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CONTENTS
Preface
Introduction: 5-Step Program
STEP 1 Set Up Your Study Program

1 What You Need to Know About the AP U.S.
History Exam
Advanced Placement Program
AP U.S. History Exam
Taking the AP U.S. History Exam
2 Preparing for the AP U.S. History Exam
Getting Started
Three Plans for Test Preparation
STEP 2 Determine Your Test Readiness

3 Take a Diagnostic Exam
How to Use the Diagnostic Exam
When to Use the Diagnostic Exam
Conclusion (After the Exam)
AP U.S. History Diagnostic Exam
Answers to the Diagnostic Exam
STEP 3 Develop Strategies for Success

4 Mastering Skills and Understanding Themes for
the Exam
The AP U.S. History Exam
Reasoning Skills, Historical Analytical Skills, Historical
Themes, and Exam Questions
5 Strategies for Approaching Each Question Type
Multiple-Choice Questions
Short-Answer Questions
Document-Based Question (DBQ)
Long Essay Question
Using Primary Source Documents
STEP 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High

6 Settling of the Western Hemisphere (1491–
1607)
Native America
The Europeans Arrive
Chapter Review
Review Questions
Answers and Explanations
7 Colonial America (1607–1650)
New France
English Interest in America
Effects of European Settlement
Chapter Review
Review Questions
8 British Empire in America: Growth and Conflict
(1650–1750)
Part of an Empire
Interactions Between Native Americans and Europeans
Growth of Slavery
Political Unrest in the Colonies
Salem Witch Trials
Imperial Wars
American Self-Government
Salutary Neglect
First Great American Religious Revival
Chapter Review
Review Questions
9 Resistance, Rebellion, and Revolution (1750–
1775)
War in the West
Defeat of New France
The British Need Money
Stamp Act Crisis
Townshend Acts
Boston Massacre
Boston Tea Party
Intolerable Acts
First Continental Congress
Chapter Review
Review Questions
10 American Revolution and the New Nation (1775–
1787)
Lexington and Concord
Second Continental Congress
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense
Declaration of Independence
Reactions to Independence
Balance of Forces
The War in the North
The Saratoga Campaign
The War in the South
The Treaty of Paris
New State Constitutions and the Articles of
Confederation
Financial Problems
Northwest Ordinances
Shays’ Rebellion
Chapter Review
Review Questions
11 Establishment of New Political Systems (1787–
1800)
The Constitutional Convention
The Ratification Battle
The Bill of Rights
The Birth of the Party System
Hamilton’s Economic Program
Effects of the French Revolution
Washington’s Foreign Policy
The Presidency of John Adams
Chapter Review
Review Questions
12 Jeffersonian Revolution (1800–1820)
Election of 1800
An Assertive Supreme Court
A New Frontier
The Louisiana Purchase
Burr’s Conspiracy
Renewal of War in Europe
The War of 1812
The End of the War
A Federalist Debacle and the Era of Good Feelings
Henry Clay and the American System
Missouri Compromise
Chapter Review
Review Questions
13 Rise of Manufacturing and the Age of Jackson
(1820–1845)
The Rise of Manufacturing
The Monroe Doctrine
Native American Removal
The Transportation Revolution and Religious Revival
An Age of Reform
Jacksonian Democracy
The Nullification Controversy
The Bank War
The Whig Party and the Second Party System
Chapter Review
Review Questions
14 Union Expanded and Challenged (1835–1860)
The Society of the South
Manifest Destiny
The Alamo and Texas Independence
Expansion and the Election of 1844
The Mexican War
Political Consequences of the Mexican War
The Political Crisis of 1850
Aftermath of the Compromise of 1850
Franklin Pierce in the White House
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
“Bleeding Kansas”
The Dred Scott Decision
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates
John Brown and Harpers Ferry
The Election of 1860
Chapter Review
Review Questions
15 Union Divided: The Civil War (1861–1865)
North and South on the Brink of War
Searching for Compromise
Gunfire at Fort Sumter
Opening Strategies
The Loss of Illusions
Union Victories in the West
The Home Fronts
The Emancipation Proclamation
The Turn of the Tide
War Weariness
The End of the War
Chapter Review
Review Questions
16 Era of Reconstruction (1865–1877)
Lincoln and Reconstruction
Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction
Efforts to Help the Freedmen
Radical Reconstruction
The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Final Phase of Radical Reconstruction
The End of Reconstruction
Chapter Review
Review Questions
17 Western Expansion and Its Impact on the
American Character (1860–1895)
Government Encouragement of Western Settlement
Challenges for Western Farmers
Agricultural Innovation
Women and Minorities on the Agricultural Frontier
The Mining and Lumbering Frontier
The Ranching Frontier
The End of Native American Independence
Agrarian Anger and Populism
The Gold Standard
The Grange and Farmers’ Alliances
The Populist Revolt
Populism and the Election of 1896
The Idea of the West
Chapter Review
Review Questions
18 America Transformed into the Industrial Giant of
the World (1870–1910)
An Industrial Revolution
Changes in American Industry
A Changing Workplace
Big Business
The Emergence of Labor Unions
Uneven Affluence
The New Immigration
The Rise of the Modern American City
Gilded Age Politics
Social Criticism in the Gilded Age
Chapter Review
Review Questions
19 Rise of American Imperialism (1890–1913)
Postwar Diplomacy
Acquiring Hawaii
The New Imperialism
The Spanish-American War
Combat in the Philippines and Cuba
The Cuban Conundrum
The Debate over Empire
The Panama Canal
The Roosevelt Corollary
Chapter Review
Review Questions
20 Progressive Era (1895–1914)
Roots of Progressivism
Progressive Objectives
Urban Progressivism
State-Level Progressivism
Progressivism and Women
Workplace Reform
Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Taft and Progressivism
Wilson and Progressivism
Assessing Progressivism
Chapter Review
Review Questions
21 United States and World War I (1914–1921)
War and American Neutrality
Growing Ties to the Allies
The Breakdown of German-American Relations
America in the War
The American Expeditionary Force in France
The Home Front
Regulating Thought
Social Change
Wilson and the Peace
Woodrow Wilson’s Defeat
Chapter Review
Review Questions
22 Beginning of Modern America: The 1920s
The Prosperous Twenties
The Republican “New Era”
Warren G. Harding as President
President Calvin Coolidge
The City Versus the Country in the 1920s
Popular Culture in the 1920s
Jazz Age Experimentation and Rebellion
The Growth of the Mass Media
A Lost Generation?
Chapter Review
Review Questions
23 Great Depression and the New Deal (1929–1939)
Harbingers of Crisis: Economic Weaknesses of the 1920s
Black Tuesday and the End of the Bull Market
The Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression
The Great Depression and American Society
President Hoover and the Depression
The Hundred Days
The Second New Deal
Critics of the New Deal
Twilight of the New Deal
Impact of the New Deal
American Culture During the New Deal
Chapter Review
Review Questions
24 World War II (1933–1945)
American Isolationism in the 1930s
The United States, the Middle East, and Anti-Semitism
The Election of 1940 and the End of Isolationism
The Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor
The War Against Germany
The Middle East in World War II
The War Against Japan
The Decision to Drop the Atomic Bomb
The Home Front
Civil Rights During the War
Chapter Review
Review Questions
25 Origins of the Cold War (1945–1960)
The Beginnings of the Cold War
Europe and the Cold War
Communist Victories
The Middle East and the Cold War
The Cold War at Home
The Korean War
Joseph McCarthy and McCarthyism
President Eisenhower and the Cold War
Tensions with the Soviet Union
Chapter Review
Review Questions
26 Prosperity and Anxiety: The 1950s
The Return of Prosperity
Politics in the Postwar Era
The Rise of the Civil Rights Movement
Life in Suburbia
Chapter Review
Review Questions
27 America in an Era of Turmoil (1960–1975)
The 1960 Election
The Liberal Hour of the 1960s
The Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s: From
Integration to Black Power
The Expansion of Rights Movements
Cold War Crisis
The Vietnam War
Chapter Review
Review Questions
28 Decline and Rebirth (1968–1988)
The Presidency of Richard Nixon
The Ford Administration
The Carter Administration
The Reagan Administration
Chapter Review
Review Questions
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the second season. Another disagreeable fact, they have no value
except for honey. They are said to become pernicious weeds if
allowed to spread.
The other clovers—lucerne, yellow trefoil, scarlet trefoil, and
alfalfa—have not proved of any value with us, perhaps owing to
locality.
Borage, Borago officinalis (Fig, 83), an excellent bee plant,
blooms from June till frost, and is visited by bees even in very rainy
weather. It seems not to be a favorite, but is eagerly visited when all
others fail to yield nectar.
Fig. 84.—Mignonette. Fig. 85.—Okra.
Mignonette, Reseda odorata (Fig, 84), blooms from the middle of

June till frost, is unparalleled for its sweet odor, furnishes nectar in
profusion, and is well worthy cultivation. It does not secrete well in
wet weather, but in favorable weather it is hardly equalled.
Okra or gumbo, Hibiscus esculentus, (Fig, 85), also blooms in
June. It is as much sought after by the bees in quest of honey, as by
the cook in search of a savory vegetable, or one to give tone to
soup.
Sage, Salvia officinalis, horehound, Marrubium vulgare,
motherwort, Leonurus cardiaca, and catnip, Nepeta cataria, which
latter does not commence to bloom till July, all furnish nice white
honey, remain in bloom a long time, and are very desirable, as they
are in bloom in the honey dearth of July and August. They, like many
others of the mint family (Fig, 86), are thronged with bees during the
season of bloom.
Fig. 86.—Mint.
The first and last are of commercial importance, and all may well
be introduced by apiarists, wherever there is any space or waste
ground.
The silk or milk-weed furnishes abundant nectar from June to
frost, as there are several species of the genus Asclepias, which is
wide-spread in our country. This is the plant which has large pollen
masses which often adhere to the legs of bees (Fig, 87), and
sometimes so entrap them as to cause their death. Prof. Riley once
very graciously advised planting them to kill bees. I say graciously,
as I have watched these very closely, and am sure they do little
harm, and are rich in nectar. Seldom a bee gets caught so as to hold
it long, and when these awkward masses are carried away with the
bee, they are usually left at the door of the hive, where I have often
seen them in considerable numbers. The river bank hard by our
apiary is lined with these sweet-smelling herbs, and we would like
even more.
Fig. 87.—Pollen of Milk- Fig. 88.—Black
weed. Mustard.
Black mustard, Sinapis nigra (Fig, 88) white mustard, Sinapis
alba, and rape, Brassica campestris (Fig, 89), all look much alike,
and are all admirable bee plants, as they furnish much and beautiful
honey. The first, if self-sown, blooms July 1st, the others June 1st;
the first about eight weeks after sowing, the others about four. The
mustards bloom for four weeks, rape for three. These are all
specially commendable, as they may be made to bloom during the
honey dearth of July and August, and are valuable plants to raise for
the seed. Rape seems to be very attractive to insects, as the flea
beetles and the blister beetles are often quite too much for it, though
they do not usually destroy the plants till after they have blossomed.
I have several times purchased what purported to be Chinese
mustard, dwarf and tall, but Prof. Beal, than whom there is no better
authority, tells me they are only the white and black, and certainly,
they are no whit better as bee plants. These plants, with buckwheat,
the mints, borage and mignonette, are specially interesting, as they
cover, or may be made to cover, the honey dearth from about July
20th to August 20th.
Fig. 89.—Rape.
The mustards and rape may be planted in drills about eight

inches apart, any time from May 1st to July 15th. Four quarts will
sow an acre.
Fig. 90.—Tulip
In this month blooms the tulip tree, Liriodendron tulipifera (Fig,

90)—often called poplar in the South—which is not only an excellent
honey producer, but is one of our most stately and admirable shade-
trees. Now, too, bloom the sumacs, though one species blooms in
May, the wild plum, the raspberries, whose nectar is unsurpassed in
color and flavor, and the blackberry. Corn, too, is said by many to
yield largely of honey as well as pollen, and the teasel, Dipsacus
fullonum (Fig, 91), is said, not only by Mr. Doolittle, but by English
and German apiarists, to yield richly of beautiful honey. This last, too,
has commercial importance. The blackberry opens its petals in June,
and also the fragrant locust, which, from its rapid growth, beautiful
form and handsome foliage, would rank among our first shade trees,
except that it is so tardy in spreading its canopy of green, and so
liable to ruinous attack by the borers, which last peculiarity it shares
with the incomparable maples. Washing the trunks of the trees in
June and July with soft soap, will in great part remove this trouble.
Fig. 91.—Teasel.
Fig. 92.—
Cotton.
Now, too, our brothers of the South reap a rich harvest from the
great staple, cotton (Fig, 92), which commences to bloom early in
June, and remains in blossom even to October. This belongs to the
same family—Mallow—as the hollyhock, and like it, blooms and
fruits through the season.
JULY PLANTS.
Early in this month opens the far-famed basswood or linden, Tilia

Americana (Fig, 93), which, for the profusion and quality of its honey
has no superior. The tree, too, from its great spreading top and fine
foliage, is magnificent for shade. Five of these trees are within two
rods of my study window, and their grateful fragrance, and beautiful
form and shade, have often been the subject of remark by visitors.
Fig. 93.—Basswood.
Figwort, Scrophularia nodosa (Fig, 94), often called rattle-weed,

as the seeds will rattle in the pod, and carpenter's square, as it has a
square stalk, is an insignificant looking weed, with inconspicuous
flowers, that afford abundant nectar from the middle of July till frost. I
have received almost as many for identification as I have of the
asters and golden-rods. Prof. Beal remarked to me a year or two
since, that it hardly seemed possible that it could be so valuable. We
cannot always rightly estimate by appearances alone. It is a very
valuable plant to be scattered in waste places.
Fig. 94.—Figwort.
That beautiful and valuable honey plant, from Minnesota,

Colorado, and the Rocky Mountains, cleome, or the Rocky Mountain
bee-plant, Cleome integrifolia (Fig, 96), if self-sown, or sown early in
spring, blooms by the middle of July, and lasts for long weeks. Nor
can anything be more gay than these brilliant flowers, alive with bees
all through the long fall. This should be planted in fall or spring, in
drills two feet apart, the plants six inches apart in the drills. The
seeds, which grow in pods, are very numerous, and are said to be
valuable for chickens. Now, too, commence to bloom the numerous
eupatoriums, or bonesets, or thoroughworts (Fig, 97), which fill the
marshes of our country, and the hives as well, with their rich golden
nectar—precursors of that profusion of bloom of this composite
order, whose many species are even now budding in preparation for
the sea of flowers which will deck the marsh-lands of August and
September. Wild bergamot, too, Monarda fistulosa, which, like the
thistles, is of importance to the apiarist, blooms in July.
Fig. 95.—Button Bush.
Fig. 96.—Rocky Mountain Bee-
Plant.
The little shrub of our marshes, appropriately named button-bush,

Cephalanthus occidentalis, (Fig, 95), also shares the attention of the
bees with the linden; while apiarists of the South find the sour-wood,
or sorrel tree, Oxydendrum arboreum, a valuable honey tree. This
belongs to the Heath family, which includes the far-famed heather
bloom of England. It also includes our whortleberry, cranberry,
blueberry, and one plant which has no enviable reputation, as
furnishing honey, which is very poisonous, even fatal to those who
eat, the mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia. Yet, a near relative of the
South Andromeda nitida, is said to furnish beautiful and wholesome
honey in great quantities. The Virginia creeper also blooms in July. I
wish I could say that this beautiful vine, transplendent in autumn, is a
favorite with the honey-bee. Though it often, nay always, swarms
with wild bees when in blossom, yet I never saw a honey-bee visit
the ample bloom amidst its rich, green, vigorous foliage. Now, too,
the St. John's wort, Hypericum, with its many species, both shrubby
and herbaceous, offers bountiful contributions to the delicious stores
of the honey-bee. The catnip, too, Nepeta cataria, and our cultivated
asparagus—which if uncut in spring will bloom in June—so
delectable for the table, and so elegant for trimming table meats and
for banquets in autumn, come now to offer their nectarian gifts.
Fig. 97.—Boneset.
AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER PLANTS.
The cultivated buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum, (Fig, 98),

usually blooms in August, as it is sown the first of July—three pecks
per acre is the amount to sow—but by sowing the first of June, it
may be made to bloom the middle of July, when there is generally, in
most localities, an absence of nectar-secreting flowers. The honey is
inferior in color and flavor, though some people prefer this to all other
honey. The silver-leaf buckwheat blooms longer, has more numerous
flowers, and thus yields more grain than the common variety.
Now, too, come the numerous golden-rods. The species of this
genus, Solidago (Fig, 99), in the Eastern United States, number
nearly two-score, and occupy all kinds of soils, and are at home on
upland, prairie and morass. They yield abundantly of rich, golden
honey, with flavor that is unsurpassed by any other. Fortunate the
apiarist who can boast of a thicket of Solidagoes in his locality.
Fig. 99.—Golden-Rod.
Fig. 98.—Buckwheat.
Fig. 100.—
Aster.
The many plants usually styled sun-flowers, because of their

resemblance to our cultivated plants of that name, which deck the
hill-side, meadow and marsh-land, now unfurl their showy involucres,
and open their modest corollas, to invite the myriad insects to sip the
precious nectar which each of the clustered flowers secretes. Our
cultivated sun-flowers, I think, are indifferent honey plants, though
some think them big with beauty, and their seeds are relished by
poultry. But the asters (Fig, 100), so wide-spread, the beggar-ticks,
Bidens, and Spanish-needles of our marshes, the tick-seed,
Coreopsis, also, of the low, marshy places, with hundreds more of
the great family Compositæ, are replete with precious nectar, and
with favorable seasons make the apiarist who dwells in their midst
jubilant, as he watches the bees, which fairly flood the hives with
their rich and delicious honey. In all of this great family, the flowers
are small and inconspicuous, clustered in compact heads, and when
the plants are showy with bloom, like the sun-flowers, the brilliancy is
due to the involucre, or bracts which serve as a frill to decorate the
more modest flowers.
I have thus mentioned the most valuable honey plants of our
country. Of course there are many omissions. Let all apiarists, by
constant observation, help to fill up the list.
BOOK ON BOTANY.
I am often asked what books are best to make apiarists botanists.

I am glad to answer this question, as the study of botany will not only
be valuable discipline, but will also furnish abundant pleasure, and
more, give important practical information. Gray's Lessons, and
Manual of Botany, in one volume, published by Ivison, Phinney,
Blakeman & Co., New York, is the most desirable treatise on this
subject.
PRACTICAL CONCLUSIONS.
It will pay well for the apiarist to decorate his grounds with soft
and silver maples, for their beauty and early bloom. If his soil is rich,
sugar maples and lindens may well serve a similar purpose. The
Judas tree, too, and tulip trees, both North and South, may well be
made to ornament the apiarist's home. For vines, obtain the
wistarias.
Sow and encourage the sowing of Alsike clover and silver-leaf
buckwheat in your neighborhood. Be sure that your wife, children
and bees, can often repair to a large bed of the new giant or
grandiflora mignonette, and remember that it, with cleome and
borage, blooms till frost. Study the bee plants of your region, and
then study the above table, and provide for a succession,
remembering that the mustards, rape and buckwheat may be made
to bloom almost at pleasure, by sowing at the proper time. Don't
forget that borage and the mustards seem comparatively indifferent
to wet weather. Be sure that all waste places are stocked with
motherwort, catnip, asters, etc. (See Appendix, page 289).
The above dates are only true for the most part in Michigan and
Northern Ohio, and for more Southern latitudes must be varied,
which by comparison of a few, as the fruit trees, becomes no difficult
matter.
CHAPTER XVII.
WINTERING BEES.
This is a subject, of course, of paramount importance to the

apiarist, as this is the rock on which some of even the most
successful have recently split. Yet I come fearlessly to consider this
question, as from all the multitude of disasters I see no occasion for
discouragement. If the problem of successful wintering has not been
solved already, it surely will be, and that speedily. So important an
interest was never yet vanquished by misfortune, and there is no
reason to think that history is now going to be reversed. Even the
worst aspect of the case—in favor of which I think, though in
opposition to such excellent apiarists as Marvin, Heddon, etc., that
there is no proof, and but few suggestions even—that these
calamities are the effects of an epidemic, would be all powerless to
dishearten men trained to reason from effect to cause. Even an
epidemic—which would by no means skip by the largest, finest
apiaries, owned and controlled by the wisest, most careful, and most
thoughtful, as has been the case in the late "winters of our
discontent," nor only choose winters of excessive cold, or following
great drouth and absence of honey secretion in which to work its
havoc—would surely yield to man's invention.
THE CAUSE OF DISASTROUS WINTERING.

Epidemic, then, being set aside as no factor in the solution, to
what shall we ascribe such wide-spread disasters? I fully believe,
and to no branch of this subject have I given more thought, study,
and observation, that all the losses may be traced either to
unwholesome food, failure in late breeding of the previous year,
extremes of temperature, or to protracted cold with excessive
dampness. I know from actual and wide-spread observation, that the
severe loss of 1870 and 1871 was attended in this part of Michigan
with unsuitable honey in the hive. The previous autumn was
unprecedentedly dry. Flowers were rare, and storing was largely
from insect secretion, and consequently the stores were
unwholesome. I tasted of honey from many hives only to find it most
nauseating. I fully believe that had the honey been thoroughly
extracted the previous autumn, and the bees fed good honey or
sugar, no loss would have been experienced. At least it is significant
that all who did so, escaped, even where their neighbors all failed.
Nor less so the fact that when I discovered eight of my twelve
colonies dead, and four more just alive, I cleaned the remaining ones
all out, and to one no worse nor better than the others I gave good
capped honey stored early the previous summer, while the others
were left with their old stores, that one lived and gave the best record
I have ever known, the succeeding season, while all the others died.
Again, suppose that after the basswood season in July, there is
no storing of honey, either from want of space, or from lack of bloom.
In this case brood-rearing ceases. Yet if the weather is dry and
warm, as of course it will be in August and September, the bees
continue to wander about, death comes apace, and by autumn the
bees are reduced in numbers, old in days, and illy prepared to brave
the winter and perform the duties of spring. I fully believe that if all
the colonies of our State and country had been kept breeding by
proper use of the extractor, and feeding, even till into October, we
should have had a different record, especially as to spring dwindling,
and consequent death. In the autumn of 1872 I kept my bees
breeding till the first of October. The following winter I had no loss,
while my neighbors lost all of their bees.
Extremes of heat and cold are also detrimental to the bees. If the
temperature of the hive becomes too high the bees become restless,
fat more than they ought, and if confined to their hives are distended
with their fœces, become diseased, besmear their comb and hives,
and die. If when they become thus disturbed, they could have a
purifying flight, all would be well.
Again, if the temperature becomes extremely low, the bees to
keep up the animal heat must take more food; they are uneasy,
exhale much moisture, which may settle and freeze on the outer
combs about the cluster, preventing the bees from getting the
needed food, and thus in this case both dysentery and starvation
confront the bees. That able and far-seeing apiarist the lamented M.
Quinby, was one of the first to discover this fact; and here as
elsewhere gave advice that if heeded, would have saved great loss
and sore disappointment.
I have little doubt, in fact I know from actual investigation, that in
the past severe winters, those bees which under confinement have
been subject to severe extremes, are the ones that have invariably
perished. Had the bees been kept in a uniform temperature ranging
from 35° to 45° F., the record would have been materially changed.
Excessive moisture, too, especially in cases of protracted cold, is
always to be avoided. Bees, like all other animals, are constantly
giving off moisture, which of course will be accelerated if the bees
become disturbed, and are thus led to consume more food. This
moisture not only acts as explained above, but also induces fungous
growths. The mouldy comb is not wholesome, though it may never
cause death. Hence another necessity of sufficient warmth to drive
this moisture from the hive and some means to absorb it without
opening the hive above and permitting a current, which will disturb
the bees, and cause the greater consumption of honey.
THE REQUISITE TO SAFE WINTERING—GOOD

FOOD.
To winter safely, then, demands that the bees have thirty pounds
by weight not guess—I have known three cases when guessing
meant starvation—of good capped honey (coffee A sugar is just as
good). If desired this may be fed as previously explained, which
should be done so early that all will be capped during the warm days
of October. Let us be wary how we trust even crystallized glucose. It
might be safe during a warm winter, when the bees would have
frequent flights, yet prove disastrous in a cold winter. Let us use it
cautiously till its merits are assured. I prefer, too, that some of the
comb in the centre of the hive has empty cells, to give a better
chance to cluster, and that all the combs have a small hole through
the centre, that the bees may pass freely through. This hole may
simply be cut with a knife, or a tin tube the size of one's finger may
be driven through the comb, and left in if desired, in which case the
comb should be pushed out of the tube, and the tube be no longer
than the comb is thick. This perforatory work I always do early in
October, when I extract all uncapped honey, take out all frames after
I have given them the 30 lbs., by weight, of honey, confine the space
with a division-board, cover with the quilt and chaff, and then leave
undisturbed till the cold of November calls for further care.
SECURE LATE BREEDING.
Keep the bees breeding till the first of October. Except in years of
excessive drouth, this will occur in many parts of Michigan without
extra care. Failure may result from the presence of worthless
queens. Any queens which seem not to be prolific should be
superseded whenever the fact becomes evident. I regard this as
most important. Few know how much is lost by tolerating feeble,
impotent queens in the apiary, whose ability can only keep the
colonies alive. Never keep such queens about. Here, then, is
another reason for always keeping extra queens on hand. Even with
excellent queens, a failure in the honey yield may cause breeding to
cease. In such cases, we have only to feed as directed under the
head of feeding.
TO SECURE AND MAINTAIN THE PROPER

TEMPERATURE.
We ought also to provide against extremes of temperature. It is

desirable to keep the temperature between 35° and 50° F. through
the entire winter, from November to April. If no cellar or house is at
hand, this maybe accomplished as follows: Some pleasant dry day in
late October or early November, raise the stand and place straw
beneath; then surround the hive with a box a foot outside the hive,
with movable top and open on the east; or else have a long wooden
tube, opposite the entrance, to permit flight. This tube should be six
or eight inches square, to permit easy examination in winter. The
same end may be gained by driving stakes and putting boards
around. When we crowd between the box and the hive either straw,
chaff, or shavings. After placing a good thickness of straw above the
hive, lay on the cover of the box, or cover with boards. This
preserves against changes of temperature during the winter, and
also permits the bees to fly if it becomes necessary from a protracted
period of warm winter weather. I have thus kept all my bees safely
during two of the disastrous winters.
As there is at present no plan of wintering, which promises to
serve so well for all our apiarists, in view of its cheapness, ease,
convenience, and universal efficiency, I will describe in detail the box
now in use at the College, which costs only one dollar per hive, and
which is convenient to store away in summer.
Fig. 101.
BOX FOR PACKING.

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Fig. 84.—Mignonette. Fig. 85.—Okra.

Mignonette, Reseda odorata (Fig, 84), blooms from the middle of

The mustards and rape may be planted in drills about eight

In this month blooms the tulip tree, Liriodendron tulipifera (Fig,

Early in this month opens the far-famed basswood or linden, Tilia

Figwort, Scrophularia nodosa (Fig, 94), often called rattle-weed,

That beautiful and valuable honey plant, from Minnesota,

The little shrub of our marshes, appropriately named button-bush,

AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER PLANTS.

The cultivated buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum, (Fig, 98),

The many plants usually styled sun-flowers, because of their

I am often asked what books are best to make apiarists botanists.

This is a subject, of course, of paramount importance to the

THE CAUSE OF DISASTROUS WINTERING.

THE REQUISITE TO SAFE WINTERING—GOOD

SECURE LATE BREEDING.

TO SECURE AND MAINTAIN THE PROPER

We ought also to provide against extremes of temperature. It is

BOX FOR PACKING.

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