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Chapter 5
Polar Coordinates; Vectors
Section 5.1 19.
1.
20.
The point lies in quadrant IV.
2
6
2. = 9
2
b 21.
3.
a
π 22.
4. −
4
7. False
8. r cos θ ; r sin θ
9. b
24.
10. d
11. A
12. B
13. C
25.
14. C
15. B
16. D
17. A
18. D
429
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 5: Polar Coordinates; Vectors
26. 33.
4π
27. a. r > 0, − 2π ≤ θ < 0 5, −
3
5π
b. r < 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2π −5,
3
8π
c. r > 0, 2π ≤ θ < 4π 5,
3
28. 34.
5π
a. r > 0, − 2π ≤ θ < 0 4, −
4
29. 7π
b. r < 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2π − 4,
4
11π
c. r > 0, 2π ≤ θ < 4π 4,
4
35.
30.
a. r > 0, − 2π ≤ θ < 0 ( 2, − 2π )
b. r < 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2π ( − 2, π )
31. c. r > 0, 2π ≤ θ < 4π ( 2, 2π )
36.
32.
a. r > 0, − 2π ≤ θ < 0 ( 3, − π )
b. r < 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2π ( − 3, 0 )
c. r > 0, 2π ≤ θ < 4π ( 3, 3π )
430
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 5.1: Polar Coordinates
37. 4π
b. r < 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2π − 2,
3
7π
c. r > 0, 2π ≤ θ < 4π 2,
3
3π π
a. r > 0, − 2π ≤ θ < 0 1, − 41. x = r cos θ = 3cos = 3⋅ 0 = 0
2 2
π
3π y = r sin θ = 3sin = 3 ⋅1 = 3
b. r < 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2π −1, 2
2
π
Rectangular coordinates of the point 3, are
5π 2
c. r > 0, 2π ≤ θ < 4π 1,
2 ( 0, 3) .
38.
3π
42. x = r cos θ = 4 cos = 4⋅0 = 0
2
3π
y = r sin θ = 4sin = 4 ⋅ (−1) = − 4
a. r > 0, − 2π ≤ θ < 0 ( 2, − π ) 2
3π
b. r < 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2π ( − 2, 0 ) Rectangular coordinates of the point 4, are
2
c. r > 0, 2π ≤ θ < 4π ( 2, 3π ) ( 0, − 4 ) .
39. 43. x = r cos θ = − 2 cos 0 = − 2 ⋅1 = − 2
y = r sin θ = – 2sin 0 = – 2 ⋅ 0 = 0
Rectangular coordinates of the point ( – 2, 0 ) are
( − 2, 0 ) .
44. x = r cos θ = −3cos π = −3(−1) = 3
5π
a. r > 0, − 2π ≤ θ < 0 3, − y = r sin θ = −3sin π = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
4
Rectangular coordinates of the point ( −3, π ) are
7π
b. r < 0, 0 ≤ θ < 2π −3, ( 3, 0 ) .
4
11π 3
c. (r > 0, 2π ≤ θ < 4π 3, 45. x = r cos θ = 6 cos150º = 6 − = − 3 3
4 2
1
40. y = r sin θ = 6sin150º = 6 ⋅ = 3
2
Rectangular coordinates of the point ( 6, 150º )
(
are −3 3, 3 . )
1 5
46. x = r cos θ = 5cos 300º = 5 ⋅ =
2 2
3 5 3
y = r sin θ = 5sin 300º = 5 − = −
5π 2 2
a. r > 0, − 2π ≤ θ < 0 2, −
3
431
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 5: Polar Coordinates; Vectors
432
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 5.1: Polar Coordinates
59. r = x 2 + y 2 = (−1) 2 + 02 = 1 = 1 ( )
64. The point − 2, −2 3 lies in quadrant III.
y 0
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = tan −1 0 = 0 ( − 2 )2 + ( − 2 )
2
r = x2 + y2 = 3 = 16 = 4
x −1
The point lies on the negative x-axis, so θ = π . y −2 3 π
Polar coordinates of the point (−1, 0) are (1, π ) . θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = tan
−1
3=
x −2 3
π 2π
60. r = x 2 + y 2 = 02 + (− 2) 2 = 4 = 2 The point lies in quadrant III, so θ = −π = −
3 3
y −2
θ = tan −1 = tan −1
x 0
(
Polar coordinates of the point − 2, −2 3 are )
−2 π 2π
Since is undefined, θ = . 4, − .
0 2 3
π 65. The point (1.3, −2.1) lies in quadrant IV.
The point lies on the negative y-axis, so θ = − .
2
π r = x 2 + y 2 = 1.32 + (− 2.1) 2 = 6.1 ≈ 2.47
Polar coordinates of the point (0, −2) are 2, − .
2 y − 2.1
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 ≈ −1.02
x 1.3
61. The point (1, −1) lies in quadrant IV.
The polar coordinates of the point (1.3, −2.1) are
2 2 2 2
r = x + y = 1 + (−1) = 2 ( 2.47, −1.02 ) .
−1
y −1 π
θ = tan = tan −1 = tan −1 (−1) = − 66. The point (−0.8, −2.1) lies in quadrant III.
x 1 4
Polar coordinates of the point (1, −1) are r = x 2 + y 2 = (− 0.8)2 + (− 2.1) 2 = 5.05 = 2.25
π y − 2.1
2, − . θ = tan −1 = tan −1 ≈ 1.21
4 x − 0.8
Since the point lies in quadrant III,
62. The point (−3, 3) lies in quadrant II.
θ = 1.21 − π ≈ −1.93 .
r = x 2 + y 2 = (−3) 2 + 32 = 3 2 The polar coordinates of the point ( − 0.8, −2.1) are
y 3
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 = tan −1 (−1) = −
π ( 2.25, −1.93) .
x −3 4
Polar coordinates of the point ( −3, 3) are 67. The point (8.3, 4.2) lies in quadrant I.
3π r = x 2 + y 2 = 8.32 + 4.22 = 86.53 ≈ 9.30
3 2, .
4 y 4.2
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 ≈ 0.47
x
8.3
63. The point ( )
3, 1 lies in quadrant I. The polar coordinates of the point ( 8.3, 4.2 ) are
r = x2 + y2 = ( 3)
2
+ 12 = 4 = 2 ( 9.30, 0.47 ) .
y 1 π 68. The point (−2.3, 0.2) lies in quadrant II.
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 =
x
3 6
r = x 2 + y 2 = (− 2.3) 2 + 0.22 = 5.33 ≈ 2.31
π
Polar coordinates of the point ( )
3, 1 are 2, .
6
y 0.2
θ = tan −1 = tan −1 ≈ − 0.09
x − 2.3
Since the point lies in quadrant II,
θ = π − 0.09 ≈ 3.05 .
433
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 5: Polar Coordinates; Vectors
69. 2 x2 + 2 y 2 = 3 x2 − x + y 2 = 0
( )
2 x2 + y2 = 3 1
x2 − x + + y 2 =
1
2 4 4
2r = 3 2
1 2 1
r2 =
3
or r =
3
=
6 x− + y =
2 4
2 2 2
78. r = sin θ + 1
70. x 2 + y 2 = x 2
r = r sin θ + r
r 2 = r cos θ
r = cos θ x + y 2 = y + x2 + y 2
2
72. y2 = 2x (x + y ) = x
2 2 3/ 2
( r sin θ )2 = 2r cos θ (x + y ) − x = 0
2 2 3/ 2
r 2 sin 2 θ − 2r cos θ = 0
80. r = sin θ − cos θ
73. 2 xy = 1 2
r = r sin θ − r cos θ
2(r cos θ )(r sin θ ) = 1
x + y2 = y − x
2
r 2 ( 2sin θ cos θ ) = 1
x2 + x + y 2 − y = 0
r 2 sin 2θ = 1
1 1 1 1
x2 + x + + y 2 − y + = +
74. 4x2 y = 1 4 4 4 4
2 2
1 1 1
4(r cos θ ) 2 r sin θ = 1 x+ + y− =
2 2 2
4r 2 cos 2 θ r sin θ = 1
1 81. r=2
r 3 cos 2 θ sin θ =
4 2
r =4
75. x=4 x + y2 = 4
2
r cos θ = 4
82. r=4
76. y = −3 2
r = 16
r sin θ = −3 x + y 2 = 16
2
434
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 5.1: Polar Coordinates
4 3
83. r= 84. r=
1 − cos θ 3 − cos θ
r (1 − cos θ ) = 4 r (3 − cos θ ) = 3
r − r cos θ = 4 3r − r cos θ = 3
x2 + y 2 − x = 4 3 x2 + y2 − x = 3
x2 + y 2 = x + 4 3 x2 + y 2 = x + 3
x 2 + y 2 = x 2 + 8 x + 16 ( )
9 x2 + y2 = x2 + 6 x + 9
y2 = 8 ( x + 2) 9 x + 9 y = x2 + 6 x + 9
2 2
8x2 − 6 x + 9 y2 − 9 = 0
64 x 2 − 48 x + 72 y 2 − 72 = 0
3
64 x 2 − x + 72 y 2 = 72
4
2 3 9 9
64 x − x + + 72 y 2 = 72 + 64
4 64 64
2
3
64 x − + 72 y 2 = 81
8
85. a. For this application, west is a negative direction and north is positive. Therefore, the rectangular coordinate is
(−10, 36) .
b. The distance r from the origin to (−10, 36) is r = x 2 + y 2 = (− 10) 2 + (36) 2 = 1396 = 2 349 ≈ 37.36 .
y
Since the point (−10, 36) lies in quadrant II, we use θ = 180° + tan −1 . Thus,
x
36 −1 18
θ = 180° + tan −1 = 180° + tan − ≈ 105.5° .
−10 5
18
The polar coordinate of the point is 2 349, 180° + tan −1 − ≈ ( 37.36, 105.5° ) .
5
c. For this application, west is a negative direction and south is also negative. Therefore, the rectangular
coordinate is (−3, −35) .
d. The distance r from the origin to (−3, −35) is r = x 2 + y 2 = (−3) 2 + (−35) 2 = 1234 ≈ 35.13 .
y
Since the point (−3, −35) lies in quadrant III, we use θ = 180° + tan −1 . Thus,
x
−35 −1 35
θ = 180° + tan −1 = 180° + tan ≈ 265.1°
− 3 3
35
The polar coordinate of the point is 1234, 180° + tan −1 ≈ ( 35.13, 265.1° ) .
3
435
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 5: Polar Coordinates; Vectors
( ) ( )
= r12 cos 2 θ1 + sin 2 θ1 + r22 cos 2 θ 2 + sin 2 θ 2 − 2r1r2 ( cos θ 2 cos θ1 + sin θ 2 sin θ1 )
5 93. Amplitude: 4 = 4
−
2 ,9 = −5,9
2 2 4 2
2π 3
Period: = 2π = 3π
2 2
91. We move the graph horizontally left 3 units so 3
the x value becomes x = 3 − 3 = 0 . We stretch
the graph by a factor of 2 and flip on the x axis
to the y value becomes y = −2(8) = −16 . Then
we shift the graph vertically 5 units so the y
value becomes y = −16 + 5 = −11 . Thus the
final point is (0, −11) .
Section 5.2 2
5. −
2
1. ( −4, 6 )
1
2. cos A cos B + sin A sin B 6. −
2
436
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 5.2: Polar Equations and Graphs
10. π − θ π
17. θ =
3
11. True
The equation is of the form θ = α . It is a line,
12. 2n ; n π
passing through the pole making an angle of
3
13. c with the polar axis. Transform to rectangular
form:
14. b
π
θ=
15. r = 4 3
The equation is of the form r = a, a > 0 . It is a π
tan θ = tan
circle, center at the pole and radius 4. Transform 3
to rectangular form: y
= 3
r=4 x
r 2 = 16 y = 3x
x 2 + y 2 = 16
16. r = 2
The equation is of the form r = a, a > 0 . It is a
circle, center at the pole and radius 2. Transform
to rectangular form:
r=2
r2 = 4
x2 + y2 = 4
437
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 5: Polar Coordinates; Vector
π 20. r cos θ = 4
18. θ = − The equation is of the form r cos θ = a . It is a
4
The equation is of the form θ = α . It is a line, vertical line, 4 units to the right of the pole.
passing through the pole making an angle of Transform to rectangular form:
π 3π r cos θ = 4
− or with the polar axis. Transform to
4 4 x=4
rectangular form:
π
θ =−
4
π
tan θ = tan −
4
y
= −1
x
y = −x
21. r cos θ = − 2
The equation is of the form r cos θ = a . It is a
vertical line, 2 units to the left of the pole.
Transform to rectangular form:
r cos θ = − 2
x = −2
19. r sin θ = 4
The equation is of the form r sin θ = b . It is a
horizontal line, 4 units above the pole.
Transform to rectangular form:
r sin θ = 4
y=4
438
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 5.2: Polar Equations and Graphs
23. r = 2 cos θ
The equation is of the form
25. r = − 4sin θ
r = ±2a cos θ , a > 0 . It is a circle, passing
The equation is of the form r = ±2a sin θ , a > 0 .
through the pole, and center on the polar axis.
Transform to rectangular form: It is a circle, passing through the pole, and center
r = 2 cos θ π
on the line θ = . Transform to rectangular form:
r 2 = 2r cos θ 2
r = − 4sin θ
x2 + y 2 = 2x
r 2 = − 4r sin θ
x2 − 2 x + y 2 = 0
x2 + y 2 = − 4 y
( x − 1) 2 + y 2 = 1
x2 + y2 + 4 y = 0
center (1, 0) ; radius 1
x 2 + ( y + 2) 2 = 4
center (0, −2) ; radius 2
24. r = 2sin θ
The equation is of the form r = ±2a sin θ , a > 0 .
It is a circle, passing through the pole, and center
π
on the line θ = . Transform to rectangular form:
2
439
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 5: Polar Coordinates; Vector
27. r sec θ = 4
The equation is a circle, passing through the
pole, center on the polar axis and radius 2.
Transform to rectangular form:
r sec θ = 4
29. r csc θ = − 2
1
r⋅ =4 The equation is a circle, passing through the
cos θ
π
r = 4 cos θ pole, center on the line θ = and radius 1.
2
r 2 = 4r cos θ Transform to rectangular form:
x2 + y2 = 4 x r csc θ = − 2
x2 − 4 x + y 2 = 0 1
r⋅ = −2
sin θ
( x − 2) 2 + y 2 = 4
r = − 2sin θ
center (2, 0) ; radius 2
r 2 = − 2r sin θ
x2 + y 2 = − 2 y
x2 + y 2 + 2 y = 0
x 2 + ( y + 1) 2 = 1
center (0, −1) ; radius 1
440
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 5.2: Polar Equations and Graphs
36. G
37. D
38. C
39. r = 2 + 2 cos θ
The graph will be a cardioid. Check for symmetry:
Polar axis: Replace θ by − θ . The result is
r = 2 + 2 cos(−θ ) = 2 + 2 cos θ .
The graph is symmetric with respect to the polar
30. r sec θ = − 4 axis.
The equation is a circle, passing through the π
The line θ = : Replace θ by π − θ .
pole, center on the polar axis and radius 2. 2
Transform to rectangular form: r = 2 + 2 cos(π − θ )
r sec θ = − 4
= 2 + 2 [ cos(π ) cos θ + sin(π ) sin θ ]
1
r⋅ = −4 = 2 + 2(− cos θ + 0)
cos θ
= 2 − 2 cos θ
r = − 4 cos θ
The test fails.
r 2 = − 4r cos θ
The pole: Replace r by − r .
x2 + y 2 = − 4 x −r = 2 + 2 cos θ . The test fails.
x2 + 4 x + y 2 = 0
Due to symmetry with respect to the polar axis,
( x + 2) 2 + y 2 = 4 assign values to θ from 0 to π .
center (−2, 0) ; radius 2
θ r = 2 + 2 cos θ
0 4
π
2 + 3 ≈ 3.7
6
π
3
3
π
2
2
2π
1
3
5π
2 − 3 ≈ 0.3
6
π 0
31. E
32. A
33. F
34. B
35. H
441
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 5: Polar Coordinates; Vector
θ r = 1 + sin θ
π
− 0
2
π 3
− 1− ≈ 0.1
3 2
π 1
−
6 2
0 1
π 3
6 2
π 3
1+ ≈ 1.9
40. r = 1 + sin θ 3 2
The graph will be a cardioid. Check for
π
2
symmetry: 2
Polar axis: Replace θ by − θ . The result is
r = 1 + sin(−θ ) = 1 − sin θ . The test fails.
π
The line θ = : Replace θ by π − θ .
2
r = 1 + sin(π − θ )
= 1 + sin ( π ) cos θ − cos ( π ) sin θ
= 1 + (0 + sin θ )
= 1 + sin θ
The graph is symmetric with respect to the line
π
θ= .
2
41. r = 3 − 3sin θ
The pole: Replace r by − r . −r = 1 + sin θ .
The graph will be a cardioid. Check for symmetry:
The test fails.
Polar axis: Replace θ by − θ . The result is
π r = 3 − 3sin(−θ ) = 3 + 3sin θ . The test fails.
Due to symmetry with respect to the line θ = ,
2
π
π π The line θ = : Replace θ by π − θ .
assign values to θ from − to . 2
2 2
r = 3 − 3sin(π − θ )
= 3 − 3 sin ( π ) cos θ − cos ( π ) sin θ
= 3 − 3(0 + sin θ )
= 3 − 3sin θ
The graph is symmetric with respect to the line
π
θ= .
2
The pole: Replace r by − r . −r = 3 − 3sin θ .
The test fails.
π
Due to symmetry with respect to the line θ = ,
2
π π
assign values to θ from − to .
2 2
442
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 5.2: Polar Equations and Graphs
θ r = 3 − 3sin θ θ r = 2 − 2 cos θ
π 0 0
− 6
2 π
2 − 3 ≈ 0.3
π 3 3 6
− 3+ ≈ 5.6
3 2 π
1
π 9 3
−
6 2 π
2
0 3 2
π 3 2π
3
6 2 3
π 3 3 5π
3− ≈ 0.4 2 + 3 ≈ 3.7
3 2 6
π π 4
0
2
42. r = 2 − 2 cos θ
The graph will be a cardioid. Check for
symmetry:
Polar axis: Replace θ by − θ . The result is
r = 2 − 2 cos(−θ ) = 2 − 2 cos θ . The graph is
symmetric with respect to the polar axis.
π
The line θ = : Replace θ by π − θ .
2
r = 2 − 2 cos(π − θ )
= 2 − 2 cos ( π ) cos θ + sin ( π ) sin θ
= 2 − 2(− cos θ + 0)
= 2 + 2 cos θ
The test fails.
The pole: Replace r by − r . −r = 2 − 2 cos θ .
The test fails.
Due to symmetry with respect to the polar axis,
assign values to θ from 0 to π .
443
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 5: Polar Coordinates; Vector
444
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 5.2: Polar Equations and Graphs
445
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 5: Polar Coordinates; Vector
446
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 5.2: Polar Equations and Graphs
447
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 5: Polar Coordinates; Vector
448
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Translator: G. Jean-Aubry
André Ruyters
Language: French
par
PRÉCÉDEMMENT PARUS :
JEUNESSE
SUIVI DU
CŒUR DES TÉNÈBRES
Traduit de l’anglais par
G. JEAN-AUBRY ET ANDRÉ RUYTERS
(Contes de Grimm).
troisième édition
PARIS
Librairie Gallimard
ÉDITIONS DE LA NOUVELLE REVUE FRANÇAISE
3, rue de Grenelle, (VIme)
IL A ÉTÉ TIRÉ DE CET OUVRAGE, APRÈS
IMPOSITIONS SPÉCIALES, CENT NEUF
EXEMPLAIRES IN-QUARTO TELLIÈRE SUR PAPIER
VERGÉ LAFUMA-NAVARRE AU FILIGRANE DE LA
NOUVELLE REVUE FRANÇAISE, DONT NEUF
EXEMPLAIRES HORS COMMERCE MARQUÉS DE A
A I, CENT EXEMPLAIRES RÉSERVÉS AUX
BIBLIOPHILES DE LA NOUVELLE REVUE FRANÇAISE,
NUMÉROTÉS DE I A C, ET NEUF CENT QUARANTE-
TROIS EXEMPLAIRES RÉSERVÉS AUX AMIS DE
L’ÉDITION ORIGINALE SUR PAPIER VÉLIN PUR FIL
LAFUMA-NAVARRE, DONT TREIZE EXEMPLAIRES
HORS COMMERCE MARQUÉS DE a A m, NEUF
CENTS EXEMPLAIRES NUMÉROTÉS DE 1 A 900,
TRENTE EXEMPLAIRES D’AUTEUR HORS
COMMERCE NUMÉROTÉS DE 901 A 930, CE TIRAGE
CONSTITUANT PROPREMENT ET
AUTHENTIQUEMENT L’ÉDITION ORIGINALE.
NOTE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE
G. J.-A.
NOTE DE L’AUTEUR
1917.
J. C.
JEUNESSE
A PAUL VALÉRY