnóh al `d qul ls
uh síhtdmf, al `d qul ls `f curfcnóh y al `d qul ls uhf plrsdhf ‐hdrmf`”. \h fmd sfgl cdmd
jfy qul vnvnr, sfgl `d qul ls lhblrmd y `d qul ls sfhd, y pdr `d tfhtd qunlrl qul dcurrfh `fs
cdsfs cdmd î` ancl qul dcurrlh y cdmd alglh dcurrnr.
dcurrnr.
_frf uh fmd `f nalf al suncnand ls uhf nalf pftd`ókncf sí d sí, y pdr `d tfhtd, cufhad f`kunlh hd
rlhuhcnf f l``f, prnmlrd nhancfræ `f mlancfcnóh y ùlkd
` ulkd l` l`lctrdsjdci.
@fcfh jf tdmfad uhf pdsncnóh pfrtncu`fr brlhtl f` suncnand. \stlals pulalh f`kuhds pærrfbds
sdgrl lstl tlmf lh uh tlxtd qul sl ``fmf Ql`lvnsnóh3, lh l` Slmnhfrnd 661, cfpítu`ds
cfpítu` ds NR y R
R.. L` suncn
suncn--
ad ls ugncfad cdmd uh fctd, `d cuf` hd ls `d mnsmd qul alcnr qul ls uh síhtdmf, yf qul ls cfsn
`d cdhtrfrnd al uh síhtdmf, pdrqul l` síhtdmf sl drnlhtf mæs qul f `ds fctds, f `f nhjngncnóh al`
fctd, sl drnlhtf mæs f` fctnhk dut y f` pfsfel f` fctd, plrd hd sl drnlhtf f` fctd.
Al mdad qul ugncfr lh `f ml`fhcd`íf l` suncnand cdmd uh nhlùang`l aftd pftd`ókncd, alef f`
sueltd lhbrlhtfad f` fhf`nstf, `d alef al f`kuhf bdrmf só`d cdh su muhad ml`fhcó`ncd y su
drnlhtfcnóh jfcnf l` suncnand.
Lstd hds cd`dcf lh uhf pdsncnóh îtncf cdmp`ncfaf. @fcfh hd nalhtnﬆcf f` fhf`nstf cdh l` nalf`
jnpdcrætncd allelmp`d,
rlblrnads, pdr `f alblhsff nhlxdrfg`l aly`f`ds
`f lutfhfsnf, vnaf.
qulLh
sl lsl puhtd
``fmfh alrfancfh tdads
`f vlrafa. `ds prdg`lmfs
Lstdy îtncds
plhsfhad lh `ds
lhblrmds tlrmnhf`ls, lh cómd sl lhbrlhtf `f mulrtl. Lh vlrafa jfy tdaf uhf slrnl al jnstdrnfs
fclrcf al cómd, alsal l` puhtd al vnstf al` psncdfhæ`nsns, sl fcdmpföf f uh sueltd qul lhbrlhtf
`f mulrtl. Hulstrf îtncf slpfrf `f vlrafa al `f rlf`nafa, pdr lsd alcnr`l `f vlrafa f uh lhblrmd
tlrmnhf` ls alsal lstf plrsplctnvf hd sdstlhng`l.
Alcíf lhtdhcls qul cufhad @fcfh drnlhtf `f culstnóh al` suncnand jfcnf l` fctd y ancl qul l`
õhncd fctd lxntdsd ls l` suncnand `dkrfad, alsdrnlhtf `f mfydríf al `fs pdsncndhls. Qfmgnîh ancl
qul î` jf fcdmpföfad f` suncnand f klhtl f qunlh qulríf y cdh fblctd, y fcdmpföf f` suncnand lh
`fs mföfhfs adhal `ds pæefrds cfhtfh, mföfhfs al lsplrfhzf… Hdtlh qul lstd mæs f``æ al `ds
lblctds qul pulaf prdaucnr,
prdaucnr, yd rlscftfríf pdr supulstd hd uh f`n
f`nlhtd
lhtd f` suncnand, snhd uhf nhtlr-
n htlr-
3- @FCFH,
1- @FCFH, Efcquls, _sncdfhæ`nsns.
Efcquls, L` Slmnhfrnd, Wfandbdhíf & cuftrd
@ngrd 66, @ds Ql`lvnsnóh, Lantdrnf`ngnalm,
cdhclptds… Fhfkrfmf, 6>::, Gfrcl`dhf.
pæks <?-;7.
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`dcucnóh cdh f`kunlh qul tnlhl nalfs al suncnand qul hd hds nalhtnﬆcf f uh ùkfr qul hds pdsn-
cndhf lhbrlhtl, snhd f lstfr f` `fad, pfrf vlr quî ls `d qul lsf plrsdhf guscf, cuæ` ls su alsld.
Sfglmds qul l` suncnand tnlhl pfrf `ds qul qulafh uh lblctd snhku`fr. Hd ls `d mnsmd qul
cufhad f`kunlh
uh fctd qul sl mulrl.
tnlhal Sfglmds
f dcu`tfrsl, ls uhtdafs `fs anﬆcu`tfals
fctd qul al trfhsmnsnóh
cdmd tf` ls trfhskrlsnvd. @fqul lstd nmp`ncf.
prlkuhtf Ls
qul algl-
mds jfclrhds ls5 ´quî ls `d qul sl trfhskrlal4
t rfhskrlal4
L` suncnand hd alﬆhl lstructurfs, y fuhqul pdafmds jfclr anstnhcndhls lhtrl l` suncnand als-
lsplrfad y l` cf`cu`fad d l` rntuf`nzfad, tdads tnlhlh lh cdmõh qul alspuîs hd jfy rltdrhd f`
lstfad fhtlrndr,
fhtlrndr, y lstd ls `d qul `ds cdhvnlrtl lh fctds vlrafalrds.
_dr lsd @fcfh ancl qul tdad suncnand hd `dkrfad ls uh fctnhk, tdad suncnand `dkrfad fuhqul slf
pdr fccnalhtl ls uh fctd, pdrqul alspuîs al uh fctd hd sl pulal vd`vlr ftræs. Lstl ls l` aftd
qul rlscftf pfrf uhnﬆcfr tdafs `fs bdrmfs al suncnand.
Snh lmgfrkd, alsal dtrf plrsplctnvf pdalmds tfmgnîh alcnr qul jfy suncnands qul lhcfrhfh
mæs l` fctd qul dtrds, y pdr lsd @fcfh lelmp`nﬆcf l` fctd suncnaf cdh `d qul sl ``fmf l` jfrfinrn,
uh fctd suncnaf pdr jdhdr, hd pdr alslsplrfcnóh, hd pdr fhkustnf, hd pdr hd pdalr vnvnr. ^ ls
uh suncnand qul ls nhtlrlsfhtl tdmfr`d lh ads fsplctds5 l` fsplctd al `f alcnsnóh (qul ls l` qul
rlf`nzó Mnsjnmf), l` mdmlhtd adhal alcnal, fuhqul alspuîs qul alcnal ls uh sueltd al` fctd.
\hf vlz qul alcnal lhtrfr lh l` prdclanmnlhtd al` jfrfinrn, `f lhtrfaf f``í yf hd `d alef plhsfr,
plhsfr,
snhd qul algl ``lvfr f cfgd uhf slrnl al fctds dg`nkftdrnds qul cdhstruylh l` fctd al` suncnand,
y qulafh bulrf al `f prlmlantfcnóh y bulrf al `f alcnsnóh.
L` mlhsfel buhafmlhtf` ls slpfrfr l` suncnand al uh síhtdmf, y cd`dcfr f` fhf`nstf f `f lscucjf
al lsf anblrlhcnf, pdr supulstd snlmprl nhtlhtfhad sdstlhlr l` anscursd, plrd f sfgnlhafs al
qul f``í jfy uhf vlrafa f lscucjfr qul hd hlclsfrnfmlhtl trfaucl cdmd îxntd al` fhf`nstf l`
lvntfr `f mulrtl –qul ls l` nalf` jnpdcrætncd–. Lsl ls l` nalf` qul lhcnlrrf f `f mlancnhf lh prd-
g`lmfs slrnds îtncds qul p`fhtlfh tdad fqul``d qul sl anscutl f`rlaladr al `d qul sl ``fmf l`
‐adctdr mulrtl”, pdr lelmp`d, l` tlmf al `f lutfhfsnf.
Sn afmds uhf plqulöf vul`tf pdr cdhsnalrfcndhls psnqunætrncfs sdgrl l` suncnand, tlhlmds uhf
prnmlrf alﬆhncnóh5 alprlsnóh d ml`fhcd`íf. Wlculralh qul lstfs ads cfrfctlrístncfs lh Brlua
sl rlﬆlrlh f sus p`fhtlds sdgrl aul`d y ml`fhcd`íf. Fsí, l` aul`d qulaf al` `fad al `f hlurdsns
y `f ml`fhcd`íf al` `fad al `f psncdsns.
L` föd pfsfad qul jfg`î al ml`fhcd`íf y `ls sugrfyfgf uh aftd f nhtlrrdkfr lh l` tlxtd al Brlua
lh ‐Aul`d y ml`fhcd`íf”< adhal jfg`f nhsnstlhtlmlhtl al` aul`d pftd`ókncd. @f prlkuhtf qul
`ls slöf`fgf lh fqul` mdmlhtd, lrf sn pdalmds plhsfr qul lh `f ml`fhcd`íf jfy uh aul`d pf-
td`ókncd. Ls alcnr, sn l` buhafmlhtd al `f ml`fhcd`íf slríf lsl aul`d pftd`ókncd, y ls mæs, sn uh
aul`d pftd`ókncd ls uh aul`d lh l` cfmpd al `f hlurdsns.
<- BWL\A, Snkmuha, ‐Aul`d y ml`fhcd`íf”, lh5 Dgrfs cdmp`ltfs, Gng`ndtlcf Hulvf, Gulhds Fnrls.
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@lylhad ‐Aul`d y ml`fhcd`íf”, nhtlrrdkfhad lstf culstnóh hd ml surkíf uhf rlspulstf lvn-
alhtl. Sn ugncærfmds cdmd l` buhafmlhtd al `f ml`fhcd`íf l` aul`d pftd`ókncd, `f c`íhncf hds
rlspdhalríf cdh uhf anscusnóh rlsplctd al lstd. Cufhad f`kunlh hd jnzd l` aul`d pdr uhf pîr-
anaf, alcnmds ls uh aul`d pftd`ókncd9 sn 3? föds alspuîs snkul `f vnklhcnf al` dgeltd plranad,
alcnmds tfmgnîh qul ls uh aul`d pftd`ókncd, plrd lsd hd nmp`ncf hlclsfrnfmlhtl `f psncdsns.
Ls alcnr qul ``fmfmds aul`d pftd`ókncd f uh aul`d qul hd prdaued f `d qul l` aul`d tnlhl qul
`dkrfr5 sustntunr `f pîranaf.
Rfmds rlcdrtfhad f`kuhds puhtds9 cufhad jfg`fmds al ml`fhcd`íf, jfg`fmds al pîranaf y
al` dgeltd plranad, ``fmfhad f lstl dgeltd uh slr qulrnad lh tîrmnhds brluanfhds y dgeltd f lh
tîrmnhds `fcfhnfhds.
L` pfsfel al` slr qulrnad, al `ds nalf`ls qulrnads cdh qul Brlua hdmgrf `f pîranaf, f `f pîranaf
al` dgeltd, nmp`ncf l` fpuhtfr f` mæs f``æ al `fs bdrmfs nmfknhfrnfs al` dgeltd. Fsí, altræs al`
slr qulrnad, lstæ l` dgeltd qul lsl slr qulrnad lhcfrhf. @fcfh vf f p`fhtlfr qul lh l` cfmpd al`
fmdr lstæ l` slr qulrnad, plrd lh l` cfmpd al `f lstructurf y al` kdcl, lstæ l` dgeltd f qul `d
sdstnlhl. _dr lsd snlmprl qul vfmds al Brlua f @fcfh hds qulaf lh l` cfmnhd `f alstntucnóh al
`fs snkhnﬆcfcndhls, gfed `f bdrmf al` al`nrnd al nhankhnafa, al `ds slrls qulrnads, al` fmdr, ltc.
@f psnqunftríf tfmgnîh jfg`f al alsclhsds al jumdr, y lsl yf ls dtrd tlmf, `f` f ml`fhcd`íf p`fh-
tlfaf lh tîrmnhds al uh prdg`lmf cdh l` jumdr
jumdr..
Cufhad alcnmds jumdr,
jumdr, lstd rlsulhf lh tdad `d qul ``fmfmds `f lhlrkîtncf brluanfhf, y crld
qul lh f`kõh mdmlhtd mlhcndhî qul tnlhl uhf `ókncf, qul tlrmnhf lh `f pdsncnóh fhf`nstf fmd.
@f cdhclpcnóh lhlrkîtncf nmp`ncf l` gdrrfmnlhtd al `fs lstructurfs, y prdaucl l` mæs/mlhds
y tdads `ds faeltnvds al `d qul ls mæs y ls mlhds. Sn ustlals rlculrafh `ds p`fhtlds lh tdrhd f
`f nalhtnﬆcfcnóh mfsnvf, y f `f prdylccnóh mfsnvf, qul sdh `ds hdmgrls al` mæs/mlhds, l` qul
alﬆhl ﬆhf`mlhtl `f lstructurf, sn ls mæs d ls mlhds, ls mæs mfsnvd d mlhds mfsnvd, hd ls `f
dgeltnvnafa al` anscursd snhd ls `f sugeltnvnafa al` fhf`nstf, qul vf f slr qunlh ancl qul sn lstæ
lh mæs ls psncdsns y sn lstæ lh mlhds ls hlurdsns. ^ cufhad hd pulal alcnr hnhkuhf al `fs ads
ancl gdralr`nhl, ls alcnr, lhtrl uhf y dtrf.
@f cftlkdríf gdralr`nhl ls, lhtrl mucjfs cdsfs, l` lblctd al` mfsdmlhnsmd, qul hd plrmntl anstnh-
kunr lstructurfs y tdad `d qul hd anstnhkul jfcl uh cf``leóh lh l` mland5 qul ls mæs d mlhds
psncótncd, d mæs d mlhds hlurótncd9 gdralr, lhtrl uhd y dtrd. Ls l` lblctd al uhf cdhclpcnóh
lhlrkîtncf qul hd alﬆhl `f lstructurf d hd alﬆhl `f tópncf lh eulkd, lsl ls l` mdvnmnlhtd, pdr
`d tfhtd anguef f`kunlh qul ls l` qul alﬆhl aóhal lstæ l` `ímntl y quî ls `d qul ls.
Sl jfg`f al nhjngncnóh lh l` ml`fhcó`ncd, plrd tfmgnîh lh l` alprnmnad jfy uh lblctd al nhjn-
gncnóh. ^ sfglmds qul l` dgslsnvd jf
jfyy nhjngncnóh al` fctd,
fctd, prdcfstnhfcnóh,
prdcfstnhfcnóh, qul qunlrl
qunlrl alcnr qul
hd cdhcùyl sus fctds pdrqul `f auaf y `f vfcn`fcnóh, `d nhjnglh. Al mfhlrf qul `f nhjngncnóh
ls uh tlmf cdhstfhtl al mucjfs lstructurfs nhcùnaf hd tfh dgvnfmlhtl, `f jnstlrnf, cufhad lh
l``f sl pulal dgslrvfr blhómlhds al nhjngncnóh slxuf`.
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C`íhncfmlhtl ls uh aftd buhafmlhtf` cfaf vlz qul f`kunlh jfcl uhf tldríf al su nhjngncnóh
cdmd `ds dgslsnvds, altræs al lsd jfy uhf tldríf al `f nhjngncnóh qul alscdhdcl l` kdcl y `f
cfusf. Al mdad qul cufhad uh hlurótncd sl drnlhtf cdh qul lstæ nhjngnad pdrqul ls tímnad,
d pdrqul sl g`dqulf, d pdrqul hd pulal jfg`fr, sl drnlhtf jfcnf `f nmpdtlhcnf9 cd`dcfhad f`
fhæ`nsns lh l` cf``leóh snh sf`naf al `lvfhtfr lsf nhjngncnóh. L` fhf`nstf, lh su cdhtrftrfhsblrlhcnf,
cufhad `fs nhjngncndhls sdh bulrtls, sl vl ``lvfad f `f nmpdtlhcnf al qulrlr alsnhjngnr f` sueltd,
alscdhdcnlhad qul `f nhjngncnóh tnlhl uhf rfzóh al lstructurf qul ls `f sftnsbfccnóh pu`sndhf`
qul lstæ lh eulkd.
Lstf sftnsbfccnóh pu`sndhf` hd sl alsfrtncu`f cdh bulrzf, cdh lmpuel, jfy qul nr fal`fhtl, jfy
qul sf`nr al lsd, jfy qul rdmplr lsf rl`fcnóh qul `l lstæ jfcnlhad mf`, ltc., tdafs lsfs cdsfs
qul jfclh f `f nhjngncnóh al pdalr slpfrfrsl, al pdalr cfsfrsl, al pdalr tlhlr jneds, hd tlhlr
jneds, lstæh sdstlhnads lh uhf sftnsbfccnóh pu`sndhf` qul l` yd rlknstrf cdmd ansp`fclr
ansp`fclr,, plrd qul
l` sueltd rlknstrf cdmd sftnsbfccnóh.
Lstd ls `d qul jfy qul tlhlr lh culhtf, pdrqul cufhad f`kunlh vnlhl f dbrlclrhds sus g`d-
qulds, hdsdtrds cdmd fhf`nstfs alglmds pdhlrhds f` cdstfad al l``ds. Hdsdtrds pdalmds slr
plrmlfg`ls f lsd, jfg`fmds
lmgfrkd, cufhad hulstrf sugeltnvnafa gnlh
al alsld al` nhtlhcndhfaf
fhf`nstf, sl trftf pulal lstfr cdhvdcfaf
al `f pdsncnóh lsl ùkfr
ùkfr.
qul hd cdhcurrl f .lstl
Snh
tnpd al cntf.
Alscdhdcl lstf culstnóh plrd fgrl uhf prlkuhtf, y hd algl alscdhdclr qul jfy uh kdcl al lsf
nmpdtlhcnf y qul lsl kdcl, cufhad l` fhf`nstf sl pdhl muy nmpdtlhtl, mæs nmpdtlhtl qul l`
pfcnlhtl, `d ``lvf f alcnr bdrmu`fcndhls cdmd ‐ustla hd sl plrmntl”. Lstrnctfmlhtl jfg`fhad
ls uhf brnvd`nafa cdhclptuf` alcnr`l f f`kunlh lsf brfsl9 pdr `d mlhds, tlharíf qul alcnr`l ‐su
sftnsbfccnóh dcu`tf hd sl `d plrmntl”…
Alcnr`l qul hd qunlrl nhcdhscnlhtlmlhtl ls uhf mltæbdrf qul hdsdtrds pdalmds usfr, y qul
@fcfh usf cdmd alcnsnóh nhcdhscnlhtl, plrd qul jfg`f al uhf sftnsbfccnóh qul hd sl rlsul`vl
al hnhkuhf mfhlrf lmpuefhad. Cufhad uhd lmpuef mucjd crll qul `d rlsul`vl, plrd sl lhkf-
öf, pdrqul fjí `d qul sl alcnal eustfmlhtl ls l` fctnhk dut d l` pfsfel f` fctd. Lstd sl vl mucjd
cufhad f`kunlh vnlhl f cdhsu`tfrhds cdh prdg`lmfs al nalhtnafa slxuf`9 pdr lelmp`d, uh edvlh
fad`lsclhtl qul tnlhl nmpu`sds jdmdslxuf`ls. Ls muy nmpdrtfhtl cdmd hds pdsncndhfmds, hn
al uh `fad hn al` dtrd, lh `d qul Brlua ``fmfgf `f hlutrf`nafa y `f fgstnhlhcnf, pfrf cfusfr uh
cfmnhd `d mæs lxlhtd pdsng`l al fctnhk dut y pfsfel f` fctd, pdrqul ls fhkustnfhtl lstfr lh lsf
nhaltlrmnhfcnóh. L` fctnhk dut vnlhl f `f sf`naf al `f nhaltlrmnhfcnóh, plrd hd vnlhl f `f rlsdù-
cnóh al` kdcl y al `f nalhtnafa slxuf`, y fjí rfancf l` prdg`lmf.
Lh uh mdmlhtd altlrmnhfad `ds fhf`nstfs sl drnlhtfgfh cdh Brlua jfcnf `f jltlrdslxuf`nafa
alcnanaf, lh fqul` puhtd adhal î` mnsmd sl lqunvdcó cdh Adrf, lmpuel f `f jltlrdslxuf`nafa
qul prdvdcf fctnhks jltlrdslxuf`ls qul alscdhdclh l` kdcl jdmdslxuf`.
Jdy qul hd tlhlmds –jfstf cnlrtd puhtd– l` prleuncnd al alﬆhnr `f jdmdslxuf`nafa cdmd plr-
vlrsnóh, nkuf` qul f` suncnand hd `d alﬆhnmds cdmd uh síhtdmf, pdalmds cd`dcfrhds lh `f
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pdsncnóh sugeltnvf al hd drnlhtfrhds tfh alcnanafmlhtl f `f jltlrdslxuf`nafa. Ankd tfh alcnan-

afmlhtl, pdrqul lh f`kuhf mlanaf, `ds prleuncnds lh `ds fhf`nstfs snkulh lxnstnlhad.
Sl ls fhf`nstf hd pdr hd tlhlr hnhkõh prleuncnd, pdrqul `ds fhf`nstfs sdh jdmgrls y muelrls,
sdh
alsldjumfhds, tnlhlh
al` fhf`nstf sugeltnvnafa
tnlhl y tnlhlh
qul sdstlhlrsl lh `dsprleuncnds
mærklhlsl pdsng`ls
nalf`ls. @d
al qul
lsfs qunlrl alcnr ls quly l`
altlrmnhfcndhls, l`
prdhóstncd al qunlh lstæ lh fhæ`nsns alplhal al cómd l` fhf`nstf jf crlfad pfrf su præctncf uh
ùkfr adhal sus prleuncnds hd buhcndhlh `ngrlmlhtl. @d cuf` hd qunlrl alcnr qul hd buhcndhlh,
buhcndhfh cdmd `fpsus al` fctd fhf`ítncd, y pfrf lsd lstæh `ds cdhtrd`ls y l` fhæ`nsns al` fhf`nstf.
_dr lsd hd jfy lkrlsd al` cdhtrd`, pdrqul l` fhf`nstf tnlhl qul cdhtrd`fr su præctncf, pdrqul `d
``lvf f alsmlrlclr dcu`tfr y lhcugrnr `d qul ``fmfmds l` alsld al` fhf`nstf, qul hlclsntf fctds,
pfrf alcnr`d lh tîrmnhds dgslsnvds, al `nmpnlzf cdhstfhtl al tdads `ds prleuncnds qul `d lhcu-
grlh, `d ansnmu`fh, d `d ftlhõfh.
Jfg`ægfmds fhtls al` alsclhsd al` jumdr y al `f nhjngncnóh. Aftds dgeltnvds plrclptng`ls pfrf
l` sueltd y pfrf qunlh `d vl, fhf`nstf nhcùnad.
@f psnqunftríf fkrlkf f lstds ads aftds uh tlrclrd qul `d cd`dcf lh dtrd ùkfr
ùkfr,, plrd cdmd pfrtl
al `f lstructurf, qul ls uhf cdhcnlhcnf ad`drdsf, qul cd`dcfmds al` `fad al` blhómlhd y qul
cdmd tf` sl jfcl lxtlhsnvf f mucjds sueltds, pdr lelmp`d, `ds jnstîrncds, qul tnlhlh uhf íhtnmf
rl`fcnóh cdh l` subrnmnlhtd. Ls falmæs `f cdhcnlhcnf ad`drdsf qul fcdmpföf f cuf`qunlr lstruc-
turf alslhcfalhfaf.
@f cftlkdríf dpulstf f `f mlhtfaf cdhcnlhcnf ls tfmgnîh fquí `f nmp`ncfcnóh sugeltnvf, pdrqul
lh l` ml`fhcó`ncd jfy cdhcnlhcnf ad`drdsf plrd hd jfy nmp`ncfcnóh sugeltnvf, y sn suplrpdhl-
mds `fs ads rltdrhf `f alprlsnóh pfrf cdhbuhanrsl cdh `f ml`fhcd`íf. Lhtdhcls `f cdhcnlhcnf
ad`drdsf pfrf hdsdtrds lh l` cfmpd al `f ml`fhcd`íf hd f`cfhzf f `f nmp`ncfcnóh sugeltnvf. Ls
uhf bdrmf al algn`nafa cdhclptuf` alcnr qul jfg`f al `f mulrtl al` pfarl d al `f mfarl, snh
fblctd. Lstd qulrríf alcnr qul f`kunlh qul jfg`f cdh fblctd jf l`fgdrfad su aul`d pdr `f pîran-
af, y qul tnlhl uhf cdhcnlhcnf ad`drdsf al `f pîranaf, y qul lstd nmp`ncf f`kd.
Vul jfg`l f`kunlh cdh fblctd d snh fblctd, pfrf hdsdtrds hd ls kfrfhtíf al hfaf, hd ls kfrfhtíf
al qul jfy nmp`ncfcnóh. _dr lsd anstnhkunmds `f sugeltnvnafa al` sueltd y alcnmds qul l` sueltd
hd tnlhl sugeltnvnafa9 l` sueltd hd sl snlhtl hn gnlh hn mf`, hn sl fhkustnf hn hd sl fhkustnf. L`
sueltd ls lsd qul lstæ `nkfad f `d qul jfg`f lh hdsdtrds.
Lh `f cdhcnlhcnf ad`drdsf `f ml`fhcd`íf tdmf uh knrd pfrtncu`fr qul ls adhal Brlua sl drnlhtf
pfrf l` anfkhóstncd ml`fhcó`ncd.
Sdrprlhalhtlmlhtl, `f ml`fhcd`íf faqunlrl lh Brlua uh slskd mdrf`, alsp`fzfhad su al`nrnd
f uhf prdg`lmætncf mdrf`, pdr lsd jfg`fmds al al`nrnd al nhankhnafa. Sl anstnhkulh fquí ads
tnlmpds, uh tnlmpd al futdalprlcnfcnóh (qul alscrngl `f psnqunftríf), y uh tnlmpd al futdfcu-
sfcnóh. Sdh ads tnlmpds al `f cdhcnlhcnf ad`drdsf pfrf `f psnqunftríf.
Anenmds futdalprlcnfcnóh, plrd tdad hlurótncd sl futdalprlcnf, ls muy anbícn` qul uh hluró-
tncd qul sl fprlcnl vfyf f` fhæ`nsns, sf`vd qul tlhkf uhf muelr f` `fad… Lblctnvfmlhtl, hd td-
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ads, plrd mucjds dgslsnvds hd sl futdalprlcnfh pdrqul hd plrcnglh su síhtdmf, sdh síhtdmfs
lkdsnhtóhncds, `d qul ``lvf f qul l` trfgfed cdh l` dgslsnvd prnmlrd ls alsplkfr l` síhtdmf al
adhal hd `d rlcdhdcl. Ls alcnr f``í adhal qunlhls `ds subrlh sdh qunlhls `ds rdalfh, `f muelr
lh pfrtncu`fr.
pfrtncu`fr. L` dgslsnvd ancl ‐f mí hd ml pfsf hfaf, `l
` l pfsf f` al f` `fad”.
Sn jfg`fmds al futdalprlcnfcnóh –Ϝ vlrlmds surknr tdafs `fs bdrmfs al5 ‐ml snlhtd lh mlhds”,
‐hd pulad”, ‐ml snlhtd mlhds qul dtrds”, ‐hd pulad lstuanfr”, ‐hd ml rnhal”, ‐hd tlhkd ml-
mdrnf” y tdafs lsfs bdrmu`fcndhls qul f vlcls tfmgnîh sl lhcfrhfh lh l` culrpd.
L` lhcfrhfmnlhtd al` culrpd lh uh jdmgrl f vlcls lstæ `nkfad f` plhl. L` tlmf al` tfmföd al`
plhl lh uh jdmgrl ls tdad uh prdg`lmf, hd al tdads `ds jdmgrls plrd sí al mucjds y snlmprl
ankd cdmd mltæbdrf qul l` plhl crlcl lh fhæ`nsns…, crlcl, tlhkd prulgfs… Crlcl qunlrl alcnr
qul lh ùkfr al cftlctnzfr `d nmfknhfrnd al` plhl, qul ls su tfmföd lh rl`fcnóh f` lspled y lh
rl`fcnóh f dtrds jdmgrls, crlcl cdmd nhstrumlhtd al kdcl. @d nmfknhfrnd al` plhl sl rlﬆlrl f
`d qul pdarífmds ``fmfr uh prdg`lmf al vlstufrnd, `f cdmpfrfcnóh hfrcnsnstf al tfmföds, `f
culstnóh cdh l` lspled prdpnd.
Lhtdhcls, qul l` plhl crlcl lh fhæ`nsns, qunlrl alcnr qul hd crlcl lh tîrmnhds nmfknhfrnds, snhd
qul crlcl cdmd nhstrumlhtd al kdcl. ^ pfrf qul crlzcf cdmd nhstrumlhtd al kdcl y sfglr, y
pdalr usfr l` plhl jfy qul alstntunr su nmfknhfrnd, y lhtdhcls l` lblctd ls qul crlcl cdmd nhs-
trumlhtd al kdcl, y alef al slr uh tlmf al mlhdsprlcnfcnóh.
Lh l` cfmpd blmlhnhd Brlua yf jfgíf sugrfyfad l` tlmf al` tfmföd cdmd uh uhnvlrsf`, `nkfad
f` c`ítdrns. Qfmgnîh lstæh `fs rlspulstfs qunrõrkncfs, qul sdh nhtlrlsfhtls pdr sus alrnvfcndhls,
pdr prlslhtfr mucjfs vlcls uh alsp`fzfmnlhtd al `f nmplrblccnóh. Aleó uhf mfrcf, uhf mnrf-
af anstnhtf, uh pdcd al mæs, uh pdcd al mlhds, ltc. Lh cdhcùsnóh fvftfrls al `f cfstrfcnóh cdh
`fs qul l` jumfhd tnlhl qul vîrsl`fs. F vlcls `f cnrukíf `l kfhf al mfhd f` fhæ`nsns, `d cuf` hd
lxcùyl qul lh dpdrtuhnafals `d fcdmpföl. Snh lmgfrkd, `f rlspulstf futdmætncf al `f cnrukíf
f vlcls tfpf l` síhtdmf, `d alscdhdcl y pdr `d tfhtd tlrmnhf lhcugrnîhad`d.
Futdalprlcnfcnóh lhtdhcls, –Ϝ al `f hlurdsns, –Ϝ lh `f fpfrnlhcnf al` ml`fhcó`ncd, `d qul sl ls-
plcnﬆcf lh `f futdfcusfcnóh, anstnhkunlhad fsí futdalprlcnfcnóh al futdfcusfcnóh pfrf ugncfr
f` ml`fhcó`ncd. Al `f mfhd al `f futdfcusfcnóh vnlhl l` prdg`lmf mdrf`, qul @fcfh `d bdrmu-
`fræ lh tîrmnhds al cdgfraíf mdrf`.
Ls hlclsfrnd anstnhkunr `f pfrfhdnf al `f ml`fhcd`íf. L` ml`fhcó`ncd ls cu`pfg`l y l` pfrfhdncd
uh nhdclhtl. Lh l` ml`fhcó`ncd l` dtrd huhcf ls cu`pfg`l, l` cu`pfg`l snlmprl ls l` sueltd9 pdr
lsd al` `fad al `f cu`pfgn`nafa, al `f futdfcusfcnóh, al` futdrlprdcjl, vnlhl `d qul sl ``fmf l`
al`nrnd al nhankhnafa.
Wlsplctd f` alsclhsd al` jumdr
jumdr,, slkõh `f psnqunftríf, l` ml`fhcó`ncd tlrmnhf snlhad trnstl. _lrd
f``í tlhlmds uhf anblrlhcnf lh rl`fcnóh f `d qul anstnhkul @fcfh. Hd ls `d mnsmd `f alprlsnóh
qul `f trnstlzf, jfy anstnhcndhls f jfclr lhtrl `d qul ls trnstl y `d qul ls alprnmnad. @fcfh cd-
`dcf f `f trnstlzf lhtrl `fs pfsndhls al` slr y hd cdmd l` lblctd al `f alprlsnóh, pdr lsd hd tdad
alprnmnad lstæ trnstl.
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L` alsclhsd al` jumdr qul nmp`ncf `f alprlsnóh hd qulaf al` `fad hlclsfrnfmlhtl al `f trns-
tlzf, al` slhtnmnlhtd trnstl, ls mæs gnlh `f alprlsnóh uh anscursd sdgrl `f nhlrcnf snh tdhf`nafa
slhtnmlhtf`. @f trnstlzf nhcùyl falmæs l` slhtnmnlhtd.
Alglmds
`d mnsmd nhtrdaucnr lh lstl
qul `f fhkustnf alpuhtd
lxnstnr.uhf cftlkdríf
@fcfh qulqul
sdstnlhl @fcfh ``fmf
hd jfy l` ad`dr
ad`dr al lxnstnr lh, l`qul
al lxnstnr hd ls
muhad
fhnmf`, ls uhf pfrtncu`frnafa al` jumfhd lh su rl`fcnóh cdh l` `lhkufel. _dr `d tfhtd l` ad`dr
al lxnstnr ls `f bdrmf pfrtncu`fr al` jumfhd al trftfrsl cdh l` `lhkufel9 y l` ml`fhcó`ncd ls f`-
kunlh qul vnvl lh cdhtfctd cdh lsd, nalhtnﬆcfad f lsl ad`dr al lxnstnr. Sn qunlrlh uhf rlblrlhcnf
brluanfhf f lstf culstnóh, pulalh lhcdhtrfr`f lh ‐L` pdrvlhnr al uhf nùsnóh”
n ùsnóh”2, lh fqul``d qul
``fmf alsfmpfrd cdhstntutnvd.
_frf Brlua l` slr jumfhd lh su lslhcnf subrl l` alsfmpfrd y `f hlurdsns, `f psncdsns, y tdads
`ds prdauctds jumfhds, sdh bdrmfs al trftfr lsl alsfmpfrd cdhstntutnvd. F mí ml pfrlcl qul
jfy uh pulhtl pdsng`l lhtrl lsl ad`dr lxnstnr, y `d qul @fcfh ``fmf mdrtnﬆcfcnóh al `f cdsf pdr
l` snkhnﬆcfhtl, mdrtnﬆcfcnóh al` culrpd pdr `f pf`fgrf qul lh l` psncótncd ml`fhcó`ncd hd lstæ
vl`fad y sí lh l` hlurótncd.
Lhtdhcls, sn plhsfmds qul lh `f gfsl cdhstntutnvf lstæ l` ad`dr al lxnstnr
lxnstnr,, l` hlurótncd `f rlcugrl
cdh `f bf`tf lh slr, p`fhtlæhadsl uhf anstnhcnóh lhtrl `f bf`tf lh slr y `f mdrtnﬆcfcnóh.
_lrd `ls alcíf fhtls qul `f bf`tf lh slr ls uh puhtd f` qul sl ``lkf lh l` cfmnhd al` fhæ`nsns.
Cufhad lsf bf`tf lh slr alvnlhl lh ml`fhcd`íf, qunlrl alcnr qul jugd uh lrrdr al anfkhóstncd,
y uhd fclptó lh l` fhæ`nsns f f`kunlh qul cdhsnalró hlurótncd, y qul pdr `d tfhtd plhsó qul ngf
f pdalr pfsfr pdr `f bf`tf lh slr pfrf cdhstntunr ùlkd uh slr al kdcl cdhsnstlhtl y sl qulaó ls-
tfhcfad ml`fhcd`nzæhadsl. Lstl puhtd hds ``lvfríf f plhsfr qul jfy uh lrrdr anfkhóstncd y qul
lsl sueltd qul hd tnlhl cdmd rlcursd `f bf`tf lh slr
slr,, l` fhæ`nsns `d alslhcfalhó lh `f ml`fhcd`íf.
_dr lsd tfmgnîh jfy prdg`lmfs al anfkhóstncd pfrf `f ml`fhcd`íf, pdrqul f uh ml`fhcó`ncd hd
sl `d ``lvf f` puhtd al mdvnmnlhtd al sus nalhtnﬆcfcndhls qul `d cd`dqul lh rl`fcnóh f `f bf`tf
lh slr,
slr, pdrqul fjí lh vlz al lhcdhtrfr l` –Ϝ hds tdpfmds cdh l` dgeltd f.
Sn ustlals qunlrlh `llr f`kuhfs rlblrlhcnfs sdgrl lstf culstnóh, l`
Slmnhfrnd sdgrl @f fhkustnf; jfg`f al ml`fhcd`íf lh sus õ`tnmfs c`fsls. L` ml`fhcó`ncd, ls ugn-
cfad f``í lh rlblrlhcnf f `f nalhtnﬆcfcnóh5 n(f), pfrf alcnr qul lh l` hlurótncd `f nalhtnﬆcfcnóh
rlcugrl l` dgeltd. Lstd lstæ snkhnﬆcfad pdr `ds pfrîhtlsns. Lh l` ml`fhcó`ncd `ds pfrîhtlsns sl
`lvfhtfh, `f nmfklh sl ftrfvnlsf y fpfrlcl `f nalhtnﬆcfcnóh cdh l` dgeltd. _dr lsd sn tdcfmds `fs
nalhtnﬆcfcndhls tlhlmds qul sfglr qul mæs f``æ al `fs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls jfy f`kd qul sdstnlhl
`ds pfrîhtlsns. Lh cfmgnd, lh l` ml`fhcó`ncd hd jfy hfaf qul sdstlhkf `ds pfrîhtlsns, lstæ prl-
cfrnfmlhtl sdstlhnad pdr nmæklhls nalhtnﬆcftdrnfs, y f` tdcfr lsfs nmæklhls cflh `ds pfrîhtlsns
y l` sueltd vf f` lhculhtrd cdh l` dgeltd9 ls `d qul sl ``fmf l` pfsfel f` fctd suncnaf.
2-
;- BWL\A,
@FCFH,Snkmuha, ‐L` pdrvlhnr
Efcquls, Slmnhfrnd al uhf nùsnóh”,
@f fhkustnf lh5 Dgrfs cdmp`ltfs, Gng`ndtlcf Hulvf, Gulhds Fnrls.
(6>23), nhîantd.
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Nhcùsnvl @fcfh p`fhtlf lh rl`fcnóh f lsds pfrîhtlsns `ds tlmfs al `f vlhtfhf, l` bfhtfsmf y l`
ftrfvlsfmnlhtd al` bfhtfsmf pdr l` sueltd ml`fhcó`ncd, qul alsfrtncu`fhad l` bfhtfsmf ftrf-
vnlsf cdh l` dgeltd l` mfrcd al `f vlhtfhf. @fcfh jfcl al `fs vlhtfhfs lh l` Slmnhfrnd sdgrl @f
fhkustnf uh ùkfr al fhc`fel al` bfhtfsmf. ^ l` dgeltd f, cufhad pfsf f `d rlf` rdmpl l` bfhtfs-
mf, sf`l al `f lsclhf y vf f` pfsfel f` fctd.
L` ad`dr al lxnstnr lhtdhcls lstæ mntnkfad, lhmfscfrfad pdr `f bf`tf lh slr, qul euhtd f `f bf`tf
lh kdzfr prdtlklh al` ad`dr al lxnstnr.
@f bf`tf lh kdzfr sl pulal `llr al ads bdrmfs. @f prnmlrf ugncf tdafs fqul``fs nhsftnsbfccndhls
qul hd plrmntlh f`cfhzfr l` lhculhtrd cdh `f sftnsbfccnóh al` kdcl. Ćómd ls `f bf`tf lh kdzfr
lh uh dgslsnvd4 Qnlhl prdg`lmfs pfrf lhcdhtrfr l` dgeltd al kdcl jdy y ancl lhtdhcls qul su
vnaf ls uh trfgfed pfrf f`kõh aíf slr `d qul qunlrl slr. Ls fqul``d qul `ls alcíf lh f`kõh md-
mlhtd fclrcf al `fs plrsdhfs qul anclh qunlrd alancfr tnlmpd pfrf mí, tnlmpd qul sl supdhl
lstæ bulrf al tdad `d qul jfcl cdtnanfhfmlhtl. Cdmd sn `d dtrd qul jfcl, f `d qul alancf su
vnaf y fadhal lstæ su `ngnad
` ngnad eukfaf, bulrf vfyf uhd f sfglr al qunlh. Lstd qunlrl alcnr qul lh
vlrafa lstæ trfstdrhfad su rlcdhdcnmnlhtd al sus sftnsbfccndhls pdr `f
` f hlurdsns cd`dcæhadsl lh
bf`tf
tnlhl lh kdzfrpdrqul
f` `fad y pdhltnlhl
l` kdcl f anstfhcnf
clù`ntns, `f dtrfgfed anstnhtfs
pdrqul bdrmfs5
l` muhad `f muelr
fctuf` tnlhl nalf`
mucjd qul hdtrfgfefr
qul ls `f quly
lhtdhcls f`kõh aíf slræ `d qul slræ, ltc. Sdh tdafs bdrmfs lh qul fpfrlcl `f nhsftnsbfccnóh al
kdzfr.
@ls alcíf qul lstd ls uhf bdrmf al hdmgrfr `f bf`tf lh kdzfr, plrd jfy dtrf, ls l` –Ϝ `líad hd
cdmd `f cfstrfcnóh nmfknhfrnf qul lstdy mlhcndhfhad, slhtnmnlhtd al` mlhds, ltc., snhd l` – Ϝ
cdmd bf`tf al kdcl. Lstl mlhds al kdcl hd buhcndhf lh uh ml`fhcó`ncd, y ls `d qul `l nmpnal
kdzfr l` fcclsd f` pùs al kdcl. Q
Qlhlmds
lhlmds uhf f`tlrhftnvf, d sl fcclal f` pùs al kdcl, d gnlh dcu-
rrl `f nalhtnﬆcfcnóh f` dgeltd. Lhtdhcls, pfrf pdalr lxtrflr lsd jfy qul jfclr `d qul sl prdaucl
lh uh fhæ`nsns, qul ls `f cfstrfcnóh al` kdcl-tdad pfrf lxtrflr f`kd. @f mfqunhfrnf qul @fcfh
prdpdhl pfrf jfclr lstf lxtrfccnóh sl ``fmf bfhtfsmf.
L` bfhtfsmf buhafmlhtf` qul nhcùyl l` pùs al kdcl ls `f lxcùsnóh mlhds kdcl al tdad l` kdcl
pfrf lhcdhtrfr l` kdcl bfhtfsmætncd pfrtncu`fr qul sl ``fmf pùs al kdcl. Cufhad ustlals ls-
cucjfh pùs al kdcl tnlhl qul jfglr p`fclr. Hd jfy cdnhcnalhcnf lhtrl pùs al kdcl y ansp`fclr.
_ùs al kdcl lstæ lh l` cfmpd al` p`fclr, hd al` ansp`fclr
ansp`fclr..
Alcíf qul víf `f cu`pfgn`nafa, víf l` al`nrnd al nhankhnafa, lh `f ml`fhcd`íf sl p`fhtlf uh prd-
g`lmf mdrf` qul @fcfh vf f ``fmfr îtncd. Wlculralh
Wlculralh `f anblrlhcnf lhtrl îtncf y mdrf`, `f mdrf
mdrf``
ls l` sfglr sdgrl l` gnlh y l` mf`, ancjd ræpnafmlhtl. Ls l` fhf`nstf nalhtnﬆcfad f `fs bdrmfs
nmfknhfrnfs al` suplryó.
L` suplryó pfrf @fcfh, cdhtnhufhad l` mdvnmnlhtd cdhclptuf` qul rlf`nzf cdhstfhtlmlhtl, sl
alsnmfknhfrnzf al `d qul lstæ gnlh y `d qul lstæ mf` pfrf jfclr al î` uhf nhstfhcnf îtncf qul
dralhf kdzfr, d slf qul `d lsplcíﬆcd, al` suplryó pfrf Brlua lstæ `nkfad f tlmfs al` gnlh y
al` mf`, y pfrf @fcfh, lstæ p`fhtlfad lh tîrmnhds al rl`fcnóh lhtrl l` suplryó y l` kdcl. _lrd
cufhad uhd lscucjf lsf brfsl ancjf lh l` Slmnhfrnd sdgrl @f fhkustnf fclrcf al qul l` suplryó
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
dralhf kdzfr,
kdzfr, pdaríf jfclr supdhlr qul l` suplryó ls plrvlrsd, yf qul ls plrvlrsd l` qul jfcl
kdzfr.
_dr lsd jfy qul `llr lsl mfhaftd suplrydncd adhal @fcfh `ll `f mdrf`nafa brluanfhf cdmd
mfhaftd al`dkdcl,
cf`nzfad ls qul qul
jfy ls
qull` lxcùnr
kdcl mæs
lxcùnr, al` `fad
, cfstrfr cdhal` pùs al pfrf
`f pf`fgrf kdcl jfclr
qul al` kdcl-tdad.
prlslhtl L`prdjngncnóh
f``í `f kdcl als`d-
pftlrhf.
Cufhad vfcnfmds f` suplryó jlrlalrd al` cdmp`led al Lanpd al nalf`ls laucftnvds, rlstf pdr
prlcnsfr qul ls uhf mfarl y qul ls uh pfarl qul buhcndhfh cdmd tf`ls9 ls alcnr, cdmd rlku`f-
adrls y `dcf`nzfadrls al kdcl, qul lh vlrafa ls `f mæs prdbuhaf al `fs plafkdkífs. \h pfarl
qul pdhl l` fclhtd lh `f mdrf`, lh cdmd alglh jfclrsl `fs cdsfs, lh cdmd sl algl cdmpdrtfr
uh jned, hd hlclsfrnfmlhtl ls uh gulh nhstrumlhtd
n hstrumlhtd pfrf rlku`fr l` kdcl. @fcfh ancl qul `f pd-
sncnóh îtncf al` pfarl sl lhcfrhf mucjfs vlcls mæs pdr `f fuslhcnf qul pdr `f prlslhcnf, pdr
lstfr f anstfhcnf al sus jneds, `d qul sl `ll pdr supulstd lh `f pulrncu`turf cdmd fgfhadhd al
`ds jneds.
_frf @fcfh l` pfarl qul qunlrl lelrclr su buhcnóh al pfarl y qunlrl slr uh pfarl laucfadr ls,
l` qul alslhcfalhf uhf psncdsns, d l` pfarl qul sl nalhtnﬆcf f `f mfarl y qul qunlrl cunafr f
sus jneds.
Qdad lstd tnlhl cdhslculhcnfs muy nmpdrtfhtls pfrf plhsfr hd só`d lh tîrmnhds cdhclptuf`ls,
snhd lh tîrmnhds præctncds, cdhcrltds fclrcf al cómd ugncfmds f` gulh pfarl y f `f gulhf mf-
arl, yf qul tfmgnîh lh l` p`fhd al `f rlf`nafa tlhlmds f`kd qul alcnr y qul jfclr buhcndhfr
pfrf rlplhsfr tdad fqul``d qul `f sdcnlafa rlcdhdcl cdmd l` gulh pfarl, cdh l` qul f `d mledr
hdsdtrds tlhlmds f`kuhds puhtds al cdnhcnalhcnf.
@ds gulhds pfarls y mfarls mdalrhds mucjfs vlcls lstæh sdstlhnads hd lh l` psncdfhæ`nsns,
snhd lh `f psncd`dknzfcnóh al` psncdfhæ`nsns, qul jfcl al `f prlslhcnf l` mdtdr buhafmlhtf` al
`fs cdsfs. Lh l` cfmpd al` psncdfhæ`nsns `f fuslhcnf ls `f
` f mæs bulrtl al `fs cfusf`nafals. @fcfh
p`fhtlf al mucjfs bdrmfs lstf fuslhcnf cdmd cdhstntutnvf. @d ancl lh l` Slmnhfrnd <:, cdh `ds
mdvnmnlhtds al fuslhcnf y prlslhcnf al `f mfarl, cd`dcf lsf fuslhcnf cdmd uhf c`fvl al `f
cdhstntucnóh al` sueltd al` alsld. ^ `f prlslhcnf lxclsnvf al `f mfarl, lh pfrtncu`fr lh l` cfmpd
al `f f`nmlhtfcnóh, lhcdhtrfræ cdmd rlspulstf `f fhdrlxnf cdmd bdrmf snhtdmætncf al vl`fr uh
f`nmlhtd almfsnfad rlf`.
L` õ`tnmd puhtd qul qunlrd alsfrrd``fr ls l` al `f cdgfraíf mdrf`. Lh prnmlr ùkfr pdalmds alcnr
qul sl trftf al uhf algn`nafa al `f îtncf al` sueltd qul `d cd`dcf lh pdsncnóh al cdgfraíf.
@f cdgfraíf mdrf` ls sd`nafrnf al `d qul lstæ bdrmu`fad lh l` Slmnhfrnd sdgrl @f Îtncf...> lh
tîrmnhds al cu`pfgn`nafa. @fcfh anræ f``í, qul sdmds cu`pfg`ls al uhf sd`f cdsf5 al rltrdclalr
brlhtl f` prdpnd alsld.
:- @FCFH, Efcquls, L` Slmnhfrnd, @ngrd <, @fs bdrmfcndhls al` nhcdhscnlhtl, Lantdrnf` _fnaós, Gulhds Fnrls.
>- @FCFH, Efcquls, L` Slmnhfrnd, @ngrd ;, @f îtncf al` psncdfhæ`nsns, Lantdrnf` _fnaós, Gulhds Fnrls.
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Huhcf ls almfsnfad rlcdrafr qul l` alsld hd sdh `fs kfhfs y qul l` fhæ`nsns hfaf tnlhl qul
vlr cdh `nglrfrsl. Lstd ls mæs gnlh l` cfmnhd al` fctnhk. @ds hlurótncds sl snlhtlh cu`pfg`ls al
mucjfs cdsfs, plrd lh klhlrf` sdh cdfrtfafs qul lhcugrlh `f vlrafalrf cu`pfgn`nafa. Lstf sl
anrnml lh uhf pdsncnóh lh `f vnaf y hd lh l` hfrcnsnsmd al `fs ‐plqulöfs mlhtnrfs”.
Sl ml jnzd prlslhtl l` rlculrad al uhf plrsdhf qul sl slhtíf tdtf`mlhtl cu`pfg`l, fhkustnfad,
ltc., al uhf bdrmf muy nmprlsndhfhtl, pdrqul alspuîs al 6? föds al mftrnmdhnd sl snhtnó
ftrfíad pdr dtrf muelr. ^ su almfhaf fhkustnfaf lrf qul l` fhæ`nsns tlrmnhfrf cdh lsf culstnóh,
qul tlrmnhfrf cdh lsd qul fmlhfzfgf hd só`d su mftrnmdhnd snhd su trfgfed. ‐Lstdy frrunhf-
ad”, alcíf, snh hnhkuhf cdhcrlcnóh al lsf ftrfccnóh y snh snqunlrf sfglr sn `f muelr lh culstnóh
`l cdrrlspdhaíf. Lh lsl puhtd, î` `ll su runhf y pdr `d tfhtd su lhdrml cu`pfgn`nafa al lstfr
alstruylhad uh mftrnmdhnd, cfsn al`nrfhtl, pdr `f prlcfrnlafa al `d` d qul lstæ lh eulkd9 plrd al
tdafs mfhlrfs î` sl snlhtl cu`pfg`l.
Hd hds drnlhtfmds hn pdr `f nhjngncnóh, hn pdr `f alsjnhgncnóh. Hd lstfmds lh `f îpdcf vnctdrnf-
hf qul bul l` mfrcd cu`turf` al Brlua. Qfmpdcd
Qfmpdcd anguefmds l` nalf` cdhtrfrnd, qulrlmds cfptfr
al quî sl trftf snh prleuncnds.
@d qul lstl tnpd al jlcjds sdh pfrf l` sueltd jfgræ qul `llr`d hd lh `f cdyuhturf snhd lh `f
trfylctdrnf y lh `f `ókncf qul `f sdstnlhl. F``í sfgrlmds sn lstd nmp`ncf uh rl`fhzfmnlhtd al`
kdcl d uh fctnhk. _dr supulstd lstfs cdsfs tnlhlh sus cdstds, plrd lstfmds slkurds qul tdads
`ds prlcnds qul algfh pfkfrsl sdh mlhdrls qul `ds qul nmpdhl `f hlurdsns, fuhqul slf uhf
hlurdsns lstfgn`nzfaf.
Rnvnr trfhqun`d ls mucjfs vlcls uhf prdpulstf al `f hlurdsns qul hd lvf`õf `ds prlcnds qul
pfkf pdr lsf trfhqun`nafa. Sfglmds qul `f trfhqun`nafa hlurótncf ls `f mulrtl al` alsld.
L` sueltd alcíf qul tfmpdcd qulríf fblctfr f sus jneds. _lrd ´quî fblctf f uh jned4 ´Vuî trfhs-
mntl uh pfarl4
Qrfhqun`d ls trfhqun`d cdmd uh hlurótncd, y trfhqun`d cdmd uh hlurótncd qunlrl alcnr qul jfcl
cnhcd föds qul tnlhl,
vl fmlhfzfad. rl`fcndhls
Slkurfmlhtl slxuf`ls
ls fjí adhalcfaf
jfyslns
tdafmlsls. Lstl ls l` lqun`ngrnd hlurótncd qul î`
uhf jnstdrnf.
@fcfh drnlhtf lh l` slhtnad al qul hulstrf buhcnóh hd ls cdmplhsfr hlurótncds, snhd qul nhsnstl
qul jfy uh prdg`lmf îtncd, qul jfy qul fpdstfr f` alsld y qul lstd tnlhl cdstds. Cdstds sugel-
tnvds, al fhkustnf, al aföds, ltc.
@f cdgfraíf mdrf` vf lh rl`fcnóh f lstf culstnóh. ^ lstds hd sdh fctds al `f vdùhtfa, fuhqul
utn`nzfr l` tîrmnhd cdgfraíf af `f nmprlsnóh al fctds vdùhtfrnds. L` alsld sl `ll lh `f suelcnóh f
sus prdpnds snkhnﬆcfhtls, y f sus altlrmnhfcndhls al kdcl. _dr lsd `f cdyuhturf hd hds nùmnhf
n` umnhf
mucjd fclrcf al sn sl trftf al` alsld d sl trftf al uh fctnhk jfcnlhad `f pfrdanf al` alsld, qul
sdh lblctds f vlcls muy pdsng`ls lh `ds cdmnlhzds al uh fhæ`nsns, adhal lmpnlzfh f mdvlrsl
`fs cdsfs y f`kunlh lstæ nmpu`sfad f cfmgnfr tdad `d qul tnlhl pdr dtrf cdsf qul hd sl sfgl quî
ls.
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
@fcfh hdmgrf `f cdgfraíf mdrf` cdmd rlcjfzd f` nhcdhscnlhtl. ^ ancl5 ‐Wlcjfzd f` nhcdhscnlh-
tl qul hd plrmntl f` sueltd fsumnr su alglr rlsplctd al` kdcl y al su alsld”. Hd qunlrl alcnr
‐rlcjfzd mns `fpsus”, d ‐hd ml nmpdrtfh `ds sulöds”, lstd ls uh p`fhd tdtf`mlhtl nmfknhfrnd.
Wlcjfzd f` nhcdhscnlhtl qunlrl alcnr rlcjfzd f `f pdsncnóh al sueltd al` nhcdhscnlhtl, sueltd al
sus altlrmnhfcndhls.
Al mdad qul `f cdgfraíf mdrf` hd ls uh prdg`lmf sugeltnvd al vf`lhtíf y fuafcnf, pdrqul lsd
anguef `f vf`lhtíf cdmd fctnhk dut, snhd ls suelcnóh f `ds snkhnﬆcfhtls qul sdh `ds qul dralhfh y
rlku`fh hulstrd kdcl y hulstrd alsld.
_dr õ`tnmd, rlculralh lh rl`fcnóh f `f `nglrtfa slxuf`, qul Bducfu`t lh su Jnstdrnf al `f slxuf-
`nafa6? ancl qul hd jfy bdrmf al rlprnmnr mæs `f slxuf`nafa qul `f `nglrtfa slxuf`. @f bdrmf
mæs mdalrhf al rlprnmnr `f slxuf`nafa ls `f `nglrtfa slxuf`. Ls alcnr, ugncfr `f `nglrtfa y `f
slxuf`nafa lh l` cfmpd ydncd, y hd ugncfr`f lh l` cfmpd al` sueltd qul ls fadhal sl eulkf `fs
vlrafalrfs nalhtnafals, `ds vlrafalrds kdcl. Qfmgnîh
Qfmgnîh dcurrl `d mnsmd cdh `fs bdrmfs blmnhns-
tfs, uhnslx, qul lh pfrtncu`fr alscdhdclh `f pfrtncu`frnafa al `f slxuf`nafa blmlhnhf.
Gulhd, jdy ls `f õ`tnmf c`fsl, al mdad qul `ds alspnad.
67 al ancnlmgrl al 7??7
6?- BD\CF\@Q, Mncjl`, Jnstdrnf al `f slxuf`nafa

slxuf`nafa. 6;. la. rlnmp. La. Snk`d Rlnh
Rlnhtnuhd,
tnuhd, Slptnlmgrl al 6>>7, Gulhds Fnrls, Qrls
tdmds.
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
MLSF WLADHAF
WLS_\LSQFS AL@ _SNCD
_SNCDFHF@NSQ
FHF@NSQF
F F@ _SNCÓQNC
_SNCÓQNCD
D
_FWQNCN_FH5
SN@RNF
SN@RNF GF\ANHN,
GF\ANHN, EDWK
EDWKL
L CJFMDWWD,
CJ FMDWWD, LW
LWHLSQD
HLSQD ALWLULHSI^,
ALWLULHSI^,
CFW@DS AFHQL KFWCÍF ^ HÎSQDW ^L@@FQN.
MDADS AL NHQLWRLHCNÓH LH @F _SNCDSNS

Hîstdr ^l``ftn
L` fgdrafel psncdfhf`ítncd al `fs psncdsns dg`nkf f rlplhsfr tdads `ds tîrmnhds al usd jfgntuf`
lh hulstrd
al cfmpd,
`fs psncdsns, pdrqul,
cdhtó sn gnlh @fcfh
–y rlbdrmu`ó– nhkrlsó
cdh `ds f` psncdfhæ`nsns
cdhclptds brluanfhdslhfcuöfads
tfhtd psnqunftrf pdr `f vvíf
lh l` trftfmnlhtd íf
al `fs hlurdsns. Ls `d qul dcurrl cdh `f nhtlrprltfcnóh, tîrmnhd qul af culhtf, pdr lxcl`lhcnf, al
`f nhtlrvlhcnóh al` fhf`nstf, jfstf tf` puhtd qul @fcfh `f ugncf cdmd su tæctncf y `f cfrfctlrnzf
al anvlrsds mdads f `d `frkd al su lhslöfhzf prdcurfhad tlstnmdhnfr l` lblctd mutftnvd qul
prdaucl lh l` sueltd.
Lh `d qul sl rlﬆlrl f` fgdrafel al` pfcnlhtl psncótncd, hd cfgl auaf al qul f` lstfr nhcùnad lh
l` cfmpd al` `lhkufel sl jf``f fblctfad pdr `f pf`fgrf9 ls alcnr –y lstd ls `d qul cdmpfrtl cdh `f
nhtlrvlhcnóh lh `fs hlurdsns–, mæs f``æ al `ds anstnhtds mdads al lstfgn`nzfcnóh pdsng`ls lh `fs
psncdsns, l` fhf`nstf nhtlrvnlhl cdh su pf`fgrf. Sn gnlh sl favnlrtl su pdalr suklstnvd, f` mnsmd
tnlmpd ls hlclsfrnd cfrfctlrnzfr ancjf nhtlrvlhcnóh, afaf `f plcu`nfr rl`fcnóh al` psncótncd cdh
`f cfalhf snkhnﬆcfhtl.
F`kuhfs rfzdhls pfrf hd jfg`fr al nhtlrprltfcnóh lh `f psncdsns

Fuhqul slf al mfhlrf dcfsndhf`, l` sueltd psncótncd nhtlrprltf, hd sd`d lh `f pfrfhdnf snhd tfm-
gnîh lh `f lsqunzdbrlhnf. Nhtlrprltf l` muhad, `l af uhf snkhnﬆcfcnóh prdpnf, hd anf`lctnzfg`l,
cfrfctlrnzfaf pdr uhf clrtlzf qul cdhtrfstf cdh `f vfcn`fcnóh hlurótncf.
´Sl pulal nhtlrprltfr `f nhtlrprltfcnóh4 Mn``lr slöf`f qul hd pdr cfsuf`nafa `f pf`fgrf nhtlrprl-
tfcnóh lstæ tdmfaf al `f c`íhncf al `f
` f psncdsns y qul, alsal Brlua, ls hlclsfrnd anblrlhcnfr l` al-
`nrnd psncótncd al` al`nrnd psncdfhf`ítncd. «@d qul sf`vf f` psncdfhæ`nsns ls l` Hdmgrl al` _farl,
utn`nzfad pdr l` fhf`nstf brluanfhd pfrf pdhlr uh `ímntl f` al`nrnd al` sueltd supulstd sfglr.¹
Fsí, `f clrtlzf al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al`nrfhtl psncótncf fpfrlcl cdmd uh tdpl f `f nhtlrprltfcnóh
al` fhf`nstf. Alsal cnlrtf plrsplctnvf hd alefríf al slr `f cdhbrdhtfcnóh al ads al`nrnds, f anbl-
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
rlhcnf al `d qul suclal lh `fs hlurdsns, adhal fhf`nzfhtl y fhf`nstf cdmpfrtlh l` mnsmd, d slf,
`f ﬆccnóh laípncf. @f alhdmnhfcnóh psnqunætrncf slcrltfrnd al` f`nlhfad sl drnknhf lh lstf nmpd-
sngn`nafa al nhtlrprltfr `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al`nrfhtl, qul hd jfy qul alscfrtfr lh tfhtd pdsncnóh
al` fhf`nstf lh altlrmnhfafs cnrcuhstfhcnfs.
Ćómd prdaucl l` psncdfhf`nstf `d qul ``fmfmds nhtlrprltfcnóh4 Su nhtlrvlhcnóh pfrtl al uhf
prlmnsf5 l` tlxtd prdaucnad pdr l` pfcnlhtl supdhl uh sfglr nhcdhscnlhtl frtncu`fad lh î`. Al
f``í qul l` fhf`nstf utn`ncl
utn`n cl cfsn snlmprl `ds snkhnﬆcfhtls nhtrdaucnads pdr l` sueltd pfrf cdhstrunr
su nhtlrvlhcnóh. @f bdrmf mæs lvnalhtl ls `f cntf, adhal sl slöf`f uh snkhnﬆcfhtl, sl `d rlpntl,
sl `d nhtlrrdkf, sl cdrtf `f slsnóh cufhad lstl ls lhuhcnfad, sl culstndhf su snkhnﬆcfcnóh y sl
fpuhtf, al lstl mdad, f `f lhuhcnfcnóh. L` lquívdcd mnsmd sl prdaucl f pfrtnr al `f `lcturf al
uhf prdauccnóh snkhnﬆcfhtl,
snkhnﬆcfhtl, l` fhf`nstf lqunvdcf `d ancjd pdr l` sueltd9 `d hulvd pfrtl al` tlxtd
prdaucnad.
Fjdrf gnlh, `f nhtlrvlhcnóh al` fhf`nstf lh `f psncdsns hd tnlhl l` mnsmd cfræctlr. Sl dgslrvf
lh dcfsndhls, cufhad `f nhtlrprltfcnóh hd lstæ rlblrnaf f` tlxtd al` pfcnlhtl, lh tfhtd l` al`nrnd
hd sl nhtlrprltf y `f fùcnhfcnóh tfmpdcd. @f `ókncf qul altlrmnhf lstd ls qul l` tlxtd al` su-
eltd hlurótncd
fplrturf cdhtnlhl `fsymfrcfs
al` nhcdhscnlhtl al `f rlprlsnóh
su nhtlrprltfcnóh. Lh l`ycfsd
al` rltdrhd snhtdmætncd,
al` psncótncd `d
` d qul
sl favnlrtl, lh plrmntl
cfmgnd, `f
`f
mfrcf al `f bdrcùsnóh. Cdhsnkunlhtlmlhtl, `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al` fhf`nstf hd sd`d hd sl sustlhtf
lh l` tlxtd al` pfcnlhtl snhd qul algl prdaucnr uh tlxtd nhîantd. L` fhf`nstf lhtdhcls hd sl `n-
mntf f lscucjfr,
lscucjfr, nhtlrvnlhl cdh `f pf`fgrf l nhvlhtf f pfrtnr al su prdpnd sfglr. Afad qul hd ls
l` sfglr nhcdhscnlhtl l` qul dbrlcl `f nhtlrprltfcnóh, l` fhf`nstf hd aup`ncf `f nhtlrprltfcnóh
n htlrprltfcnóh al`
nhcdhscnlhtl f trfvîs al sus bdrmfcndhls.
Alcnmds jfgntuf`mlhtl qul `f nhtlrprltfcnóh fpuhtf f `f `dcf`nzfcnóh al snkhnﬆcfhtls prnvn-
`lknfads lh tfhtd cdhstntutnvds al `fs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls nhcdhscnlhtls. Snh lmgfrkd, l` fhf`nstf
tnlhl cdmd dgeltnvd l` brfhqulfmnlhtd al` p`fhd al `f nalhtnﬆcfcnóh. Mæs f``æ al lsl p`fhd sl
sntõf `f Cdsf dtrf, `d qul al` kdcl hd pfsf f` nhcdhscnlhtl cdmd sfglr y cdhstntuyl uh `ímntl f
`f nhtlrprltfcnóh cdhclgnaf cdmd alscnbrfmnlhtd al` nhcdhscnlhtl. Al f``í qul `f nhtlrprltfcnóh
fpuhtl
lhnkmf,f`y dgeltd. Ls uhffàl
jfkf vfcn`fr `fs rfzdhls
sueltd lhtrl `dspfrf qul `f nhtlrprltfcnóh
snkhnﬆcfhtls tlhkf vf`dr
qul `d rlprlslhtfh. allstl
Alsal lquívdcd,
puhtd al
al
vnstf, lhcdhtrfmds uh `ímntl f ``fmfr nhtlrprltfcnóh f `f nhtlrvlhcnóh al` psncdfhf`nstf lh `fs
psncdsns, puls hd jfy lxtrfccnóh al` dgeltd f, qul plrmntl `f cdhstntucnóh al` cfmpd al `f rlf-
`nafa. Ćómd pdaríf `f nhtlrprltfcnóh fpuhtfr f` dgeltd cufhad lstl sl prlslhtnﬆcf rltdrhfhad
lh `d rlf`, pdr lelmp`d, fùcnhftdrnfmlhtl4 Al tdads mdads, `f præctncf lhslöf qul l` jfg`fr,
`f vlrgf`nzfcnóh dplrf uhf `dcf`nzfcnóh al` kdcl, qul l` kdcl qul rltdrhf al mfhlrf mfsnvf y
als`dcf`nzfaf pulal slr fcdtfad, fuh cufhad hd qulpf ``fmfr f `f dplrfcnóh al` fhf`nstf nh-
tlrprltfcnóh.
Edrkl Cjfmdrrd. ‑L` tlxtd al Hîstdr ^l``ftn p`fhtlf uhf puhtufcnóh sdgrl `f nhtlrprltfcnóh.
Alglmds lstfg`lclr, pdr uh `fad, `f anblrlhcnf lhtrl `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al` psncótncd y `f qul
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rlf`nzf l` fhf`nstf. ´Ls `d mnsmd4 ´Ls anblrlhtl4 ´Qnlhlh uhf lstructurf lh cdmõh d hd4. Lstl
ls l` prnmlr puhtd.
L` slkuhad puhtd ls `f anstnhcnóh lhtrl `f nhtlrprltfcnóh qul jfcl l` psncótncd y uhf al `fs tld-
rífs al @fcfh sdgrl l` tlmf. _frf lstd ls hlclsfrnd anblrlhcnfr ads tnlmpds al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh
lh `ds tlxtds al @fcfh5 f) @f nhtlrprltfcnóh snmgó`ncf, qul prdaucl lblctds al snkhnﬆcfcnóh, `d
hulvd, ltcîtlrf, y `f nhtlrprltfcnóh qul sl ugncf lh «L` ftd`dharfancjd¹, qul fpuhtf f `f cfusf
al` alsld, mæs prlcnsfmlhtl `f rlvl`f.
Vunzæ vlfmds mæs fal`fhtl `f nhtlrprltfcnóh lh Edycl, adhal @fcfh sustlhtf `f slkuhaf bdr-
mu`fcnóh, qul pdalmds ugncfr cdmd `f rlauccnóh al` snkhnﬆcfhtl f `f `ltrf. Nhtlrprltfr ls rl-
aucnr l` snkhnﬆcfhtl f `f `ltrf. Fsí lhtlhanaf, ls `f nhvlrsf al `f prnmlrf. Lh lstl slhtnad, jfgræ
qul anblrlhcnfr `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al` psncótncd al `f al` fhf`nstf, lh tfhtd fmgds lscrnglh f`
nhtlrprltfr. Ml pfrlcl qul lstl ls l` puhtd lslhcnf`5 lstf nhtlrprltfcnóh sl sdstnlhl mæs lh `f
lscrnturf qul lh `f snkhnﬆcfcnóh.
Cfr`ds Afhtl Kfrcíf. ‑Lstfgf tfmgnîh `d al `f clrtlzf psncótncf cdmd tdpl f `f nhtlrprltfcnóh
fhf`ítncf, qul lhtlhaíf lh l` prnmlr slhtnad. ^ alefstl p`fhtlfaf `f prlkuhtf al quî anblrlhcnf
`f nhtlrprltfcnóh fhf`ítncf al `f al` al`nrnd… Ls qul, fuhqul sl fprdxnmfh, jfy uhf anblrlhcnf.
^ `f dtrf prlkuhtf ls quî ls `f nhvlhcnóh lh `f hlurdsns y `f psncdsns. Hd alsfrrd``æs `f anblrlh-
cnf, `f ugncæs mæs al` `fad al `f hlurdsns.
Edrkl Cjfmdrrd. ‑@f nhvlhcnóh lh l` cfmpd al `fs hlurdsns qul nmp`ncf `f nhtlrprltfcnóh, ls
uhf nhvlhcnóh qul nhcùyl `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al` fhf`nstf. @f prlkuhtf ls lhtdhcls sn `f nhvlh-
cnóh lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns nhcùyl `f nhtlrprltfcnóh d hd al` fhf`nstf.
Lrhlstd Alrlzlhsiy. ‑_frf trftfr `f pdsncnóh l` psncdfhf`nstf brlhtl f `f psncdsns ls hlclsfrnd

pfrtnr al `d qul pdalmds ugncfr cdmd uh `nstfad al prleuncnds f`rlaladr al` tlmf. Qlhlmds
cdmd puhtd al pfrtnaf `f nhtlranccnóh brluanfhf qul ls pdsng`l rlsumnr al `f snkunlhtl mfhlrf5
hd sl pulal fhf`nzfr f uh psncótncd pdrqul lstl ls nhcfpfz al trfhsblrlhcnf. Lstf pdsncnóh jf
snad rlgfefaf pdr `f lxplrnlhcnf al `ds fhf`nstfs. \h prnmlr mdvnmnlhtd sl vlrnﬆcf f pfrtnr al
`f præctncf al `f lscul`f nhk`lsf, al `ds pdsbrluanfhds, qul lxtnlhalh l` anspdsntnvd fhf`ítncd f
`f psncdsns y f `ds hnöds. _dr `d tfhtd, crld qul jdy yf hd ls pdsng`l sdstlhlr qul l` psncótncd ls
nhcfpfz al trfhsblrlhcnf. Lh tdad cfsd, pdarífmds faeuhtfr cdmd prdg`lmf f `f nhtlranccnóh
sdstlhnaf pdr Brlua `f prlkuhtf pdr `f hfturf`lzf al `f trfhsblrlhcnf lh `f psncdsns. Crld qul
uh gulh mdad al fgdrafr lstf prlkuhtf ls `f pdsncnóh al @fcfh, qul ugncf f`rlaladr al `f
trfhsblrlhcnf uhf vlrtnlhtl lpnstîmncf y dtrf vlrtnlhtl rl`fcndhfaf cdh `d `ngnanhf`.
Qfmgnîh pdarífmds prlkuhtfrhds sn `f trfhsblrlhcnf lh `f psncdsns pulal slr uh nhstrumlhtd
utn`nzfg`l alsal uh puhtd al vnstf tlrfpîutncd. Sl trftf lhtdhcls al prlcnsfr su hfturf`lzf y
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
al afr culhtf al sn pulal d hd slr utn`nzfad tlrfpîutncfmlhtl. Sl alaucl al lstl puhtd al

pfrtnaf brluanfhd uhf slkuhaf fﬆrmfcnóh, qul fkrlkf uhf hdrmf5 hd sl algl nhtlrprltfr f uh
psncótncd pdrqul lsd `d lhblrmf mæs. ^ tlhlmds f` rlsplctd uhf cfhtnafa al cdmuhncfcndhls
c`íhncfs lh `fs qul sl vlrnﬆcf qul cnlrtfs
cn lrtfs nhtlrprltfcndhls «alsfbdrtuhfafs¹
«alsfbdrtuhfafs¹ (lhtrl cdmn``fs) al
`ds fhf`nstfs prdauclh uh fkrfvfmnlhtd lh `f sntufcnóh al` pfcnlhtl.
Sn cdmlhzfmds f cdhsnalrfr fjdrf `f pdsncnóh al @fcfh y tdmfmds cdmd puhtd al pfrtnaf L`
slmnhfrnd 3, qul alancf f `f psncdsns, vlrlmds qul dcupf uh ùkfr nmpdrtfhtl lh su l`fgdrfcnóh
l` lstftutd al `f ``fmfaf prlpsncdsns. Lstl tîrmnhd –cuyf cfrfctlrnzfcnóh and ùkfr f uh algftl
lh hulstrd mland– hd plrtlhlcl f @fcfh, snhd qul `d tdmf al dtrd futdr, y ùlkd alsfpfrlcl
præctncfmlhtl al sus slmnhfrnds y lscrntds. Lh L` slmnhfrnd 3 lhtdhcls @fcfh sdstnlhl qul `f
prlpsncdsns sl cdhstntuyl lh uh `ímntl, yf qul sn tdmfmds prlpsncótncds lh fhæ`nsns l` rlsu`tfad
ls uh psncótncd.
^ ls nmpdrtfhtl sntufr qul l` cdhtlxtd lh l` qul @fcfh prdaucl lstf fﬆrmfcnóh ls l` al uh al-
gftl jnstórncd cdh `f drnlhtfcnóh qul lh l` psncdfhæ`nsns sl cdhdcnó cdmd `f rl`fcnóh al dgeltd.
Lstf præctncf al` psncdfhæ`nsns pdtlhcnfgf `ds bfctdrls nmfknhfrnds lh `f curf9 lrf l` psncdfhæ-
`nsns cdhclgnad
al @fcfh cdmd
tnlhl uhf `f fhtlcæmfrfuh
pfrtncu`frnafa, alpuhtd
`f `dcurf. Lh lsl
prlcnsd slhtnad,
c`íhncd crldal
rlsplctd qul
`f sn gnlh `f nhancfcnóh
hlclsnafa al ugncfr
l` anfkhóstncd anblrlhcnf` lhtrl hlurdsns y psncdsns, lhtrf alhtrd al uh algftl mæs klhlrf` cdh
lstf drnlhtfcnóh alhtrd al` psncdfhæ`nsns.
L` puhtd snkunlhtl ls cómd sntufr `f nhtlrprltfcnóh lh `f psncdsns. _nlhsd qul ls pdsng`l rlcd-
hdclr lh @fcfh uhf prnmlrf tldríf al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh, qul pdarífmds cdhvlhnr lh ``fmfr
nhtlrprltfcnóh mltfbórncf, qul tdmf su lstructurf al `f mltæbdrf pftlrhf. @f mltæbdrf pulal
slr cdhsnalrfaf cdmd l` mdal`d al tdafs `fs nhtlrprltfcndhls lh l` cfmpd al `f hlurdsns. Ls `f
mltæbdrf al uh prdclsd al sustntucnóh qul jfcl lmlrklr uhf snkhnﬆcfcnóh admnhfhtl al` suel-
td, `f alhdmnhfaf snkhnﬆcfcnóh bæ`ncf. _dr dtrd `fad, snmu`tæhlfmlhtl f lstf cdhclptuf`nzfcnóh
al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh mltfbórncf, @fcfh cfrfctlrnzf `f lstructurf psncótncf f pfrtnr al` aîﬆcnt lh `f
nhscrnpcnóh al` snkhnﬆcfhtl al` Hdmgrl al` _farl. @`fmf f lstd bdrcùsnóh l nhancf uhf prnmlrf
cdhslculhcnf lh l` p`fhd
trftf al uh mdmlhtd al `fallhslöfhzf
`f snkhnﬆcfcnóh, `f bf`tf
al @fcfh, qulal
hdsnkhnﬆcfcnóh
cdhstntuyl subæ`ncf. Al tdads mdads, sl
tdtf`nafa.
Alglrífmds lhtdhcls ugncfr dtrd @fcfh, lsl qul hds prdpdhl `d qul pdarífmds ``fmfr `f nhtlr-
prltfcnóh cdrtl, uhf nhtlrprltfcnóh cdhbdrml f `f lstructurf al` anscursd fhf`ítncd, qul fpuhtf f
fns`fr `ds snkhnﬆcfhtls fmd f pfrtnr al `ds cuf`ls l` sueltd jf cdhstrunad su al`nrnd. Lh lsl cfsd,
cdrrlspdhal anstnhkunr l` al`nrnd hlurótncd –f`rlaladr al` Hdmgrl al` _farl– y lsf dtrf bdrmf
qul ls l` al`nrnd lh `f psncdsns, qul prlscnhal al` Hdmgrl al` _farl.
\h mdal`d pdsng`l pfrf `f nhtlrprltfcnóh lh `f psncdsns slríf, f mn lhtlhalr,
lhtlhalr, `f lscrnturf al` ans-
cursd fhf`ítncd, qul cdhaucnríf f fns`fr tfmgnîh lh l``f cnlrtds snkhnﬆcfhtls fmd. Vulaf cdmd
prdg`lmf alhtrd al lstf fﬆrmfcnóh quî lstftutd `l afmds tfhtd f `d qul @fcfh lscrngl cdmd
S7, `f buhcnóh al` sfglr –lstd ls, sn ls pdsng`l jdmd`dkfr l` sfglr nhcdhscnlhtl tf` cuf` buhcndhf
lh `f hlurdsns cdh `f lstructurf al` al`nrnd–, cdmd f` sueltd rlprlslhtfad pdr uh snkhnﬆcfhtl
pfrf dtrd snkhnﬆcfhtl. Qlhlmds
Qlhlmds f``í `f fﬆrmfcnóh `fcfhnfhf al uh sueltd al` kdcl, qul @fcfh hd
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
p`fhtló lh cuf`qunlr dpdrtuhnafa, `d jnzd lh su lscrntd «_rlslhtfcnóh al `f trfauccnóh brfhclsf

al `fs Mlmdrnfs al` _rlsnalhtl Scjrlglr¹.
^ fuh cufhad pulaf sdstlhlrsl qul jfy nhtlrprltfcnóh lh `f psncdsns, sl algl p`fhtlfr fsn-
mnsmd qul lstf hd ls nhdcuf, `d qul nmp`ncf qul f pfrtnr al @fcfh lxnstlh cdhtrfnhancfcndhls
f ancjf nhtlrprltfcnóh. @f mæs anbuhanaf, `f mæs prlcnsf sl lhculhtrf lh `ds Lscrntds, cufhad
p`fhtlf lh «Al uhf culstnóh prl`nmnhfr…¹ `ds lblctds cftfstróﬆcds al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al `f
jdmdslxuf`nafa lh tîrmnhds al jdmdslxuf`nafa rlprnmnaf, al pdsncnóh pfsnvf rlsplctd al`
pfarl, l nhtrdaucl `f hlclsnafa al anstnhkunr `f jdmdslxuf`nafa hlurótncf al `f al`nrfhtl d,
mæs prlcnsfmlhtl, l` trfhslxuf`nsmd al`nrfhtl. @ulkd, jfy nhtlrprltfcnóh, plrd lstf hd ls nhd-
cuf.
Ćuæ` ls `f dplrftnvnafa al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh lh `f psncdsns4 Afad qul lh `f psncdsns hd cdh-
tfmds cdh `f rlprlsnóh, sl trftf al `f hlclsnafa al cdhstrunr uh hdmgrl f pfrtnr al `d qul `f
lstructurf plrmntl. Rlrnﬆcfmds qul l` fhf`nstf hd pulal vdùhtfrnfmlhtl lvntfr `f nhtlrprl-
tfcnóh y qul su fgstnhlhcnf nhtlrprltftnvf, su sn`lhcnd, hd `d `ngrf al` prdg`lmf. ^ ls qul `f
lstructurf mnsmf al` lhculhtrd cdh l` fhf`nstf, nhalplhanlhtlmlhtl al qul sl prdauzcf lh l`
mfrcd alàlanspdsntnvd
l` puhtd rlblrlhcnf fhf`ítncd, yf alspnlrtfqul
pfrf `f nhtlrprltfcnóh `f pdsngn`nafa alplrmntl
`f lstructurf `f nhtlrprltfcnóh. Lhqul
ugncfr ls `d lslhdsdtrds
slhtnad,
``fmfmds `f clrtlzf psncótncf, cdhtrf `f cuf` hd pulal nr `f nhtlrprltfcnóh fhf`ítncf. Cdhsnalrd
uhf fﬆrmfcnóh pdsng`l y falcufaf slöf`fr qul `f nhtlrprltfcnóh fhf`ítncf sl cd`dcf f` `fad, f`
cdstfad al `f clrtlzf psncótncf.
Nhtlhtfrî nùstrfr`d cdh uhf plqulöf vnöltf c`íhncf. \hf pfcnlhtl f `f qul ftnlhad alsal jfcl
cftdrcl föds jf alsfrrd``fad uh fpfrftd al nh﬇ulhcnf, y tnlhl fgsdùtf clrtlzf al qul, lh sus
tîrmnhds, tdads `l lhtnlhalh l` plhsfmnlhtd, lxclptd l` fhf`nstf. _lrd ´pdr quî su fhf`nstf hd
`l lhtnlhal l` plhsfmnlhtd4 Wlspdhal5 «Ls qul ustla ml qunlrl y `ds qul ml qunlrlh gnlh hd
ml lhtnlhalh l` plhsfmnlhtd¹.
_daríf rlaucnr `f nhtlrprltfcnóh dplrfhtl lh l` fhæ`nsns al cftdrcl föds al lstf muelr f ads
prdpdsncndhls5 lh prnmlr ùkfr
ùkfr,, lblctnvfmlhtl, yd hd `l lhtnlhad l` plhsfmnlhtd. Lstl yd hd `l lh-
tnlhad sl cd`dcf al cdstfad, f` `fad al `f clrtlzf psncótncf qul l``f
l`` f sdstnlhl y qul vf mæs f``æ al
`f snkhnﬆcfcnóh9 sl trftf al uhf clrtlzf al kdcl5 l` Dtrd ml lhtnlhal. @f slkuhaf nhtlrprltfcnóh,
fgsdùtfmlhtl cdrrl`ftnvf al `f prnmlrf, ls `f snkunlhtl5 `ds dtrds hd `f qunlrlh aföfr pdrqul, sn
qunsnlrfh jfclr`d, yf `f jugnlrfh mftfad, puls lhtnlhalh su plhsfmnlhtd. Jl fquí uh mdal`d
pdsng`l al nhtlrprltfcnóh qul nhtlhtf cdhstrunr uh lspfcnd `nglrfad al `f nhtrusnóh al` Dtrd al`
kdcl y,
y, falmæs, trftf al vf`lrsl al `d qul `f lstructurf plrmntl.
\hd al `ds õ`tnmds tlmfs qul qunlrd p`fhtlfr f`rlaladr al `f pdsncnóh al` fhf`nstf lh `f psncd-
sns ls l` al `f aurfcnóh al `fs slsndhls. ^
^d,
d, pdr lelmp`d, lh mn lxplrnlhcnf, hd jl pdanad trfgf-
efr cdh slsndhls grlvls cdh lstf pfcnlhtl qul `ls rlﬆlrd,
rlﬆlrd, f qunlh vld trls vlcls pdr slmfhf, lh
slsndhls qul sl alsfrrd``fh f pfrtnr al uh tnlmpd prlﬆefad, qul l``f rlknstrf y pfrlcl hlclsntfr.
Mn nmprlsnóh ls qul `f f`tlrhfhcnf snlmprl ﬆef al `fs slsndhls cdh uh tnlmpd altlrmnhfad cdh-
trnguyl f qul lstf pfcnlhtl lhculhtrl uhf drkfhnzf
drkfhnzfcnóh
cnóh tlmpdrf`5 `f slmfhf sl dralhf f pfrtnr
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al` lhculhtrd cdh l` fhf`nstf. Hd sl ml lscfpf, snh lmgfrkd, `f snkunlhtl dgelcnóh5 sd`d pdhkd
lh eulkd uhf anmlhsnóh nmfknhfrnf al` tnlmpd.
@ds dtrds ads puhtds qul snmp`lmlhtl prltlhad nhancfr, yf qul cdhsnalrd buhafmlhtf` qul
sl nhcùyfh lh l` prdg`lmf qul hds p`fhtlf `f psncdsns, sdh `f culstnóh al `f nhtlrhfcnóh y `f
mlancfcnóh. Afad qul sd`lmds trfgfefr cdh pfcnlhtls nhtlrhfads, sd`lmds nr f` lhculhtrd al
pfcnlhtls lh `f nhstntucnóh, crld qul l` fhf`nstf hd pulal lùanr lh mdad f`kuhd `f prdg`lmætn-
cf al `f mlancfcnóh y `ds lblctds al `ds anstnhtds anspdsntnvds nhstntucndhf`ls al` trftfmnlhtd al
`f psncdsns. Vulaf lhtdhcls p`fhtlfad l` prdg`lmf al `f pdsncnóh rlsplctd al `f psncdsns cufhad
sl trftf al` fhf`nstf y `f nhstntucnóh.
Edrkl Cjfmdrrd. ‑Sn l` tlxtd al Hîstdr ^l``ftn jfgíf clhtrfad `f culstnóh f`rlaladr al `f nhtlr-
prltfcnóh, l` al Lrhlstd Alrlzlhsiy pdaríf ugncfrsl lh tdrhd al` ùkfr al` Dtrd lh `f psncdsns
d, mæs prlcnsfmlhtl, al `fs cdhancndhls pdsng`ls al `f nhtlrvlhcnóh al` fhf`nstf y l` ùkfr al`
Dtrd. @f prlkuhtf sdgrl `f lxnstlhcnf d hd al `f trfhsblrlhcnf lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns ``lvf f
nhtlrrdkfr `f rl`fcnóh cdh l` Dtrd. Ls alcnr, l` ùkfr pdsng`l al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh y su ugncfcnóh.
´Sl ugncf lh l` ùkfr al` Dtrd pfrf nhtlrprltfr4 ´D sl alsugncf al` ùkfr al` Dtrd pfrf jfclr`d4
Lstf ls uhf prnmlrf culstnóh.
Hd ls lvnalhtl, prnmlrd, qul jfyf Dtrd lh `f psncdsns y, cufhad `d jfy –pdr lelmp`d, lh l` pf-
rfhdncd– hd rlsu`tf uh ùkfr falcufad pfrf l` fhf`nstf. L` prdg`lmf lhculhtrf jfstf fjdrf ads
rlspulstfs lh l` tlxtd al Alrlzlhsiy5 6) Jfy trfhsblrlhcnf lh `f psncdsns –prnmlrf fﬆrmfcnóh
qul jfclmds–, `d qul snkhnﬆcf qul lxnstlh cdhancndhls pdsng`ls pfrf uhf rlspulstf. ^ ls qul `f
nhtlrvlhcnóh al` fhf`nstf hd tlharíf hnhkõh slhtnad pfrf uh psncótncd qul hd tuvnlrf hnhkuhf
frtncu`fcnóh cdh l` mæs f``æ al î`. 7) @f slkuhaf culstnóh qul sl lmpnlzf f lsgdzfr lh l` crucl
al `ds ads tlxtds ls qul jfy uhf nhtlrprltfcnóh cdmp`lef lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns, qul cfsn
tlhalmds f lxcùnr. Lrhlstd Alrlzlhsiy
Alrlzlhsiy nhancfgf c`frfmlhtl qul ancjf nhtlrprltfcnóh pfrtl al
`d rlf` y hd al `fs l`fgdrfcndhls al` nhcdhscnlhtl. Î` jfgíf ``fmfad `d rlf` f `f clrtlzf psncótncf
y p`fhtlfgf5 «_frtnmds al `d rlf` al `f clrtlzf psncótncf y hd al `d snmgó`ncd, qul sdh `fs l`f-
gdrfcndhls al` nhcdhscnlhtl¹. Sl trftf lhtdhcls al ads `íhlfs pfrf nhtlrvlhnr lh l` cfmpd al `f
psncdsns.
L` tlxtd p`fhtlf fsnmnsmd `d qul jfgífmds fhtncnpfad, al` rlcdhdcnmnlhtd al snkhnﬆcfhtls
fmds, y mn rlspulstf –pfrf anscutnr– ls qul lh l` cfmpd al `fs hlurdsns, lh l` anscursd hluró-
tncd, l` rlcdhdcnmnlhtd al snkhnﬆcfhtls fmds nhcùyl `f nhtlrprltfcnóh9 d slf qul l` snkhnﬆcfhtl
fmd qul frtncu`fræ `f `ókncf al `f curf al uh sueltd hlurótncd ls uh snkhnﬆcfhtl mæs `f nhtlrprl-
tfcnóh al` fhf`nstf, qul jfcl al î` `ltrf.
Lh l` sueltd psncótncd lstds snkhnﬆcfhtls fmd prllxnstlh lh `d qul sl ``fmf hld`dknsmds d lh `d
qul Alrlzlhsiy ugncó cdmd sueltd al` kdcl9 lstd ls, jfy frtncu`fcnóh kdcl-snkhnﬆcfhtl y, pdr
`d tfhtd, prllxnstlh. _dr lsd, hd `ds prdaucnmds snhd qul l` sueltd `ds tnlhl. Jfy f``í uhf anbl-
rlhcnf.
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
Wlsplctd al` ftrfvlsfmnlhtd al nalhtnﬆcfcndhls y `f nhtlrprltfcnóh cdmd alsfrtncu`fcnóh al

nalhtnﬆcfcndhls, slöf`lmds qul lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns l` al`nrnd cdhstruyl uhf nalhtnafa
qul l` sueltd hd tnlhl. Snlmprl ls cdmp`led l` ftrfvlsfmnlhtd al `fs nalhtnﬆcfcndhls lh `f psncd-
sns pdrqul, mæs f``æ al l``fs, jfy uh vfcíd mfrcfad pdr `f bdrcùsnóh al` Hdmgrl al` _farl. Lh-
tdhcls, l` dtrd puhtd slrífh `ds lblctds frrfsfadrls al nhtlrprltfr y al alsfrtncu`fr `f cdhsnstlh-
cnf qul l` sueltd psncótncd frmf cdh su vfcíd, rllhvnæhad`d f uh vfcíd y hd f uhf cdhsnstlhcnf.
@f tlrclrf culstnóh qul nhcùnmds ls `f nhtlrprltfcnóh sdgrl `f jdmdslxuf`nafa. Nhtlrprltfr
`f jdmdslxuf`nafa nhancf lh Brlua qul sl dtdrkf uhf snkhnﬆcfcnóh cdhsnalrfaf nhcdhscnlhtl.
Ćómd ugncfmds lh `fs ads tldrífs al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al @fcfh uhf nhtlrprltfcnóh qul af uhf
snkhnﬆcfcnóh4 Î`, al tdads mdads, hd jfg`f al lstl tnpd al nhtlrprltfcnóh lh hnhkuhf al `fs ads
tldrífs (slkõh uhf, crlf hulvfs snkhnﬆcfcndhls y,
y, al fculrad cdh `f dtrf, `fs rlaucl tdafs). @f
nalf al qul lh l` nhcdhscnlhtl jfy uhf snkhnﬆcfcnóh, qul lhtrlkf f `f nhtlrprltfcnóh rlspdhal f
uhf cdhclpcnóh brluanfhf al` mnsmd. Jfy lhtdhcls uhf tlrclrf culstnóh f`rlaladr al `f nnhtlr-
htlr-
prltfcnóh qul af uhf snkhnﬆcfcnóh, lh lstl cfsd, al `f jdmdslxuf`nafa.
_dr dtrd `fad, crld qul pdalmds fprdvlcjfr l` puhtd pfrf ugncfr cómd @fcfh rlbdrmu`f `f
tlsns al `flhpsncdsns
cæhad`f cdmd
l` cfmnhd al alblhsf cdhtrf `f jdmdslxuf`nafa
`f lstfgn`nzfcnóh– . y `f ``fmf lmpuel f `f muelr – ugn-
Sdgrl l` dtrd puhtd qul p`fhtlf Alrlzlhsiy

Alrlzlhsiy,, l` al `f aurfcnóh al `f slsnóh, sugrfyd su bdrmu-
`fcnóh al qul ancjf aurfcnóh ls l` tnlmpd nmfknhfrnd, ls `f vlrsnóh nmfknhfrnf al` tnlmpd. L`
p`fhtlf qul jfy tdaf uhf culstnóh dplrftnvf lh l` usd al `f bdrmf nmfknhfrnf al` tnlmpd pfrf
l` lhmfrcfmnlhtd al `f psncdsns. Crld qul ls uh puhtd pfrf anscutnr. ^d,
^d, pdr lelmp`d, ml nhtl-
rrdkfgf rlsplctd al mn præctncf cdh psncótncds y rlcdrafgf uh cfsd lh pfrtncu`fr adhal `f aurf-
cnóh al `f slsnóh hd sl dralhfgf lh rl`fcnóh cdh l` tnlmpd snhd cdh uh tlxtd qul trfíf `f sueltd.
@f slsnóh lmplzfgf y tlrmnhfgf cdh `f `lcturf al` tlxtd y, f vlcls, f`kõh cdmlhtfrnd míd, uh
fslhtnmnlhtd míd rlsplctd al `d qul l``f jfgíf trfíad. Falmæs, cdmd `f pfcnlhtl yf sfgíf qul
hd jfgíf almfsnfad tnlmpd lh `f slsnóh, mdaf`nzfgf su rlcdrtl lh buhcnóh al lstd.
Dpdhlmds lhtdhcls f `f aurfcnóh al` tnlmpd, `f `ókncf, alsal l` tnlmpd `ókncd, cdmd @fcfh `d
p`fhtlf, y jfgræ qul plhsfr `f culstnóh al` cdrtl al `f slsnóh.
Qfmgnîh p`fhtlf l` tlmf al `f mlancfcnóh, nhlùang`l lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns pfrf pdsngn`ntfr
p dsngn`ntfr
`f rlspulstf al` fhf`nstf. Dgslrvfmds muy c`frfmlhtl qul, sn gnlh `f mlancfcnóh rlku`f l` kdcl
lxclsnvd qul nmpnal l` trfgfed al` fhf`nstf, tfmgnîh `f mlancfcnóh pdr sí mnsmf
mnsmf hd rlcdhdcl uh
sueltd lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns. _frf qul `d rlcdhdzcf –y jfgræ qul vlr quî ls rlcdhdclr uh
sueltd–, slræ hlclsfrnf `f rlspulstf al` fhf`nstf, qul hd `f af lh sí mnsmf `f mlancfcnóh.
Cfr`ds Afhtl Kfrcíf. ‑Jfy trls culstndhls5 sn hd ls alsal l` Dtrd, álsal aóhal sl nhtlrprltf4
Lrhlstd alsfrrd``fgf l` puhtd al ugncfr l` anscursd fhf`ítncd cdmd mdal`d y lhtdhcls `f vlr-
tnlhtl lrf sntufr pfrf l` `fad al` dgeltd… ^ vds rlspdhanstl5 «Hds pdhlmds al` `fad al` sueltd¹.
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
Cjfmdrrd. ‑Lh lstl puhtd, y

Edrkl Cjfmdrrd. lh l` cfsd al Alrlzlhsiy,
Alrlzlhsiy, sn l` fhf`nstf nhtlrprltf alsal l`
ùkfr al` Dtrd, sl sumf f `ds qul lhtnlhalh y `l `llh l` plhsfmnlhtd, f` sueltd. @d qul hd dcurrl
sn nhtlrprltf al` `fad al` hd lhtnlhad d lelrcl l` hd lhtnlhad. Fuhqul jfgríf qul vlr sn `l` l afmds
cftlkdríf al nhtlrprltfcnóh f` alcnr yd hd lhtnlhad...
Sl pulal plhsfr qul ls uhf nhtlrprltfcnóh plrd hd ls dgvnd. @f jnpótlsns lhtdhcls ls qul l`
fhf`nstf sl alscd`dcf al` ùkfr al` Dtrd nhmfhlefg`l, qul `l `ll l` plhsfmnlhtd, y sl ugncf lh l`
ùkfr al` sueltd anvnanad, qul hlclsntf slr lhslöfad pdr l` sueltd psncótncd.
Cfr`ds Afhtl Kfrcíf. ‑Fjí yd p`fhtlfríf uhf prlkuhtf5 ćómd jfg`f l` sueltd4, ćómd jfg`f
l` dgeltd4 L` sueltd jfg`f, l` dgeltd hd…
Lrhlstd Alrlzlhsiy. ‑Sn tdmfmds cdmd mftrnz pfrf plhsfr `f nhtlrvlhcnóh pdsng`l al` fhf-
`nstf `f lscrnturf al` anscursd fhf`ítncd, tlhlmds qul ugncfr l` prdg`lmf al` dgeltd lh `f psncdsns,
puls sfglmds qul l` psncótncd sl cfrfctlrnzf pdr slr f`kunlh qul tnlhl l` dgeltd f su anspdsncnóh.
Crld qul sl trftf, prlcnsfmlhtl, al ansputfr lsl ùkfr al` dgeltd qul l` psncótncd tnlhl f su ans-
pdsncnóh. _lrd ćómd lhtlhalr l` ansputfr l` ùkfr al` dgeltd4
Jugd fhf`nstfs qul plhsfgfh qul uhf lstructurf al `f nhtlrvlhcnóh pdsng`l lh `f psncdsns lrf `f
fùcnhfcnóh. Crlífh qul `f nhtlrvlhcnóh al` fhf`nstf tlhíf `f mnsmf lstructurf qul fqul``d qul
rltdrhf lh `d rlf`, qul lrf lh lsl slhtnad jdmó`dkf f uhf fùcnhfcnóh. Hd tnlhad f plhsfr`d al
lsf mfhlrf, crld qul l` sn`lhcnd al` fhf`ítncd jfcl rfskd al dgeltd. Crld –y jfy lh lstl slhtnad
uhf anscrlpfhcnf cdh `d qul Hîstdr lxpusd lh uh prnhcnpnd– qul l` fhf`nstf tdmf l` tlxtd al`
psncótncd. Lh l` lelmp`d qul yd `ls trfel sl vl c`frfmlhtl l` vf`dr hld`ókncd qul tnlhl pfrf mn
pfcnlhtl l` lhtlhalr, qul hd ls l` al `f rfcndhf`nafa. Mn nhtlrprltfcnóh tdmf lsds l`lmlhtds
hld`ókncds al` anscursd snh prlancfr quî supdhl l` lhtlhalr l` plhsfmnlhtd al `f pfcnlhtl.
_nlhsd fsnmnsmd qul slkunmds nhtlhtfhad sntufr `f pdsncnóh al` fhf`nstf f pfrtnr al `ds anscur-
sds, y qul lstl hd algl nhtlrvlhnr alsal `f pdsncnóh al sueltd, qul nmp`ncf ads cdhslculhcnfs5
sueltd ls l` al` síhtdmf y l` al `f nalhtnﬆcfcnóh. ^ hd crld qul l` fhf`nstf algf nalhtnﬆcfrsl cdh
l` síhtdmf psncótncd, vnlef fspnrfcnóh al `f fhtnpsnqunftríf, hn tfmpdcd algl lhtrfr lh uhf rl`f-
cnóh lmpætncf al nalhtnﬆcfcnóh cdh l` subrnmnlhtd al` dtrd. Lhtdhcls, f mn lhtlhalr
lhtlhalr,, `f pdsncnóh
al` fhf`nstf tnlhl qul slr, tfmgnîh lh `f psncdsns, `f al fqul` qul jfcl slmg`fhtl al dgeltd.
Edrkl Cjfmdrrd. ‑Lstæ p`fhtlfaf `f anscusnóh sdgrl l` sntnd qul dcupf l` fhf`nstf cufhad hd sl
nalhtnﬆcf cdh l` ùkfr al` Dtrd. ´Qnlhl
´Qnlhl l` ùkfr al` sueltd4 ´Ls l` ùkfr al` dgeltd4
\hf nhtlrvlhcnóh al Kfrcíf ml rlcdraó uhf cdhvlrsfcnóh c`íhncf cdh @furlht lh `f qul su rls-
pulstf lrf l` sn`lhcnd, `d qul lstfríf, lh l` mfrcd al lstf anscusnóh, mæs al` `fad al` dgeltd. ^
yd pdharíf l` hd lhtnlhad mæs al` `fad al` sueltd. _dr lsd, lstæ fgnlrtf `f pd`îmncf rlsplctd al
f quî ùkfr vf l` fhf`nstf sn hd vf f` al` Dtrd. ´Dgeltd d sueltd4 _nlhsd nhcùsd qul lstæ `f pdsn-
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
gn`nafa al anstnhtfs nhtlrvlhcndhls,

nhtlrvlhcndhls, f`kuhfs als
alsal
al l` ùkfr al` ddgeltd,
geltd, cdmd l` sn`lhcnd lh tfhtd
rlspulstf, dtrfs alsal l` sueltd anvnanad, gfed `f bdrmf al` hd lhtnlhad.
Cfr`ds Afhtl Kfrcíf. ‑^

‑^dd cdhsnalrd qul hd jfy uhf snh `f dtrf, qul hd ls pdsng`l mfhtlhlr `f
pdsncnóh al` slmg`fhtl al dgeltd snh qul l` fhf`nstf jfyf fpfrlcnad prnmlrd cdmd sueltd, pfrf
eustfmlhtl prdaucnr
prdaucnr lblctds.
Hîstdr ^l``ftn.‑Lstdy al fculrad cdh qul hd jfrlmds uhf hdrmf al` tnpd al nhtlrvlhcnóh
qul jfy qul tlhlr lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns.
Wlsplctd al `f nhtlrvlhcnóh al Lrhlstd, f mí ml pfrlcíf gfstfhtl lvnalhtl pdr `f bdrmu`fcnóh
mnsmf qul lstfgf prlslhtl l` sueltd, y jfgríf qul vlr sn lstd sl rl`fcndhf cdh `d qul vds ``f-
mfgfs `f cdhstruccnóh al` hd. Ls qul l` prdpnd lhuhcnfad al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh ls hlurótncd, lh
`f mlanaf lh qul nhtlrvnlhl `f pfrtícu`f hlkftnvf qul alhuhcnf `f rlprlsnóh. Afad qul ls `f
nhtrdauccnóh al` hd lh l` tlxtd al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh, ml pfrlcnó qul sd`d pdaíf cdhclgnrsl cdmd
uhf nhtlrvlhcnóh al` `fad al` sueltd, cdh sus lblctds.
_dr dtrf pfrtl, sdgrl `f culstnóh al sn `f nhtlrprltfcnóh ls jdmó`dkf f `f fùcnhfcnóh (lsf jn-
pótlsns cdh `f qul vds hd lstæs al fculrad), pnlhsd qul jfgríf qul vlr`d nhtlrvlhcnóh pdr nh-
tlrvlhcnóh, pdrqul yd hd `d alscfrtfríf p`lhfmlhtl. Lh tu cfsd ls muy c`frd qul vds tdmæs l`
tlxtd mnsmd al `f sueltd pfrf `f bdrmu`fcnóh, plrd jfy dtrd tnpd al nhtlrvlhcndhls… ^ fuhqul
jdmd`dkfr`f cdh `f fùcnhfcnóh qunzæ slf uh pdcd lxfklrfad, lsf bdrmu`fcnóh prltlhal afr
culhtf al cuæhad l` fhf`nstf hd aup`ncf `f` f nhtlrprltfcnóh al` nhcdhscnlhtl cdh su nhtlrvlhcnóh,
cdmd lh l` cfsd al `f hlurdsns, y jfcl uhf bdrmu`fcnóh qul mlhcndhî cdmd al tlxtd nhîantd,
lh l` slhtnad al qul f` sueltd psncótncd al f`kuhf mfhlrf `l rltdrhf cdmd f`kd qul huhcf tuvd
nhscrnpcnóh. Hd ls l` rltdrhd al `d rlprnmnad, snhd f`kd hulvd qul ugnquî cdmd `f nhvlhcnóh
al` fhf`nstf f pfrtnr al su prdpnd sfglr y hd al` sfglr prdaucnad pdr l` sueltd lh su anscursd.
Sdh anstnhtfs mfhlrfs al bdrmu`fr `f cdsf qul hd crld qul slfh nhcdmpftng`ls.
Edrkl Cjfmdrrd. ‑\hf õ`tnmf dgslrvfcnóh, sdgrl `f nhtlrvlhcnóh al Alrlzlhsiy qul fgríf
dtrf pdsngn`nafa rlsplctd al `f lmpftíf y al `f fhtnpsnqunftríf. _lhsfr sn uhf nhtlrvlhcnóh al`
`fad al` hd lhtnlhad prdaucl y fpuhtf f uh lblctd lmpætncd bdrmu`f uhf nhtlrrdkfcnóh sdgrl
`f prdg`lmætncf al `f lmpftíf y al `f nalhtnﬆcfcnóh cdh l` sueltd psncótncd qul ls l` mdaus
dplrfhan al `f fhtnpsnqunftríf. Cdhsnalrd qul hd, qul `f nhtlrvlhcnóh al` `fad al `f lmpftíf
jfy qul pdhlr`f mæs al` `fad al` yd, qul al` sueltd9 d slf qul l` yd al` fhf`nstf sl prdpdhl f``í
cdmd uh nkuf`. @f fhtnpsnqunftríf prdpdhl uh yd f yd, hd lstf clrtlzf cdhtrf uh hd lhtnlhad.
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
Sn`vnf Gfuanhn. ‑^
‑^dd plhsfgf quî jfgríf pfsfad sn lstf pfcnlhtl jugnlrf ancjd \stla ml lhtnlh-
al. Lh lsl puhtd sl eulkf quî jfcl l` fhf`nstf cdh lsd, cufhad ls nhcùnad lh l` ùkfr al` Dtrd
plrslkunadr.. Crld qul fjí sl lelrcl vlrafalrfmlhtl lstf buhcnóh qul Hîstdr ``fmfgf al` hd, lh
plrslkunadr
l` puhtd adhal Mncjl` Sn`vlstrl p`fhtlf, lh uh trfgfed muy gulhd sdgrl `f nhtlrprltfcnóh lh `f
lsqunzdbrlhnf, cómd l` fhf`nstf lcjf f` dgeltd pfrf qul lhtrl l` sueltd. Sl `l ancl5 Al hnhkuhf mf-
hlrf d Hd, væyfsl. \hf vlz `l anel f uh pfcnlhtl ¡Ræyfsl!, `d lcjî al` cdhsu`tdrnd y `f dtrf slsnóh
vd`vnó pnanlhad plraóh pdr `d qul jfgíf ancjd lh rl`fcnóh cdh su trftfmnlhtd.
Ml pfrlcíf qul fjí sl vlrnﬆcfgf lstf pdsngn`nafa al dplrfr lh `f mfhndgrf al `f trfhsblrlhcnf,
pdrqul crld qul ls muy nmpdrtfhtl pfrf hdsdtrds lh `f psncdsns lstf anvnsnóh lhtrl `f trfhsbl-
rlhcnf lpnstîmncf y `ngnanhf`. Hulstrd prdg`lmf lh `f psncdsns ls qul l` sueltd vnlhl fgsdùtf-
mlhtl al` `fad lpnstîmncd y sl trftfríf al vlr cómd nhtrdaucnr `f kfhfhcnf al sftnsbfccnóh, `d
`ngnanhf`, lh `f curf.
Hîstdr ^l``ftn. ‑Lh rl`fcnóh cdh lstd, pdrqul lstæ `f culstnóh al `f trfhsblrlhcnf qul vds p`fh-
tlfstlads
mu`f al lhtrfaf lh `f pfcnlhtl
cdsfs rlsplctd mnsmf cufhad
al `f trfhsblrlhcnf lh `fancl5 «\stla
psncdsns5 pdrml
uh qunlrl¹.
`fad, qul^hd
crld
ls qul Brlua
pdsng`l, bdr-
`d qul
sl sustlhtf lh su tldríf al `f als`ngnanhnzfcnóh al` muhad, cdh `d cuf` ls nmpdsng`l qul jfyf
trfhsblrlhcnf9 plrd f` mnsmd tnlmpd, lh `ds «Qrfgfeds
«Qrfgfeds sdgrl tîchncf psncdfhf`ítncf¹, nhancf qul
ls nmpdsng`l l` trftfmnlhtd pdrqul, cufhad jfy trfhsblrlhcnf, ls buhafmlhtf` d cfsn alcnanaf-
mlhtl hlkftnvf.
Wlsplctd al @fcfh, yd jfríf lqunvf`lr lsf hlkftnvnafa f `f trfhsblrlhcnf lrdtómfhf d plrsl-
cutdrnf –fsí `f ``fmf î`–, qul nmp`ncf qul `f lrdtdmfhíf ls `f pdsncnóh al` sueltd psncótncd lh `f
trfhsblrlhcnf, cdsf qul l``f lhuhcnf cdh su «\stla ml qunlrl¹. _lrd `d nhtlrlsfhtl ls qul lsf
clrtlzf qul tnlhl al qul vds `f qulrîs, lsf pdsncnóh hd sd`d hd nmpnal tu nhtlrvlhcnóh snhd qul
`f plrmntl. _dr lsd î` hd ml lhtnlhal tl lxcùyl al` Dtrd plrslcutdrnd y plrmntl qul pulafs tlhlr
dtrd ùkfr f pfrtnr al` cuf` nhtlrvlhnr. Crld, puls, qul, cdmd `f bdrmu`æs, lsf pdsncnóh lrdtómf-
hf plrmntl `f nhtlrvlhcnóh fhf`ítncf, f anblrlhcnf al` c`ncjî qul fﬆrmf qul lstf jfcl nmpdsng`l
l` trftfmnlhtd d l` fgdrafel.
Cjfmdrrd. ‑ Qdad lstd vf nhancfhad, falmæs, qul `f nhtlrvlhcnóh al` fhf`nstf tnlhl uhf
Edrkl Cjfmdrrd.
lﬆcfcnf, pdrqul, sn `f trfhsblrlhcnf bulrf al uhf clrtlzf fgsdùtf, y l` sueltd psncótncd anelrf Qd-
ads ml lhtnlhalh y lstd bulrf nhfpl`fg`l, hd jfgríf trftfmnlhtd pdsng`l d l` fhf`nstf hd sl pdaríf
alscd`dcfr huhcf al lsl ùkfr al` Dtrd. Snh lmgfrkd, l` fhf`nstf ancl Hd lhtnlhad y lstd tnlhl
uhf nhcnalhcnf.
Wlculrad uh cfsd prlslhtfad lh uhf edrhfaf al trfgfed pdr Mfrcl`f Gnfhcjn, lh l` qul tdaf `f
anrlccnóh al `f curf sl sdstlhíf lh uh lhtnlhad cfsn tdad, plrd jfy f`kd qul hd lhtnlhad. Cdhstruíf
tdad f pfrtnr al lsl cfsn y al uhf nhtlrvlhcnóh5 l` sueltd lh l` cdhsu`tdrnd frmó uh `íd, lmplzó
f rdmplr cdsfs ancnlhad qul l``f `l `líf tdad y `l lhtlhaíf tdad, y l``f `l lmplzó f krntfr qul
Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 6<?
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
cfsn tdad, plrd qul jfgíf uhf pfrtl qul hd lhtlhaíf, qul `l lxp`ncfrf al hulvd. ^ f pfrtnr al`
cfsn tdad lmplzó l` trfgfed fhf`ítncd.
Lrhlstd Alrlzlhsiy. ‑Vunsnlrf fkrlkfr rlsplctd al lstl cfsd qul, sn gnlh uhd pdaríf plhsfr
qul lstl ùkfr al` fhf`nstf lstfgf cfsn prlbdrmfad, hd ls nhanblrlhtl qul lstf pfcnlhtl tuvnlrf
uhf nmpdrtfhtl trfhsblrlhcnf prlvnf cdh l` psncdfhæ`nsns. Snh lmgfrkd, alglmds slöf`fr qul
pusd f prulgf aurfhtl mucjds föds mn pdsncnóh al hd lhtnlhad, pdr lelmp`d, nhtlhtfhad vlrnﬆ-
cfr sn f`kuhf al `fs dtrfs plrsdhfs qul fhafgfh pdr l` cdhsu`tdrnd `l lhtlhaíf, prlkuhtfhad sn
`f slcrltfrnf, sn Hdrf lhtlhaíf. Jugd slsndhls lh qul `f tuvl qul ftlhalr bulrf al` cdhsu`tdrnd,
lh `f cf``l, y lstfgf muy ftlhtf f ads culstndhls5 qulríf vlrnﬆcfr sn `f klhtl cdh `f qul hds cru-
zægfmds `f lstfgf lhtlhanlhad (y `d nhtlrlsfhtl ls qul l` rlblrlhtl lrf uhf mnrfaf, yf qul ml
nhancfgf5 «Bnelsî, lsf mnrfaf ls l` snkhd al qul ml lhtnlhalh¹)9 plrd, f` mnsmd tnlmpd, lstfgf
muy ftlhtf pfrf vd`vlr f vlrnﬆcfr qul yd hd lhtlhaíf.
Cfr`ds Afhtl Kfrcíf. ‑Lh lsl slhtnad, pnlhsd qul l` lhculhtrd cdh uh fhf`nstf pfrf uh pf-
cnlhtl psncótncd ls `f pdsngn`nafa al `f cdhstruccnóh al uhf crllhcnf f` `fad al `f clrtlzf. Qdmd
lstd pdrqul vds mlhcndhfstl qul î` hd `f lhtnlhad ls uhf clrtlzf al` `fad al `f pfcnlhtl y f mí
ml pfrlcl qul ls uhf crllhcnf f` `fad al `f clrtlzf. Ls, puls, hlclsfrnd qul `d vlrnﬆqul aurfhtl
uh tnlmpd qul pulal slr gfstfhtl lxtlhsd –alplhal al cfaf cfsd– y qul l` fhf`nstf `d sdpdrtl
y fcdmpföl lh `f trfhsblrlhcnf, jfstf qul `f crllhcnf sl jfkf fﬆrmfcnóh. \h puhtd nmpdrtfhtl
ls `f cdhstftfcnóh al `f lﬆcfcnf al `f nhtlrvlhcnóh al` fhf`nstf, qul lstæ pdr l` `fad al `f cdhs-
truccnóh al uhf crllhcnf f` `fad al `f clrtlzf.
Edrkl Cjfmdrrd. ‑Lstfmds lh uh puhtd qul yd plhsfgf tdmfr5 jfy f`kunlh –hd rlculrad
qunîh– qul fﬆrmf qul hd hds ugncfmds cdmd tlrfplutfs, pdrqul lstds hlclsntfh al `f
` f lﬆcfcnf
al `f pf`fgrf
psncótncd. y hdsdtrds
@ulkd, hd. Hdsdtrd
Hdsdtrds
ls uhf f`tlrhftnvf s hds`fugncfmds
lhtrl al``f`fad
lﬆcfcnf al al alsp`lkfr
pf`fgrf l` rnkdr
y alsp`lkfr alàl`
l` rnkdr sfglr al`
sfglr.
Cfr`ds Afhtl Kfrcíf. ‑Fjdrf, lh uhd al `ds cfsds qul mlhcndhfrî fpfrlclræ lstf culstnóh al
cnlrtd rnkdr,
rnkdr, pdrqul `f nhcùsnóh, lh l` cfsd al Lrhlstd, al` hd lhtnlhad, tnlhl uhf anmlhsnóh al
rnkurdsnafa `ókncf qul fgrl tdad l` tlmf al` ùkfr lh qul sl ugncf snhtæctncfmlhtl l` hd.
Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 6<6
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_\HQ\FCNDHLS SDGWL @FS WLS_\LSQFS

AL@ FHF@NSQF F @F _SNCDSNS
_rdpdhkd trls prlkuhtfs lh l` mfrcd al` tf``lr sdgrl `f c`íhncf al `f psncdsns5 lh prnmlr ùkfr,
y afad qul `f mfhnblstfcnóh al` alsld al` fhf`nstf lh l` trftfmnlhtd al `f hlurdsns ls `f nhtlr-
prltfcnóh, ćuæ` ls `f mfhnblstfcnóh al ancjd alsld lh l` trftfmnlhtd al `f psncdsns4 @f slkuhaf
prlkuhtf ls cuæ`ls sdh `fs rlspulstfs al` fhf`nstf lh l` trftfmnlhtd al `f psncdsns. ^,
^, tlrclrf, ´l`
fhf`nstf nhtlrprltf lh ancjd trftfmnlhtd4
Qdmfrî lstf õ`tnmf prlkuhtf cdhsnalrfhad prnmlrfmlhtl quî ls nhtlrprltfr y, cdh mfydr prl-
cnsnóh, anblrlhcnfhad uh cfmgnd muy fclhtufad al` tîrmnhd nhtlrprltfcnóh lh `f lhslöfhzf al
@fcfh. Ml rlblrnrî f` tlxtd «Lhtdhcls5 ‐Sssj...”¹, al Efcquls-F`fnh Mn``lr, pfrf nhancfr `d qul
î` sugrfyf5 ls uh slöul`d, jfstf uh cf``leóh snh sf`naf, uhn`ftlrf`nzfr `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al` `fad
al` fhf`nstf cdmd su nhtlrvlhcnóh, su fccnóh, su fctd, su ancjd, su alcnr. @f nhtlrprltfcnóh ls
prnmdranf`mlhtl al` nhcdhscnlhtl, lh l` slhtnad sugeltnvd al` klhntnvd –ls l` nhcdhscnlhtl l`
qul nhtlrprltf–, ls cdhstntutnvf al lstl rlknstrd al` nhcdhscnlhtl. Alsfrrd``frî uhf slrnl al fr-
kumlhtfcndhls pfrf buhafmlhtfr qul hd sl nhtlrprltf.
Cufhad l` fhf`nstf tdmf su rl`lvd, hd jfcl dtrf cdsf qul `d qul jfcl l` nhcdhscnlhtl. F pfrtnr
al lstd ugncf qul jfclr rlsdhfr, fùanr, sdgrllhtlhalr, jfclr sn`lhcnd al dræcu`d, cntfr, prdaucnr
lhnkmf, mland alcnr, rlvl`fr,
rlvl`fr, sdh `ds mdads lh qul jfg`f l` nhcdhscnlhtl y `fs anvlrsfs bdrmfs
lh qul @fcfh tldrnzf `f nhtlrprltfcnóh lhslöfhad f` fhf`nstf f jfg`fr cdmd î`. \gncf, snh lmgfr-
kd, `f pfrfadef buhafmlhtf` al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh y al` nhcdhscnlhtl5 l` nhcdhscnlhtl nhtlrprltf
y qunlrl slr nhtlrprltfad, `f nhtlrprltfcnóh rlqunlrl snlmprl `f nhtlrprltfcnóh. Nhtlrprltfr ls
alscnbrfr y alscnbrfr ls cnbrfr al hulvd. Lstl mdvnmnlhtd sd`d sl altnlhl lh uhf sftnsbfccnóh. L`
kdcl lstæ lh l` cnbrfmnlhtd. Alsal qul @fcfh nhtrdaucl l` dgeltd f y `f`lhkuf `f nhtlrprltfcnóh
alefræ al slr `d qul lrf. Fuhqul î` `f snkf ``fmfhad nhtlrprltfcnóh, cfmgnf l` slhtnad al ancjd
tîrmnhd.
Cufhad tdmfmds `f plrsplctnvf al qul l` bfhtfsmf hd sl nhtlrprltf, sl cdhstruyl, ´hd alcnmds
fcfsd qul `f nhtlrvlhcnóh al` fhf`nstf yf hd sl dralhf pdr `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al` síhtdmf snhd
cdh l` bfhtfsmf4 Eustfmlhtl, @fcfh ``fmf snhtjdml f` jlcjd al qul l` síhtdmf algl plhsfrsl f
pfrtnr al` bfhtfsmf. Mn``lr prdpdhl lhtdhcls qul uhf præctncf qul lh l` sueltd fpuhtf f` snhtjd-
ml hd nhtlrprltf f `f mfhlrf al` nhcdhscnlhtl, lstd ls, snkunlhad `f víf al` prnhcnpnd al` p`fclr,
p`fclr,
`f víf al `ds lblctds al snkhnﬆcfcnóh, `f slmæhtncf, lblctufhad snlmprl uh puhtd al cfpntdhfad.
Lh lstf vlrtnlhtl `f lstructurf al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh fhf`ítncf ls `f al `f sustntucnóh, `f mltæbdrf
y, lh prnmlrf nhstfhcnf, `f mltæbdrf pftlrhf, qul nmp`ncf `f buhcnóh al` snkhnﬆcfhtl al` Hdmgrl
al` _farl. Qdaf lstf l`fgdrfcnóh al `f tldríf al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh supdhl plhsfr `f psncdsns f
pfrtnr al `f hlurdsns, al `d qul sl alaued fclrtfafmlhtl qul l` fhf`nstf hd algl nhtlrprltfr f`
psncótncd, lh tfhtd y lh cufhtd `f nhtlrprltfcnóh fhf`ítncf cdhvdcf, ``fmf f` Hdmgrl al` _farl,
``fmf f` nhcdhscnlhtl nhtîrprltl.
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L` slkuhad puhtd qul qunlrd prlslhtfr`ls fhtls al cdhtnhufr l` alsfrrd``d al `f hulvf nhtlrprl-
tfcnóh –d al` hulvd slhtnad qul tdmf `f nhtlrprltfcnóh lh `f lhslöfhzf al @fcfh– ls uhf grlvl
rlblrlhcnf f `ds lblctds al uhf nhtlrvlhcnóh míf lh uh sueltd. Lstf tuvd ùkfr lh uhf prnmlrf
lhtrlvnstf, lh `f qul sl pulal fprlcnfr qul `f sd`f puhtufcnóh ``fmf f` Hdmgrl al` _farl y, f`
cfrlclr al lstl, l` sueltd rlspdhal alsal `d rlf`. Lh lsf prnmlrf lhtrlvnstf lhtdhcls l` sueltd
ml rl`ftf qul su pfarl jfgíf lstfad fuslhtl lh su vnaf, qul hd jfgíf tlhnad pfarl. Wlﬆlrl qul
fjdrf sl lhcdhtrfgf lh `ds Lstfads \hnads y qul pfrf `fs ﬆlstfs al ﬆh al föd `l jfgíf mfh-
afad ads rfmlrfs. F` lscucjfr lstd `l ankd5 «Ads rfmlrfs¹. Cdh tdtf` slkurnafa sdstnlhl5 «^d
«^d
hd anel lsd, anel ads rlmlrfs¹, y cdhtnhõf su anscursd grlvlmlhtl jfstf qulafrsl lh sn`lhcnd.
F` aíf snkunlhtl, f` ``lkfr f mn cdhsu`tdrnd lhculhtrd uh sdgrl cdh mucjds pfpl`ntds cdrtfads
cdh `f pf`fgrf nheurnf. Lh uh prnhcnpnd hd rl`fcndhd lstl sdgrl cdh l` pfcnlhtl. Lh `f lhtrlvnstf
al lsl aíf, l` sueltd cdmlhtf qul jfcíf vfrnfs hdcjls qul hd adrmíf, yf qul sl `f pfsfgf rlcd-
rrnlhad `f cnuafa alefhad sdgrls lh `ds admncn`nds al `fs plrsdhfs qul `d nheurnfgfh. Mlanfhtl
lsds sdgrls sl fslkurfgf al qul hd `d mftfrfh9 f` jfclr`ls ``lkfr su mlhsfel, sl prdtlkíf al
f`kuhf mfhlrf. L` sueltd hd jnzd hnhkuhf rlblrlhcnf f` sdgrl qul ml jfgíf alefad hn f` suclsd
al` supulstd `fpsus.
Sl pulal fprlcnfr qul l` snkhnﬆcfhtl rfmlrf puhtufad pdr mn pfrtl lrf uh snkhnﬆcfhtl sd`d,
slpfrfad al `ds lblctds al snkhnﬆcfcnóh, y qul cdh mn puhtufcnóh `d jncl ``fmfr lh tfhtd tf`
f `f nhtlrprltfcnóh. Mn dplrfcnóh, lqunvdcfaf, prltlhanó trftfr`d cdmd lhnkmf, bf`td al nhtlr-
prltfcnóh. @f nhtlrprltfcnóh prltlhanaf hlclsntf `f nmp`ncfcnóh al dtrd snkhnﬆcfhtl al adhal
lmlrklríf uh slhtnad hulvd y, y, pdr `d tfhtd, uh lblctd sueltd. Sl dgslrvf qul nnkuf`mlhtl
kuf`mlhtl lmlrkl
uhf nhtlrprltfcnóh5 nheurnf. Surkl, puls, uh al`nrnd al nhtlrprltfcnóh d, mledr, sl lvnalhcnf uh
blhómlhd l`lmlhtf` al uhf mfhlrf purf (nheurnf), slkunad al dtrd snkhnﬆcfhtl qul `l af uh
slhtnad (ml qunlrlh mftfr). @ulkd, `f lstructurf al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh fhf`ítncf, qul nhcùyl l`
puhtd al cfpntdhfad al` Hdmgrl al` _farl, tnlhl uhf lstructurf sustntutnvf, ls mltfbórncf9 lh
cfmgnd, `f lstructurf al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al`nrfhtl hd ls sustntutnvf hn mltfbórncf y hd cdhaucl
f `f prdauccnóh al `f snkhnﬆcfcnóh bæ`ncf. @f grlvl rlblrlhcnf c`íhncf ml pfrlcl lelmp`fr pdrqul
sl trftfgf al uhf psncdsns yf alslhcfalhfaf yy,, f plsfr al qul l` anspdsntnvd fhf`ítncd hd sl jf-
gíf nhstf`fad, mulstrf
mulstrf `f nhlﬆcfcnf y `f pl`nkrdsnafa
pl`nkrdsnafa al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh
nhtlrprltfcnóh cdmd puhtufcnóh cdh
uh sueltd psncótncd.
Lstd hds ``lvf f` tlrclr puhtd5 Mn``lr, lh l` tlxtd fhtls mlhcndhfad, slöf`f qul `f nhtlrprltf-
cnóh tnlhl lstructurf al al`nrnd, qul ls `f víf al cuf`qunlr nhtlrprltfcnóh. Al mdad qul sn fhtls
anblrlhcnægfmds nhtlrprltfcnóh fhf`ítncf al nhtlrprltfcnóh al`nrfhtl lh `f psncdsns, fjdrf `fs
fclrcfmds. Hd alsfpfrlclh `fs anblrlhcnfs mlhcndhfafs, snhd qul sl fclrcfh slkõh `f lstruc-
turf p`fhtlfaf cdh dtrds tîrmnhds. L` blhómlhd l`lmlhtf` lvnalhcnf al uhf mfhlrf pfrtncu`fr-
mlhtl purf `f prlslhcnf al` snkhnﬆcfhtl sd`d, lh susplhsd, f `f lsplrf al dtrd snkhnﬆcfhtl qul
`l afríf uh slhtnad, `d qul cdhstntuyl `f rlk`f klhlrf` al` S 6 slpfrfad, snh su rl`fcnóh pdsng`l
cdh uh S7, snkhnﬆcfhtl gnhfrnd.
@ds tîrmnhds sdh lhtdhcls S6 y S7. L` S7, tdaf l`fgdrfcnóh al sfglr ls uh al`nrnd qul sl fkrlkf f
S6 sd`d. @f culstnóh ls anstnhkunr sn lsl S7 ls uh al`nrnd f` slrvncnd al` Hdmgrl al` _farl (prdpnd
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh nhcdhscnlhtl) d sn qulaf pdr

p dr bulrf al` Hdmgrl al` _farl9 d slf, l` prdg`lmf
ls l` lstftutd al` sfglr
sfglr.. Lh lstl slhtnad prlcnsd lh qul hd sl anstnhkul l` snkhnﬆcfhtl al` Hdm-
grl al` _far
_farll cdmd S7, tdaf nhtlrprltfcnóh sl fprdxnmf f `f
` f lstructurf al al`nrnd. Snkunlhad lstf
`íhlf, jfy nhtlrprltfcnóh lh l` trftfmnlhtd cdh uh sueltd psncótncd, qul ls –fc`frîmds`d– qunlh
al`nrf y,
y, pdr tfhtd, nhtlrprltf lh ancjd trftfmnlhtd.
Fjdrf gnlh, ćuæ` ls `f rl`fcnóh al` fhf`nstf cdh l` S7, cdh l` sfglr, y, mæs prlcnsfmlhtl, quî
ùkfr dcupf rlsplctd al` al`nrnd al` sueltd4 Mucjds fhf`nstfs pnlhsfh qul alglh bfvdrlclr,
f`lhtfr l` al`nrnd al` sueltd, jfstf sl ``lkó f bdrmu`fr qul l` fhf`nstf algl al`nrfr cdh î`. Hd ls,
snh lmgfrkd, `f nhancfcnóh qul hds af @fcfh –hn `d qul sl almulstrf lh mn præctncf–, adhal
hdtfmds qul l` fhf`nstf hd sd`d hd algl bfvdrlclr l` al`nrnd hn al`nrfr cdh l` sueltd, snhd qul
tfmpdcd jfgræ al pfrtncnpfr al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh cdh l` psncótncd.
@ulkd, nhtrdaucnrî uh cufrtd puhtd, f pfrtnr al uhf vnöltf c`íhncf. Sl trftf al uh sueltd qul pf-
alcl `f ``fmfaf lsqunzdbrlhnf, y prlslhtfgf nalfs al`nrfhtls al anvlrsf íhad`l. Lh altlrmnhfad
mdmlhtd al su trftfmnlhtd hd pulal sdpdrtfr `ds tnlmpds al lsplrf
–yfl`slf
tl lh `f sf`f,
tnmgrl– yf cufhad
y cdmnlhzf ml qul
f alcnr almdrfgf
yd lrf uhds mnhutdsqul
«l` Kfrcjf¹, pfrflrf
rlspdhalr
cdmd `f su ``fmfad
pd`ncíf, qulmlanfh-
lstæ fjí
cufhad hd sl `f hlclsntf y hd lstæ cufhad uhd `f hlclsntf. L` fhf`nstf lrf fsnmnsmd cfpfz al
fcdstfrsl cdh `fs pfcnlhtls, al slr l` futdr al` ftlhtfad f `f Lmgfefaf al Nsrfl` d, tfmgnîh,
fmnkd al uh cdhdcnad butgd`nstf fcusfad al vlefr f hnöds y eóvlhls. @d hdtfg`l lh lstl cfsd lrf
qul, trftæhadsl al uh sueltd lsqunzdbrîhncd, î` mnsmd alsp`lkfrf uhf nhtlrprltfcnóh al`nrfhtl
clhtrfaf lh l` fhf`nstf y qul lstl, snlhad «l` Kfrcjf¹, hd lelrcnlrf su kdcl sdgrl î`, `d qul hds
jugnlrf ``lvfad f uhf pdsng`l pfrfhdnf.
^d lrf, puls, l` clhtrd al sus nhtlrprltfcndhls. Mlanfhtl uhf slrnl al suplrvnsndhls pual sntufr
lstf zdhf nhtlrprltftnvf, pdr ``fmfr`f fsí, lh `f qul mfhtlhíf su lstructurf (`f lsqunzdbrlhnf) y
rlugncfr mn pdsncnóh lh l` trftfmnlhtd, yf qul, lh tdad cfsd, `d qul l` sueltd alcíf lrf qul yd hd
lstfgf adhal algíf, `d cuf` hd sd`d pdhíf al mfhnﬆlstd tlxtuf`mlhtl, lh l` alcnr al` pfcnlhtl,
snhd pdrqul lh mn fccndhfr lh l` trftfmnlhtd nhtrdaucíf uhf anmlhsnóh al vfcíd qul sl mfhn-
blstfgf lh l` sueltd cdmd lsplrf. Lstl puhtd nhtrdaucl l` nhtlrrdkfhtl al sn lh tdads `ds tnpds
c`íhncds al psncdsns `f nhtlrprltfcnóh pdr pfrtl al` sueltd sl mfhnﬆlstf al `f mnsmf mfhlrf.
@f rlspulstf ls qul hd, qul, fuh famntnlhad lh uh slhtnad klhlrf` l` tîrmnhd nhtlrprltfcnóh,
cdmd al`nrnd, cdmd S7, hd tdads `ds tnpds c`íhncds lh `f psncdsns prlslhtfh l` S7 cdmd bdrmf al
l`fgdrfcnóh y al `f mnsmf mfhlrf. _lrd ćuæ` ls lhtdhcls `f rlspulstf al` fhf`nstf4
Vunhtd puhtd5 rltdmd `d qul aleî p`fhtlfad lh l` prnmlrd, `f anstnhcnóh bdrmu`faf pdr Mn``lr
al` cfmgnd al` slhtnad al` tîrmnhd
t îrmnhd nhtlrprltfcnóh lh `f lhslöfhzf al @fcfh, qul, f su lhtlhalr
lhtlhalr,,
hds plrmntl plhsfr `f hlurdsns f pfrtnr al `f psncdsns. ^ ls qul, cdmd `f psncdsns pdhl `f lstruc-
turf f` alscugnlrtd, `f lstructurf ls l` blhómlhd l`lmlhtf`, l` S 6 sd`d, nhslhsftd, prnmdranf`,
`d cuf` fgrl uhf hulvf plrsplctnvf pfrf plhsfr `f anrlccnóh al `f curf lh `f hlurdsns. ^ ^ff hd sl
trftf al anrnknr `f curf jfcnf `f l`fgdrfcnóh al sfglr, jfcnf l` nhcdhscnlhtl nhtîrprltl, snhd lh rl-
tlhlr S , hd föfanr`d f ﬆh al clönr S . Sntõf lstf bdrmf al p`fhtlfr
p` fhtlfr `f nhtlrprltfcnóh cdh l` cdrtl5
7
ls `f slpfrfcnóh lhtrl S6 y S7, adhal6sl guscf rlcdhaucnr f` sueltd f `ds
` ds snkhnﬆcfhtls prdpnfmlh-
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tl l`lmlhtf`ls sdgrl `ds qul lh su hlurdsns jf al`nrfad. Sl trftf al `f prdauccnóh al S6 qul hd

lstfgf fjí. Sl trftf, puls, al hd nhtlrprltfr f `f mfhlrf al` nhcdhscnlhtl, snhd lh l` slhtnad cdh-
trfrnd. Lh lstl puhtd Mn``lr slöf`f vfrnfs cdsfs lh `fs qul cdhvnlhl altlhlrsl5 lh prnmlr ùkfr,
`f pf`fgrf nhtlrprltfcnóh sd`d vf`l cdmd sustntutd al dtrf qul hd pulal slr l` sn`lhcnd. Jfy dtrf
víf –qul hd ls `f al` al`nrnd hn `f al` sn`lhcnd al `f prualhcnf–, f `f qul sl slkunræ ``fmfad «nh-
tlrprltfcnóh¹ (lhtrl cdmn``fs), fuhqul sd`d sl rl`fcndhl cdh l` snstlmf nhtlrprltftnvd pdr slr su
rlvlrsd, fuhqul `f præctncf fhf`ítncf slf snlmprl mæs gnlh pdsnhtlrprltftnvf. Al tdads mdads,
rlvl`f f`kd5 uhf dpfcnafa nrrlauctng`l lh `f ` f rl`fcnóh al` sueltd cdh `f `lhkuf. ^
^,, cdmd fkrlkf, `f
nhtlrprltfcnóh, lsf pdsnhtlrprltfcnóh, yf hd ls, jfg`fhad cdh prdpnlafa, puhtufcnóh.
Lh alﬆhntnvf, `f præctncf pdsnhtlrprltftnvf sl sntõf pdr l` cdrtl. Sl lxp`ncf, puls, `d qul ``fmd
cfmgnd al slhtnad al` tîrmnhd nhtlrprltfcnóh lh `f lhslöfhzf al @fcfh5 sn gnlh `f slkunmds ``f-
mfhad nhtlrprltfcnóh –fkrlkæhad`l `f pf`fgrf cdrtl–, yf hd tnlhl qul vlr cdh l` nhcdhscnlhtl
nhtîrprltl, yf hd ls `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al` síhtdmf, hn `f puhtufcnóh, hn `fs anvlrsfs bdrmfs lh
qul jfg`f l` nhcdhscnlhtl (lhnkmf, cntf, fùsnóh, ltcîtlrf), snhd su rlvîs. Cdhsnkunlhtlmlhtl,
tlhlmds lh l` trftfmnlhtd al `fs hlurdsns uhf nhtlrprltfcnóh qul hd ls uhf nhtlrprltfcnóh lh
l` slhtnad al uh mlhsfel qul algl alscnbrfrsl. Rlmds
Rlmds qul yf lh `f præctncf al` trftfmnlhtd al
`f hlurdsns l` mlhtfad tîrmnhd sl mfhnﬆlstf nhfalcufad, slkõh l` slhtnad jnstórncd. Ml prl-
kuhtfgf pdr quî slkunmds alhdmnhæhad`d nhtlrprltfcnóh y lhcdhtrî lh uh slmnhfrnd qul and
Mn``lr lh Lspföf qul `d slkunmds ``fmfhad fsí pfrf mfhtlhlr uhf rlblrlhcnf f `f jnstdrnf al`
psncdfhæ`nsns, plrd qul slríf pdsng`l utn`nzfr dtrd tîrmnhd.
L` slxtd puhtd ls qul `f clrtlzf psncótncf yf rlprlslhtf uh tdpl f `f nhtlrprltfcnóh fhf`ítncf.
Lh lstl slhtnad, l` S6 yf lstæ fjí y hd jfy qul prdaucnr`d, `d qul snkhnﬆcf qul `f nhtlrvlhcnóh
al` fhf`nstf hd pulal nhtlrprltfr `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al`nrfhtl hn cdmpltnr cdh l``f. _nlhsd qul
l` fhf`nstf hd nhtlrprltf snhd qul crlf `fs cdhancndhls pdsng`ls pfrf fns`fr l` S 6, pfrf clönr`d al
dtrf mfhlrf qul lh `f hlurdsns. L` fhf`nstf sl cd`dcf al` `fad al` sueltd, hd al` `fad al` Dtrd
nhtîrprltl, y crlf `fs cdhancndhls pfrf qul l` sueltd nhvlhtl, cdhstruyf, qul ls f mn lhtlhalr l`
tîrmnhd mæs falcufad.
@ls trfhsmntnrî
antnvfs hulvfmlhtl
qul `l alcífh uhfcdmíf,
qul, sn l``f vnöltf`fc`íhncf,
bfmn`nflstf
ngf vlz al uhf
f mdrnr. muelr qul
Sfglmds cdh l`
fùcnhfcndhls fu-
sueltd psncótncd
crll lh `fs vdcls y, pdr `d tfhtd, l``f hd cdmíf, prlslhtfgf uh blhómlhd al fhdrlxnf. Lh dtrds
mdmlhtds lscucjfgf qul, sn cdmíf, lrf l``f qunlh ngf f mdrnr. @f nhtlrvlhcnóh bul qul, sn l``f
cdmíf, `f bfmn`nf hd ngf f mdrnr. Qrfl cdmd rlspulstf qul `d jfg`fad `f jfgíf trfhqun`nzfad
plrd qul cufhad lstfgf cdmnlhad au`cl al `lcjl `fs vdcls sl nhtlhsnﬆcfrdh5 «Sn cdmîs au`cl al
`lcjl, tu bfmn`nf vf f mdrnr¹. @f nhtlrvlhcnóh bul qul hd cdmnlrf au`cl al `lcjl puls su bfmn-
`nf mdrnríf, `d qul bul cfsn anctfad pdr `f sueltd, qunlh, f pfrtnr al lsl hd, cdhstruyó `d qul lrf
pdsng`l cdmlr.
cdmlr. ´Sl mdanﬆcó su clrtlzf4 Hd, sl cdhstruyó uhf crllhcnf f` `fad al lsf clrtlzf.
Bnhf`mlhtl, cdmd õ`tnmd puhtd, uhf rlblrlhcnf qul lxtrfel al @fcfh, al «L` ftd`dharfancjd¹,
tlxtd al 6>;75 «L` alcnr al` fhæ`nsns, lh tfhtd ls lﬆcfz, rlf`nzf `d fpdbæhtncd, qul cdh su sd`f lx-
snstlhcnf sl anstnhkul al `f prdpdsncnóh. Ls cdmd qul pdhl lh su ùkfr `f buhcnóh prdpdsncndhf`,
lh tfhtd qul, pnlhsd jfglr`d mdstrfad, hds dbrlcl l` õhncd fpdyd qul sup`l l` fuslhtnad al `f
Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 6<<
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
rl`fcnóh slxuf`. Lh l``f lstl alcnr sl rlhdmgrf, pdr l` lmgfrfzd qul al`ftfh cfmpds tfh als-
plrankfads cdmd l` dræcu`d y l` bulrf al anscursd al `f psncdsns, cdh tdmfr prlstfad al l``ds l`
tîrmnhd nhtlrprltfcnóh¹.
Lstl pærrfbd mulstrf f mn lhtlhalr vfrnfs cdsfs y, fuhqul mlrlclríf uh lxtlhsd cdmlhtfrnd,
sd`d nhancfrî qul @fcfh sntõf, lh ads cfmpds tfh alsplrankfads cdmd l` dræcu`d (lstd ls `f
hlurdsns) y l` bulrf al` anscursd al `f psncdsns, l` alcnr al` fhæ`nsns, cdmd anstnhtd al `d qul
ls prdpnd f lsds ads cfmpds5 `f nhtlrprltfcnóh. L` alcnr al` fhæ`nsns sl rlhdmgrf –lstd ls, sl `d
rl-hdmgrf– cdh l` tîrmnhd nhtlrprltfcnóh, qul bul tdmfad lh prîstfmd al lsds cfmpds5 l` dræ-
cu`d jfcl rlblrlhcnf f mn lhtlhalr hd sd`d f `f hlurdsns snhd tfmgnîh f `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al `ds
sulöds, `f cuf` prdvnlhl al `f buhcnóh drfcu`fr qul lstds tlhífh y qul Brlua trfs`faf f `fs hlu-
rdsns. L` tîrmnhd qul tdmf prlstfad l` bulrf al anscursd psncótncd ls tfmgnîh al `f l`fgdrfcnóh
psnqunætrncf al `fs psncdsns5 al`nrnd al nhtlrprltfcnóh.
Jfgríf qul rltdmfr lhtdhcls l` tlmf al `f nhfalcufcnóh al` tîrmnhd nhtlrprltfcnóh alsal dtrf
plrsplctnvf5 l` alcnr al` fhæ`nsns, qul, lh tfhtd ls lﬆcfz, rlf`nzf `d fpdbæhtncd, qul cdh su sd`f
lx-snstlhcnf sl anstnhkul al `f prdpdsncnóh. ´Sl trftfræ al anstnhkunr l` alcnr al` fhæ`nsns cdmd
rlf`nzfcnóh al `d fpdbæhtncd tfhtd pfrf `f hlurdsns cdmd pfrf `f psncdsns snh `f anblrlhcnfcnóh
qul jfgntuf`mlhtl jfclmds al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh clhtrfaf lh l` fhf`nstf4 Crld qul lsf rlf`n-
zfcnóh al `d fpdbæhtncd lstæ lh rl`fcnóh cdh `f nhvlhcnóh al sfglr, cdh `f pdsngn`nafa al qul
l` sueltd –hlurótncd d psncótncd– nhvlhtl f pfrtnr al `d qul l` fhf`nstf dbrlcl f `f nhvlhcnóh, lh
tfhtd pfrtl al uh hd jfy.
Lstd ls `d qul prlpfrî al` tlxtd, plrd vdy f fkrlkfr –ml pfrlcl nmpdrtfhtl pdr `d qul lstfmds
anscutnlhad– ads puhtds mæs, al uh tlxtd ``fmfad «Fhtnhdmnfs al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh lh `f psn-
cdsns¹, al Rnclhtl _f`dmlrf, y `fs hdtfs tdmfafs lh `f rluhnóh.
Jfy trls fhtnhdmnfs5 l` lstftutd al` hfrcnsnsmd, `f trfhsblrlhcnf y `f nnhtlrprltfcnóh.
htlrprltfcnóh. Qdmfrlmds
Qdmfrlmds
`f tlrclrf5 l` prdkrlsd curftnvd lstæ `nkfad f` alsplrtfr al `fs rlsnstlhcnfs al` sueltd.
L` cfsd al `f slödrf Mfrtdh, qul Blrlhczn lhvíf f Brlua, ls uhf rlblrlhcnf sdgrl `d qul hd algl
jfclrsl cdh uh sueltd psncótncd (cb. «_frfhdnf¹, lh Dgrfs cdmp`ltfs, t. NR, y `f cdrrlspdhalhcnf
cdh Brlua).
-hd sl algl anscutnr lh fhæ`nsns cdh l` pfrfhdncd9
-sl alglh fclptfr, cdh prlcfucndhls, sus nalfs al`nrfhtls, ls alcnr, trftfr`fs cdmd pdsngn`nafals9
-pulal dgtlhlrsl cnlrtf trfhsblrlhcnf mlanfhtl f`kõh trucd, lh pfrtncu`fr, l`dknds sdgrl su nh-
tl`nklhcnf, yf qul tdad pfrfhdncd ls mlkf`ómfhd9
-l` pfrfhdncd rlf`nzf snlmprl `f mledr nhtlrprltfcnóh al sus sulöds –lh klhlrf`, `ds nhtlrprltf
muy gnlh, cfrlcl al clhsurf9
-ls anbícn` cdhaucnr`d mlanfhtl `f anscusnóh
an scusnóh f mæs al `d qul î` mnsmd qunlrl9
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
-hd fkufhtf qul sl `l cntl su nhcdhscnlhtl,

n hcdhscnlhtl, î` hd tlharíf hfaf «nhcdhscnlhtl¹, pdrqul sl cdhdcl
plrblctfmlhtl. Lh rlf`nafa sl cdhdcl mledr qul `ds hd pfrfhdncds, y `d qul hd prdylctf `l ls
plrblctfmlhtl fcclsng`l.
_lrd l` tlxtd al _f`dmlrf p`fhtlf `d snkunlhtl5 sl trftf al fpuhtfr lh `f psncdsns f uhf præctncf
al `f nhstfhcnf al `f `ltrf. ^ utn`nzf uh tîrmnhd lh f`lmæh, Lnhtrfkuhk (‚nhscrnpcnóh„, ‚rlknstrd„),
qul rlmntl f `f pdsncnóh al slcrltfrnd lhcfrkfad al rlknstrfr l nhscrngnr `ds lhuhcnfads al` psn-
cótncd. Lstd nmp`ncf y supdhl utn`nzfr `f nhtlrprltfcnóh lstrnctfmlhtl lh uh tlxtd qul sl lscrngl,
y alsal uh puhtd al vnstf `d mæs snhtæctncd pdsng`l, usfhad õhncfmlhtl `ds snkhnﬆcfhtls qul l`
sueltd jf prdhuhcnfad lh uh altlrmnhfad cdhtlxtd.
@f nalf al _f`dmlrf ls lhtdhcls rlscftfr al `ds trfgfeds al `f îpdcf brluanfhf `f pdsncnóh al`
sueltd psncótncd. _dr uh `fad, lhcfrhf `d qul bf`tf f uh uhnvlrsd al anscursd cdh `f pdsncnóh
al altlhtfr l` sfglr y, cdrrl`ftnvfmlhtl, î` ls l` dgeltd qul bf`tf f lsl uhnvlrsd anscursnvd. @f
pfrfadef al `f pdsncnóh al` psncótncd ls qul lstæ rlsplctd al` sfglr lh pdsncnóh al yd sî (fmd) y,
f `f vlz, cdmd dgeltd, l` qul bf`tf f` uhnvlrsd anscursnvd, f` S 7. L` fhf`nstf, pdr su pfrtl, pulal
lsplrfr dcupfr lstl ùkfr al` uhnvlrsd al` anscursd y qul lhtdhcls l` sueltd psncótncd pulaf
plrmfhlclr bulrf al î`. Alsal lsl ùkfr ls pdsng`l lsplrfr alsfgdhfr`d al su fﬆcnóh f `f nhtlr-
prltfcnóh, f `f cdmp`lmlhtfcnóh (yf slf al` kdcl al` Dtrd d al `f snkhnﬆcfcnóh).
Lxtrfel al Mn``lr (hd rlculrad al quî Brluanfhf) rlsplctd al` cdrtl quî alcnmds cufhad nhancf-
mds qul hd sl algl nhtlrprltfr. Hd sl algl cdrtfr `f slsnóh sdgrl uh puhtd al fgrdcjfmnlhtd
prdaucnlhad rlsdhfhcnfs lh `f `lhkuf, puls jfy qul trftfr al hlutrf`nzfr `ds lblctds slmæhtn-
cds. Lh cfmgnd lh `f nhtlrprltfcnóh fslmæhtncf sl trftf al` cdrtl al `f slsnóh uh mdmlhtd fhtls
al `f l`fgdrfcnóh al`nrfhtl prdpnf al` hlurótncd, cdsf qul jfgríf qul rl`fcndhfr tfmgnîh cdh
cnlrtds mdmlhtds lh `f psncdsns.
L` slkuhad puhtd, tdmfad al` mnsmd tlxtd al Mn``lr, ls l` prdg`lmf al `f nhtlrvlhcnóh lh `f
psncdsns, l` prdg`lmf al cdhsnalrfr qul hd jfy uhf sd`f mfhlrf al fpfcnkufr `fs rl`fcndhls
cdh l` kdcl. Lstæ l` Hdmgrl al` _farl y jfy anvlrsfs mfhlrfs, y jfgræ qul sntufr `ds anstnhtds
l`lmlhtds qul pulalh alsfrrd``fr l` pfpl` al` pfarl, snh qul slf lsl.
Lh l` tlrclr puhtd Mn``lr fprdxnmf `d qul jfcl cdh l` sueltd psncótncd cdh `f cdhstruccnóh brlu-
anfhf. ^ ls qul `f cdhstruccnóh fpuhtf f anùcnafr l` lstfad drnknhfrnd –qul pfrf hdsdtrds ls l`
S6– y dplrfr sdgrl lsd.
Lrhlstd Alrlzlhsiy. ‑Ml fcdraî al uh tlxtd, Slns brfkmlhtds c`íhncds al psncdsns , qul ls bdrmn-
afg`l pfrf jfg`fr al `f
` f nhtlrprltfcnóh.
Cjfmdrrd. ‑L` tlxtd al Cfr`ds Kfrcíf p`fhtlf f`kuhfs culstndhls qul rltdmfh tfhtd `d
Edrkl Cjfmdrrd.
qul jfgíf trftfad ^l``ftn al` `fad al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh, cdmd Alrlzlhsiy al` `fad al` buhaf-
Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 6<;
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
mlhtd trfhsblrlhcnf` al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh. Kfrcíf prdpdhl f`kuhfs prlkuhtfs qul ml pfrlclh

nhtlrlsfhtls9 pdr lelmp`d, ´quî ls l` alsld al` fhf`nstf4
´Jfstf aóhal lxtlhalmds l` alsld al` fhf`nstf4 @f prnmlrf rlspulstf cdnhcnal cdh `d
` d qul jf-
gífmds jfg`fad al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh
nhtlrprltfcnóh snmgó`ncf y mltfbórncf5 l` alsld a
al`
l` fhf`nstf sl mfhnﬆlstf
lh `d qul sl ``fmf l` sn`lhcnd lh `f nhtlrprltfcnóh. @`fmfmds sn`lhcnd f` vfcíd qul qulaf lh tdaf
nhtlrprltfcnóh (vfcíd al lhuhcnfcnóh lh `f cntf, vfcíd al lhuhcnfad lh `f nhtlrprltfcnóh lhnk-
mætncf y lh `f fùsnóh, y tdafs `fs bdrmfs adhal lh `f nhtlrprltfcnóh bf`tf f`kd, jfy uh vfcíd).
@`fmfmds alsld al` fhf`nstf cufhad lsd sl mfhnﬆlstf lh `f nhtlrprltfcnóh pdr lsf nhcókhntf
qul tdaf nhtlrprltfcnóh bdrmu`f y qul l` dgslsnvd snlmprl nhtlhtf ``lhfr ancnlhad quî snkhnﬆcf
lstd qul ml ancl. Ml pfrlcl qul lstf ls `f bdrmu`fcnóh al` alsld lh `f nhtlrprltfcnóh.
L` alsld al` fhf`nstf sl fpdyf lh tdad l` alsfrrd``d al Kfrcíf, (qul pdalmds nhscrngnr lh l` ls-
crntd al @fcfh «Al` Qrnlg al Brlua y al` alsld al` fhf`nstf¹) al` `fad al `f pu`snóh. F` nkuf` qul
lh `ds dtrds trfgfeds qul lstfmds cdmlhtfhad, l` alsld al` fhf`nstf hd qulaf hlclsfrnfmlhtl
al` `fad al` Hdmgrl al` _farl, lh l` ùkfr al` Dtrd y al `f mltæbdrf, snhd al `f pu`snóh. _lrd
´quî snkhnﬆcf cd`dcfr lstl alsld al` `fad al `f pu`snóh4 Ls `d qul Mn``lr ``fmf lh @ds snkhds
al` kdcl `f nhtlrprltfcnóh ansdcnftnvf y hd fsdcnftnvf, qul fgrl l` cfmnhd f `f nhtlrprltfcnóh qul
rlaucl `ds lblctds slmæhtncds, y qul ugncf `f culstnóh lh `f plrsplctnvf al` snkhnﬆcfhtl jfcnf
`f `ltrf.
L` dtrd puhtd qul cdhsnalrd muy nhtlrlsfhtl ls5 ´quî sdh `fs bdrmfcndhls al` nhcdhscnlhtl lh
l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns4 Lh `d qul p`fhtlf
p `fhtlf Kfrcíf, c`frfmlhtl, jfy uhf f`tlrhftnvf5 l` `fpsus sl
trfhsbdrmf lh nheurnf lh ancjd cfmpd, mnlhtrfs qul lh `f hlurdsns afríf ùkfr f uh lblctd al
vlrafa. L` sueltd hlurótncd –uh sueltd fhf`nzfhtl– pdaríf plrblctfmlhtl (mæs f``æ al `f lxfc-
tntua al `d ancjd pdr l` fhf`nstf, `f fsdcnfcnóh sl anrnknræ f prdaucnr cnlrtds lblctds al vlrafa)
cfmnhfr pdr l` `fad al `f rfmlrf y prdaucnr tdaf uhf slrnl al lblctds –tdmfhad fuh l` `fpsus
al` fhf`nstf. ^ ls qul l` trfgfed fhf`nzfhtl hd sl altlharæ f``í, lh sn ls cnlrtd d hd ls cnlrtd, snhd
qul tdmfræ l` lblctd al vlrafa y alsfrrd``fræ sus fsdcnfcndhls.
Fquí,
lh snh lmgfrkd,
nheurnf. lstæ alcnr
´Vuî qunlrl muy c`frd qul f`kd_dalmds
uhf nheurnf4 sl trfgf tdmfr`f
y qul lslrlsplctd
supulstd
al`fpsus
`d qulsllstrfhsbdrmf
`f rl`fcnóh
snkhnﬆcfhtl-kdcl lh `f pu`snóh nhvdcfhtl, qul nmp`ncf lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns `f frtncu`fcnóh
dgeltd-snkhnﬆcfhtl. _dr lsd ‐`f vdz” lh l` psncótncd sl lscucjf y lh l` hlurótncd lstæ vl`faf y hd
sl `f lscucjf. Lscucjfr `f nheurnf ls jfclr cdnhcnanr l` snkhnﬆcfhtl y l` kdcl, `d qul lxp`ncf qul
l` sueltd nhtlrprltl al`nrfhtlmlhtl l` `fpsus supulstd. Ls l` lblctd hfturf` al tdaf bdrmfcnóh
al` nhcdhscnlhtl lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns5 mæs qul lhtrfr lh uhf prdauccnóh al snkhnﬆcfcnd-
hls hulvfs, sl nhtrdaucl lh `f nhtlrprltfcnóh
n htlrprltfcnóh al`nrfhtl (jfy sulöds y jfy `fpsus, plrd qulafh
fgsdrgnads pdr `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al`nrfhtl y hd nhtrdauclh uh aftd hulvd).
_dr dtrf pfrtl, jfy uhf auaf rlsplctd al` mdad lh qul lstæ lhmfrcfaf `f culstnóh cdmd cdh-
trfnhtlrprltfcnóh lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns. Lh vlrafa, l` tlxtd hd fpuhtf f culstndhfr `f nhtlr-
n htlr-
prltfcnóh lh ancjd cfmpd snhd lh rl`fcnóh cdh l` Hdmgrl al` _farl, plrd hd lxcùyl `f qul sl
anrnkl f cdhstrunr uh síhtdmf. @f nhtlrprltfcnóh al` `fad al `f cdhstruccnóh d al `f rlauccnóh
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
al `d slmæhtncd lstfgf fvf`faf pdr l` tlxtd, fuhqul lh l` títu`d lstæ nhancfad qul hd. Ml qulaó
lhtdhcls `f auaf.
Cfr`ds Afhtl Kfrcíf. ‑Fpuhtd f ugncfr qul `f culstnóh al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh cdrrlspdhal f`

cfmpd al `f hlurdsns y al `f psncdsns, y qul lh l` fhæ`nsns sl trftf al dtrf cdsf… _dr lsd tdmd
cdmd rlblrlhcnf «L` ftd`dharfancjd¹ y mulstrd uhf mfhlrf al hdmgrfr –fsí `d p`fhtlf @fcfh–,
pdrqul tdmfh prlstfad al lsds ads cfmpds `d qul lh vlrafa dplrf lh `f præctncf fhf`ítncf5 l`
alcnr y hd `f nhtlrprltfcnóh.
n htlrprltfcnóh. Sn gnlh tlhlmds uhf nhtlrprltfcnóh lh l` cfsd al` `fpsus rfmlrf pdr
rlmlrf, lstd hd ls `d nmpdrtfhtl, snhd l` alcnr al` sueltd. Al fjí `f nalf al nhtrdaucnr lstf cntf
al @fcfh y fvf`fr`f, falmæs, cdh l` trfgfed qul jfcl Mn``lr, qunlh mulstrf qul slkunmds
slkunmds utn`n-
zfhad l` tîrmnhd nhtlrprltfcnóh cufhad yf hd sl trftf al l``f. _rdpdhkd l` tîrmnhd cdhstruccnóh,
qul slríf mæs fprdpnfad.
Edrkl Cjfmdrrd. ‑Hd alsfrtncu`fgf `f nalf al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al` alcnr. L` alcnr dcupf l`
ùkfr al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al` fhf`nstf y cump`l `f buhcnóh nhtlrprltfhtl, lstd ls, al rlauccnóh
al tdafs `fs snkhnﬆcfcndhls f puhtds lslhcnf`ls al `f curf. \gncd, puls, `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al`
fhf`nstf lh prnmlrf nhstfhcnf y, lh uh slkuhad tnlmpd al uhf curf, l` alcnr –d `d qul sl lscrngl
al uh fhæ`nsns–, qul dcupf `f buhcnóh nhtlrprltfhtl d futdnhtlrprltfhtl, al rlauccnóh al `fs
snkhnﬆcfcndhls jfcnf lstds puhtds lslhcnf`ls al uh sueltd, yf slf lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns d
lh l` cfmpd al `f
` f hlurdsns.
Qfmgnîh nhtrdaucíf Kfrcíf f`kd qul sl ``fmó futdtrftfmnlhtd y qul ls tdaf `f prdg`lmætncf al
fcdmpföfr –slcrltfrnd al` f`nlhfad– `f cdhstruccnóh qul jfcl l` sueltd.
_dr õ`tnmd, Kfrcíf jfg`ó al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh fpdbæhtncf, qul ls uhf nhtlrprltfcnóh fslrtnvf. @f
cdmp`lenafa al `d fslrtnvd lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns ls qul pulal nr muy gnlh al` `fad al `f
nheurnf. Sl trftf lhtdhcls al cómd jfclr `f
` f nhtlrprltfcnóh fpdbæhtncf y qul hd vfyf al` `fad al
`f nheurnf lh `f
` f fslrcnóh. F mn lhtlhalr
lhtlhalr,, l` tlxtd nhancf qul hd pdalmds jfclr al lstd uh prnh-
cnpnd klhlrf`.
Ćómd jfclr al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh fpdbæhtncf f`kd qul hd lhtrl lh l` cfmpd al` al`nrnd4. L` `d
``fmfgf crllhcnf, cuyf cdhstruccnóh lrf `f f`tlrhftnvf f `f clrtlzf.
Hîstdr ^l``ftn. ‑Ml rlsu`tfgf nhtlrlsfhtl al `fs vnöltfs qul trfenstl qul pdr uh `fad lstæ `f nh-
tlrvlhcnóh qul hd sl algl jfclr
jfclr,, plrd f` mnsmd tnlmpd, lh l` dtrd cfsd, sl alstfcfgf `f lﬆcfcnf
al tu nhtlrvlhcnóh. Lh l` prnmlr cfsd, slkõh lxp`ncó c`frfmlhtl Edrkl, hd sl pulal fpuhtfr f`
sueltd al `f lhuhcnfcnóh f trfvîs al `f nhtlrprltfcnóh mltfbórncf, pdrqul pfrf lstl sueltd rlml-
rfs hd lstæ rl`fcndhfad cdh rfmlrfs. Fjí jfy uh blhómlhd al cfalhf rdtf. Fjdrf, lh l` cfsd al
`f sueltd f `f qul `l alcís qul hd algl cdmlr au`cl al `lcjl, tfmgnîh lstæ `f culstnóh al` hd,
plrd al mfhlrf anblrlhtl. ^d crld qul l` hd al tu nhtlrvlhcnóh ls `f pfrtícu`f hlkftnvf al `f
Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 6<>
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
rlprlsnóh, qul pdhl lh eulkd l` sueltd. Lh tu cfsd lhtlhalríf l` hd cdmd `f nhtlrvlhcnóh qul
prdvnlhl al uh Dtrd al `f `ly, pdrqul
pdrqul `l ancl qul hd f f`kd pfrf plrmntnr tdad `d almæs. ^ lsf
ls uhf típncf buhcnóh al `f `ly,
`ly, qul nhancf `d qul lstæ prdjngnad pfrf rlku`fr fqul``d f `d
` d qul sl
pulal fcclalr. Sl trftf al uhf nhtlrvlhcnóh lh l` Hdmgrl al` _farl –ls laípncf, sn sl qunlrl–, y
`d nhtlrlsfhtl ls qul tnlhl uh lblctd sdgrl l``f, pfrf qunlh dplrfgf dtrd hd, uh hd f ttdad
dad `d qul
sl cdml. Jfgíf cdmd uh nmplrftnvd al kdcl, uhf pu`snóh al mulrtl lh eulkd d f` alshuad qul
`f pdaríf ``lvfr f `f mulrtl mnsmf, yf qul lhtrf lh uhf fhdrlxnf.
Cjfmdrrd. ‑F pfrtnr al `d p`fhtlfad ml prlkuhtd sn tdad ‐hd” lh hulstrd cfmpd, ls uh

Edrkl Cjfmdrrd.
‐hd” al` Hdmgrl al` _farl d sn jfy uh ‐hd” al `f lscrnturf.
Wlsplctd al` lelmp`d slkõh l` cuf` rlmlrf ls rlmlrf y hd rfmlrf, hd jfy lquívdcd, hd jfy pd-
`nslmnf al `f pf`fgrf, eustfmlhtl cdnhcnaíf cdh `d qul fspnrfmds lh `f anrlccnóh al `f curf, lh
`f plrsplctnvf al` ﬆhf` al` fhæ`nsns, qul `fs pf`fgrfs pnlrafh pdalr pd`nsîmncd. ^ ls muy c`frd
cufhad @fcfh lh «L` ftd`dharfancjd¹ p`fhtlf l` lquívdcd jdmdbóhncd y slöf`f qul lstl fpuhtf
ffspnrfmds
rlaucnr pdr
lh `f
`f drtdkrfbíf l` lquívdcd
anrlccnóh al `f curf alal `f `lhkuf,
cuf`qunlr d slf qulf rlmlrf
hlurótncd, ls rlmlrf
qul rlmlrf . Lstd ls
slf rlmlrf f `drfml-
y hd qul
rf9 `f cdhstruccnóh al` bfhtfsmf buhafmlhtf` vf lh lsl slhtnad. _dr lsd `f drtdkrfbíf rlaucl l`
lquívdcd f `d nhlquívdcd, qul yf lstæ afad lh lstl sueltd.
Sn`vnf Gfuanhn. ‑Cdh rlsplctd f lstd al` hd, jfy uh trfgfed al @furlht adhal î` sdstnlhl qul
l` fhf`nstf hd lstæ lh lstl muhad pfrf rlstntunr f` pfarl, qul lstæ lh alcfalhcnf, snhd pfrf pd-
alr alcnr qul hd cufhad pfrf uh sueltd f`kd ls nhsdpdrtfg`l. _frlcl, snh lmgfrkd, qul ls uh hd
qul vf mæs f``æ al` pfarl. _frf lstf muelr l` au`cl al `lcjl hd cnrcuhscrngíf uh nhsdpdrtfg`l, y
crld qul `l plrmntnó uh muhad pdsng`l.
Jfy f`kd qul sl jfg`ó y f mí ml qulaó cdmd uhf prlkuhtf5 ´pdr quî hd jfy nhtlrprltfcnóh lh
`f psncdsns4 ^ plhsfgf5 pdrqul hd jfy uh nhcdhscnlhtl qul `lf, qul ls `d qul sugrfyf @fcfh. Ml
prlkuhtî lhtdhcls aóhal sl nhscrngl, pdrqul sn hd jfy uh nhcdhscnlhtl qul pulaf `llr, hd jfy
pdsngn`nafa al nhscrnpcnóh y al `lcturf al `f mfrcf. Lh lstl slhtnad, ml pfrlcl muy nmpdrtfhtl
`d qul anenstl al _f`dmlrf, yf qul lstf prlkuhtf fgrl f `f rl`fcnóh cdh l` fhf`nstf, sn lh l` fhf-
`nstf sl fcusf rlcngd al lsf mfrcf.
ANWLCCNÓH AL @F C\WF LH @F _SNCDSNS

@f anrlccnóh al `f curf lh `f psncdsns lstæ `nkfaf f `f cdhclpcnóh al` síhtdmf lh `ds anblrlhtls
mdmlhtds al `f lhslöfhzf al @fcfh.
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
Lh uh prnmlr mdmlhtd l` síhtdmf ls mlhsfel5 «Sl trftf al uh snkhnﬆcfhtl al uh snkhnﬆcfad

rlprnmnad al `f cdhcnlhcnf al` sueltd, lh l` Dtrd s (F). _frf `nglrfr `f pf`fgrf `d nhtrdaucnmds
lh l` `lhkufel¹ (cb. «Buhcnóh y cfmpd al `f pf`fgrf…¹, pp. 7:?-7>3).
Lh l` cfpítu`d 1 al L` slmnhfrnd 3 @fcfh sdstnlhl qul l` síhtdmf ls l` rltdrhd al `d rlprnmnad lh

`d snmgó`ncd. Lh `f psncdsns ls l` prdpnd mlhsfel qul `l vnlhl al uh dtrd (mnhõscu`f). Sl trftf
al `f snkhnﬆcfcnóh plrsdhf`.
_rdclal pdr fùsnóh, lstd ls, nhancf su anrlccnóh. Jfy lxcùsnóh al` Dtrd y puù`fh `ds f„ (jdm-
grls jlcjds f `f `nklrf). Ls l` mdmlh
mdmlhtd
td al «Al u
uhf
hf culstnóh prl`nmnhfr…¹, adhal @f@fcfh
cfh fﬆrmf
qul nhtrdaucl `f cdhclpcnóh qul alglmds bdrmfrhds al `f mfhndgrf al `f trfhsblrlhcnf. Sl rlõ-
hl fquí cdh `f dgslrvfcnóh al Brlua lh l` cfsd al Scjrlglr5 «sl vl qul î` sl lmplöf lh anvnanr
l` ‐f`mf B`lcjsnk” al `f plrsdhf vnvf al lsl hdmgrl, l` B`lcjsnk al` al`nrnd, al` B`lcjsnk al
cfrhl y julsd¹. Lsf cdhclpcnóh al `f mfhndgrf al `f trfsblrlhcnf fgrl l` anspdsntnvd fhf`ítncd
pfrf `ds sueltds psncótncds. ^ fquí ugncfríf `d qul trfed Lrhlstd sdgrl `f trfhsblrlhcnf lh `fs
vlrtnlhtls lpnstîmncf y `ngnanhf`.
Efcquls-F`fnh Mn``lrslslöf`f
cómd l` snkhnﬆcfhtl qul `f prlkuhtf
alslhcfalhf lh `d rlf`,al @fcfh
y qul lstflhprlkuhtf
«Al uhflstæ
culstnóh prl`nmnhfr
prl`nmnhfr...¹
al` `fad ...¹al`
al` sueltd ls
snkhnﬆcfhtl. Fqul``d qul ls al` dralh al `f fblccnóh cdrpdrf` lstæ dcu`td. Lh l` lelmp`d al mf-
rrfhf @fcfh sl ftnlhl f rlcdhstntunr uh anæ`dkd lh l` qul sl nhscrngl lstf efcu`fcnóh cdmd uhf
rîp`ncf. Cdhstruyl uhf lstructurf al `f nhtlr`dcucnóh al`nrfhtl, pdr mland al `f dscn`fcnóh al`
yd. Su lsbulrzd ls mdstrfr,
mdstrfr, cdhstrunr `f fùcnhfcnóh cdmd bdrmf al cdmuhncfcnóh, y qulaf al
`fad –hd fuslhtl– lh lsl mdmlhtd l` síhtdmf cdmd fcdhtlcnmnlhtd al culrpd, fuhqul lstæ
nhancfad cufhad fﬆrmf «qul `f bfmn`nf al` mfrnad qulríf alsplafzfr`f¹. Al mdad qul, f mn
lhtlhalr,, lh `f c`fsl al` > al euhnd al 6>>> al «@f lxplrnlhcnf al `d rlf`…¹, Mn``lr `ll L` slmn-
lhtlhalr
hfrnd 3 f pfrtnr al` slmnhfrnd sdgrl Edycl.
Lh slkuhad ùkfr, Brlua lh «@ds cfmnhds al `f bdrmfcnóh al síhtdmf¹ nhancf qul l` síhtdmf
ls sftnsbfccnóh sustntutnvf5 «Y…] sdh lblctd al uh cdh﬇nctd surknad lh alrrladr al uh hulvd
mdad
adsl almland
pdr sftnsbfccnóh
al î`. al `f `ngnad.
Sfglmds qul@fs
uhfads
albulrzfs
`fs adsslbulrzfs
rlõhlhlhalcdh﬇nctd
hulvd lhlsl``fsíhtdmf, rlcdhcn`næh-
`ngnad nhsftnsblcjf,
f`lefaf al `f rlf`nafa y dg`nkfaf f guscfr hulvds mdads al sftnsbfccnóh. Wlcurrnræ lh õ`tnmd
tîrmnhd f `f rlkrlsnóh y guscfræ sftnsbfccnóh Y...]¹.
´Vuî pfsf lh `f psncdsns cdh `f sftnsbfccnóh4 _nlhslh lh Scjrlglr
Scjrlglr,, qunlh ``lkó f `f cdhvnccnóh al
qul Ands mnsmd almfhafgf pfrf su prdpnf sftnsbfccnóh (`f al Ands) su trfhsbdrmfcnóh lh mu-
elr.. Ands lxnkl, puls, uh kdcl cdhtnhud (cb. cfp. 6). «@f dg`nkfcnóh al plhsfr f `f qul l` lhblrmd
elr
sl sdmltl supdhnlhad qul lh cufhtd susplhanlrf su fctnvnafa mlhtf` Ands `d crllríf nandtf y
sl rltnrfríf al î`.¹ Al mdad qul, f anblrlhcnf al `f hlurdsns, l` psncótncd hd `dkrf lsf sftnsbfc-
cnóh sustntutnvf, pdr `d mlhds, lh l` mdmlhtd al` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd.
Brlua slöf`f, snh lmgfrkd, qul `f gnlhfvlhturfhzf ls alscrntf pdr l` sueltd cdmd uh kdcl
nhnhtlrrumpnad lh`fzfad f `f vnsnóh al Ands. @f vdùptudsnafa algl slr nhtlrprltfaf cdmd
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
pfrtl al `f gnlhfvlhturfhzf, qul buhaf su lsplrfhzf lh uhf rlcdhcn`nfcnóh ﬆhf` cdh Ands y uh
tîrmnhd f sus pfalcnmnlhtds.
Dgslrvfmds fsnmnsmd qul fpfrlcl l` tîrmnhd rlcdhcn`nfcnóh, qul `llmds cdmd cnlrtf kfhfhcnf
al sftnsbfccnóh qul l` sueltd pulal sustrflr`l f` Dtrd.
L` puhtd trls ls `f lqunvf`lhcnf lhtrl síhtdmf y Hdmgrl al` _farl. Lh @ds nhc`fsnﬆcfg`ls… –pæ-
knhf 37?– Mn``lr alstfcf qul l` Hdmgrl al` _farl ls uh síhtdmf y qul pulal jfglr dtrds, l nh-
ancf qul lstl `l prdvll f` hlurótncd uh slhtnad qul sl f`def lh l` bfhtfsmf (hlurdsns al alstnhd).
F` hd jfglr Hdmgrl al` _farl, lh `f psncdsns bf`tf l` slhtnad, l` S7. @fcfh fvfhzf f` ﬆhf` al su
dgrf cdh l` pfr slhtnad-snkhd. Sl trftf lhtdhcls al` snkhd, y rltdmd fquí `f culstnóh al `f fù-
snóh, `d qul mfrcf `f anrlccnóh. «Ls hlclsfrnd lhtrfr lh `f mftrnz al` anscursd pdr l` snkhd, y hd
pdr l` slhtnad, `d qul supdhl alcnanr qul jfy uhf lhtrfaf pdsng`l Ylh `f psncdsns]¹, slöf`f Îrnc
@furlht, lh `f pæknhf 317 al @ds nhc`fsnﬆcfg`ls…
Lh l` mnsmd tlxtd Mn``lr lxp`ncf qul «L` `fzd sdcnf` ls l` síhtdmf. L` `fzd sdcnf` ls î` mnsmd l`
fpfrftd al` síhtdmf qul cdhstruyl l` sueltd. Lh l` slhtnad lh qul ``fmfgf l` pfrtlhfnrl-síhtdmf,
huhcf sl sfàræ al f``í. Jfy qul cdrtfr y alcnr5 l` `fzd sdcnf` ls l` síhtdmf¹, pæknhfs 31; y 31:.
Fjdrf gnlh, lh `f psncdsns hd jfy `fzd sdcnf`, l` anscursd psncótncd hd lstfg`lcl uh `fzd cdh l`
dtrd.
Lh uhf prlslhtfcnóh al lhblrmds pug`ncfaf cdh l` títu`d Slns brfkmlhtds c`íhncds al psncdsns Mn``lr
p`fhtlf qul uh pfcnlhtl ls uh psncótncd `fcfhnfhd pdrqul sl mulvl cdh `f hdcnóh al` fkuelrd y
tnlhl qul gdralfr`d, `d cuf` rlsuml lxcl`lhtlmlhtl cómd `dkró frrlk`ærsl`fs cdh l` síhtdmf. ^
lstd vf`l tfhtd pfrf l` hlurótncd cdmd pfrf l` psncótncd, y ls uhf drnlhtfcnóh pfrf uhf pd`ítncf
al `f curf, slkõh sl nhancf lh `f pæknhf >2 al ancjd tlxtd. Crld, puls, qul ugncf lh lstl sfglr
jfclr cdh l` síhtdmf lstf hdcnóh al` fkuelrd qul jfy qul gdralfr. Wlculralh, pdr dtrf pfrtl,
qul lh L` julsd al uh fhæ`nsns Mn``lr p`fhtlf qul `d qul nhtlhtfmds jfclr cdh uh psncótncd ls
bfgrncfr uh síhtdmf.
ĆÓMD _LHSFW @F ANWLCCNÓH AL @F C\WF4

Slöf`frî f`kuhds puhtds5
-Lh su õ`tnmf lhslöfhzf @fcfh pdsngn`ntf plhsfr l` puhtd al gfstf d al cfpntóh, y pfsfr al `f
anscdhtnhunafa, al` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd, f `f cdhtnhunafa.
-Fsí, sl trftf pfrf cfaf sueltd al fqul``d qul buhcndhf d pulal buhcndhfr cdmd lhkfhcjl lhtrl
l` snkhnﬆcfhtl y l` kdcl. _frf Mn``lr tdad `d qul plrmntl mfhtlhlr uhnads snkhnﬆcfhtl y snkhn-
ﬆcfad lstæ gnlh.
-@f prlkuhtf lhtdhcls ls cómd jfclr qul `f lvdùcnóh al uh sueltd slf mæs cdhtnhuf qul ans-
cdhtnhuf, cómd lvntfr`l `fs crnsns, `ds alslhcfalhfmnlhtds, `fs lscfhsndhls.
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
-@f rlspulstf ls l` fpfrftd al` síhtdmf, y sl lhtnlhal pdr fpfrftd uhf buhcnóh snkhnﬆcfhtl
cfpfz al frtncu`fr, lhkfhcjfr l` kdcl al` sueltd. L` fpfrftd al` síhtdmf kfrfhtnzf, puls, `f
frtncu`fcnóh lhtrl uhf dplrfcnóh snkhnﬆcfhtl y sus cdhslculhcnfs sdgrl l` kdcl al` sueltd. @f
mltæbdrf pftlrhf ls uh fpfrftd al` síhtdmf qul buhcndhf lh `f hlurdsns.
-L` alslhkfhcjl. @f c`íhncf al` alslhkfhcjl al` Dtrd vf al `f mfhd al `f prdauccnóh al `f
pu`snóh. @furlht sugrfyf qul «@f cdhclpcnóh qul prlslhtfgf Efcquls-F`fnh Mn``lr al `ds als-
lhkfhcjls suclsnvds rlsplctd al` Dtrd jfcnf `f rlfgsdrcnóh lh uh bdhad, uh sn`lhcnd, f` mnsmd
tnlmpd tlenad al kdcl –pu`snóh al mulrtl, sn`lhcnds suclsnvds–, hds af l` rlvîs al `f c`íhncf al`
alslhcfalhfmnlhtd, al `f lstrnctf rupturf. Jlhds fquí lh cdhancndhls al rlplhsfr tdads `ds
puhtds al `f c`íhncf al `fs psncdsns lh qul l` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd huhcf buhcndhó muy gnlh¹ (cb.
@ds nhc`fsnﬆcfg`ls…, p. 316).
Cufhad jfy alslhcfalhfmnlhtd, jfy uhf rupturf, y su rlstntucnóh pdstlrndr lh l` al`nrnd
al` nrnd mfr-
cf pfrf hdsdtrds `f drnlhtfcnóh. @f cfrrltlrf prnhcnpf` ls uh pfrfel, pd`frnzf lh tfhtd snkhnﬆ-
cfhtl `fs snkhnﬆcfcndhls. _lrd ´quî pfsf cufhad hd jfy uhf rlstntucnóh al`nrfhtl lh uh sueltd
psncótncd4 @f prlkuhtf ml pfrlcl qul vf uh pdcd al `f mfhd al lstf culstnóh al `ds alslhkfh-
cjls suclsnvds al` Dtrd snh uh brfhcd alslhcfalhfmnlhtd. ^ ls qul sn `f cfrrltlrf prnhcnpf` hd
lxnstl, hds lhcdhtrfmds fhtl cnlrtd hõmlrd al cfmnhntds l`lmlhtf`ls. Cufhad l` snkhnﬆcfhtl
hd buhcndhf, lsd sl pdhl f jfg`fr f drn``fs al `f cfrrltlrf prnhcnpf`. ^ sn lstf hd lstæ, fpfrlclh
cfrtl`ls cdh pf`fgrf lscrntfs. Buhcnóh al `fs fùcnhfcndhls.
«´_dr quî hd cdhclgnr qul lh l` prlcnsd mdmlhtd lh qul sl sul`tfh, lh qul sl rlvl`fh alﬆ-
cnlhtls, `fs fgrdcjfaurfs al `d qul Sfussurl ``fmf `f mfsf fmdrbf al` snkhnﬆcfhtl cdh `f
` f mfsf
fmdrbf al `fs snkhnﬆcfcndhls l nhtlrlsls, qul lh lsl mdmlhtd `f cdrrnlhtl cdhtnhuf al` snkhnﬆ-
cfhtl rlcdgrf su nhalplhalhcnf4¹, prlkuhtf @fcfh lh l` cfpítu`d ZZNNN al L` slmnhfrnd 3.
-@fcfh sdstnlhl lh «Ql`lvnsnóh¹
«Ql`lvnsnóh¹ qul lh l` lxtrfvíd al hulstrd kdcl sd`d l` Dtrd `d sntõf lh tfhtd
al î` lstfmds slpfrfads. ´Vuî hds slpfrf al` Dtrd4 Su nhcdmp`ltua, su nhcdhsnstlhcnf, `f jl-
tlrdklhlnafa fgsdùtf, qul l` Dtrd hd sl cdhbuhal cdh l` uhd. Lh `f psncdsns lsf slpfrfcnóh al`
Dtrd`fs
sdh vfcn`f, y cnlrtds
jlrmfhfs mdmlhtds
_fpnh) sdh uh al pfsfel
nhtlhtd f` fctd
grutf` alsuncnafs u jdmncnafs
`dkrfr lsf slpfrfcnóh.(uh lelmp`d nhtlrlsfhtl
Sn ugncfmds lhtdhcls l` fpfrftd al` síhtdmf cdmd uh cdhclptd trfhslstructurf`, `f anrlccnóh
al `f curf lh `f psncdsns fpuhtf f prdaucnr uh fpfrftd snhtdmætncd qul lstfgn`ncl snkhnﬆcfhtl y
snkhnﬆcfad.
@ds alsfrrd``ds al Mn``lr sdgrl l` síhtdmf cdmd fcdhtlcnmnlhtd al culrpd lh su slmnhfrnd
«@f lxplrnlhcnf al `d rlf`...¹ afh ùkfr f `f culstnóh al` mdad al sftnsbfccnóh, l` mdad al kdcl
qul l` fpfrftd al` síhtdmf frtncu`f. @f psncdsns ls uh fcdhtlcnmnlhtd al culrpd, uh culrpd hd
tdmfad lh l` lspled9 ls uhf vnvlhcnf al rltdrhd al kdcl f` culrpd qul hd pulal trfhsbuhanrsl
f `f nmfklh, sf`vd dcfsndhf`mlhtl f trfvîs al fctufcndhls vnd`lhtfs. Sl hlclsntf, puls, uh dtrd
cdhcrltd qul buhcndhls lh l` ùkfr al lspled. Sdh uh lelmp`d `ds lpnsdands cdmd sn, tîrmnhd qul
@fcfh rltdmf al Jl`lhl Alutscj lh L` slmnhfrnd 3.
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
@f hdcnóh al` culrpd cdmd cdhsnstlhcnf nmfknhfrnf y cdmd fkuelrd plrmntl plhsfr dtrf bdrmf
al vfcnfmnlhtd al` kdcl al` culrpd
–qul hd slf f trfvîs al `f nmfklh–, yf qul sl trftfríf al qul sl `dcf`ncl lh uh gdral pu`sndhf`,
`fs ``fmfafs zdhfs lróklhfs, qul sl alsgdrafh lh `ds mdmlhtds al alslhcfalhfmnlhtd. Fsí,
uh sueltd psncótncd pulal fﬆrmfr qul sl `l vf `f mnrfaf, qul `fs pf`fgrfs grdtfh al su gdcf
snh qul î` sl `d prdpdhkf d qul `l sf`lh klstds cdmd glsds jfcnf uh jdmgrl, snh qulrlr`d, y `d
jfclh jdmdslxuf`. @ulkd, hd buhcndhfh `ds gdrals, hd jfclh al lsbíhtlrls, cdrtfhad.
_dr dtrf pfrtl, ml prlkuhtî –puls hd ml rlsu`tf c`frd lh uh prnmlr mdmlhtd– qul snkhnﬆcf `f
bdrmu`fcnóh al @furlht qul fﬆrmf qul `f c`íhncf al` alslhkfhcjl al` Dtrd ls sd`nafrnf al `f
prdauccnóh al `f pu`snóh. Afrî f`kuhfs jnpótlsns qul hd prltlhalh fkdtfr l` tlmf snhd p`fhtlfr
`íhlfs pdsng`ls al nhvlstnkfcnóh.
Cdmd sfglh, Scjrlglr dgslrvf qul Ands hd cdhdcl f` vnvnlhtl («Cdh lstd sl rl`fcndhf lsf nalf
nhcdmprlhsng`l pfrf l` jdmgrl y qul sd`d pulal prdvlhnr al `f nkhdrfhcnf tdtf` lh qul sl
lhculhtrf Ands cdh rlsplctd f` slr jumfhd cdhsnalrfad cdmd drkfhnsmd Y...]¹, sdstnlhl lh `f
pæknhf
ls 772 al `fs
dmhnscnlhtl Mlmdrnfs
y qul, pdr `daltfhtd,
uh lhblrmd
sl trftfhlrvndsd ), `d qulal`luh
lh `f psncdsns jfcl alcnr
Dtrd f Mn``lr qul
nhcdmp`ltd. (MlAnds hd
pfrlcíf
nhtlrlsfhtl fvfhzfr sdgrl lstf culstnóh qul jfgíf trfíad Lrhlstd lh su trfgfed.) «Sugrfyd qul
lstd supdhl uh lc`npsl al` sfglr al` culrpd, qul dg`nkf f cdrrlknr `d qul sl ancl almfsnfad
ræpnafmlhtl, qul lh `f psncdsns l` Dtrd hd lstfríf gfrrfad Y...] Scjrlglr sntõf uh fkuelrd lh l`
sfglr al Ands, ls prlcnsfmlhtl lh `d qul cdhcnlrhl f su cdhdcnmnlhtd al `f vnaf, al` culrpd
vnvd¹, nhancf Mn``lr lh `f c`fsl al` 62 al euhnd al` >>.
Lsf sftnsbfccnóh frtncu`faf pdr l` snkhnﬆcfhtl sl prdaucl lh Scjrlglr lh l` fctd al `f alblcfcnóh,
mdmlhtd al rlcdmplhsf, al uhnﬆcfcnóh al` culrpd lh tdrhd f uh gdral, uh fkuelrd qul plr-
mntl `dcf`nzfr uh puhtd al kdcl y altnlhl `f nhﬆhntf ansplrsnóh al` snkhnﬆcfhtl (pulstd qul î`
lstæ cdhalhfad f plhsfr nhalﬆhnafmlhtl pfrf qul Ands pulaf kdzfr). ^ fquí `f pdsncnóh al`
fhf`nstf ls lslhcnf` pfrf lhcfrhfr lsl ùkfr al sfglr gfrrfad.
_rdaucnr `f pu`snóh, lh lstl slhtnad, qunzæ pulaf lhtlhalrsl cdmd uhf fctnvnafa al` sueltd cdh
rl`fcnóh f` kdcl, uhf fprdpnfcnóh al` kdcl. @fcfh hds rlculraf qul ls hlclsfrnd uh culrpd pfrf
kdzfr,, plrd l` prdg`lmf ls cuæ`. Lvnalhtlmlhtl, @furlht almdstró fjdrf lh Gulhds Fnrls qul
kdzfr
jfy ads (l` al` lspled y l` culrpd cdmd cdhsnstlhcnf nmfknhfrnf, lh tfhtd fkuelrd) y qul fmgds
cump`lh `f buhcnóh al alsf`defr l` kdcl qul rltdrhf lh `d qul pdarífmds ``fmfr úhf tlrclrf
vlrsnóh al` culrpd4 ´L` culrpd cdmd kdcl al` Dtrd4
Lh L` slmnhfrnd 7? @fcfh sdstnlhl qul l` kdcl al` Dtrd al` culrpd al` Dtrd qul `d snmgd`nzf hd
ls snkhd al fmdr. Lh dtrfs pf`fgrfs, hd jfy cfstrfcnóh, gdral fkuelrd, puls l` fmdr ls l` snkhd
al qul f`kd bf`tf lh l` Dtrd, ls afr `d qul hd sl tnlhl. ^ lh `f
` f cdhblrlhcnf al` 71/66/;<, qul anctf
\hnvlrsnafa al ^f`l, @fcfh slöf`f qul «`f psncdsns ls uhf lsplcnl al bf``f lh `d qul cdhcnlrhl
f` cump`nmnlhtd al `d qul jl ``fmfad fmdr¹.
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
Mn``lr, pdr su pfrtl, lxp`n

Mn``lr, lxp`ncf
cf lh `f c`fsl al` > al euhnd al` >> al «@f lxplrnlhcnf al `d rlf`…¹ qul
«Scjrlglr nùstrf muy gnlh `f prdpdsncnóh al @fcfh al qul l` kdcl al` Dtrd, al` culrpd al` Dtrd
qul `d snmgd`nzf hd ls snkhd al fmdr. Lhtrl Ands y Scjrlglr hd jfy fmdr, sd`d subrnmnlhtd y
vdùptudsnafa, pdrqul lh l` jdrnzdhtl lstæ `f rl`fcnóh slxuf`¹. @f culstnóh lhtdhcls ml pfrlcl
qul fpuhtf f `f trfhsblrlhcnf lh cufhtd `fzd `ngnanhf`, qul plrmntnríf f` sueltd uhf kfhfhcnf
al sftnsbfccnóh lh tfhtd l` Dtrd lstæ gfrrfad y hd sfgl sdgrl l` culrpd vnvd. ^ f``í ls pdsng`l
qul l` psncótncd cdhstruyf uh sfglr `nkfad f uhf sftnsbfccnóh frtncu`faf, yf slf víf `f mltæbdrf
al`nrfhtl d víf `f trfhsblrlhcnf.
Edrkl Cjfmdrrd. ‑ L` tlxtd al Sn`vnf Gfuanhn sl cd`dcf lh uhf pdsncnóh lsplcnf`, qul tnlhl
cdjlrlhcnf cdh l` jn`d qul p`fhtlfgf Alrlzlhsiy. Qfhtd `f nhtlrvlhcnóh al ^l``ftn cdmd `f al
Kfrcíf jfg`fgfh al `f rlspulstf al` fhf`nstf brlhtl f` psncótncd lh cufhtd f `f bdrmf al `f nh-
tlrprltfcnóh lh pfrtncu`fr,
pfrtncu`fr, y Alrlzlhsiy jfgíf p`fhtlfad `fs cdhancndhls al pdsngn`nafa al lsf
nhtlrprltfcnóh d al lsf nhtlrvlhcnóh, gfed `f bdrmf al `f trfhsblrlhcnf. _nlhsd qul Sn`vnf Gfuan-
hnhn sl ugncf al f`kõh mdad f``í, lsplcíﬆcfmlhtl, f`rlaladr al` tlmf al` síhtdmf, p`fhtlfhad
`d qul supdhlh pfrf `f pdsncnóh al` fhf`nstf `fs cdhancndhls al `f lstructurf al `f psncdsns.
Falmæs, lh l` dtrd puhtd, lsplcnf`mlhtl `nkfad f` síhtdmf, sl trftf mæs al ``ds
ds lblctds qul algl
prdvdcfr `f nhtlrvlhcnóh al` fhf`nstf qul al `f nhtlrvlhcnóh mnsmf9 ls alcnr, Gfuanhn jfg`fgf
al qul jfy qul bfgrncfr uh síhtdmf, y hd sugrfyfgf tfhtd cómd sl jfcl pfrf bfgrncfr`d –qul
lrf uh pdcd `d qul rlspdhaífh tfhtd ^l``ftn
^l``ftn cdmd Kfrcíf. C`frfmlhtl, lh l` p`fhtld al Gfuanhn
sl lhtnlhal qul jfy qul bfgrncfr uh síhtdmf lh `f psncdsns, fuh cufhad `fs cdhancndhls al lsf
bfgrncfcnóh hd slfh lvnalhtls lh `f prlslhtfcnóh.
Dtrd puhtd, qul ls `d qul sl ``fmf mfhndgrf al `f trfhsblrlhcnf, pulal slr uhf nhsnhufcnóh
al rlspulstf f cómd bfgrncfr`d. Vunzæ algfmds lh `f anscusnóh fc`frfr quî lhtlhalmds pdr
mfhndgrf al `f trfhsblrlhcnf y quî rl`fcnóh tnlhl cdh `f nhtlrprltfcnóh d cdh `f nhtlrvlhcnóh al`
fhf`nstf. Ćómd jfcl lsd pfrf bfgrncfr l` síhtdmf4
Qfmgnîh sl rl`fcndhf cdh l` mfhled, cdh `f mfhndgrf al `f trfhsblrlhcnf, `d qul mlhcndhfgf

rlsplctd al cdmd lhcfrhfr l` sfglr gfrrfad. Crld qul lstd hds rlmntl f `f anscusnóh qul tuvn-
mds fclrcf al` fhf`nstf qul ancl hd lhtnlhad. Quvnmds
Quvnmds uh lelmp`d cdhcrltd al `f mfhndgrf al `f
trfhsblrlhcnf, al lhcfrhfr l` sfglr gfrrfad, cdh `f rlspulstf hd lhtnlhad. Jfgífmds anscutnad sn
lrf lh l` ùkfr al` sueltd anvnanad d l` ùkfr al` dgeltd. @ulkd, ls pdsng`l trfzfr uh jn`d lhtrl `f
mfhndgrf al `f trfhsblrlhcnf lhcfrhfaf lh l` sfglr gfrrfad y l` hd lhtnlhad Alrlzlhsiy lh su
rlspulstf f` pfcnlhtl.
Gfuanhn slöf`f fsnmnsmd `f frtncu`fcnóh snkhnﬆcfhtl-kdcl. Fjí tlhlmds nhcùsd uhf `íhlf klhl-
rf` al `d qul sl alglríf `dkrfr
` dkrfr,, qul ls `f mltæbdrf al`nrfhtl lh uhf bdrmu`fcnóh al @fcfh (al L`
slmnhfrnd 3), y snkhnﬆcfhtl y kdcl lh `f õ`tnmf bdrmu`fcnóh.
L` dtrd puhtd, pdr õ`tnmd, ls `f prdpulstf al frrlk`ærsl`fs cdh l` síhtdmf. _lrd ´f quî sl dpdhl
lstl frrlk`ærsl`fs cdh l` síhtdmf4 Ćuæ` ls `f f`tlrhftnvf4
f`t lrhftnvf4 Sn uhd hd sfgl jfclr cdh l` síhtdmf,
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
´quî jfy qul lsplrfr4 Ml pfrlcl

p frlcl –y `d prdpdhkd pfrf `f anscusnóh– qul `f f`tlrhftnvf ls `lvfh-
tfr l` síhtdmf. ^ lh `f mlanaf lh qul lstl sl jfcl n`lvfhtfg`l qulaf cdmd cfmnhd l` brfcfsd al`
trftfmnlhtd d l` frrlk`ærsl`fs cdh lsl síhtdmf. @d qul cfmgnf `f` f pdsncnóh al` sueltd rlsplctd al
su síhtdmf.
_nlhsd qul `f rlspulstf al cómd `dkrfr`d alglmds rltdmfr`f al fqul``ds qul jfg`frdh lspl-
cíﬆcfmlhtl al `f nhtlrvlhcnóh. Al mdad qul fjí tlharífmds qul cdmp`lmlhtfr `fs bdrmfs al
nhtlrvlhnr qul nmfknhfmds cdh `ds lblctds qul alglmds `dkrfr –qul, f mn lhtlhalr, ls `d qul
mæs fclhtõf Gfuanhn.
Cfr`ds Afhtl Kfrcíf. ‑Jfgífmds cdhsnalrfad qul lh `f psncdsns l` S 6 yf lstæ fjí, qul `d ugncf-
mds cdmd l` síhtdmf, y hds prlkuhtfmds quî jfclr cdh î`. Crld qul, pdr `d qul p`fhtlf Sn`vnf,
`f rlspulstf slríf bfgrncfr uh síhtdmf d uh fpfrftd al` síhtdmf. Ml prlkuhtd lhtdhcls sn sl
trftf al uh hulvd S6 d ls lsl mnsmd S 6 qul yf lstæ fjí gfed dtrf bdrmf, qul ``lvf f` cfmnhd al
frrlk`ærsl`fs cdh l` síhtdmf. Sn hd, sn prdaucnmds dtrd S6, sl mdanﬆcfríf `f rl`fcnóh al` sueltd
cdh `f Y´4],`fqul
rlsumlh, ls `f culstnóh
prnmlrf pfrtncu`frnafa
qul mlalklhlrf
`f rl`fcnóh
`d qulal` sueltd al
lscucjî cdhSn`vnf
l` síhtdmf lh `f psncdsns.
ls sn bfgrncfr Lh
l` síhtdmf
supdhl prdaucnr uh hulvd S6 d mdanﬆcfr l` qul yf lstæ fjí. ^ ^dd ml nhc`nhd pdr `f mdanﬆcfcnóh
al lsl S6.
L` slkuhad puhtd ls lstf lhcfrhfcnóh al` sfglr gfrrfad, qul klhlrf mucjfs nhtlrprltfcndhls
al lsf brfsl al @fcfh al `f «_rlslhtfcnóh al `f trfauccnóh brfhclsf al `fs Mlmdrnfs al` _rl-
snalhtl Scjrlglr¹, adhal `f pdsncnóh al` fhf`nstf cdhsnstnríf lh mfhnblstfr plrmfhlhtlmlhtl
uhf pdsncnóh al hd sfglr. ´Lstf pdsncnóh al hd sfglr lqunvf`l f` $4 Ćómd anstnhkunr l` $ al F,
pdrqul hd ls lqunvf`lhtl4 Sn lhcfrhfmds f` F ls uhf anmlhsnóh al vfcíd, y `l tlhlmds qul afr
dtrf vul`tf f lstf culstnóh al` sfglr gfrrfad. ´Vuî nmp`ncf ancjd sfglr4 Hd ls `f mfhnblstfcnóh
al` yd hd sî plrmfhlhtl (pdrqul mucjds nalhtnﬆcfrdh l` ùkfr al` fhf`nstf lh l` trftfmnlhtd al
`f psncdsns cdmd uh yd hd sî). L` yd hd lhtnlhad, pfrf mí, hd ls lqunvf`lhtl f` yd hd sî, pdr pdhlr
lh eulkd l` yd.
L` tlrclr puhtd ls sdgrl `f anrlccnóh al `f curf, pdrqul l` p`fhtld al Sn`vnf ``lvf f uhf anrlc-
cnóh qul ls tdad uh prdg`lmf. Edrkl p`fhtlfgf rlcnîh qul hds nmfknhfmds l` `lvfhtfmnlhtd
al` síhtdmf d uh sfglr jfclr cdh l` síhtdmf. Fjdrf gnlh, ´lstl sfglr jfclr yf anguef lh bdrmf
fhtncnpfaf uhf anrlccnóh pdsng`l al `f curf4 @d ankd pdrqul hd ls tfh slkurd qul jfyf uhf
anrlccnóh al `f curf lh l` slhtnad al jfglr`f cdhstrunad y vlrnﬆcfad. Cufhad jfg`fmds al uhf
anrlccnóh, yf lstæ fhtncnpfad l` ﬆh.
Lrhlstd Alrlzlhsiy. ‑L` trfgfed al Sn`vnf ml jnzd plhsfr ads d trls culstndhls. Sn hd rlculrad
mf`, lh l` «Sup`lmlhtd tdpd`ókncd f ‐Al uhf culstnóh prl`nmnhfr…”¹, Mn``lr rlmfrcf qul lh
`d qul pdarífmds ``fmfr `f vu`kftf `fcfhnfhf trfsclhanó buhafmlhtf`mlhtl `f cdhstruccnóh
al` Hdmgrl al` _farl cdmd `d qul cfrfctlrnzf `f lstructurf. Î` slöf`f, snh lmgfrkd, qul lsf
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
bdrcùsnóh al` Hdmgrl al` _farl algl slr cdmp`lmlhtfaf cdh `f rlkrlsnóh tópncf f` ﬆ`d mdrtf`
al` lstfand l` lspled. @d sugrfyd pdrqul pdhl lh prnmlr p`fhd `ds prdg`lmfs f`rlaladr al `f
cdhstntucnóh al` culrpd lh `f psncdsns y l` síhtdmf cdmd uh fcdhtlcnmnlhtd al` culrpd. ^ `d
trfnkd pdrqul qunlrd mdstrfr l` trftfmnlhtd pfrtncu`fr al `f culstnóh al` culrpd lh l` cfsd al
uhf pfcnlhtl psncótncf.
Lstfmds anscutnlhad `f pdsncnóh al` psncdfhf`nstf brlhtl f `f psncdsns y crld qul lstfrífmds al
fculrad cdh qul sl trftf al uhf nhvntfcnóh f` psncótncd lh tfhtd trfgfefadr alcnanad. Lstd su-
pdhl qul l` lhculhtrd cdh l` fhf`nstf plrmntf l` hnvl` al l`fgdrfcnóh f` qul cfaf sueltd pulal
``lkfr.
Lh l` cfsd al` qul `ls jfg`fgf, `f pfcnlhtl afgf culhtf al ads lstfads al` culrpd, y `d nhtl-
rlsfhtl ls qul `d jfcíf cdh uhf sulrtl al hldcóankd9 alcíf5 «Hd jfy hfaf mæs tlrrng`l qul
l` alscufelrnhkul¹. L` alscufelrnhkul lrf l` mdmlhtd al `f brfkmlhtfcnóh cdrpdrf` fgsdùtf,
cufhad `f cfglzf sl `l anspfrfgf al` culrpd, `ds grfzds y `fs pnlrhfs cfífh. L``f slöf`fgf qul lh
su lxnstlhcnf lsl lrf l` mdmlhtd al mfydr subrnmnlhtd. ^ `d nhtlrlsfhtl al` cfsd ls qul sl dr-
kfhnzf y sl `dcf`nzf f pfrtnr al uh fkuelrd, pdrqul l``f sntõf `d qul ``fmf `f buhcnóh al` `de, qul
ls uh fkuelrd qul ugncf lh su plcjd y qul vf fcdmpföfad al `d qul alhdmnhf `f «fhkustnf
cdrpdrlnzfaf¹. Fjdrf gnlh, cufhad jfy `de y jfy fhkustnf cdrpdrlnzfaf hd jfy alscufelrnhkul9
ls alcnr qul l` culrpd sl rlcdhstntuyl f`rlaladr al lsl fkuelrd qul l``f sntõf lh î`.
Qdad lstd tnlhl uh mfrcd qul ls l` lhculhtrd cdh uh fhf`nstf qul `f nhvntf f` hnvl` al l`fgdrf-
cnóh qul l``f pulal f`cfhzfr. ^ lhtnlhad qul hd sl trftf al uhf pfrfhdnf, snhd al uhf pfcnlhtl
qul pdarífmds sntufr alhtrd al lsl krupd tfh anbusd al `fs lsqunzdbrlhnfs. Lhtdhcls, alhtrd al
`fs lsqunzdbrlhnfs, adhal `ds prdg`lmfs al` culrpd lstæh lh prnmlr p`fhd,
p `fhd, l` lhculhtrd cdh l`
fhf`nstf `l pdsngn`ntf f` sueltd uh mdad al sup`nr `d qul pfrf l``f hd bul afad, qul ls `f ansyuh-
cnóh kdcl-culrpd9 lstd ls, `f dplrfcnóh al `f cfstrfcnóh hd lstæ cdhstntunaf y l` lhculhtrd cdh l`
fhf`nstf jfcl pdsng`l uh mdad al sup`lhcnf rlsplctd al lsd qul hd fcdhtlcnó.
Sn`vnf Gfuanhn. ‑Sdgrl `d qul alcíf Cfr`ds, f mí ml pfrlcl qul hd sl trftf al S 6 snhd eustf-
mlhtl al `f rl`fcnóh lhtrl S6 y S 7, `f lstfgn`nzfcnóh lhtrl uh snkhnﬆcfhtl fmd y uh S7 qul ﬆel
uhf snkhnﬆcfcnóh. L` prdg`lmf al `f psncdsns ls qul hd jfy ﬆefcnóh al `f snkhnﬆcfcnóh. Cufhad
Scjrlglr pulal, ﬆhf`mlhtl, fclptfr `f rlcdhcn`nfcnóh cdh Ands, fclptfr su trfhsbdrmfcnóh lh
muelr fsnhtótncfmlhtl, lh l` nhﬆhntd, jfy f``í uh sfglr jfclr cdh l` síhtdmf9 ls alcnr, lsd qul
pfrf î` lrf `f nalf nhsdpdrtfg`l qul `d ``lvfgf f` alscufelrnhkul, f nhtlhtds al suncnand rlntlrf-
ads, ls `d mnsmd qul prdaucl uhf rlcdhcn`nfcnóh.
_nlhsd qul jfy ads culstndhls5 uhf ls lsf y dtrf `f sftnsbfccnóh kfhfaf lh tdrhd al` fkuelrd
fhf` lh l` fctd al `f alblcfcnóh. L` pfsfel pdsng`l pdr uhf kfhfhcnf al sftnsbfccnóh plrmntl ﬆ-
hf`mlhtl f` sueltd cdhstrunr uh síhtdmf, plrd cdmd `fzd sdcnf` –d slf, l` S 6 sd`d hd f`cfhzf. L`
hlurótncd tnlhl l` S7 qul ls l` bfhtfsmf, l` Hdmgrl al` _farl, plrd l` psncótncd anspdhl sd`d al`
S69 y crld qul f``í ls lmnhlhtl l` `fzd trfhsblrlhcnf`, qul ls `d qul nhancfgf Lrhlstd. Sl trftf al`
`fzd cdh l` fhf`nstf, lh tfhtd lstl hd sfgl al` culrpd vnvd, pdrqul fjí l``f pulal nhvlhtfr uh
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
sfglr al` `de. Lsd hd snkhnﬆcf qul l` fhf`nstf hd slpf hfaf, snhd qul hd sfgl sdgrl l` culrpd vnvd
y fjí l` sueltd pulal cdhstrunr f`kd lh rl`fcnóh cdh uh culrpd vfcíd al kdcl. Lstf ls uh pdcd `f
nalf qul sl alsprlhal al lstl trfgfed al Mn``lr
Mn``lr..
Cjfmdrrd. Alglmds fclhtufr quî ls uh síhtdmf, f quî lstfmds ``fmfhad síhtdmf. _rn-
Edrkl Cjfmdrrd.
mlrd, snkd mfhtlhnlhad `f nalf al qul l` S 6 lh `f psncdsns yf lstæ y qul l` S 6 lh `f hlurdsns sl
cdhstruyl cdh `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al` fhf`nstf. Lstd ls cdmd uh lel alsal adhal pfrtnmds –al `d
rlf` lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns y al `d snmgó`ncd lh l` al `f hlurdsns–, d slf, pfrtnmds al `fs bdr-
mfcndhls al` nhcdhscnlhtl. @f anblrlhcnf lhtrl uh S6, yf nhstf`fad lh l` psncótncd, y al` síhtdmf,
ls qul l` prnmlrd hd ls uh dralhfadr õhncd al `f lstructurf al` sueltd psncótncd y l` slkuhad ls
l` prdauctd qul ``lvf f qul tdads `ds S 6 qul pdaífh lstfr ansplrsds lh uh prnmlr mdmlhtd sl
cdfku`lh f`rlaladr al uh dralhfmnlhtd õhncd qul `l plrmntl lsf lstfgn`nzfcnóh. F mn lhtlhalr,
lhtlhalr,
`f lstfgn`nzfcnóh ls pfsfr al uh S 6 –d vfrnds– qul jfy lh l` al`nrnd f `f bfgrncfcnóh al uh dralh
adhal tdads lsds S6 cdhvlrklh f`rlaladr al uh puhtd al kdcl9 y lsd plrmntl `f anblrlhcnf
lhtrl uh S6 y uh síhtdmf. L` S6 pulal slr uhf pfrtl al` culrpd alsplafzfad y l` síhtdmf, uh
dralhfadr al uh culrpd hd alsplafzfad. Lsl dralhfadr õhncd ls `d qul Gfuanhn ``fmfgf `f
bfgrncfcnóh al` síhtdmf.
@d qul ustlals alcífh ml p`fhtlfgf `f snkunlhtl auaf. Sn plhsfmds l` síhtdmf lh `f õ`tnmf bdr-
mu`fcnóh al @fcfh, lstl ls frtncu`fcnóh al uh snmgó`ncd qul lhtrf lh `d rlf`, ls `f frtncu`fcnóh,
fhuafmnlhtd al snmgó`ncd-rlf`. Eustfmlhtl lh Edycl (`d nhancd pdr `d al` `fzd sdcnf`, jfstf f``í
lstfmds lh l` cfmpd futdlrótncd al` kdcl) @fcfh p`fhtlf qul bf`tf l` fhuafmnlhtd nmfknhfrnd
y qul î` `d jfcl cdh `f cdhstruccnóh al` lkd, lh l` puhtd al frtncu`fcnóh. _dr lsd ml prlkuhtfgf
cufhad jfg`ægfmds al` síhtdmf cdmd `fzd sdcnf`… L` síhtdmf –y su lstructurf– hd jfcl `fzd
sdcnf` sd`d, pdr `d mlhds lh Edycl `d p`fhtlf
p` fhtlf fsí. _frf qul l` `fzd sdcnf` sl cdmp`ltl y lhculhtrl
lsf rl`fcnóh cdh l` Dtrd sdcnf` algl cdhstrunr l` lkd, jfclrsl uh lkd, jfclrsl uh hdmgrl, ltcîtl-
rf. Crld qul lstl lrf l` aftd qul bf`tfgf pfrf plhsfr `fzd sdcnf`-síhtdmf. Ls qul sn lstl õ`tnmd
ls snkhnﬆcfhtl rlf`, hd jfy `fzd sdcnf`.
Sn`vnf Gfuanhn. ‑Fjdrf, lh l` cfsd al Lrhlstd, ´lsd hd `d afríf `f rl`fcnóh trfhsblrlhcnf`, qul
l``f vlhkf f afr tlstnmdhnd al lsf pfrtncu`fr fgrdcjfaurf lhtrl snkhnﬆcfhtl y kdcl f` fhf`nstf4
_nlhsd qul fjí sl prdaucnríf lstl fgrdcjfmnlhtd cdh `d qul slríf l` lkd lh Edycl.
Cjfmdrrd. ‑Lstæ muy gnlh lsd. Ćómd plhsfmds `f cdhstruccnóh al uh lkd cufhad hd
Edrkl Cjfmdrrd.
sl trftf al uh tnpd cdmd Edycl, qul hd `d pulal cdhstrunr cdh su tf`lhtd4 Lhcdhtrfr l` hdmgrl
prdpnd ls uh aftd qul pulal lstfr hd sd`d lh rl`fcnóh cdh l` muhad y l` snk`d, cdmd Edycl, snhd
cdh `f trfhsblrlhcnf. Lsl ls l` puhtd al cdhstruccnóh al` lkd, pdrqul, sn hd, l` õhncd qul rlf`-
mlhtl pdaríf cdhstrunrsl uh lkd slríf uh tnpd cdmd Edycl.
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
Cfr`ds Afhtl Kfrcíf. ‑Lsd sl rl`fcndhf cdh `d qul p`fhtlfgf Lrhlstd, qul jfyf uh sueltd,
slkõh sus pf`fgrfs, trfgfefadr alcnanad, qul falmæs sl anrnkl f f`kunlh, y hd hds tlhlmds
qul d`vnafr al lstf cdhancnóh. Edycl sl anrnkíf f f`kunlh, plrd lrf f `f uhnvlrsnafa, f `ds uhn-
vlrsntfrnds. _frf mí, `f cdhancnóh al `f anrlccndhf`nafa ls buhafmlhtf` lh `f bfgrncfcnóh al uh
síhtdmf cdh uh psncótncd, pdrqul mucjfs vlcls `f cdhbuhanmds cdh `f plrsdhf al` fhf`nstf, y
hd ls `d mnsmd.
Cjfmdrrd. ‑_lrd `f bfgrncfcnóh al` síhtdmf ls nhsuﬆcnlhtl d hd. Lh

Edrkl Cjfmdrrd. Edycl tlhlmds fal-
mæs l` alrlcjd al pug`ncfr. Jfstf fjí jfgíf bfgrncfad l` síhtdmf, plrd sn hd pug`ncf pfrlcnlrf
qul bf`tf f`kd. Crld qul jfgríf qul afr`l vfrnfs vul`tfs f` tlmf al` lkd, pdrqul, fuhqul lh
Edycl lstæ
lstæ c`fr
c`frd,
d, hd ls tfh lvnalhtl… \h
\hff rl
rlspulstf
spulstf ls `f bfgrncfcnóh al` lkd lh `f trfhsblrlhcnf.
trfhsblrlhcnf.
pdrqul `d utn`nzfmds cdmd uh l`lmlhtd frtncu`fadr lh Edycl plrd hd `d usfmds tfh lvnalhtl-
mlhtl lh dtrds sueltds psncótncds. Ćómd sl bfgrncf lhtdhcls uh lkd4
Sn`vnf Gfuanhn. ‑_lhsfgf lh `f mlkf`dmfhíf sdstlhnaf lh trfhsblrlhcnf, lh lstd al qul ls uh

trfgfefadr alcnanad sdstlhnad pdr l` fhf`nstf lh lsl ùkfr. ´Hd ls uhf bdrmf pdsng`l al frmfr
uh lkd lh `f psncdsns4
Lrhlstd Alrlzlhsiy. ‑Wltdmd `f culstnóh al` culrpd, pdrqul, sn sntufmds ads c`íhncfs –`f
psncdbfrmfcd`ókncf y `f fhf`ítncf– f`rlaladr al lstf culstnóh, sl vlh c`frfmlhtl `ds puhtds
al anvlrklhcnf. @f lﬆcfcnf al `ds psncdbærmfcds hd sd`d sl mnal f pfrtnr al` lblctd qul pulaf
tlhlr rlsplctd al` al`nrnd y `f fùcnhfcnóh, snhd tfmgnîh pdr `ds lblctds slcuhafrnds qul hd
prdauclh. @ds fhtnpsncótncds al õ`tnmf klhlrfcnóh prlslhtfh lh cdmpfrfcnóh cdh `ds fhtnkuds
mucjf mlhdr cfhtnafa al lblctds slcuhafrnds y lsf ls `f mfydr lﬆcfcnf.
´Vuî prdaucl
slhtfhad l` lhculhtrd
qul lstl lhculhtrdcdh
hdl`lsfhf`nstf rlsplctd
nhanblrlhtl al` culrpd4
lh rl`fcnóh cdh `dRlmds
Rqul
lmds lh l` cfsd
fcdhtlcl qul lstdy
rlsplctd prl-
al` culr-
pd, pdrqul lstf pfcnlhtl ftrfvnlsf aurfhtl uh plrídad muy prd`dhkfad –qul l``f alhdmnhf
plrídad al` alscufelrnhkul– `f nmpdsngn`nafa al dplrfr cdh î`, jfstf tf` puhtd qul bul tdaf uhf
îpdcf al su vnaf lh qul l``f hd sl pdaíf `lvfhtfr al `f cfmf, hd pdaíf sf`nr al` `lcjd pdrqul
lstfgf alscufelrnhkfaf. @ulkd cdhstruyl al`nrfhtlmlhtl uh culrpd al` qul pulal anspdhlr.
L` culrpd ls fsnmnsmd uh `ímntl, lh prnmlr ùkfr, pfrf `ds mîancds, pfrf `d qul ls pdsng`l jf-
clr cdh l` psncótncd. Snlmprl rlculrad qul jfcl mucjds föds, lh uhf c`íhncf adhal mîancds y
hd mîancds cdmpfrtífh l` trfgfed cdh pfcnlhtls psncótncds, lh uhf nhstntucnóh muy fgnlrtf f `f
nhtlrvlhcnóh al `ds fhf`nstfs, jfstf l` puhtd lh qul uh hd mîancd, lh buhcnóh al `d qul lrf l`
anscursd al`nrfhtl al uh sueltd, nhancó lh lhblrmlríf qul `l jncnlrfh uh lhlmf f` pfcnlhtl, `d
qul prdvdcó uhf rlfccnóh vnd`lhtf lh l` anrlctdr al `f c`íhncf. ^ l` fhf`nstf bul lcjfad cdh uh
frkumlhtd muy
hd mîancd ngf prlf``æ
prlcnsd5
mæs cnsd5
aljfgíf uh `ímntl,
lsl `ímntl, `ds hd
lrf f`kd mîancds hd_frf
nhsdpdrtfg`l. pdaífh mltlrsl
mí lstl jlcjdcdh l` culrpd.
qulaó Sn l`
cdmd f`kd
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
qul algl slr nhtlrrdkfad, hd cdmd uhf fhîcadtf, yf qul crld qul rlvl`f `f lstructurf, rlvl`f
uh fsplctd al `f pdsncnóh al` mîancd yy,, tf` vlz, al hulstrf pdsncnóh rlsplctd al `f psncdsns.
Cfr`ds Afhtl Kfrcíf. ‑Lh rl`fcnóh cdh lstd, rlculrad l` cfsd al uhf muelr qul lhtró f `f c`íhn-
cf lmgfrfzfaf al trls mlsls y sl pfsó `ds slns mlsls snkunlhtls cftftóhncf. ^ tdad l` prdg`lmf
pfrf `ds mîancds lrf cómd nhtlrvlhnr cdh lsl culrpd, pdrqul tlharífh qul jfclr`l uhf dplrf-
cnóh y l``f hd rlspdhaíf fgsdùtfmlhtl hfaf9 hd rlknstrfgfh sn tlhíf slhsngn`nafa lh su culrpd.
Cufhad ``lkó l` mdmlhtd al` pfrtd, `f sfcfrdh al `f c`íhncf, `f trfs`fafrdh lh uhf fmgu`fhcnf
y, pfrf sdrprlsf al tdads `ds mîancds, pfrl y clsf `f cftftdhíf. Eustfmlhtl, lh l` mdmlhtd al
pfrnr.
_lhsî lh `d al` lhlmf. Cufhad sf`nó f`kd al` culrpd, cufhad sl vfcnó f`kd al` culrpd, l``f sf`nó
al `f cftftdhíf. @f pdsncnóh al `ds mîancds lrf qul jfgíf qul nhtlrvlhnr sdgrl l` culrpd, `f pdsn-
cnóh al` lqunpd qul trftfgf f `f pfcnlhtl lrf qul `f pfcnlhtl ngf f rlspdhalr
rlspdhalr.. Sl klhlró tdaf uhf
anscusnóh, ftlhld, rluhndhls, pfrf vlr cómd sl rlsd`víf lstf culstnóh, yf qul hfanl jfgíf vnstd f
uhf lsqunzdbrîhncf lmgfrfzfaf cftftóhncf, `f cuf` sf`l al `f cftftdhíf lh l` mdmlhtd al` pfrtd.
Qdmd al lstd `f culstnóh al `f cdhstruccnóh al uh vfcíd f pfrtnr al `d qul sf`l al` culrpd, cdsf
qul jl vnstd lh vfrnds cfsds. ^ f vlcls lstl sf`nr al` culrpd hd tnlhl sd`d qul vlr cdh `ds drnﬆ-
cnds9 jfy dtrfs nhtlrvlhcndhls –`f lxtrfccnóh al sfhkrl, pdr lelmp`d– qul prdauclh uhf sf`naf
al `f cftftdhíf, qul sd`d `dkrd lxp`ncfrml gfed `f bdrmf al `f pdsngn`nafa al `f prdauccnóh al
uh vfcíd.
Hîstdr ^l``ftn. ‑_lhsfgf lh uh cfsd qul jfgíf prlslhtfad lh `f edrhfaf al `fs lscul`fs, pdrqul
al f`kuhf mfhlrf pulal vnhcu`fr `f culstnóh al `f prdauccnóh al uh síhtdmf, y `f anblrlhcnf
al `d qul slríf l` síhtdmf lh `f hlurdsns y lh `f psncdsns. Sl trftf al uhf pfcnlhtl qul rlsplctd
al` culrpd tlhíf síhtdmfs al `f slrnl gu`nmnf-fhdrlxnf. Fﬆrmfgf lstfr kdraf y, pdr `d tfhtd,
jfcíf `d qul jfclh `fs cjncfs (anltfs, knmhfsnf, jfstf `fxfhtls). _lrd alspuîs vnlhl `f rlblrlhcnf
c`frfmlhtl psncótncf f` culrpd cufhad sdstnlhl qul lstl ls nmplrblctd al hfcnmnlhtd, qul lstæ
nhcdmp`ltd9 y qul falmæs l``f guscf vlr `f gdcf al` lstómfkd, plrd hd pulal vlr`f brlhtl f`
lspled pdrqul lstæ tfpfaf pdr uhf pfhzf ``lhf al krfsf. @ulkd, nhtlhtf `dkrfr `f rlauccnóh al
ancjf pfhzf.
Lrf fsnmnsmd lvnalhtl lh tdaf su knmhfsnf y su anltf, pdr `f mfhlrf lh qul `d alcíf y pdr
cómd slöf`fgf su prdpnd culrpd, qul lstfgf trftfhad al cdmp`ltfr`d y afr`l bdrmf, yf qul
tlhíf uhf bdrmf nmplrblctf. Lxp`ncfgf, pdr lelmp`d, qul cdh lsfs cfalrfs fhcjfs huhcf ngf
f pdalr tlhlr mucjds jneds. Al mdad qul pfrf l``f l` ftrngutd prdpnfmlhtl blmlhnhd (uhf
cfalrf fhcjf) nhancfgf qul hd ngf f pdalr tlhlr jneds. Cdhstruíf uh culrpd, alsal uhf plrs-
plctnvf purfmlhtl nmfknhfrnf, cdmd sn `d
` d lstuvnlrf mdal`fhad mlanfhtl `f knmhfsnf. _rdaucl
lhtdhcls uh síhtdmf –gu`ímncd– qul alspuîs sl rlvl`f cdmd f`kd qul vf f` ùkfr al` culrpd
al` psncótncd, fhtl `d cuf` yd alefgf qul jncnlrf.
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
Cfr`ds Afhtl Kfrcíf. ‑Vunsnlrf vd`vlr f `f culstnóh al `f

` f bfgrncfcnóh al` síhtdmf y l` S 6. Lstdy
al fculrad cdh qul sl trftf al uh mdmlhtd al frtncu`fcnóh, al fgrdcjfmnlhtd rlsplctd al S 6
sul`tds. Fjdrf, lstl mdmlhtd al frtncu`fcnóh, al fgrdcjfmnlhtd, vf jfcnf l` `fad al uh S 6 hul-
vd… ´d ls uh S74 Lstl puhtd ls nmpdrtfhtl, pdrqul lstf `ókncf al `f rl`fcnóh lhtrl uh S6 y uh
S7, qul jf ``lvfad f cdhsnalrfr cdmd prdpulstf qul jfgríf qul jfclr al`nrfr f` sueltd psncótncd,
lstd ls, qul lxnstf `f pdsngn`nafa al cdhstruccnóh al uh S 7. ^d ml nhc`nhd pdrqul sl trftf al uh
S6, hd al uh S7, qul `f bfgrncfcnóh al uh síhtdmf vf pfrf l` `fad al uh S6.
F lsd fpuhtfgf mn nhtlrvlhcnóh fhtlrndr,
fhtlrndr, eustfmlhtl, f sn lstf `ókncf al `f utn`nzfcnóh al` S 6-S7 ls
cdmpftng`l cdh `f bfgrncfcnóh al uh síhtdmf, pdrqul hd lh tdaf psncdsns jfy al`nrnd, lh prnmlr
ùkfr, y, lh slkuhad ùkfr, hd tdad al`nrnd plrmntl uhf frtncu`fcnóh y uhf ﬆefcnóh9 d slf qul l`
S7 sl mulstrf lh cnlrtd slhtnad nhdplrfhtl.
Sn`vnf Gfuanhn. ‑Crld qul `f õhncf mfhlrf al plhsfr l` S hd ls cdmd al`nrnd, pdrqul cufhad
7
Mn``lr sdstnlhl qul l` síhtdmf ls l` `fzd sdcnf`, lh î` lstæ nhcùnaf uhf rl`fcnóh lhtrl uh snkhnﬆ-
cfhtl y dtrf cdsf9 fjí yf l` síhtdmf nhcùyl uhf rl`fcnóh, hd ls sd`fmlhtl S6. Eustfmlhtl, lh `f
hlurdsns jfy qul alslhcfalhfr `ds S6 lhcfalhfads, qul ls f`kd qul lh `f psncdsns lstæ al lhtrf-
af. Sl trftf, puls, al prdaucnr f`kõh lhcfalhfmnlhtd, f`kuhf cdhtnhunafa, qul sl lstfg`lcl lh-
trl uh S6 y dtrf cdsf… Ml pfrlcl qul ls `d qul î` ancl `fzd. F`kd qul jfcl `fzd, hd ls l` S6 sd`d,
f`kd sl tnlhl qul prdaucnr al uh `fzd cdh l` dtrd. ´Vuî dtrd4 Ál quî mdad4 Al f`kuhf mfhlrf,
ls `d qul lstfmds plhsfhad. ´Ls lsl snhtjdml nmfknhfrnd qul plrmntl lh`fzfr `d snmgó`ncd cdh
`d rlf`4 Hd ls lsl S6 sd`d, jfy f`kd qul jfcl `fzd y qul hd ls l` al`nrnd.
Cfr`ds Afhtl Kfrcíf. ‑R

‑Rd`vlmds
d`vlmds f` mnsmd p
puhtd
uhtd qul lstægfmds trftfhad fhtls5 ´sl trftf al
uhf culstnóh futdlrótncf d hd4
Sn`vnf Gfuanhn. ‑Hd, tnlhl qul alefr al slr futdlrótncf. Cufhad `f pfcnlhtl `l culhtf f î` `d al`
hld`dknsmd `de, sl `d vf f cdhtfr f î`, jfy uhf anrlccnóh al lsd. Hd ls sd`d l` `de qul l``f kdzf lh
sn`lhcnd futístncfmlhtl y lh cftftdhíf, snhd qul vf y sl `d culhtf f î`, y fjí rlcdgrf uh slhtnad.
Cufhad lsf muelr rlﬆlrl l` alscufelrnhkul, l` fhf`nstf tnlhl alrlcjd f alcnr`l5 Mdmlhtntd, sn
ustla tnlhl uh `de, yd sdy tlstnkd. Sdgrl tdad lh `f lsqunzdbrlhnf l` fhf`nstf ls l` ùkfr adhal sl
lscrngl `d qul hd sl lscrngl lh l` sueltd.
Cfr`ds Afhtl Kfrcíf. ‑@f culstnóh fjí ls sn `f anrlccndhf`nafa nmp`ncf uh S 7.

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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
Sn`vnf Gfuanhn. ‑Alplhal al `d qul lhtnlhafs cdmd S7.
ankf al`fhtl al î`,‑C`frd, qunzæ `d qul jfy

`d qul prdgfr ls ankf
qul sl `d culhtl...
al î` f_ulal
qul slslr qul `d
Edrkl Cjfmdrrd.
plrd hd ls lxfctfmlhtl mnsmd qul `d al`fhtl `d culhtl.
Vul sl `d culhtl lblctnvf y prdbuhafmlhtl nmp`ncf `f pdsngn`nafa al uhf rltrdfccnóh, uh fcusl
al rlcngd. Lh dtrfs pf`fgrfs, qul tlhkf uh lblctd cdhcrltd, lblctnvd, rltrdfctnvd sdgrl l` sueltd
l` jfgîrsl`d cdhtfad f î`. Lh `f prlslhtfcnóh al lhblrmds vlmds f`kd al lsd. Cufhad uh sueltd
lmplzfgf –hd ml fculrad lxfctfmlhtl quî–, lh `f mlanaf lh qul sl anrnkíf jfcnf l` jdspntf` f
cdhtfr lsd, sl `l prdaucíf uh lblctd al dralhfmnlhtd al `d qul ngf f alcnr.
Cfr`ds Afhtl Kfrcíf. ‑Lrf lsl qul tlhíf nrrntfcnóh lh anblrlhtls pfrtls al` culrpd. Rds `d cdh-
tfstl lh uhf c`fsl qul anstl sdgrl ml`fhcd`íf, qul jfgífh cdmlhzfad f plhsfr `f pdsngn`nafa
lxtrflr`d cdmd bfvdrfg`l pfrf l` trftfmnlhtd.
Edrkl Cjfmdrrd. ‑^ lsl lblctd lh anrlccnóh f` jdspntf`, cdmd qul f``í jfgíf uh lblctd yf al
rltrdfccnóh sdgrl î` –pdrqul pdaríf al`nrfr al`fhtl al dtrd y hd slr rlf`mlhtl uh jfclr`l lh-
tlhalr d uh trfhsmntnr lsd.
Cfr`ds Afhtl Kfrcíf. ‑Lh lsl puhtd, lhtdhcls, l` `fzd sdcnf` ls naîhtncd f S7.
Edrkl Cjfmdrrd. ‑Al tdad `d qul vfmds p`fhtlfhad yf lstfmds cdhcùylhad uhf slrnl al
cdsfs, y crld qul fcdrafmds cdh uhf `íhlf klhlrf`. Lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns, vfmds al `f ans-
plrsnóh f uhf
bfgrncfcnóh al`dcf`nzfcnóh
uh síhtdmf,qul
sdh jlmds ``fmfadhdmgrls
`ds anblrlhtls al anstnhtfs
qul mfhlrfs5 sup`lhcnf,
sl `l vfh afhad f lsdlstfgn`nzfcnóh,
qul tnlhal f
uhnﬆcfr `d qul lstæ ansplrsd.
Lh lstf `íhlf, tdmî brfsls sdgrl `fs rlspulstfs al` fhf`nstf, mucjfs al `fs cuf`ls yf lstæh an-
cjfs9 `fs vd`vlrî f sugrfyfr.
sugrfyfr. @f prnmlrf brfsl ls `f gõsqulaf al `ds blhómlhds prnmfrnds –d slf, l`
fhf`nstf algl guscfr blhómlhds prnmfrnds– y hd al ``ds ds sslcuhafrnds al `nrnd. Ml pfrlcl qul
lcuhafrnds lh l` al`nrnd
lh lstf gõsqulaf al blhómlhds prnmfrnds sl nhscrngl `d qul jlmds ``fmfad rlcdhdcnmnlhtd
al snkhnﬆcfhtls fmd lh l` anscursd al`nrfhtl, lh l` alcnr al`nrfhtl. ^ `f prnmlrf prlkuhtf qul
sl hds p`fhtlf ls, ´lh quî cdhsnstl lsl rlcdhdcnmnlhtd, quî snkhnﬆcf rlcdhdclr`ds4 _nlhsd qul
rlcdhdclr`ds, sn sl trftf al uhf nhtlrvlhcnóh al` fhf`nstf, ls rlcdrtfr`ds al `f sumf al `f ans-
plrsnóh al` anscursd al` sueltd psncótncd y sugrfyfr`ds, lxtrflr`ds, ltcîtlrf. Lstf lxtrfccnóh sl
nhscrngl lh `d qul alhdmnhfmds `f bfgrncfcnóh al` síhtdmf.
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
Crld qul lsl puhtd fgrl ads cfmnhds (jlmds sugrfyfad uhd snh rlaucnr dtrd, lh pfrf`l`d) y
qul lstd sl rl`fcndhf cdh uhf bdrmu`fcnóh sdgrl `f mlancfcnóh, qul rlku`f l` kdcl, lstfgn`nzf f`
sueltd lh f`kuhf mlanaf, plrd hd `l plrmntl
p lrmntl rlcdhdclrsl cdmd tf`. @f prlkuhtf ls lhtdhcls quî
snkhnﬆcf rlcdhdclr uhsueltd.
Alglrífmds rlvnsfr sn `f bfgrncfcnóh al uh síhtdmf pdsncndhf f uh sueltd. Ml pfrlcl qul sí.
Jlmds fclhtufad l` prdauctd, plrd `f cdhslculhcnf al `f bfgrncfcnóh al uh síhtdmf ls qul fjí
jfy uh sueltd qul Alrlzlhsiy ``fmó sueltd al` kdcl, hd al` snkhnﬆcfhtl. Crld qul mucjfs al
`fs cdsfs qul trftfmds nmp`ncfh l` pdsncndhfmnlhtd al uh sueltd rlsplctd al su kdcl. Sn gnlh
fclhtufmds l` l`lmlhtd cdh l` cuf` lsd sl jfcl, jfy qul mlhcndhfr qul l` rlcdhdcnmnlhtd al
snkhnﬆcfhtls fmd, `f bfgrncfcnóh al` síhtdmf, `f lstfgn`nzfcnóh, lmpnlzfh f cdhstrunr uh sueltd
al` kdcl. Lh lstl puhtd sl anstnhkul l` p`fhd al `f mlancfcnóh al` p`fhd al `f rlspulstf al`
fhf`nstf.
Qfmgnîh mlhcndhfmds l` lmpuel f `f muelr, qul lh Scjrlglr c`frfmlhtl ls `f blmnhnzfcnóh
lblctnvf al` sueltd. _lrd ´tdad `d qul ``fmfmds lmpuel f `f muelr nmp`ncf `f blmnhnzfcnóh lblc-
tnvf al uh sueltd d afmds f lstd uh mæs f``æ al `f blmnhnzfcnóh blhdmîhncf qul lh Scjrlglr
dcurrnó4
Sdgrl `f nhvlhcnóh, plhsî `d snkunlhtl5 cdmd lstfmds fcdstumgrfads f jfg`fr al Edycl y al
tdad `d qul î` jfcl cdh su kdcl, ml prlkuhtî sn al` trfgfed qul î` rlf`nzf sdgrl su kdcl pdalmds
lxtrflr uhf cdhcùsnóh pfrf `f nhtlrvlhcnóh al` fhf`nstf. Édycl lhslöf cómd tnlhl qul nhtlrvl-
hnr l` fhf`nstf4 Edycl lscrngl, alsfrmf l` `lhkufel. ´L` fhf`nstf tfmgnîh algl jfclr lsl trfgfed
cdh l` sueltd psncótncd4 Álgl alsfrtncu`fr l` `lhkufel, algl cdhstrunr
cdhstrunr,, algl jfclr tdad lsd qul
jfcl Edycl (nhcùsd `f cdhstruccnóh al su lkd)4 ´Ls uhf lxplrnlhcnf pfrf l` fhf`nstf `f lxplrnlh-
cnf edyclfhf4 Mn rlspulstf ls qul ancjf lxplrnlhcnf lhslöf, pdr `d mlhds, lsd qul nhancfmds y
sfcfmds cdmd uhf cdhcùsnóh prnmfrnf5 lh l` cfmpd al `f psncdsns hd usfmds `f nhtlrprltfcnóh
al `f bdrmf, al `fs snkhnﬆcfcndhls, al `f fplrturf al snkhnﬆcfcnóh, pdrqul lstf fgrl y hd cnlrrf.
Sl trftf al uhf nhtlrprltfcnóh qul, mæs qul clrhnr, ansplrsf l` anscursd. _dr lsd, tlhanmds f
lxcùnr lsl tnpd al nhtlrprltfcnóh snmgó`ncf, qul fgrl `d qul lh l` psncótncd yf lstæ fgnlrtd.
Cdhcùnmds, puls, qul `f nhtlrprltfcnóh qul algl jfclrsl cufhad hds mfhlefmds lh l` cfmpd
al `f psncdsns ls mæs `f al rlauccnóh, `f qul cdhaucl f `f lscrnturf. F mn lhtlhalr, lstf ls `f
lhslöfhzf al Edycl, qul jfcl al` trfgfed sdgrl `fs snkhnﬆcfcndhls fgnlrtfs uh trfgfed al lscrntu-
rf. Sn tuvnlrf qul alcnr quî lhslöf Edycl pfrf l` fhf`nstf, anríf qul ls `f rlauccnóh al slhtnads,
`f alsfrtncu`fcnóh al` slhtnad y `f `dcf`nzfcnóh al snkhnﬆcfhtls qul sdh `ltrf, cdsf qul, f mn
euncnd, jfy qul sumfr f `d klhîrncd al `f gõsqulaf al blhómlhds prnmfrnds. Ls `f gõsqulaf
al blhómlhds prnmfrnds cdmp`lmlhtfaf fjdrf, pdrqul hd ls sd`d guscfr`ds y mfrcfr`ds, snhd
cdhstntunr`ds cdmd uhf `ltrf qul jfcl f `f cdhstruccnóh y bfgrncfcnóh al` síhtdmf.
Qfhtd @fcfh cdmd Mn``lr jfg`fh al uh trnuhbd al` sfglr sdgrl `f vlrafa. Nhscrngnmds lhtdhcls
`f nhtlrprltfcnóh al` fhf`nstf cdmd uh trnuhbd al` sfglr sdgrl `f vlrafa, `d qul yd lhtlhalríf
ugncfhad tdad `d qul lh `f õ`tnmf lhslöfhzf al @fcfh ls `f dpdsncnóh lhtrl rlf` y `ds lblctds
al vlrafa. Al mdad qul hd guscfmds lh l` sueltd psncótncd lblctds al vlrafa, qul sdh `ds qul
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
fgrlh, snhd al sfglr. Lstd dpdhl `f prdauccnóh al lblctds al vlrafa f `f prdauccnóh al lblctds
al kdcl y al frtncu`fcnóh al` kdcl.
Bfgrncfrsl uh yd ls hulvfmlhtl `f lhslöfhzf al Edycl pfrf `f nhtlrvlhcnóh al` fhf`nstf. Edycl
sl bfgrncf uh yd, uh lkd, plrd, lh cufhtd f` fhf`nstf, hds alef `f prlkuhtf al cómd lstl prdvdcf
ancjf bfgrncfcnóh. Qlhlmds
Qlhlmds uhf nhsnhufcnóh al rlspulstf5 `f prdvdcf lh su nhtlr`dcucnóh lh `f
trfhsblrlhcnf. Fuhqul jfgríf qul alsfrrd``fr lstl puhtd, qulríf lxtrflr falmæs lsd al bfgrn-
cfrsl, cómd cfusfmds `f bfgrncfcnóh, puhtd qul pdalmds tfmgnîh lxtrflr al Edycl, qunlh `d
jfcl pdr su culhtf. Vulrlmds lhtdhcls pfrf `f nhtlrvlhcnóh fhf`ítncf `f lxplrnlhcnf al cómd
bfgrncfr uh yd d uh lkd lh uh sueltd psncótncd.
Alefr`d al`nrfr ls tdad uh tlmf. Anmds f` rlsplctd uhf prnmlrf rlspulstf, qul fkrlkf l` prdg`l-
mf al `f mlancfcnóh. Slöf`fmds `f anblrlhcnf cdh `f psnqunftríf, qul hd anstnhkul l` blhómlhd
l`lmlhtf` al` trfgfed al` al`nrnd, snhd qul nhcdrpdrf tdad f `f c`fsnﬆcfcnóh psnqunætrncf (`ds síh-
tdmfs psncótncds al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf d al `f pfrfhdnf). Eustfmlhtl, l` fpdrtl buhafmlhtf` al`
psncdfhæ`nsns lh lstl puhtd ls qul anstnhkul l` trfgfed al` psncótncd cdh rlsplctd f` blhómlhd
l`lmlhtf`.
Alefr`d al`nrfr lh lstl slhtnad tnlhl ads cfrfs5 cdh uh sueltd qul hd al`nrf hds bf`tf l` nhstru-
mlhtd al trfgfed pfrf tdad `d qul lstfmds ancnlhad. Sn hd al`nrf, hd pdalmds rlcdhdclr huhcf
`ds blhómlhds prnmfrnds, qul prlcnsfmlhtl sl dgslrvfh lh l` al`nrnd. Lhtdhcls, fhtl uh sueltd
f` qul `f mlancfcnóh `l susplhal cdmp`ltfmlhtl l` al`nrnd, lstfmds snh l` nhstrumlhtd pfrf
jfclr tdad lstl trfgfed…, pdrqul ćdh quî bfgrncfmds l` síhtdmf d rlcdhdclmds `ds snkhnﬆcfh-
tls fmd sn hd al`nrf4 Crld, puls, qul fvf`fmds `f nalf al alefr`d al`nrfr gfed `f bdrmf al hd
nhtlrvlhnr cdh `f mlancfcnóh pfrf fp`fstfr d fcdtfr l` al`nrnd.
_lrd ćuæ` ls l` `ímntl4 Lh lstl cdmlhtfrnd al cfsds c`íhncds Mn``lr af uhf rlspulstf. ^ ls qul
tlhlmds f``í uh mdvnmnlhtd adg`l5 pdr uh `fad, alefr`d al`nrfr, lscucjfr l` al`nrnd y jfclr tdad
lstl trfgfed cdh î`9 plrd jfy uh tdpl
t dpl tfmgnîh, l` al`nrnd ﬆhf`mlhtl hd lhculhtrf su prdpnd puh-
td al cfpntóh. Lhtdhcls, sn gnlh jfy qul alefr`d al`nrfr, `f pdsncnóh al` fhf`nstf hd ls hn al`n
al`nrfr
rfr
cdh l` sueltd
L` al`nrnd lh –`d qul slhd
sí mnsmd ``fmó
tnlhlnhcùnrsl
puhtd allh cfpntóh,
l` al`nrnd–, hn fcdmpföfr
l nhtrdaucl l` al`nrnd
`f pdsncnóh al`jfstf l` nhﬆhntd.
fhf`nstf gfed `f
bdrmf al` hd, qul Mn``lr p`fhtlf cdmd uhf anrlccnóh al `f curf lh l` sueltd psncótncd. Sl trftf
al rlcdhdclr `ds puhtds qul `d cdhauclh f` alslhcfalhfmnlhtd al`nrfhtl, y hd alefr`d al`nrfr
f``í. Ml pfrlcl qul sl p`fhtlf uhf lxplrnlhcnf al sfglr jfclr cdh l` síhtdmf9 hd ls lxfctfmlhtl
nkuf` plrd jfy f`kd lh l` sfglr jfclr y lh l` sfglr rlcdhdclr qul ``lvf f puhtds al lxcùsnóh al`
tlmf adhal l` fhf`nstf algl nhtlrvlhnr gfed `f bdrmf al dgstfcu`nzfr lsd.
Qlhkd uh lelmp`d cdhcrltd sdgrl `f culstnóh5 uhf muelr qul sl alslhcfalhf ads vlcls, y `d
jfcl f pfrtnr al uh puhtd prlcnsd, cufhad lmpnlzf f al`nrfr cdh `f jdmdslxuf`nafa. @fs ads
nhtlrhfcndhls al lstf sueltd cdnhcnalh cdh l` alsp`nlkul al uh al`nrnd jdmdslxuf`, qul `f als-
lstfgn`nzó tdtf`mlhtl fmgfs vlcls. F``í lstf l` puhtd. Hd `l bul ancjd5 Al lsd hd sl jfg`f. Mæs
gnlh `f fcdmpföî. LL``f
``f nhcùsd cdmlhzó f alsfrrd``fr uhf slrnl
slrnl al fctnvnafals rlsplctd
rlsplctd al dtrfs
muelrls, y yd hd ml
`nrnd jdmdslxuf`. dpusl
_lrd lstl tlrmnhfhtlmlhtl f lsd,
al`nrnd sl ml lscfpó snhd
f mí y fqul lscucjî
l``f, qunlh yﬆhf`mlhtl
trftî al prlcnsfr su al-
sl tnró pdr `f
www.ncalgf.drk.fr
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
vlhtfhf, kunfaf pdr l` al`nrnd jdmdslxuf`, qul lh lsl mdmlhtd tdmfgf `f bdrmf al uhf fml-
hfzf mdrtf` al `f mfarl sdgrl l``f. @ulkd, cdrrnlhad al`fhtl al `f mfarl qul `f fmlhfzfgf al
mulrtl, sl tnró pdr l` gf`cóh, y bul lh uh puhtd muy prlcnsd. Fjí fcdmpföî l` al`nrnd mæs qul
dpdhlrml. Hd sî sn dpdhlrsl tlrmnhfhtlmlhtl f qul sl jfg`l al lsd altnlhl l` alslhcfalhf-
mnlhtd, plrd Mn``lr prdpdhl
p rdpdhl hd alefr`f al`nrfr.
Qlhlmds fsí uhf adg`l pdsncnóh pfrf l` fhf`nstf5 pdr uh `fad, alefr al`nrfr, plrd falmæs fprlh-
alr –tfhtd l` sueltd cdmd l` fhf`nstf– l` puhtd al fkuelrd adhal jfy qul brlhfr l` al`nrnd. Alefr
al`nrfr y hd alefr al`nrfr slríf `f cdhcùsnóh pfrf `f pdsncnóh al` fhf`nstf. Nr rlcdhdcnlhad `ds
tlmfs qul jfclh al`nrfr f uh sueltd supdhl uh sfglr jfclr cdh l` mf` mæs qul curfr`d, qul ls
`d qul nhancægfmds al` síhtdmf.
Lh cufhtd f` mfhled al `f trfhsblrlhcnf, crld qul hds mdvlmds gfstfhtl bæcn`mlhtl rlsplctd
al `f nhtlrvlhcnóh al` fhf`nstf lh l` dralh al `f pf`fgrf. Qdad `d al` lhlmf y tdafs `fs dtrfs
nhtlrvlhcndhls... \hf vlz `l prdpusl f uh sueltd pfrfhdncd qul hd pdaíf ``lkfr f` cdhsu`tdrnd
pdrqul `ds vlcnhds `d plrslkuífh, ltcîtlrf, qul sl pusnlrf fhtldeds y qul sl fhdhnmnzfrf, y f
pfrtnr al lsd sl cf`mó.
@ulkd, `f prlkuhtf ls jfstf aóhal y cómd lstæh futdrnzfafs lsfs nhtlrvlhcndhls qul pdaríf-
mds ``fmfr nhtlrvlhcndhls lh `d rlf`, lsfs nhtlrvlhcndhls sdgrl l` culrpd al` sueltd. Cdmd
prnmlrf nmprlsnóh, crld qul hd `fs pdalmds alscfrtfr lh tîrmnhds fgsdùtds plrd sdh nhtlr-
vlhcndhls uh pdcd nhcf`cu`fg`ls –y muy rnlskdsfs– lh uh sueltd. Jfy qul lstfr muy slkurd al
`ds lblctds nhcf`cu`fg`ls qul pulal tlhlr nr f tdcfr l` culrpd al` sueltd psncótncd al lsf bdrmf9
sdh nhtlrvlhcndhls al rnlskd. Slríf uhf lsplcnl al trftfmnlhtd
t rftfmnlhtd al `d rlf` pdr `d rlf`.
Cfr`ds Afhtl Kfrcíf. ‑Lh `f c`íhncf sl jfclh trftfmnlhtds al `d rlf` pdr `d rlf` snh sfglr`d,
cdh l` fpfrftd al lhblrmlríf, l` ftfr`d, `fs nhylccndhls, `ds mfsfels. @d qul pfsf ls qul yf fjí
lscfpf al` cdhtrd` al `f anrlccnóh al uh trftfmnlhtd pdr pfrtl al uh fhf`nstf.
Cjfmdrrd. ‑L` trftfmnlhtd al `d rlf` pdr `d

Edrkl Cjfmdrrd. rlf` tnlhl uhf `ókncf qul ls anbícn` frtncu`fr,
pulal cump`nr uh lblctd snmgó`ncd plrd ls muy anbícn` al rlku`fr lh `f nhtlrvlhcnóh mnsmf.
\h rfskd al` fhf`nstf pulal jfclr al puhtd al cfpntóh, qul lh lsl cfsd crld qul ls l` hdmgrl.
Al lstf fﬆrmfcnóh sl alsprlhalh ads cdsfs5 guscfmds `ds puhtds al cfpntóh, `ds guscfmds al
anstnhtfs bdrmfs, tfhtd lh l` anscursd al` sueltd cdmd lh `f pdsncnóh, mfhled al `f trfhsblrlhcnf9
y ancjd puhtd hd alscfrtf qul uh rfskd plrsdhf` al` fhf`nstf –cdmd su hdmgrl– pulaf ugncfr-
sl f``í cdmd uh puhtd… Ml pfrlcl qul sl pulal nhcùnr lh lsd l` mfhled al `f trfhsblrlhcnf…
cdmd rfskd al gõsqulaf al lstf lstfgn`nzfcnóh, nhtlrvnhnlhad alsal lsl ùkfr qul l` rfskd `l
afgf, qul lh lstl cfsd lrf l` ùkfr al` nalf`.
Fcusfr rlcngd f` `fad ls dtrf bdrmu`fcnóh, qul, f mn lhtlhalr, sl ugncf euhtd f `d qul anscutnmds
al` hd lhtnlhad. @f prdpulstf al lstf bdrmu`fcnóh ls fcusfr rlcngd f` `fad, pdhlrsl al` `fad al`
Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 6;<
www.ncalgf.drk.fr
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Edrkl Cjfmdrrd
sueltd. Ml pfrlcl nhtlrlsfhtl cdmd prdpulstf, pdrqul ´quî ls hd pdhlrsl al` `fad al` sueltd4
Eustfmlhtl, ugncfrsl al` `fad al` Dtrd. ^ crld
crld qul tu nhtlrvlhcnóh fpuhtfgf lxfctfmlhtl
lxfctfmlhtl f lsd.
lsd.
Fpfrlhtlmlhtl, lh l` sueltd psncótncd pdhlrsl lh l` ùkfr al` Dtrd ls alsfeustfad y pl`nkrdsd.
´Vuî snkhnﬆcfræ pfrf hdsdtrds pdhlrsl lh l` ùkfr al` Dtrd4 Jfy uhf rlspulstf prnmfrnf y bæcn`
qul ls lsd cdh `d qul @fcfh nhsnstl alsal l` puhtd lh qul lstæ lh L` slmnhfrnd 3. _dhlrsl lh l`
ùkfr al` Dtrd – `ls prdpdhkd– ls cd`dcfrsl lh l` ùkfr al` sfglr, hd al` supulstd sfglr snhd al`
sfglr, lhcfrhfr uh sfglr, uhf fﬆrmfcnóh, cufhad, sdstnlhl @fcfh, alglmds prlkuhtfr. Nhsnhõf,
puls, qul jfy cnlrtd f`lefmnlhtd al` ùkfr al` Dtrd y al pdhlrsl lh `f pdsncnóh sueltd. _dr lsd
yd jfg`fgf al ugncfrsl lh `f pdsncnóh al` sueltd y al lstf bdrmu`fcnóh al` hd lhtnlhad, yf qul
pdhlrsl al` `fad al` Dtrd slríf lhtlhalr plrblctfmlhtl y lhtrfr lh l` snstlmf al`nrfhtl al`
sueltd, qul hd ls ``lvfad f trfhsmntnr`l f` fhf`nstf, snhd f al`nrfr cdh î`, nhcdrpdrfrsl f` al`nrnd
cdmd f`kunlh qul `l `ll l` plhsfmnlhtd. Ankfmds, `llr`l l` plhsfmnlhtd lh l` ùkfr al` Dtrd.
Edycl cdh lsl bulrf al` slhtnad mfhtuvd su cdmplhsfcnóh, su hd alslhcfalhfmnlhtd. Cdh
lstfs hldbdrmfcndhls qul usf Edycl alsplafzf l` slhtnad, lscrngl bulrf al slhtnad, jfcl lhtrfr
`d snmgó`ncd lh `d rlf` alsfgdhfad f` nhcdhscnlhtl.
Crld qul lstd al `fs hldbdrmfcndhls rlspdhal f `f prlkuhtf qul jfcífs sdgrl sn nhtrdaucnmds
snkhnﬆcfhtls hulvds d tdmfmds sd`d `ds al` sueltd. _nlhsd qul lstæh `ds snkhnﬆcfhtls al` suel-
td, plrd ml prlkuhtd sn lh `f anf`îctncf al` trftfmnlhtd al uh psncótncd hd pulal fpfrlclr uhf
hldbdrmfcnóh. F mn lhtlhalr,
lhtlhalr, sí, sdh `ds snkhnﬆcfhtls al` sueltd d jfy hldbdrmfcndhls… Lstdy
plhsfhad lh `f `lhkuf buhafmlhtf` al Scjrlglr
Scjrlglr,, qul î` `f cdhstruyl sd`d. _lrd lh uh sueltd psn-
cótncd cdmõh pdaríf supdhlrsl qul l` anæ`dkd cdh l` fhf`nstf crlf hldbdrmfcndhls qul dcupfh
su ùkfr y sl sumfh f `ds snkhnﬆcfhtls fmd qul î` yf tnlhl lh su lstructurf.

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@furlht, Lrnc

Cómd sl lhslöf `f c`íhncf / Lrnc @furlht 9 anrnknad pdr @ldhfrad Kdrdstnzf. -

6f la. 6f rlnmp. - Gulhds

667 p. 9 76x61 cm.

C\FALWHDS AL@ NCalGF H¿ :

Crîantds lancnóh ankntf`

Crîantds lancnóh lh pfpl`

Futdr al` cufard5 Eufh Cfrvfef`

Nmprlsd lh Gulhds Fnrls, Frklhtnhf

Cnuafa Futóhdmf al Gulhds Fnrls

Anslöd y frmfad vlrsnóh ankntf`

NZ. Ml`fhcd`íf5 l` dgeltnvd

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 3

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 1

Cdmlhzfmds jdy `d qul jlmds alhdmnhfad uh cursd prdplaîutncd, ls alcnr, nhtrdauctdrnd,

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls <

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 2

3) Mæs lsplcíﬆcfmlhtl, hds rlblrnrlmds f `f lstructurf al `f pfrfhdnf, al `f lsqunzdbrlhnf y

pdsncnóh brlhtl f` suncnand.

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls ;

@f bdrmu`fcnóh klhlrf` ls qul lscucjfmds snh cdmprlhalr, fuhqul alplhal snlmprl al `f

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls :

als`nzfmnlhtd pdsng`l, `d qul sí ls pdsng`l ls ugncfr lstds puhtds al p`dmfaf nhfmdvng`l lh l`

sl als`nzf lh sus pf`fgrfs, lh `f cfalhf snkhnﬆcfhtl.

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls >

L` lblctd sueltd sl `ll cufhad alcnmds `d qul hd qulrlmds alcnr.

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 6?

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 66

3- @FCFH, Efcquls, Slmnhfrnd @f `ókncf al` bfhtfsmf (6>2;), nhîantd.

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 67

1- @FCFH, Efcquls, L` Slmnhfrnd, @ngrd 3, @fs psncdsns, Ngnalm, pæk. 113.

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 63

blmlhnhd al uhf rl-crlfcnóh al tdaf `f jumfhnafa. L` al`nrnd al Scjrlglr sl prlslhtf lh su tlr-

Lh su frtícu`d ‐@f pîranaf al `f rlf`nafa lh `f hlurdsns y lh `f psncdsns”, yf lh l` títu`d, Snk-

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 61

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 6<

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 62

L` lelrcncnd al lstf ‐dtrlafa”, ls lh vlrafa nhstf`frsl lh uh puhtd cdhstntutnvd al tdad sueltd.

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 6;

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 6:

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 6>

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 7?

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 76

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 77

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 73

´Vuî anblrlhcnf jfy lhtrl `f nhtlrprltfcnóh psncdfhf`ítncf y `f nhtlrprltfcnóh al` psncótncd4

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 71

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Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 72

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Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 7;

Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 7:

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Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 7>

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Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 3?

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Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 36

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Nhstntutd C`íhncd al Gulhds Fnrls 37

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