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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Laudon, Kenneth C., 1944- author.

Essentials of management information systems / Kenneth C. Laudon, New York University, Jane P. Laudon,
Azimuth Information Systems.—Twelveth edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-13-423824-1—ISBN 0-13-423824-9
1. Management information systems. I. Laudon, Jane P. (Jane Price), author. II. Title.
T58.6.L3753 2017
658.4'038011—dc23
2015027175

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 10: 0-13-423824-9

ISBN 13: 978-0-13-423824-1
About the Authors

Kenneth C. Laudon is a Professor of Information Systems at New York

University’s Stern School of Business. He holds a B.A. in Economics from Stanford and
a Ph.D. from Columbia University. He has authored twelve books dealing with elec-
tronic commerce, information systems, organizations, and society. Professor Laudon
has also written over forty articles concerned with the social, organizational, and man-
agement impacts of information systems, privacy, ethics, and multimedia technology.
Professor Laudon’s current research is on the planning and management of large-
scale information systems and multimedia information technology. He has received
grants from the National Science Foundation to study the evolution of national informa-
tion systems at the Social Security Administration, the IRS, and the FBI. Ken’s research
focuses on enterprise system implementation, computer-related organizational and
occupational changes in large organizations, changes in management ideology, changes
in public policy, and understanding productivity change in the knowledge sector.
Ken Laudon has testified as an expert before the United States Congress. He
has been a researcher and consultant to the Office of Technology Assessment
(United States Congress), Department of Homeland Security, and to the Office of
the President, several executive branch agencies, and Congressional Committees.
Professor Laudon also acts as an in-house educator for several consulting firms and
as a consultant on systems planning and strategy to several Fortune 500 firms.
At NYU’s Stern School of Business, Ken Laudon teaches courses on Managing
the Digital Firm, Information Technology and Corporate Strategy, Professional
Responsibility (Ethics), and Electronic Commerce and Digital Markets. Ken Laudon’s
hobby is sailing.

Jane Price Laudon is a management consultant in the information systems

area and the author of seven books. Her special interests include systems analysis,
data management, MIS auditing, software evaluation, and teaching business profes-
sionals how to design and use information systems.
Jane received her Ph.D. from Columbia University, her M.A. from Harvard
University, and her B.A. from Barnard College. She has taught at Columbia University
and the New York University Stern School of Business. She maintains a lifelong inter-
est in Oriental languages and civilizations.
The Laudons have two daughters, Erica and Elisabeth, to whom this book is dedicated.
vii
Brief Contents
Preface xvi

I Information Systems in the Digital Age 1

1 Business Information Systems in Your Career 2
2 Global E-Business and Collaboration 38
3 Achieving Competitive Advantage with Information Systems 76
4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information Systems 110

II Information Technology Infrastructure 149

5 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software 150
6 Foundations of Business Intelligence: Databases and Information Management 190
7 Telecommunications, the Internet, and Wireless Technology 226
8 Securing Information Systems 268

III Key System Applications for the Digital Age 307

9 Achieving Operational Excellence and Customer Intimacy: Enterprise Applications 308
10 E-Commerce: Digital Markets, Digital Goods 340
11 Improving Decision Making and Managing Knowledge 382

IV Building and Managing Systems 421

12 Building Information Systems and Managing Projects 422

Glossary 462
Index 479

viii
Complete Contents
Preface xvi
I Information Systems in the
Digital Age 1
1 Business Information Systems in Your Career 2
Chapter-Opening Case:
The San Francisco Giants Keep Winning
with Information Technology 3
1-1 Why are information systems so essential for
running and managing a business today? 5
How Information Systems Are Transforming Business 5 •
What’s New in Management Information Systems? 6 •
Globalization Challenges and Opportunities: A Flattened
World 8
Interactive Session: People
The Mobile Pocket Office 9
Business Drivers of Information Systems 11
1-2 What exactly is an information system? How
does it work? What are its people, organizational,
and technology components? 13
What Is an Information System? 13 • It Isn’t Simply
Technology: The Role of People and Organizations 15 •
Dimensions of Information Systems 16
Interactive Session: Technology
UPS Competes Globally with Information
Technology 19
1-3 How will a four-step method for business
problem solving help you solve information
system–related problems? 21
The Problem-Solving Approach 21 • A Model of the
Problem-Solving Process 21 • The Role of Critical
Thinking in Problem Solving 24 • The Connections
Among Business Objectives, Problems, and Solutions 24
1-4 How will information systems affect business
careers, and what information systems skills
and knowledge are essential? 25
How Information Systems Will Affect Business Careers 25
• Information Systems and Your Career: Wrap-Up 28
• How This Book Prepares You For the Future 29
Review Summary 30 •
Key Terms 30 • Review
Questions 31 • Discussion
Questions 31 • Hands-On
MIS Projects 32
Management Decision Problems
32 • Improving Decision Making:
Using Databases to Analyze Sales Trends 32 • Improving
Decision Making: Using the Internet to Locate Jobs
Requiring Information Systems Knowledge 33
Collaboration and Teamwork Project 33
Business Problem-Solving Case
Home Depot Renovates Itself with New Systems
and Ways of Working 34
2 Global E-Business and Collaboration 38
Chapter-Opening Case:
Enterprise Social Networking Helps ABB Innovate
and Grow 39
2-1 What major features of a business are
important for understanding the role
of information systems? 41
Organizing a Business: Basic Business Functions 41 •
Business Processes 42 • Managing a Business and
Firm Hierarchies 44 • The Business Environment 45 •
The Role of Information Systems in a Business 46
2-2 How do systems serve different management
groups in a business and how do systems that
link the enterprise improve organizational
performance? 46
Systems for Different Management Groups 47 •
Systems for Linking the Enterprise 51
Interactive Session: Organizations
New Systems Help Plan International Manage
Its Human Resources 52
E-Business, E-Commerce, and E-Government 55
2-3 Why are systems for collaboration and social
business so important and what technologies
do they use? 56
What Is Collaboration? 56 • What Is Social
Business? 57 • Business Benefits of Collaboration and
Social Business 58 • Building a Collaborative Culture
and Business Processes 60 • Tools and Technologies
for Collaboration and Social Business 60
Interactive Session: People
Is Social Business Working Out? 64
2-4 What is the role of the information systems
function in a business? 66
The Information Systems
Department 66 • Information
Systems Services 67
Review Summary 68 •
Key Terms 69 • Review
Questions 69 • Discussion
Questions 70 • Hands-On
MIS Projects 70
ix
 Management Decision Problems 70 • Improving Decision
Making: Using a Spreadsheet to Select Suppliers 71
• Achieving Operational Excellence: Using Internet
Software to Plan Efficient Transportation Routes 71
Collaboration and Teamwork Project 71
Business Problem-Solving Case
How Much Does Data-Driven Planting Help
Farmers? 72
3 Achieving Competitive Advantage with
Information Systems 76
Chapter-Opening Case:
Should T.J. Maxx Sell Online? 77
3-1 How do Porter’s competitive forces model, the
value chain model, synergies, core competencies,
and network-based strategies help companies
use information systems for competitive
advantage? 79
Porter’s Competitive Forces Model 79 • Information
System Strategies for Dealing with Competitive Forces 81
Interactive Session: Technology
Nike Becomes a Technology Company 83
The Internet’s Impact on Competitive Advantage 86 •
The Business Value Chain Model 87 • Synergies, Core
Competencies, and Network-Based Strategies 89 •
Disruptive Technologies: Riding the Wave 91
3-2 How do information systems help businesses
compete globally? 92
The Internet and Globalization 93 • Global Business and
System Strategies 93 • Global System Configuration 94
3-3 How do information systems help businesses
compete using quality and design? 95
What Is Quality? 95 • How Information Systems
Improve Quality 96
3-4 What is the role of business process management
(BPM) in enhancing competitiveness? 97
What is Business Process Management? 98
Interactive Session: Organizations
Datacard Group Redesigns the Way
It Works 100
Review Summary 102 •
Key Terms 103 • Review
Questions 103 • Discussion
Questions 104 • Hands-On
MIS Projects 104
Management Decision
Problems 104 • Improving
Decision Making: Using a Database to Clarify
Business Strategy 105 • Improving Decision
Making: Using Web Tools to Configure and
Price an Automobile 105
x
Collaboration and Teamwork Project 105
Business Problem-Solving Case
Will Technology Save Sears? 106
4 Ethical and Social Issues in Information
Systems 110
Chapter-Opening Case:
The Dark Side of Big Data 111
4-1 What ethical, social, and political issues are
raised by information systems? 113
A Model for Thinking About Ethical, Social, and
Political Issues 114 • Five Moral Dimensions of
the Information Age 115 • Key Technology Trends
That Raise Ethical Issues 116
4-2 What specific principles for conduct can
be used to guide ethical decisions? 118
Basic Concepts: Responsibility, Accountability,
and Liability 118
Interactive Session: Organizations
Edward Snowden: Traitor or Protector
of Privacy? 119
Ethical Analysis 120 • Candidate Ethical Principles 121 •
Professional Codes of Conduct 122 • Some Real-World
Ethical Dilemmas 122
4-3 Why do contemporary information systems
technology and the Internet pose challenges
to the protection of individual privacy and
intellectual property? 122
Information Rights: Privacy and Freedom in the Internet
Age 122 • Property Rights: Intellectual Property 129
4-4 How have information systems affected laws
for establishing accountability and liability
and the quality of everyday life? 132
Computer-Related Liability Problems 132 • System
Quality: Data Quality and System Errors 133 • Quality
of Life: Equity, Access, and Boundaries 134 • Health
Risks: RSI, CVS, and Cognitive Decline 137
Interactive Session: People
Are We Relying Too Much on Computers
to Think for Us? 138
Review Summary 140 •
Key Terms 141 • Review
Questions 141 • Discussion
Questions 142 • Hands-On
MIS Projects 142
Management Decision
Problems 142 • Achieving
Operational Excellence:
Creating a Simple Blog 143 • Improving
Decision Making: Analyzing Web Browser
Privacy 143
Collaboration and Teamwork Project 143
Business Problem-Solving Case
Facebook Privacy: What Privacy? 144
II Information Technology
Infrastructure 149
5 IT Infrastructure: Hardware and Software 150
Chapter-Opening Case:
EasyJet Flies High with Cloud Computing 151
5-1 What are the components of
IT infrastructure? 153
Infrastructure Components 153
5-2 What are the major computer hardware,
data storage, input, and output technologies
used in business and the major hardware
trends? 155
Types of Computers 155 • Storage, Input,
and Output Technology 157 • Contemporary
Hardware Trends 158
Interactive Session: Technology
Wearable Computers Go to Work 160
Interactive Session: Organizations
Cloud Computing Takes Off 165
5-3 What are the major types of computer software
used in business and the major software
trends? 169
Operating System Software 169 • Application
Software and Desktop Productivity Tools 171 •
HTML and HTML5 173 • Web Services 174 •
Software Trends 175
5-4 What are the principal issues in managing
hardware and software technology? 177
Capacity Planning and Scalability 177 • Total Cost
of Ownership (TCO) of Technology Assets 177 • Using
Technology Service Providers 178 • Managing Mobile
Platforms 179 • Managing Software Localization for
Global Business 180
Review Summary 180 •
Key Terms 182 • Review
Questions 182 • Discussion
Questions 183 • Hands-On
MIS Projects 183
Management Decision
Problems 183 • Improving
Decision Making: Using a Spreadsheet to Evaluate
Hardware and Software Options 184 • Improving
Decision Making: Using Web Research to Budget
for a Sales Conference 184
Collaboration and Teamwork Project 185
Business Problem-Solving Case
BYOD: Business Opportunity
or Big Headache? 186
6 Foundations of Business Intelligence: Databases
and Information Management 190
Chapter-Opening Case:
Better Data Management Helps the US Postal
Service Rebound 191
6-1 What is a database and how does a relational
database organize data? 193
Entities and Attributes 194 • Organizing Data in
a Relational Database 194 • Establishing
Relationships 196
6-2 What are the principles of a database
management system? 199
Operations of a Relational DBMS 200 • Capabilities
of Database Management Systems 202 • Nonrelational
Databases and Databases in the Cloud 203
6-3 What are the principal tools and technologies
for accessing information from databases to
improve business performance and decision
making? 204
The Challenge of Big Data 204 • Business Intelligence
Infrastructure 205
Interactive Session: People
New York City Embraces Data-Driven Crime
Fighting 206
Interactive Session: Technology
Driving ARI Fleet Management with Real-Time
Analytics 209
Analytical Tools: Relationships, Patterns, Trends 210 •
Databases and the Web 214
6-4 Why are information policy, data administration,
and data quality assurance essential for
managing the firm’s data resources? 215
Establishing an Information Policy 215 • Ensuring
Data Quality 215
Review Summary 216 •
Key Terms 217 • Review
Questions 218 • Discussion
Questions 219 • Hands-On
MIS Projects 219
Management Decision
Problems 219 • Achieving
Operational Excellence: Building a Relational
Database for Inventory Management 220 • Improving
Decision Making: Searching Online Databases For
Overseas Business Resources 220
Collaboration and Teamwork Project 221
xi
Business Problem-Solving Case
Can We Trust Big Data? 222 8 Securing Information Systems 268
Chapter-Opening Case:
7 Telecommunications, the Internet, and Wireless Target Becomes the Target for Massive Data
Technology 226 Theft 269
Chapter-Opening Case: 8-1 Why are information systems vulnerable
Wireless Technology Makes Dundee Precious Metals to destruction, error, and abuse? 271
Good as Gold 227 Why Systems Are Vulnerable 271 • Malicious
7-1 What are the principal components Software: Viruses, Worms, Trojan Horses, and
of telecommunications networks and key Spyware 274 • Hackers and Computer Crime 276 •
networking technologies? 229 Internal Threats: Employees 280 • Software
Networking and Communication Trends 229 • What Vulnerability 280
is a Computer Network? 230 • Key Digital Networking 8-2 What is the business value of security and
Technologies 231 control? 281
7-2 What are the different types of Legal and Regulatory Requirements for Electronic
networks? 234 Records Management 282 • Electronic Evidence
Signals: Digital vs. Analog 234 • Types of and Computer Forensics 283
Networks 235 • Transmission Media and 8-3 What are the components of an organizational
Transmission Speed 236 framework for security and control? 283
7-3 How do the Internet and Internet technology Information Systems Controls 283 • Risk Assessment 284
work and how do they support communication Interactive Session: People
and e-business? 236 The Flash Crash: A New Culprit 285
What Is the Internet? 236 • Internet Addressing and
Architecture 237 Security Policy 287 • Disaster Recovery Planning
and Business Continuity Planning 288 • The Role
Interactive Session: Organizations of Auditing 289
The Battle over Net Neutrality 240 8-4 What are the most important tools and
Internet Services and Communication Tools 241
technologies for safeguarding information
Interactive Session: People resources? 289
Monitoring Employees on Networks: Unethical Identity Management and Authentication 290 •
or Good Business? 244 Firewalls, Intrusion Detection Systems, and Antivirus
The Web 246 Software 291 • Securing Wireless Networks 293 •
7-4 What are the principal technologies and standards Encryption and Public Key Infrastructure 293 •
for wireless networking, communication, and Ensuring System Availability 295 • Security Issues for
Internet access? 253 Cloud Computing and the Mobile Digital Platform 295 •
Cellular Systems 253 • Wireless Computer Networks Ensuring Software Quality 296
and Internet Access 254 • RFID and Wireless Sensor
Interactive Session: Technology
Networks 256
BYOD: A Security Nightmare? 297
Review Summary 259 •
Key Terms 260 • Review Review Summary 299 •
Questions 261 • Discussion Key Terms 300 • Review
Questions 261 • Hands-On Questions 300 • Discussion
MIS Projects 261 Questions 301 • Hands-On
MIS Projects 301
Management Decision
Problems 262 • Improving Management Decision
Decision Making: Using Spreadsheet Software to Problems 301 • Improving
Evaluate Wireless Services 262 • Achieving Operational Decision Making: Using Spreadsheet Software
Excellence: Using Web Search Engines for Business to Perform a Security Risk Assessment 302 •
Research 262 Improving Decision Making: Evaluating Security
Outsourcing Services 302
Collaboration and Teamwork Project 263
Collaboration and Teamwork Project 302
Business Problem-Solving Case
Google, Apple, and Facebook Struggle for Your Business Problem-Solving Case
Internet Experience 264 Sony Hacked Again: Bigger Than Ever 303
xii
III Key System Applications
for the Digital Age 307
9 Achieving Operational Excellence and Customer
Intimacy: Enterprise Applications 308
Chapter-Opening Case:
ACH Food Companies Transforms Its Business with
Enterprise Systems 309
9-1 How do enterprise systems help businesses
achieve operational excellence? 311
What are Enterprise Systems? 311 • Enterprise
Software 312 • Business Value of Enterprise
Systems 313
9-2 How do supply chain management systems
coordinate planning, production, and logistics
with suppliers? 314
The Supply Chain 314 • Information Systems and Supply
Chain Management 316 • Supply Chain Management
Software 317
Interactive Session: Organizations
Scotts Miracle-Gro Cultivates Supply Chain
Proficiency 319
Global Supply Chains and the Internet 320 • Business
Value of Supply Chain Management Systems 321
9-3 How do customer relationship management
systems help firms achieve customer
intimacy? 322
What Is Customer Relationship Management? 322 •
Customer Relationship Management Software 323 •
Operational and Analytical CRM 325 • Business
Value of Customer Relationship Management
Systems 327
9-4 What are the challenges that enterprise
applications pose and how are enterprise
applications taking advantage of new
technologies? 327
Enterprise Application Challenges 327 • Next-
Generation Enterprise Applications 328
Interactive Session: Technology
Unilever Unifies Globally with Enhanced ERP 330
Review Summary 331 •
Key Terms 332 • Review
Questions 333 • Discussion
Questions 333 • Hands-On
MIS Projects 334
Management Decision
Problems 334 • Improving
Decision Making: Using Database Software to
Manage Customer Service Requests 334 • Achieving
Operational Excellence: Evaluating Supply Chain
Management Services 335
Collaboration and Teamwork Project 335
Business Problem-Solving Case
Customer Relationship Management Helps Celcom
Become Number One 336
10 E-Commerce: Digital Markets, Digital
Goods 340
Chapter-Opening Case:
Uber Digitally Disrupts the Taxi
Industry 341
10-1 What are the unique features of e-commerce,
digital markets, and digital goods? 343
E-Commerce Today 344 • The New E-Commerce:
Social, Mobile, Local 345 • Why E-commerce
is Different 347 • Key Concepts in E-commerce:
Digital Markets and Digital Goods in a Global
Marketplace 349
10-2 What are the principal e-commerce business
and revenue models? 353
Types of E-Commerce 353 • E-Commerce Business
Models 353 • E-Commerce Revenue Models 356
10-3 How has e-commerce transformed
marketing? 358
Behavioral Targeting 358 • Social E-commerce
and Social Network Marketing 361
Interactive Session: People
Getting Social with Customers 364
10-4 How has e-commerce affected Business-
to-Business transactions? 365
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) 366 • New Ways
of B2B Buying and Selling 366
10-5 What is the role of m-commerce in
business, and what are the most important
m-commerce applications? 368
Location-Based Services and Applications 369
Interactive Session: Organizations
Can Instacart Deliver? 370
Other Mobile Commerce Services 371
10-6 What issues must be addressed when building
an e-commerce presence? 372
Develop an E-commerce Presence Map 372 •
Develop a Timeline: Milestones 373
Review Summary 374 •
Key Terms 375 • Review
Questions 375 • Discussion
Questions 376 • Hands-On
MIS Projects 376
Management Decision
Problems 376 • Improving
Decision Making: Using Spreadsheet Software
to Analyze a Dot-Com Business 376 • Achieving
xiii
 Operational Excellence: Evaluating E-Commerce
Hosting Services 377
Collaboration and Teamwork Project 377
Business Problem-Solving Case
Walmart and Amazon Duke It Out for E-Commerce
Supremacy 378
11 Improving Decision Making and Managing
Knowledge 382
Chapter-Opening Case:
Germany Wins the World Cup with Big Data
at Its Side 383
11-1 What are the different types of decisions,
and how does the decision-making process
work? 385
Business Value of Improved Decision Making 385 •
Types of Decisions 386 • The Decision-Making
Process 387 • High-Velocity Automated Decision
Making 387 • Quality of Decisions and Decision
Making 388
11-2 How do business intelligence and business
analytics support decision making? 388
What is Business Intelligence? 389 • The Business
Intelligence Environment 389 • Business Intelligence
and Analytics Capabilities 390
Interactive Session: Technology
America’s Cup: The Tension Between Technology
and Human Decision Makers 394
Business Intelligence Users 396 • Group Decision-
Support Systems 399
11-3 What are the business benefits of using
intelligent techniques in decision making
and knowledge management? 400
Expert Systems 400 • Case-Based Reasoning 401 •
Fuzzy Logic Systems 402 • Neural Networks 403 •
Genetic Algorithms 404
Interactive Session: People
Facial Recognition Systems: Another Threat
to Privacy? 405
Intelligent Agents 407
11-4 What types of systems are used for enterprise-
wide knowledge management and knowledge
work, and how do they provide value for
businesses? 408
Enterprise-Wide Knowledge Management Systems 408 •
Knowledge Work Systems 410
Review Summary 412 •
Key Terms 414 • Review
Questions 414 • Discussion
Questions 415 • Hands-On
MIS Projects 415
xiv
Management Decision Problems 415 • Improving
Decision Making: Using Pivot Tables to Analyze
Sales Data 416 • Improving Decision Making: Using
Intelligent Agents for Comparison Shopping 416
Collaboration and Teamwork Project 416
Business Problem-Solving Case
What’s Up with IBM’s Watson? 416
IV Building and Managing
Systems 421
12 Building Information Systems and Managing
Projects 422
Chapter-Opening Case:
Girl Scout Cookie Sales Go Digital 423
12-1 What are the core problem-solving steps for
developing new information systems? 425
Defining and Understanding the Problem 425 • Developing
Alternative Solutions 427 • Evaluating and Choosing
Solutions 427 • Implementing the Solution 428
12-2 What are the alternative methods for building
information systems? 431
Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle 431 •
Prototyping 432 • End-User Development 433 •
Purchasing Solutions: Application Software
Packages and Outsourcing 433 • Mobile Application
Development: Designing for a Multi-Screen
World 435 • Rapid Application Development
for E-Business 436
Interactive Session: Technology
The Challenge of Mobile Application
Development 437
12-3 What are the principal methodologies for
modeling and designing systems? 438
Structured Methodologies 438 • Object-Oriented
Development 440 • Computer-Aided Software
Engineering (CASE) 442
12-4 How should
information systems
projects be selected
and managed? 442
Project Management
Objectives 442
Interactive Session: Organizations
Britain’s National Health Service Jettisons Choose
and Book System 443
Selecting Projects: Making the Business Case for
a New System 445 • Managing Project Risk and
System-Related Change 448
Review Summary 452 • Key Terms 454 • Review
Questions 454 • Discussion Questions 455 • Hands-On
MIS Projects 455
Management Decision Problems 455 • Improving
Decision Making: Using Database Software to
Design a Customer System for Auto Sales 456 •
Achieving Operational Excellence: Analyzing Web
Site Design and Information Requirements 456
Collaboration and Teamwork Project 456
Business Problem-Solving Case
A Shaky Start for Healthcare.gov 457
Glossary 462
Index 479

xv
 Preface

We wrote this book for business school students who wanted an in-depth look at how
today’s business firms use information technologies and systems to achieve corpo-
rate objectives. Information systems are one of the major tools available to business
managers for achieving operational excellence, developing new products and services,
improving decision making, and achieving competitive advantage. Students will find
here the most up-to-date and comprehensive overview of how business firms use
information systems to achieve these objectives. After reading this book, we expect
students will be able to participate in, and even lead, management discussions of
information systems for their firms.
When interviewing potential employees, business firms often look for new hires
who know how to use information systems and technologies for achieving bottom-line
business results. Regardless of whether you are an accounting, finance, management,
operations management, marketing, or information systems major, the knowledge and
information you find in this book will be valuable throughout your business career.

What’s New in This Edition

CuRRENCy
The 12th edition features all new opening, closing, and Interactive Session cases. The
text, figures, tables, and cases have been updated through September 2015 with the
latest sources from industry and MIS research.

NEW FEATuRES
• Assisted-graded Writing Questions at the end of each chapter with prebuilt grad-
ing rubrics and computerized essay scoring help instructors prepare, deliver, and
grade writing assignments.
• A new Video Cases collection contains 31 video cases (2 or more per chapter) and
13 additional instructional videos covering key concepts and experiences in the
MIS world.
• The text contains 47 Learning Tracks in MyMISLab for additional coverage of selected
topics.
• Video Cases and Chapter Cases are listed at the beginning of each chapter.

NEW TOPICS
• Big data and the Internet of Things: In-depth coverage of big data, big data ana-
lytics, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are included in Chapters 1, 6, 7, and 11.
Coverage includes big data analytics, analyzing IoT data streams, Hadoop,
in-memory computing, nonrelational databases, and analytic platforms.
• Cloud computing:Updated and expanded coverage of cloud computing appears in
Chapter 5 (IT Infrastructure) with more detail on types of cloud services, private
and public clouds, hybrid clouds, managing cloud services, and a new Interactive
Session on using cloud services. Cloud computing is also covered in Chapter 6 (data-
bases in the cloud), Chapter 8 (cloud security), Chapter 9 (cloud-based CRM and
ERP), Chapter 10 (e-commerce), and Chapter 12 (cloud-based systems development).
• Social, mobile, local: New e-commerce content in Chapter 10 describes how social
tools, mobile technology, and location-based services are transforming marketing
and advertising.
xvi
 • Social business: Expanded coverage of social business is introduced in Chapter 2
and discussed throughout the text. Detailed discussions of enterprise (internal cor-
porate) social networking as well as social networking in e-commerce are included.
• BYOD and mobile device management
• Wearable computers
• Smart products
• Internet of Things (IoT)
• Mobile application development, mobile and native apps
• Operational intelligence
• Expanded coverage of business analytics, including big data analytics
• On-demand business
• Windows 10
• Microsoft Office 365
• Zero-day vulnerabilities
• Two-factor authentication
• Ransomware
• Chief data officer
• MOOCs in business firms

What’s New in MIS?

Plenty. In fact, there’s a whole new world of doing business using new technologies for
managing and organizing. What makes the MIS field the most exciting area of study
in schools of business is the continuous change in technology, management, and busi-
ness processes. (Chapter 1 describes these changes in more detail.)

IT INNOVATIONS
A continuing stream of information technology innovations is transforming the tradi-
tional business world. Examples include the emergence of cloud computing, the growth
of a mobile digital business platform based on smartphones and tablet computers, big
data, and the use of social networks by managers to achieve business objectives. Most
of these changes have occurred in the past few years. These innovations enable entre-
preneurs and innovative traditional firms to create new products and services, develop
new business models, and transform the day-to-day conduct of business. In the process,
some old businesses, even industries, are being destroyed while new businesses are
springing up.

NEW BuSINESS MODELS

For instance, the emergence of online video services such as Netflix for streaming,
Apple iTunes, Amazon, and many others for downloading video, has forever changed
how premium video is distributed and even created. Netflix in 2015 attracted 62 million
subscribers worldwide to what it calls the Internet TV revolution. Netflix has moved into
premium TV show production with nearly 30 original shows such as House of Cards and
Orange is the New Black challenging cable and broadcast producers of TV shows and
potentially disrupting cable network dominance of TV show production. Apple’s iTunes
now accounts for 67 percent of movie and TV show downloads and has struck deals with
major Hollywood studios for recent movies and TV shows. A growing trickle of viewers
are unplugging from cable and using only the Internet for entertainment.

E-COMMERCE ExPANDINg
E-commerce generated about $531 billion in revenues in 2015 and is estimated to grow
to nearly $800 billion by 2019. E-commerce is changing how firms design, produce, and xvii
 deliver their products and services. E-commerce has reinvented itself again, disrupting
the traditional marketing and advertising industry and putting major media and con-
tent firms in jeopardy. Facebook and other social networking sites such as YouTube,
Twitter, and Tumblr, along with Netflix, Apple Beats music service, and many other
media firms exemplify the new face of e-commerce in the 21st century. They sell ser-
vices. When we think of e-commerce, we tend to think of selling physical products.
Although this iconic vision of e-commerce is still very powerful and the fastest growing
form of retail in the U.S., growing up alongside is a whole new value stream based on
selling services, not goods. It’s a services model of e-commerce. Growth in social com-
merce is spurred by powerful growth of the mobile platform; 80 percent of Facebook’s
users access the service from mobile phones and tablets. Information systems and
technologies are the foundation of this new services-based e-commerce.

MANAgEMENT CHANgES
Likewise, the management of business firms has changed: With new mobile smart-
phones, high-speed wireless Wi-Fi networks, and wireless laptop computers, remote
salespeople on the road are only seconds away from their managers’ questions and
oversight. Business is going mobile, along with consumers. Managers on the move
are in direct, continuous contact with their employees. The growth of enterprise-wide
information systems with extraordinarily rich data means that managers no longer
operate in a fog of confusion but, instead, have online, nearly instant access to the
really important information they need for accurate and timely decisions. In addition
to their public uses on the web, wikis and blogs are becoming important corporate
tools for communication, collaboration, and information sharing.

CHANgES IN FIRMS AND ORgANIzATIONS

Compared to industrial organizations of the previous century, new, fast-growing,
21st-century business firms put less emphasis on hierarchy and structure and more
emphasis on employees taking on multiple roles and tasks. They put greater emphasis
on competency and skills than on position in the hierarchy. They emphasize higher
speed and more accurate decision making based on data and analysis. They are more
aware of changes in technology, consumer attitudes, and culture. They use social
media to enter into conversations with consumers and demonstrate a greater willing-
ness to listen to consumers, in part because they have no choice. They show better
understanding of the importance of information technology in creating and man-
aging business firms and other organizations. To the extent that organizations and
business firms demonstrate these characteristics, they are 21st-century digital firms.

The 12th Edition: The Comprehensive Solution

for the MIS Curriculum
Since its inception, this text has helped define the MIS course around the globe. This
edition continues to be authoritative but is also more customizable, flexible, and
geared to meeting the needs of different colleges, universities, and individual instruc-
tors. Many of its learning tools are now available in digital form. This book is now
part of a complete learning package that includes the core text, Video Case Study
Package, and Learning Tracks.
The core text consists of 12 chapters with hands-on projects covering the most
essential topics in MIS. An important part of the core text is the Video Case Study
and Instructional Video Package: 31 video case studies (2 to 3 per chapter) plus 13
instructional videos that illustrate business uses of information systems, explain new
technologies, and explore concepts. Videos are keyed to the topics of each chapter.
xviii
 A diagram accompany-
ing each chapter-opening
Business
Challenges case graphically illustrates
how people, organization,
• Highly competitive sport and technology elements
• Monitor games
and ticket sales • Opportunities from new technology work together to create
People
• Revise business an information system
strategies solution to the business
challenges discussed
in the case.
• Redesign job Information Business
functions and Organization System Solutions
workflows

Ticketing systems • Increase revenue

• Optimize ticket sales
• Provide secondary ticket market
Performance analysis system
• Fieldf/x • Analyze player and team performance
• Qcue dynamic Technology Interactive Services
ticketing software
• Secondary
ticketing platform
• Wi-Fi network

In addition, for students and instructors who want to go deeper into selected
topics, 47 Learning Tracks in MyMISLab cover a variety of MIS topics in greater
depth.

THE CORE TExT

The core text provides an overview of fundamental MIS concepts by using an
integrated framework for describing and analyzing information systems. This frame-
work shows information systems composed of people, organization, and technology
elements and is reinforced in student projects and case studies.

CHAPTER ORgANIzATION
Each chapter contains the following elements:
• A Chapter Outline based on Learning Objectives
• Lists of all the Case Studies and Video Cases for each chapter
• A chapter-opening case describing a real-world organization to establish the
theme and importance of the chapter
• A diagram analyzing the opening case in terms of the people, organization, and
technology model used throughout the text
• Two Interactive Sessions with Case Study Questions
• A Review Summary keyed to the Student Learning Objectives
• A list of Key Terms that students can use to review concepts
• Review questions for students to test their comprehension of chapter material
• Discussion questions the broader themes of the chapter raise.
• A series of Hands-on MIS Projects consisting of two Management Decision
Problems, a hands-on application software project, and a project to develop
Internet skills
• A Collaboration and Teamwork Project to develop teamwork and presentation
skills, with options for using open source collaboration tools
• A chapter-ending case study for students to apply chapter concepts
• Two assisted-graded writing questions with prebuilt grading rubrics
• Chapter references
xix
 KEy FEATuRES
We have enhanced the text to make it more interactive, leading-edge, and appealing
to both students and instructors. The features and learning tools are described in the
following sections:

Business-Driven with Real-World Business Cases and Examples

The text helps students see the direct connection between information systems and
business performance. It describes the main business objectives driving the use of
information systems and technologies in corporations all over the world: operational
excellence, new products and services, customer and supplier intimacy, improved decision
making, competitive advantage, and survival. In-text examples and case studies show stu-
dents how specific companies use information systems to achieve these objectives.
We use only current (2015) examples from business and public organizations
throughout the text to illustrate the important concepts in each chapter. All the case
studies describe companies or organizations that are familiar to students, such as the
San Francisco Giants, Facebook, Walmart, Google, Target, and Home Depot.

Interactivity
There’s no better way to learn about MIS than by doing MIS! We provide different
kinds of hands-on projects by which students can work with real-world business sce-
narios and data and learn firsthand what MIS is all about. These projects heighten
student involvement in this exciting subject.
• Online Video Case Package: Students can watch short videos online, either in class
or at home or work, and then apply the concepts of the book to the analysis of the
video. Every chapter contains at least two business video cases that explain how
business firms and managers are using information systems and explore concepts
discussed in the chapter. Each video case consists of a video about a real-world
company, a background text case, and case study questions. These video cases
enhance students’ understanding of MIS topics and the relevance of MIS to the
business world. In addition, 13 Instructional Videos describe developments and
concepts in MIS keyed to respective chapters.
• Interactive Sessions: Two short cases in each chapter have been redesigned as
Interactive Sessions to be used in the classroom (or on Internet discussion boards)
to stimulate student interest and active learning. Each case concludes with case
study questions. The case study questions provide topics for class discussion,
Internet discussion, or written assignments.

INTERACTIVE SESSION: PEOPLE Getting Social with Customers

Each chapter contains
two Interactive Sessions
on People, Organiza-
tions, or Technology
using real-world
companies to illustrate
chapter concepts and
issues.
xx
Businesses of all sizes are finding Facebook,
Twitter, and other social media to be powerful tools
for engaging customers, amplifying product mes-
sages, discovering trends and influencers, building
brand awareness, and taking action on customer
requests and recommendations. Half of all Twitter
users recommend products in their tweets.
About 1.4 billion people use Facebook, and
more than 30 million businesses have active brand
pages enabling users to interact with the brand
through blogs, comment pages, contests, and offer-
ings on the brand page. The Like button gives
users a chance to share with their social network
their feelings about content and other objects they
are viewing and websites they are visiting. With
Like buttons on millions of websites, Facebook can
track user behavior on other sites and then sell this
information to marketers. Facebook also sells dis-
play ads to firms that show up in the right column
In addition to monitoring people’s chatter
on Twitter, Facebook, and other social media,
some companies are using sentiment analysis (see
Chapter 6) to probe more deeply into their likes
and dislikes. For example, during the 2014 Golden
Globe Awards, thousands of women watching
the ceremony tweeted detailed comments about
Hayden Panettiere and Kelly Osborne’s slicked-
back hairdos. Almost instantaneously, the Twitter
feeds of these women received instructions from
L’Oréal Paris showing them how to capture vari-
ous red-carpet looks at home, along with pro-
motions and special deals for L’Oréal products.
L’Oreal had worked with Poptip, a real-time mar-
ket research company to analyze what conversa-
tions about hairstyling connected to Golden Globe
hashtags and other key phrases were appearing
on Twitter. When the Golden Globe red-carpet
events began, Poptip’s software looked for similar
 CASE STUDY QUESTIONS
1. Assess the people, organization, and
technology issues for using social media to
engage with customers.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages
of using social media for advertising, brand
building, market research, and customer
service?
Case Study Questions
encourage students to
3. Give some examples of business decisions in
this case study that were facilitated by using
apply chapter concepts
social media to interact with customers. to real-world compa-
nies in class discussions,
4. Should all companies use Facebook and
Twitter for customer service and marketing?
student presentations,
Why or why not? What kinds of companies are or writing assignments.
best suited to use these platforms?

• Hands-on MIS Projects: Every chapter concludes with a Hands-on MIS Projects
section containing three types of projects: two Management Decision problems;
a hands-on application software exercise using Microsoft Excel, Access, or web
page and blog creation tools; and a project that develops Internet business skills.
A Dirt Bikes USA running case in MyMISLab provides additional hands-on
projects for each chapter.

11-9 Applebee’s is the largest casual dining chain in the world, with more than 1800 lo-
cations throughout the United States and 20 other countries. The menu features Two real-world business
beef, chicken, and pork items as well as burgers, pasta, and seafood. Applebee’s scenarios per chapter
CEO wants to make the restaurant more profitable by developing menus that provide opportunities
are tastier and contain more items that customers want and are willing to pay for students to apply
for despite rising costs for gasoline and agricultural products. How might busi- chapter concepts and
ness intelligence help management implement this strategy? What pieces of data practice management
would Applebee’s need to collect? What kinds of reports would be useful to help decision making.
management make decisions about how to improve menus and profitability?

Students practice using

software in real-world
settings for achieving
operational excellence
and enhancing decision
making.

xxi

Each chapter features
a project to develop
Internet skills for
accessing information,
conducting research,
and performing online
calculations and analysis.
IMPROVING DECISION MAKING: USING WEB TOOLS TO CONFIGURE
AND PRICE AN AUTOMOBILE
Software skills: Internet-based software
Business skills: Researching product information and pricing
3-11 In this exercise, you will use software at car-selling websites to find product infor-
mation about a car of your choice and use that information to make an important
purchase decision. You will also evaluate two of these sites as selling tools.
You are interested in purchasing a new Ford Escape (or some other car of your
choice). Go to the website of CarsDirect (www.carsdirect.com) and begin your inves-
tigation. Locate the Ford Escape. Research the various Escape models; choose one
you prefer in terms of price, features, and safety ratings. Locate and read at least
two reviews. Surf the website of the manufacturer, in this case Ford (www.ford.com).
Compare the information available on Ford’s website with that of CarsDirect for the
Ford Escape. Try to locate the lowest price for the car you want in a local dealer’s
inventory. Suggest improvements for CarsDirect.com and Ford.com.

• Collaboration and Teamwork Projects: Each chapter features a collaborative proj-

ect that encourages students working in teams to use Google Drive, Google Docs,
or other open-source collaboration tools. The first team project in Chapter 1 asks
students to build a collaborative Google site.

Assessment and AACSB Assessment Guidelines

The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) is a not-for-profit
corporation of educational institutions, corporations and other organizations that seek
to improve business education primarily by accrediting university business programs. As
part of its accreditation activities, the AACSB has developed an Assurance of Learning
Program designed to ensure that schools do in fact teach students what they promise.
Schools are required to state a clear mission, develop a coherent business program, identify
student learning objectives, and then prove that students do in fact achieve the objectives.
We have attempted in this book to support AACSB efforts to encourage assess-
ment-based education. The front end papers of this edition identify student learning
objectives and anticipated outcomes for our Hands-on MIS projects. The authors will
provide custom advice on how to use this text in their colleges with different missions
and assessment needs. Please email the authors or contact your local Pearson repre-
sentative for contact information.
For more information on the AACSB Assurance of Learning Program, and how
this text supports assessment-based learning, please visit the website for this book.

Customization and Flexibility: New Learning Track Modules

Our Learning Tracks feature gives instructors the flexibility to provide in-depth cover-
age of the topics they choose. Forty-seven Learning Tracks in MyMISLab are available
to instructors and students. This supplementary content takes students deeper into
MIS topics, concepts, and debates; reviews basic technology concepts in hardware,
software, database design, telecommunications, and other areas; and provides addi-
tional hands-on software instruction. The 12th edition includes new Learning Tracks
on e-commerce payment systems, including Bitcoin, and Occupational and Career
Outlook for Information Systems Majors 2012–2020.

Author-certified test bank and supplements

• Author-certified test bank: The authors have worked closely with skilled test item
writers to ensure that higher-level cognitive skills are tested. Test bank multiple
choice questions include questions on content but also include many questions
that require analysis, synthesis, and evaluation skills.
xxii
 • Annotated slides: The authors have prepared a comprehensive collection of
50 PowerPoint slides to be used in your lectures. Many of these slides are the same
as Ken Laudon uses in his MIS classes and executive education presentations. Each
of the slides is annotated with teaching suggestions for asking students questions,
developing in-class lists that illustrate key concepts, and recommending other firms as
examples in addition to those provided in the text. The annotations are like an instruc-
tor’s manual built into the slides and make it easier to teach the course effectively.

Student Learning Focused

Student Learning Objectives are organized around a set of study questions to focus stu-
dent attention. Each chapter concludes with a Review Summary and Review Questions
organized around these study questions, and each major chapter section is based on a
Learning Objective.

Career Resources
The instructor resources for this text include extensive career resources, including
job-hunting guides and instructions on how to build a digital portfolio demonstrating
the business knowledge, application software proficiency, and Internet skills acquired
from using the text. The portfolio can be included in a résumé or job application or
used as a learning assessment tool for instructors.

INSTRuCTOR RESOuRCES
At the Instructor Resource Center, www.pearsonhighered.com/irc, instructors can
easily register to gain access to a variety of instructor resources available with this
text in downloadable format.
If assistance is needed, our dedicated technical support team is ready to help with
the media supplements that accompany this text. Visit http://247.pearsoned.com for
answers to frequently asked questions and toll-free user support phone numbers.
The following supplements are available with this text:
• Instructor’s Resource Manual
• Test Bank
• TestGen® Computerized Test Bank
• PowerPoint Presentation
• Image Library
• Lecture Notes

Video Cases and Instructional Videos

Instructors can download step-by-step instructions for accessing the video cases
from the Instructor Resources Center. All Video Cases and Instructional Videos are
listed at the beginning of each chapter as well as in the Preface.

Learning Tracks Modules

Forty-seven Learning Tracks in MyMISLab provide additional coverage topics for
students and instructors. See page xxv for a list of the Learning Tracks available for
this edition.

xxiii
Video Cases and Instructional Videos
Chapter
Chapter 1: Business Information Systems
in Your Career
Chapter 2: Global E-Business and
Collaboration
Chapter 3: Achieving Competitive
Advantage with Information Systems
Chapter 4: Ethical and Social Issues
in Information Systems
Chapter 5: IT Infrastructure:
Hardware and Software
Chapter 6: Foundations of Business
Intelligence: Databases and Information
Management
Chapter 7: Telecommunications, the
Internet, and Wireless Technology
Chapter 8: Securing Information Systems
Chapter 9: Achieving Operational
Excellence and Customer Intimacy:
Enterprise Applications
Chapter 10: E-Commerce: Digital Markets,
Digital Goods
Chapter 11: Improving Decision Making
and Managing Knowledge
Chapter 12: Building Information Systems
and Managing Projects
xxiv
Video
Case 1: UPS Global Operations with the DIAD
Case 2: Google Data Center Efficiency Best Practices
Instructional Video 1: Green Energy Efficiency in a Data Center Using Tivoli
Architecture (IBM)
Instructional Video 2: Tour IBM’s Raleigh Data Center
Case 1: Walmart’s Retail Link Supply Chain
Case 2: CEMEX - Becoming a Social Business
Instructional Video 1: US Foodservice Grows Market with Oracle CRM on Demand
Case 1: National Basketball Association: Competing on Global Delivery with Akamai OS Streaming
Case 2: IT and Geo-Mapping Help a Small Business Succeed
Case 3: Materials Handling Equipment Corp: Enterprise Systems Drive Corporate Strategy
for a Small Business
Instructional Video 1: SAP BusinessOne ERP: From Orders to Final Delivery and Payment
Case 1: What Net Neutrality Means for You
Case 2: Facebook Privacy: Social Network Data Mining
Case 3: Data Mining for Terrorists and Innocents
Instructional Video 1: Viktor Mayer Schönberger on the Right to Be Forgotten
Case 1: Rockwell Automation Fuels the Oil and Gas Industry with the Internet of Things
Case 2: ESPN.com: Getting to eXtreme Scale on the Web
Instructional Video 1: IBM Blue Cloud Is Ready-to-Use Computing
Case 1: Dubuque Uses Cloud Computing and Sensors to Build a Smarter City
Case 2: Brooks Brothers Closes in on Omnichannel Retail
Case 3: Maruti Suzuki Business Intelligence and Enterprise Databases
Case 1: Telepresence Moves Out of the Boardroom and into the Field
Case 2: Virtual Collaboration with Lotus Sametime
Case 1: Stuxnet and Cyberwarfare
Case 2: Cyberespionage: The Chinese Threat
Case 3: IBM Zone Trusted Information Channel
Instructional Video 1: Sony PlayStation Hacked; Data Stolen from 77 Million Users
Instructional Video 2: Zappos Working to Correct Online Security Breach
Instructional Video 3: Meet the Hackers: Anonymous Statement on Hacking Sony
Case 1: Workday: Enterprise Cloud Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)
Case 2: Evolution Homecare Manages Patients with Microsoft Dynamics CRM
Instructional Video 1: GSMS Protects Patients by Serializing Every Bottle of Drugs
Case 1: Groupon: Deals Galore
Case 2: Etsy: A Marketplace and Community
Case 3: Ford Manufacturing Supply Chain: B2B Marketplace
Case 1: How IBM’s Watson Became a Jeopardy Champion
Case 2: Alfresco: Open Source Document Management and Collaboration
Case 3: FreshDirect Uses Business Intelligence to Manage Its Online Grocery
Case 4: Business Intelligence Helps the Cincinnati Zoo
Instructional Video 1: Analyzing Big Data: IBM Watson: After Jeopardy
Case 1: IBM: BPM in a Service-Oriented Architecture
Case 2: IBM Helps the City of Madrid with Real-Time BPM Software
Instructional Video 1: BPM: Business Process Management Customer Story
Instructional Video 2: Workflow Management Visualized
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 16. Cf., especially, Commons, op. cit., pp. 31–38. Also Hanna, Charles A., The
Scotch-Irish, esp. Vol. II, pp. 172–180; Green, S. S., The Scotch-Irish in America;
MacLean, J. P., Settlements of Scotch Highlanders in America, pp. 40–61.
17. Kapp, F., Immigration and the Commissioners of Emigration of the State
of New York, p. 21.
18. Pennsylvania Colonial Records, 6:385.
19. Early examples of this practice are furnished by Holland, which in 1655
sent out large numbers of orphan boys and girls from its asylums. The action in
this case was less grievous, however, as they were apparently bound out to service
for a term of four years, so that they did not at once come on the community.
Documents relating to the Colonial History of New York, 14:166, 264, etc.
20. Cf. Proper, E. E., op. cit., pp. 19, 20.
21. Diffenderffer, F. R., German Immigration into Pennsylvania through
Philadelphia, p. 143.
22. Pennsylvania Colonial Records, 2:282 ff.
23. Diffenderffer, op. cit., pp. 51–53.
24. Ibid., p. 53, quoted from Watson’s Annals of Philadelphia, 2:266–7.
25. Proper, op. cit., p. 50.
26. The action of the governor in recommending the passage of the act of 1727
is exceptional.
27. Pennsylvania Colonial Records, 4:516.
28. William Penn in his day reckoned the average voyage at between six and
nine weeks, though voyages sometimes took four months. Diffenderffer, op. cit.,
pp. 29, 62.
29. North Carolina Colonial Documents, 25:120.
30. Archives of Maryland, 2:540.
31. Ibid., 15:36.
32. See, for instance, Archives of Maryland, 13:440 and 19:183.
33. Yet in 1700 Massachusetts passed an elaborate immigration law, requiring
shipmasters to furnish lists of their passengers, and prohibiting the introduction of
lame, impotent, or infirm persons, or those incapable of maintaining themselves,
except on security that the town should not become charged with them. In the
absence of this security, shipmasters were compelled to take them back home. This
statute was reënacted with amendments from time to time. Proper, op. cit., pp. 29,
3.
34. Commercial Relations of the United States, 1885–1886, Appendix III, p.
1967.
 35. Hall, Prescott F., Immigration, p. 4.
36. Mass. Election Sermons, 1754, pp. 30, 48.
37. Doc. Col. Hist. of N. Y., 6:60.
38. Proper, E. E., op. cit., p. 13.
39. Ibid., pp. 25, 63.
40. Ibid., p. 36.
41. Ibid., pp. 13, 57, 62.
42. Archives of Maryland, 22:497.
43. These terms are used somewhat loosely in the contemporary documents
and in modern writings. “Indented servants” is the broader term, including all who
signed indentures, or were sold under an indenture, whether they came willingly or
under compulsion. “Redemptioners” is sometimes used to refer specifically to
those who voluntarily sold themselves. But there is authority for the view that
“redemptioner,” strictly speaking, referred to one who came without an indenture,
on the expectation of finding some one on this side who would pay for his passage.
He was given a period of time after landing to accomplish this. Failing in this, he
was to be sold by the captain to the highest bidder. See Geiser, K. F.,
Redemptioners and Indentured Servants in the Colony and Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania, Ch. I. But the words are sometimes used interchangeably.
44. Fiske, J., Old Virginia and her Neighbors, Vol. II, pp. 177 ff.
45. Evans-Gordon, W., The Alien Immigrant, pp. 192–193.
46. Hall, P. F., Immigration, p. 4.
47. Encyc. Britannica, article “United States.”
48. Commons, op. cit., p. 27.
49. Encyc. Britannica, article “United States.”
50. American Museum, 1:206.
51. Ibid., 7:233.
52. Ibid., 2:213.
53. American Museum, 10:114.
54. North Carolina Colonial Documents, 25:120.
55. Jefferson is quoted as having expressed the wish that there were “an ocean
of fire between this country and Europe, so that it might be impossible for any
more immigrants to come hither.” Hall, P. F., op. cit., p. 206.
56. McMaster, J. B., History of the United States, Vol. II, p. 332; “The Riotous
Career of the Know Nothings,” Forum, 17:524; Franklin, Frank G., Legislative
History of Naturalization.
 57. Monthly Anthology, Boston, 6:383.
58. Niles’ Register, 13:378.
59. McMaster, J. B., History of the United States, Vol. V, pp. 121 ff.
60. Hazard’s Register of Pennsylvania, 6:266; 11:362, 416; 15:157.
61. Trollope, Mrs. T. A., Domestic Manners of the Americans, p. 121.
62. Niles’ Register, 24:393.
63. Ibid., April 26, 1823.
64. Ibid., Aug. 23, 1823; July 21, 1827; Aug. 14, 1830.
65. Executive (House) Documents, 25th Cong., 2d Ses., 370.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
68. Executive (House) Doc., 25th Cong., 2d Ses., 370, and House Reports of
Committees, 34th Cong., 1st and 2d Ses., 359.
69. Executive (House) Doc., 29th Cong., 2d Ses., 54.
70. Senate Doc., 29th Cong., 2d Ses., 161.
71. As late as 1884–1885 thousands of immigrants were sent from Ireland to
the United States and Canada, partly at state expense and partly at the expense of
the “Tuke Fund.” Some of these were admittedly paupers. Cf. Tuke, J. H., “State
Aid to Emigrants,” Nineteenth Century, 17:280.
72. Knickerbocker, 7:78.
73. It is said that the natives suspected a deliberate plan on the part of the
Catholic powers to destroy the free institutions of America. McMaster, Forum,
17:524.
74. Hall, P. F., op. cit., p. 207.
75. Franklin, F. G., op. cit., p. 247.
76. Report of the Immigration Commission, Federal Immigration Legislation,
Abstract, pp. 7, 8.
77. Roscher-Jannasch, Kolonien, Kolonialpolitik, und Auswanderung, p. 380.
78. The statistics at this period are confused by changes in the time of ending
of the fiscal year, but the above statement corresponds with the figures of the
Immigration Commission.
79. Mar. 21, 1823; Rev. Stat., 1827, Ch. XIV, Title IV, Sec. 7; Apr. 18, 1843;
May 7, 1844.
80. In 1818 a book was published under the title Der Deutsche in Nord-
Amerika, by M. von Fürstenwärther. According to a review of this book which
appeared in the North American Review for July, 1820, Mr. von Fürstenwärther
mentions a New York State law requiring security from ship captains against their
immigrant passengers becoming public burdens. This reference does, in fact, occur
on page 38 of the book in question, but the present author, after a careful search,
has not succeeded in finding any such law on the New York Statutes previous to
1824.
81. 7 Howard, 283. Passenger Cases, U. S. Supreme Court, Jan. Term, 1849.
82. Endicott, William C., Jr., Commercial Relations of the United States,
1885–1886, pp. 1968 ff.
83. The following passage, quoted from J. T. Maguire’s The Irish in America,
gives a vivid picture of conditions on the voyage, and of the circumstances that
attended landing in Canada. “But a crowded immigrant sailing ship of twenty years
since [written in 1868], with fever on board!—the crew sullen or brutal from very
desperation, or paralysed with terror of the plague—the miserable passengers
unable to help themselves or afford the least relief to each other; one fourth, or one
third, or one half of the entire number in different stages of the disease; many
dying, some dead; the fatal poison intensified by the indescribable foulness of the
air breathed and rebreathed by the gasping sufferers—the wails of children, the
raving of the delirious, the cries and groans of those in mortal agony!” The only
provision for the reception of these sufferers at Grosse Isle, where many of them
were landed, consisted of sheds which had stood there since 1832. “These sheds
were rapidly filled with the miserable people, the sick and the dying, and round
their walls lay groups of half-naked men, women and children, in the same
condition—sick or dying. Hundreds were literally flung on the beach, left amid the
mud and stones, to crawl on the dry land how they could. ‘I have seen,’ says the
priest who was chaplain of the quarantine, ... ‘I have one day seen thirty-seven
people lying on the beach, crawling on the mud, and dying like fish out of water.’
Many of these, and many more besides, gasped out their last breath on that fatal
shore, not able to drag themselves from the slime in which they lay.” As many as
150 bodies, mostly half naked, were piled up in the dead-house at a time. (pp. 135,
136.) The moral evils and dangers were said to be even worse than the physical.
84. For accounts of the activities at Castle Garden, and of the operations of the
runners, see Kapp, Friedrich, Immigration and the Commissioners of Emigration
of the State of New York; Chambers’ Journal, 23:141, “Emigrant Entrappers”;
Bagger, L., “A Day in Castle Garden,” Harper’s Monthly, 42:547.
85. Maguire, op. cit., pp. 185–187.
86. See Mr. Maguire’s description, footnote, p. 79.
87. Congressional Globe, Feb. 1, 1847, p. 304.
88. Hale, E. E., Letters on Irish Immigration.
89. Most of these details are taken from E. E. Hale’s interesting Letters on
Irish Immigration, written in 1851–1852.
 90. Congressional Globe, 33d Cong., 2d Ses., p. 391.
91. Its real name was “The Supreme Order of the Star Spangled Banner.”
There appears to be some difference of opinion as to the exact date of organization.
It began to attract public attention about 1852. See Hall, op. cit., p. 207; Jenks and
Lauck, The Immigration Problem, p. 297; Rept. Imm. Com., Federal Immigration
Legislation, Abs., p. 8; McMaster, J. B., “The Riotous Career of the Know
Nothings,” Forum, 17:524.
92. Rept. Imm. Com., Federal Immigration Legislation, Abs., pp. 8–10.
93. Rept. Imm. Com., Steerage Legislation, Abs., p. 11.
94. Rept. Imm. Com., Steer. Legis., Abs., pp. 12, 13.
95. Rept. Imm. Com., Steer. Legis., Abs., p. 13.
96. See Flom, George T., Norwegian Immigration into the United States, and
Chapters on Scandinavian Immigration to Iowa; also, Nelson, O. N., History of
the Scandinavians and Successful Scandinavians in the United States.
97. Commons, J. R., op. cit., p. 129.
98. Dewees, F. P., The Molly Maguires; Rhodes, J. F., The Molly Maguires in
the Anthracite Region of Pennsylvania; Encyc. Britannica, article “Molly
Maguires.”
99. Coolidge, Mary R., Chinese Immigration, pp. 16, 17.
100. Coolidge, M. R., op. cit., p. 107.
101. Professor Taussig justifies the exclusion of the Chinese on the ground that
“a permanent group of helots is not a healthy constituent in a democratic society,”
Principles of Economics, Vol. II, p. 140.
102. The subject of Chinese immigration has been treated thus summarily
because of the large amount of reliable material which is easily available on the
question. It has been treated as a whole, rather than divided among the different
periods, because in fact it has been a distinct phase of our immigration problem;
only since 1900 has the administration of the Chinese exclusion law been a part of
the duties of the Commissioner General of Immigration. Foremost among the
books on the topic is Mrs. Coolidge’s work, already quoted. A defense of the
Chinese written in the heat of the controversy is George F. Seward’s Chinese
Immigration. Interesting chapters on the topic are to be found in Mayo-Smith, and
Hall, and frequent references in Jenks and Lauck, and Commons. Cf. also Sparks,
E. E., National Development, 1877–1885, pp. 229–250.
103. Mason, A. B., “An American View of Emigration,” Fortnightly Review,
22:273.
104. “Deportation” must be carefully distinguished from “exclusion,”
“debarment,” or “returning.” When either of the last three terms is used, it implies
that the immigrant is never allowed to land in the country. The first term is
applicable when the immigrant has landed in this country, and some time after, in
accordance with some provision of the law, is sent back to the country from which
he came.
This is the first provision for deportation in the federal laws, except the
temporary provision of the Alien Bill. As early as 1837 the common council of New
York City passed a resolution, authorizing the commissioners of the almshouse to
send back to their native country such alien paupers as were, or were likely to
become, paupers at the establishment at Bellevue or elsewhere, provided the
pauper in question gave his consent. (Executive (House) Documents, 25th Cong.,
2d Ses., 370, pp. 16–18.) It is amusing to note that at that period our right to send
back alien paupers,—even though they had been officially transported to this
country,—after they had once been admitted, was seriously questioned by foreign
powers.
 105. By an administrative rule of the department any alien, who is a lawful
resident of the United States and becomes a public charge from physical disability
arising subsequent to his landing, may, with his consent, and the approval of the
bureau, be deported within one year at government expense.
106. See page 118.
107. Rept. Imm. Com., Steer. Legis., Abs., p. 14.
108. The figures since 1858 have been for the fiscal year ending June 30.
109. For a fuller discussion of this class see the discussion of crises, p. 359.
110. As, for instance, in the study of the effects of crises (see pp. 347–361).
111. Rept. Imm. Com., Emigration Conditions in Europe, Abs., p. 9.
112. Rept. Imm. Com., The Immigration Situation in Canada, p. 15.
113. Commons, J. R., op. cit., pp. 79 ff.
114. Balch, Emily G., Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens, p. 29.
115. For a detailed account of Slavic immigration, the reader is referred to
Miss Emily G. Balch’s monumental work, Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens.
116. Commons, J. R., op. cit., p. 73. For fuller figures see King, B., and Okey,
T., Italy To-day, p. 126.
117. Cf. Americans in Process, p. 46.
118. Bodio, Luigi, “Dell’ Emigrazione Italiana,” Nuova Antologia, 183:529.
119. Commons, J. R., op. cit., p. 92. Cf. Americans in Process, p. 48; Rubinow,
I. M., “The Jews in Russia,” Yale Review, August, 1906, p. 147; Antin, Mary, The
Promised Land; Evans-Gordon, The Alien Immigrant, Chs. IV, V.
120. Marsh, Benjamin C., Charities, XXI:15, p. 649.
121. The instances given by Mrs. Houghton of economic causes of immigration
are mainly of this temporary nature, though not all trifling. See Houghton, Louise
S., “Syrians in the United States,” Survey, July 1, 1911, p. 482.
122. Rept. Imm. Com., Steer. Cond., p. 8.
123. Caro, L., Auswanderung und Auswanderungspolitik in Österreich, pp.
59–71.
124. Mayo-Smith, R., Emigration and Immigration, p. 46.
125. Rept. Imm. Com., Brief Statement of Conclusions and Recommendations,
p. 17.
126. Rept. Imm. Com., Contract Labor, etc., Abs., p. 12.
127. Canoutas, S. G., Greek-American Guide, 1909, p. 39.
 128. These prepaid tickets are commonly orders, to be exchanged by the
traveler, in Europe, for the actual certificate of transportation. Cf. Rept. N. Y. Com.
of Imm., pp. 38 ff.
129. See pp. 192, 194.
130. See Whelpley, Jas. D., The Problem of the Immigrant, p. 3.
131. Report, 1910, p. 116.
132. Quoted from the author’s book, Greek Immigration, pp. 236–237. Cf.
Cooke-Taylor, W., The Modern Factory System, p. 419.
133. Rept. Imm. Com., Japanese and Other Immigrant Races, etc., Abs., p. 46.
134. Under authority conferred by Section 1 of the Immigration Law of 1907.
135. Millis, H. A., “East Indian Immigration to British Columbia and the
Pacific Coast States,” Am. Econ. Rev., Vol. I, No. 1, p. 72. Rept. Comm. Gen. of
Imm., 1910, p. 148.
136. For a picturesque description of “The Beginning of the Trail” the reader is
referred to the first chapter of Professor Steiner’s fascinating book, On the Trail of
the Immigrant.
137. Clapp, Edwin J., The Port of Hamburg, pp. 667–688; Evans-Gordon, op.
cit., Ch. XIII.
138. Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1910, p. 118.
139. Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 37.
140. Ibid., p. 38.
141. For a fuller description of the system of medical examination, see the
Report of the Immigration Commission, Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., pp. 35 ff., from
which many of the above facts are taken.
142. See p. 149.
143. For fuller accounts of the steerage and life therein, see Rept. Imm. Com.,
Steerage Conditions; Steiner, E. A., On the Trail of the Immigrant; Brandenburg,
B., Imported Americans, Chs. III, XIV, XV.
144. Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1910, p. 135.
145. Cf. Brandenburg, B., Imported Americans, Chs. XVII and XVIII.
146. See an editorial in the New York Evening Journal, May 24, 1911.
147. Brandenburg, op. cit., p. 214.
148. Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1907, p. 77.
149. Rept. Imm. Com., Statistical Review, Abs., p. 17, and Rept. Comr. Gen. of
Imm., 1912, pp. 68, 129. The figures of the Commission do not tally in all respects
with those given in the annual Reports.
 150. Figures for Italy, unless otherwise specified, include Sicily and Sardinia.
151. Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 9.
152. Ibid., Stat. Rev., Abs., p. 11.
153. See page 128.
154. Rept. Imm. Com., Stat. Rev., Abs., pp. 9, 10, 11.
155. Repts. Comr. Gen. of Imm., 1911, 1912.
156. Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 13.
157. See page 247.
158. Rept. Imm. Com., Brief Statement, p. 39.
159. Ibid., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 14.
160. See page 341.
163. The per cent of illiteracy in the general population of the United States,
ten years of age or over, is 10.7.
164. Claghorn, Kate H., “The Immigration Bill,” The Survey, Feb. 8, 1913.
165. Rept. Imm. Com., Immigrants in Manufacturing and Mining, Abs., p. 165.
168. Mayo-Smith, R., Emigration and Immigration, pp. 104 ff.
169. Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 20.
170. Rept. Imm. Com., Immigrant Banks, p. 69.
173. Races and Immigrants in America, pp. 124–125.
174. For detailed figures of occupation by races see Rept. Imm. Com., Stat.
Rev., Abs., pp. 52, 53.
176. See Brandenburg, B., “The Tragedy of the Rejected Immigrant,” Outlook,
Oct. 13, 1906.
177. Stoner, Dr. George W., Immigration—The Medical Treatment of
Immigrants, etc., p. 10.
178. There is also a flourishing business of this sort in Liverpool, Marseilles,
etc. Rept. Commissioner General of Immigration, 1905, pp. 50 ff.
180. Quoted by Prescott F. Hall, Immigration, p. 107. See also Walker, F. A.,
“The Restriction of Immigration,” Atlantic Monthly, 77:822.
181. Bushee, F. A., “The Declining Birth Rate and Its Cause,” Pop. Sci. Month.,
63:355.
182. Hunter, Robert, “Immigration the Annihilator of our Native Stock,” The
Commons, April, 1904.
 183. For a statement of the importance of the growth of cities, as opposed to
immigration, in affecting the birth rate, see Goldenweiser, E. A., “Walker’s Theory
of Immigration,” Am. Jour. of Soc., 18:342.
184. See page 217.
185. See review of Levasseur’s “American Workman,” Pol. Sci. Quart., 13:321.
186. See page 145.
187. See Report of Committee on Standard of Living, 8th N. Y. State
Conference of Charities and Corrections, Albany, 1907, p. 20. Also Van Vorst, Mrs.
John, The Cry of the Children, p. 213.
188. Bailey, W. B., Modern Social Conditions, p. 104, and Gonnard, René,
L’Émigration européenne au XIXe siècle, p. 120.
189. For discussions of the sensitiveness of the marriage rate to economic
conditions, see Schooling, J. Holt, “The English Marriage Rate,” Fortnightly
Review, 75:959; Willcox, W. F., “Marriage Rate in Michigan, 1870–1890,” Quart.
Publ. Amer. Stat. Assn., 4:1; and Crum, F. S., “The Marriage Rate in
Massachusetts,” Quart. Publ. Amer. Stat. Assn., 4:322.
190. See page 191.
191. Christianity and the Social Crisis, p. 273.
192. Cf. Commons, J. R., op. cit., pp. 203–204.
193. See page 207.
195. See page 207.
197. Abstract, Thirteenth Census, p. 197.
198. For a full statement of opposite opinions on this subject, see Willcox, W.
F., “The Distribution of Immigrants in the United States,” Quart. Jour. of Econ.,
August, 1906; and Fairchild, H. P., “Distribution of Immigrants,” Yale Review,
November, 1907.
199. Cf. Balch, Emily G., Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens, pp. 317–319; and
Addams, Jane, Newer Ideals of Peace, pp. 65–68.
200. Quotations are from the abstract of that report.
201. Lord, Trenor, and Barrows, Italians in America, p. 70; Bushee, F. A.,
Ethnic Factors in the Population of Boston, p. 29.
202. Lord, Trenor, and Barrows, op. cit., p. 72.
203. Bushee, op. cit., p. 30.
204. Almy, Frederic, “The Huddled Poles of Buffalo,” The Survey, Feb. 4, 1911.
205. Thompson, Carl D., “Socialists and Slums,” Milwaukee, The Survey, Dec.
3, 1910. Cf. Byington, Margaret F., Homestead, pp. 131–136.
 206. Cf. description of conditions in a manufacturing town, Fitch, John A.,
Lackawanna, The Survey, Oct. 7, 1911, p. 936.
207. Balch, Emily G., Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens, p. 349.
208. For convenience’ sake, the term “boarder” will hereafter be used in the
place of the clumsy phrase “boarders and lodgers.”
211. Balch, op. cit., p. 349.
212. Lauck, W. Jett, “The Bituminous Coal Miner and Coke Worker of Western
Pennsylvania,” The Survey, April 1, 1911. Cf. also Roberts, Peter, Anthracite Coal
Communities, p. 137.
213. Warne, F. J., The Slav Invasion, p. 68. Cf. Hunt, Milton B., “The Housing
of Non-Family Groups of Men in Chicago,” Am. Jour. of Soc., 16:145.
214. See, for instance, Riis, Jacob, How the Other Half Lives; Breckenridge,
Sophonisba, and Abbott, Edith, “Housing Conditions in Chicago,” Am. Jour. of
Soc., 16:4 and 17:1, 2; “The Housing Awakening,” series in The Survey, beginning
Nov. 19, 1910.
215. The Survey, Feb. 4, 1911, p. 771.
216. Roberts, op. cit., p. 143.
217. For full descriptions of life in mining and manufacturing villages, see
Roberts, op. cit., Chs. IV and V; Lauck, W. Jett, The Survey, Apr. 1, 1911; Fitch,
John A., The Survey, Oct. 7, 1911; Balch, op. cit., pp. 372–375; Warne, op. cit., Ch.
VI. For an account of the life of some of our foreign agriculturists, see Cance,
Alexander E., “Piedmontese on the Mississippi,” The Survey, Sept. 2, 1911; Lord,
Trenor, and Barrows, op. cit., Ch. VI; Balch, op. cit., Ch. XV.
218. Cf. Balch, op. cit., pp. 363–364; Lauck, The Survey, Apr. 1, 1911, p. 48;
Roberts, op. cit., pp. 103 ff.; Bushee, op. cit., p. 29; Rept. Imm. Com., Recent
Imms. in Agr., Abs., p. 59; Americans in Process, p. 141.
219. Cf. Streightoff, F. H., Standard of Living, Ch. VI.
220. Ibid., p. 106.
221. Americans in Process, pp. 142–143.
222. Conditioned, of course, by the general standard of the society.
230. Ibid., Imms. in Cities, Abs., p. 44.
231. Ibid., Recent Imms. in Agr., Abs., p. 57.
232. Roberts, op. cit., p. 346.
233. Standard of Living, Ch. IV.
234. Roberts, op. cit., p. 346.
235. The Survey, Feb. 4, 1911, p. 767.
 236. Streightoff, op. cit., p. 162.
241. In this investigation pupils are listed by their own nativity, rather than by
that of the father.
242. Rept. Imm. Com., Greek Padrone System, pp. 7, 8. For an account of the
operation of the system in England, see Wilkins, W. H., The Alien Invasion.
243. For a fuller description of the system, and a more detailed account of its
crying evils, see Fairchild, H. P., Greek Immigration, and Rept. Imm. Com., The
Greek Padrone System in the United States.
244. For an illustration of such a contract, see Rept. Imm. Com., Greek
Padrone System, Abs., pp. 23–24.
245. Cf. Addams, Jane, Twenty Years at Hull-House, p. 221.
246. Rept. Imm. Com., Contract Labor, Abs., p. 12, which compare
throughout.
247. Clyatt case, 197 U. S. 207.
248. Cf. Rept. Imm. Com., Peonage, etc.
249. Rept. Imm. Com., Immigrant Banks, p. 35.
250. Ibid., p. 35.
251. Rept. Imm. Com., Immigrant Banks, p. 27.
252. Ibid., pp. 69, 85, 86.
253. For a full description of the nature, organization, and functions of the
immigrant bank, and of efforts which have been made to correct its evils, the
reader is referred to the Report of the Immigration Commission on Immigrant
Banks, to which reference has been made, and also to the Report of the New York
Commission of Immigration. This latter volume also contains an extended
discussion of the position of the notary public. Cf. also Roberts, Peter, The New
Immigration, Ch. XV.
254. Addams, Jane, Twenty Years at Hull-House, p. 99; Adams, T. S., and
Sumner, Helen L., Labor Problems, Ch. IV.
255. Rept. New York Com. of Imm., p. 88.
256. Rept. Imm. Com., Imm. Homes and Aid Socs., Abs., p. 8.
257. Rept. New York Com. of Imm., p. 90.
258. Rept. Imm. Com., Imm. Homes and Aid Socs., Abs., p. 14.
259. Ibid., p. 16.
260. Cf. Rept. N. Y. Com. of Imm., p. 92.
261. New York now has a state law, which went into effect Sept. 1, 1911, for the
regulation of these lodging houses. The Survey, Sept. 30, 1911.
 262. That the spirit of Know Nothingism dies hard, and is likely to crop out
even in modern times, is evidenced by the so-called A. P. A. agitation of the early
nineties. The A. P. A., or American Protective Association, was the most prominent
of several secret organizations, formed about this time, the purposes and methods
of which were strikingly similar to those of the Native American and Know Nothing
parties. The object of their antagonism was the Roman Catholic Church, and
particularly the body of Irish Catholics. This agitation was carried to such an extent
that many people, even of the intelligent and thoughtful, feared that a religious war
was impending. For details see Winston, E. M., “The Threatening Conflict with
Romanism,” Forum, 17:425 (June, 1894); Coudert, Frederic R., “The American
Protective Association,” Forum, 17:513 (July, 1894); Gladden, W., “The Anti-
Catholic Crusade,” Century, 25:789 (March, 1894).
263. Professor Mayo-Smith says on this point, “The commands of morality are
absolute and must have the sanction of perfect faith in order to be effective. To
destroy the credibility of the sanction, without putting anything in its place, must
for the time being be destructive of ethical action.” Emigration and Immigration,
p. 7.
264. Cf. Bingham, T. A., “Foreign Criminals in New York,” North American
Review, September, 1908, p. 381. Also, Rept. Imm. Com., Importing Women for
Immoral Purposes, pp. 12, 14.
265. The Workingman and Social Problems, p. 32. Cf. White, Gaylord S., “The
Protestant Church and the Immigrant,” The Survey, Sept. 25, 1909.
266. Anderson, W. L., The Country Town, p. 164.
267. Commons, J. R., op. cit., p. 203.
268. It is a suggestive fact that the word “recreation” does not occur in the
indexes of Hall’s Immigration, Jenks and Lauck’s The Immigration Problem,
Commons’ Races and Immigrants in America, Coolidge’s Chinese Immigration,
or Balch’s Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens. For descriptions of the recreations of the
foreign-born see Kenngott, George F., The Record of a City, Ch. VIII; City
Wilderness, Ch. VIII; Americans in Process, Ch. VIII; Roberts, Peter, The New
Immigration, Ch. XVIII.
269. Statistical Abstract of the U. S., 1910, p. 251. Cf. also Ely, R. T., Outlines
of Economics, p. 340, and Streightoff, F. H., Standard of Living, p. 55.
270. Races and Immigrants in America, p. 115.
271. Professor Taussig says that there is evidence that “a standard of living so
tenaciously held as to affect natural increase” is a force which acts on the numbers
of the well-to-do in modern countries and is coming into operation in the upper
tier of manual workmen. Prin. of Econ., Vol. II, p. 152. In these upper groups it
operates mainly upon the birth rate. In the lower groups, where there is less
conscious control of the rate of reproduction, a decrease in the means of
subsistence must almost inevitably result in an increase of the death rate,
particularly of infants.
272. A certain amount of repetition of matter already given—particularly in
the discussion of the effects of immigration on population—has seemed
unavoidable in the following paragraphs. The matters of population, wages, and
standards of living are obviously closely associated.
273. See page 145.
274. Mr. Earle Clark has shown by a comparison of recent figures that “the
wages paid in the Massachusetts cotton mills do not enable the men employed to
maintain a standard of living higher than that which the men employed in English
mills can maintain upon English wages.” The Survey, March 23, 1912.
275. A further consideration, in addition to the difference in standards, which
gives the foreigner an advantage over the native, is found in the different price
levels here and abroad. In general the price levels in the countries from which the
new immigration comes are lower than in the United States. This means that the
immigrant, who saves part of his earnings for the support of a family in Europe,
finds it possible to accept a lower wage than the native, who supports his family in
this country, and yet keep his family on a standard equivalent to that of the
American workman.
276. Professor Taussig says, “The position of common laborers in the United
States (that is, in the Northern and Western States) has been kept at its low level
only by the continued inflow of immigrants.... These constant new arrivals have
kept down the wages of the lowest group, and have accentuated also the lines of
social demarcation between this group and others.” Principles of Economics, Vol.
II, p. 139. See also p. 234.
The same general opinion is expressed by Jenks and Lauck, The Immigration
Problem, p. 195; by Hall, Immigration, pp. 123–131; by Commons, Races and
Immigrants in America, pp. 151, 152, 159; by Miss Balch, Our Slavic Fellow
Citizens, pp. 288–289; and by Wilkins (with reference to England), The Alien
Invasion, p. 68.
277. Cf. Byington, M., Homestead, pp. 6–11.
278. Cf. Ripley, William Z., “Race Factors in Labor Unions,” Atlantic Monthly,
93:299.
279. Cf. Stewart, Ethelbert, “Influence of Trade-Unions on Immigrants,” in
LaFollette, R. M., The Making of America, Vol. VIII, pp. 226 ff.
280. Congressional Globe, 33d Cong., 2d Ses., 391.
281. Hall, P. F., Immigration, p. 161.
282. Ibid., p. 165.
283. Ibid., p. 161.
 284. See, for example, Mass. Report on the Unemployed, 1895, pp. 18, 116.
Report Ohio State Board of Charities, 1902, pp. 178 ff.
285. Abstract of Thirteenth Census, pp. 92, 95, 96.
287. Paupers in Almshouses, p. 101.
288. Abstract of Thirteenth Census, pp. 215, 218.
290. Immigration, p. 168.
291. Mr. Streightoff points out that even in a year of prosperity about half of
the laboring families are not able to save anything, even on the close margin of
living which they maintain. Standard of Living, pp. 24, 25.
292. Cf. Byington, M. F., Homestead, p. 184.
293. Claghorn, K. H., “Immigration in its Relation to Pauperism,” Annals of
the American Academy of Political Science, 24:187.
295. Rept. Imm. Com., Immigration and Crime, Abs., p. 7.
296. Ibid., p. 8.
297. Cf. Hourwich, I. A., “Immigration and Crime,” Am. Jour. Soc., 17:4, p.
478.
298. Census Report on Prisoners, 1904, pp. 42, 45.
299. Ibid. Cf. also Bingham, T. A., “Foreign Criminals in New York,” No. Am.
Rev., September, 1908, p. 381; Rept. Imm. Com., Imm. and Crime, Abs.;
Americans in Process, pp. 199–207; The City Wilderness, p. 172.
300. Fairchild, H. P., Greek Immigration to the United States, p. 203.
301. “Molly Maguire in America,” All the Year Round, New Series, 17:270.
302. Cf. Bingham, T. A., The Girl that Disappears, and “Foreign Criminals in
New York,” No. Am. Rev., September, 1908; and Rept. Imm. Com., Importing
Women for Immoral Purposes; New York Times, Jan. 17, 1912, p. 1.
303. Cf. Census Report on Prisoners, 1904, p. 236; Commons, Races and
Immigrants in America, p. 170; Hall, Immigration, p. 150; Bingham, No. Am.
Rev., September, 1908; Addams, Twenty Years at Hull-House, p. 252; Americans
in Process, p. 209.
304. Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1908, p. 98.
305. Insane and Feeble-minded in Hospitals and Institutions, 1904, p. 20.
306. Rept. Imm. Com., Immigration and Insanity. Cf. Williams, William,
“Immigration and Insanity,” address before the Mental Hygiene Conference, New
York City, Nov. 14, 1912. Yet the burden of the feeble-minded immigrant is
becoming so strongly felt in New York as to lead the Chamber of Commerce of that
state to send resolutions to Congress urging better provisions for excluding this
class. The Survey, March 2, 1912.
 307. Roberts, P., Anthracite Coal Communities, pp. 19 ff.; Warne, Slav
Invasion.
308. Jenks and Lauck, Immigration Problem, p. 92.
309. Ibid., p. 72. For numerous other cases see Rept. Imm. Com., Imms. in Mf.
and Min., Abs., pp. 226 ff.; Commons, J. R., Races and Immigrants in America,
pp. 151, 152.
310. Anthracite Coal Communities, p. 20.
311. For an opposite view of this whole question, see Hourwich, I. A.,
Immigration and Labor. This book, which should be consulted for an elaborate
defense of free immigration from the economic point of view, has come to hand too
late to be cited at frequent intervals throughout the present work. It is an ingenious
production, but so full of inconsistencies, inaccuracies, and misleading statements
that to criticize it in detail would require a volume in itself. The refutation of many
of Dr. Hourwich’s arguments may be found throughout the pages of the present
work.
312. Mr. W. L. Anderson, who is not an extreme advocate of the opinion that
immigration has not increased population, nevertheless says, “Certainly the
common assertion that without the foreigner the development of the country
would have halted disastrously is fallacious.” The Country Town, p. 154.
313. Some allowance needs also to be made for the amount of money brought
in. See p. 202.
314. Speare, Charles F., “What America Pays Europe for Immigrant Labor,”
No. Am. Rev., 187:106.
315. Cf. Balch, op. cit., p. 302. Fred C. Croxton and W. Jett Lauck find the
recent immigrants largely responsible for dangerous and unhealthful conditions in
mines and factories, and trace a direct causal relation between the extensive
employment of recent immigrants and the extraordinary increase of mining
accidents in recent years. Spiller, G., Inter-Racial Problems, pp. 218–219.
316. Pp. 155–159.
317. For the distinction between these classes see p. 125.
318. White, Money and Banking, third edition, Ch. XVIII.
319. The fact that in March, 1908, there was a gain of 31 is not a coincidence.
The month of March is always a busy one in immigration, as it opens the spring
season, and this influence was sufficient to check the prevailing movement
temporarily.
320. Mr. F. H. Streightoff shows that at the time the census of 1900 was taken,
2,634,336 or 11.1 per cent of all males over ten years of age who were engaged in
gainful occupation in the United States were unemployed three months or more
during the year. See Standard of Living, p. 35.
 321. Fisher, Irving, The Purchasing Power of Money, pp. 58 seq.
322. Ely, R. T., Outlines of Economics, p. 268.
323. Bulletin of the American Economic Association, April, 1911, p. 253.
324. Streightoff, The Standard of Living, p. 24.
325. Streightoff, The Standard of Living, p. 111.
326. See quotation from Professor Taussig, footnote, p. 309.
327. Israel Zangwill, in an address before the Universal Races Congress in
London, said, “Even in America, with its lip-formula of brotherhood, a gateless
Ghetto has been created by the isolation of the Jews from the general social life,”
Spiller, G., op. cit., p. 270. Cf. also Peters, Madison C., The Jews in America, pp.
123–138.
328. “The Jews associate little with other nationalities, principally from the
choice of the other nationalities.” Bushee, F. A., City Wilderness, p. 42.
329. Cf. Americans in Process, pp. 61–63, 157.
330. Jenks and Lauck, Immigration Problem, p. 172.
331. Cf. Franklin, Frank G., Legislative History of Naturalization in the
United States.
333. Hall, P. F., op. cit., p. 194.
334. Ibid., p. 186. For a general discussion of these abuses, see Hall, op. cit.,
Ch. IX.
335. Americans in Process, p. 157.
336. Act of March 2, 1907.
337. Cf. Champernowne, Henry, The Boss, Ch. XIII.
338. Commons, J. R., Races and Immigrants in America, p. 182.
339. Cf. throughout, Commons, op. cit., Ch. VIII.
340. Twelfth Census, Vol. I, p. xxxii. Includes land and water. Figures for land
area alone are given in A Century of Population Growth, p. 54. Taking land in this
restricted sense would not materially affect the conclusions.
341. This change has been furthered, according to Professor Taussig, by
immigration. Principles of Economics, Vol. I, p. 545.
342. The importance of this change is emphasized by noting Professor Guy S.
Callender’s statement, “Perhaps the most important circumstance affecting
American society is the fact that the people have always been in contact with
unoccupied lands.” Economic History of the United States, p. 667. Professor
Taussig points out also, in this connection, that unskilled labor is more needed
when a plant is being constructed than when it is being utilized. Principles of
Economics, Vol. II, p. 154, footnote.
343. Thus, “Immigration calls for courage and every other personal quality
which makes for social progress.” Lincoln, The City of the Dinner Pail, p. 141.
344. See page 160.
345. Cf. Bailey, W. B., “The Bird of Passage,” Am. Jour. of Soc., 18:3, p. 391.
346. See Professor Keller’s introduction to Fairchild’s Greek Immigration.
347. A slight element of inaccuracy is given to these figures by the different
methods of recording immigration at different periods. Rept. Imm. Com., Stat.
Rev., Abs., p. 8.
348. War and Other Essays, p. 169.
349. Cf. Kidd, Benjamin, Social Evolution, p. 237; Ellis, Havelock, The Task of
Social Hygiene, pp. 2–4.
350. De Bows’s Review, 18:698, “Sources from which Great Empires Come.”
Signed L.
351. This point is frequently pressed by writers who adopt the standpoint of
the immigrant, as for instance, Professor Steiner. Much effort is expended to
establish the high character of the immigrant, his noble motives and worthy
ambitions. The wealthy American on the promenade deck is contrasted
unfavorably with the alien in the steerage. No criticism is to be made of this
position. It is beyond doubt that there is a great deal to admire in the very
humblest of our immigrants. But a most emphatic exception must be taken to the
conclusion which apparently is assumed to follow this premise; namely, that
therefore anything in the way of restriction is wrong. Granted that the admirable
character of the immigrant is thoroughly established. This fact does not obviate the
need for action, if it appears that evils arise. If the welfare of the nation is menaced;
if the immigrants are not reaping the benefits for which they have sacrificed all in
the old country; if the wonderful patrimony of the United States, fitted to render an
enduring service to mankind, is being thoughtlessly squandered; if conditions in
foreign countries are not improved; if the most remarkable population movement
in history is being left to the machinations of selfishly interested parties—if any of
these things are true, the fact that it is not the immigrant’s “fault” does not remove
the responsibility from those upon whom it naturally rests of taking active
measures to secure to humanity the greatest and most enduring benefits which
such a tremendous sociological phenomenon may be made to yield. If the first step
in such a conservation program is restriction, then that step must be taken.
352. Cf. Hall, P. F., “The Future of American Ideals,” No. Am. Rev., Jan., 1912.
353. Webster’s Dictionary.
354. Century Dictionary.
 355. New English Dictionary.
356. Encyc. Britannica, article “Physiology.”
357. For an enumeration of important American characteristics, see Mayo-
Smith, R., Emigration and Immigration, pp. 5–6.
358. It is noteworthy that while the English are in many respects more similar
to Americans than any other foreign race, yet their complete assimilation to the
American type is said to be very difficult, because of their unwillingness to give up
their own ideas and character. City Wilderness, p. 52; Americans in Process, p. 65.
359. Professor Lester F. Ward says, “The assimilation of an alien civilization ...
cannot be accomplished in a single generation, no matter how favorable the
conditions may be.” Applied Sociology, p. 109. Professor Sumner says, “The only
way in which, in the course of time, remnants of foreign groups are apparently
absorbed and the group becomes homogeneous, is that the foreign element dies
out.” Folkways, p. 115. Mr. Joseph Lee says, “Whether we in this country shall
succeed in doing in a few centuries what Europe in fifteen or twenty or more has
not been able to accomplish, is a problem of which the present generation of
Americans is not in a position to fully judge.” Charities and the Commons, 19:17.
360. The Immigration Problem, p. 209.
361. The Immigration Problem, p. 267.
362. Ibid., p. 293.
363. Cf. Coolidge, Mary R., Chinese Immigration, p. 267; and Fairchild, H. P.,
Greek Immigration, footnote, p. 242.
364. Americans in Process, p. 50.
365. Hall, P. F., “The Future of American Ideals,” No. Am. Rev., Jan., 1912.
366. De Bows’s Review, “Sources from which Great Empires Come,” 18:698
(1855).
367. American Museum, 7:240.
368. Political Economy, Vol. II, 13:265.
369. Kolonien, Kolonialpolitik, und Auswanderung, pp. 333 ff.
370. Op. cit., p. 135. Cf. also Bonar, J., Malthus and His Work, p. 144.
371. The Commons, April, 1904.
372. Douglas, Emigration, pp. 117–118.
373. The Problem of the Immigrant, p. 15.
374. Op. cit., p. 23.
375. Principles of Economics, Vol. II, p. 217. For a statement of the opposite
opinion, see Bourne, S., Trade, Population, and Food.
 376. Bailey, Mod. Soc. Cond., 101, and Gonnard, L’Emig. Eur., 120.
377. In spite of the enormous emigration from Italy, and the almost entire
depopulation of certain districts, the population of the country as a whole
increased 6.81 per cent during the period from Feb. 10, 1901, to June 10, 1911,
without regard to those subjects temporarily residing abroad. Daily Consular and
Trade Reports, Jan. 20, 1911, p. 1440.
378. Gonnard, op. cit., p. 22.
379. Flom, George T., Norwegian Immigration, p. 27.
380. Fairchild, Greek Immigration, p. 71.
381. Mangano, Antonio, “The Effect of Emigration upon Italy,” Charities and
the Commons, Jan. 4, 1908, Feb. 1, 1908, April 4, 1908, May 2, 1908, June 6, 1908.
382. For a corroboration of these facts, see Borosini, Victor von, “Home-Going
Italians,” The Survey, Sept. 28, 1912.
383. Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., pp. 10, 11.
384. Fairchild, H. P., Greek Immigration, pp. 220–235, Ch. XI.
385. Gonnard, while he has little to say of the effects of emigration, other than
those on population, in his book on European Emigration, nevertheless gives the
general impression that these effects are injurious as far as Austria-Hungary is
concerned, quoting Count Mailath to that effect (p. 280). The so-called emigration
from Russia to Siberia, which Gonnard regards as advantageous, does not fall
within the strict definition of emigration adopted in this book.
386. Rept. Imm. Com., Emig. Cond. in Eur., Abs., p. 10.
387. Miss Balch gives a pathetic and significant instance of a Ruthenian
woman, returned to her native land, whose highest ideas of American social life
were based on her acquaintance with negroes. Our Slavic Fellow-Citizens, p. 144.
388. See the series of articles on foreigners in the United States in Munsey’s
Magazine for 1906.
389. Balch, E. G., op. cit., pp. 154–155, pp. 300–303; Steiner, E. A., The
Immigrant Tide, Ch. II.
390. Mangano, A., The Survey, April 4, 1908, p. 23; Rept. Imm. Com., Greek
Bootblacks, Abs., pp. 12 ff.
391. Adams and Sumner, Labor Problem, pp. 130–138.
392. Chute, Charles L., “The Cost of the Cranberry Sauce,” The Survey, Dec. 2,
1911, and Lovejoy, Owen R., The Survey, Jan. 7, 1911.
393. Page 246.
394. See page 383.
395. Cf. Rept. Com. Gen. of Imm., 1911, pp. 4–7.