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CHAPTER 7—PRODUCTION AND COST
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A firm's profit is
a. greater if it is a corporation rather than if it is a sole proprietorship
b. higher if it raises its price than if it does not
c. lower if it lowers its price than if it does not
d. never taxed by the government
e. its revenue minus its costs
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy
NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic STA: DISC: Costs of production
TOP: Production KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge
2. If the physical plant for a corporation is considered to be a fixed input, then

a. it is held constant in the long run
b. it can be changed in the long run
c. labor must be a variable input
d. technology must be changing
e. the firm will lose money in the short run, except under perfect competition
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate
TOP: Production KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension
3. The "short run" may vary in length from industry to industry.

a. True
b. False
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate
4. In the short run,

a. utilization of any input can be varied
b. production takes less than one year
c. all resources are limited in supply
d. utilization of some inputs is assumed constant
e. equilibrium cannot occur
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate
5. The short run for Barbara's Bakery is defined as

a. one year
b. one month
c. the period of time during which all inputs are variable
d. the period of time during which at least one input is fixed
e. the time needed for a transaction to occur
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy
6. Which of the following is most likely to be a fixed input in the short run for Joe's Garage?
a. the grease used to lubricate cars
b. the part-time labor employed to repair cars
c. the inventory of replacement parts
d. the electricity used to heat and light the garage
e. the garage used to repair cars
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate
TOP: Production KEY: Bloom's: Application
7. In a firm's planning horizon, the long run refers to

a. a period of one year or more
b. the term to which the current board of directors has been elected
c. the period during which all of the firm's inputs can be varied
d. the period during which at least one of the firm's inputs is fixed
e. the period during which the level of available technology is fixed
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy
8. Consider a firm that needs one day to hire more labor, one week to increase its purchases of raw
materials, and three months to change the amount of its capital. This firm's long run is
a. three months
b. one week
c. one day
d. three months plus eight days
e. three months plus one week
9. As a firm increases its output in the short run,

a. it also varies its technology
b. it increases all of its inputs
c. it increases its plant size
d. it increases only one of its inputs
e. at least one of its inputs is fixed
10. In the long run,

a. at least one of the firm's inputs is fixed
b. customer tastes and preferences are fixed
c. the firm may vary all inputs
d. sunk costs become variable costs
e. government intervention is inevitable
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate
11. In the short run,

a. at least one of the firm's inputs is fixed
b. customer tastes and preferences are fixed
c. the firm may vary all inputs
d. sunk costs are variable
e. government intervention is inevitable
12. Fixed inputs are those whose

a. quantity changes as the level of output changes
b. costs are irreversible
c. quantity remains constant regardless of the level of output
d. quantity determines the level of profit
e. appearance was damaged while being transported, but has been fixed
13. Variable inputs are those whose

a. quantity changes as the level of output changes
b. costs are irreversible
c. quantity remains constant regardless of the level of output
d. costs are considered sunk costs
e. price is continuously changing
14. Marginal product is the change in output divided by the change in the amount of an input used.
a. True
b. False
TOP: Production in the Short Run KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge
15. The law of diminishing marginal returns says that as more of a variable input is combined with a fixed
input, total output will increase; however, the increases in the firm's output will become ever smaller.
a. True
b. False
16. Total product begins to decline when diminishing marginal returns are first experienced.
a. True
b. False
TOP: Production in the Short Run KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension
Figure 7-1
Quantity Tons of Coal
of Labor Mined
1 80
2 180
3 300
4 480
5 555
17. Figure 7-1 shows the amounts of coal that a mining company could produce per week by changing the
number of workers while capital and technology remain constant. The marginal product of employing
the fourth worker is
a. 120 tons of coal
b. 480 tons of coal
c. 319 tons of coal
d. 180 tons of coal
e. 106.33 tons of coal
number of workers while capital and technology remain constant. Which worker has a marginal
product of 120 tons of coal?
a. first
b. second
c. third
d. fourth
e. fifth
number of workers while capital and technology remain constant.How many workers could the mine
hire before the marginal product of labor begins to decline?
a. 1 worker
b. 2 workers
c. 3 workers
d. 4 workers
e. 5 workers
Figure 7-2
Quantity Total
of Labor Product
0 0
10 100
20 230
30 340
40 410
50 460
20. Figure 7-2 shows how much a firm could produce with various amounts of labor holding capital and
technology constant. What is the marginal product of labor between 20 and 30 units of labor?
a. 340 units
b. 220 units
c. 11 units
d. 110 units
e. 34 units
TOP: Production in the Short Run KEY: Bloom's: Analysis
21. Figure 7-2 shows how much a firm could produce with various amounts of labor holding capital and
technology constant. What is the average product of labor when 20 units of labor are employed?
a. 230 units
b. 11.5 units
c. 130 units
d. 6.5 units
e. 110 units
22. The marginal product of labor is the

a. total output produced when one more worker is hired
b. change in average output produced when one more worker is hired
c. total output per worker when one more worker is hired
d. change in total output when one more worker is hired
e. maximum quantity of output when one more worker is hired
23. When the marginal product of labor increases as the amount of labor employed increases,
a. the additional worker has made other workers more productive
b. the firm also must have increased the amount of capital
c. the firm is experiencing economies of scale
d. there has been an improvement in the available technology
e. the law of diminishing returns has been violated
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Challenging
24. The marginal product of labor is the
a. additional output produced when one more worker is hired
b. amount of output associated with labor inputs
c. maximum amount of output produced by a given set of inputs
d. maximum profit "produced" by selling a firm's output
e. additional cost associated with an additional unit of labor
25. If a firm is experiencing diminishing marginal returns to labor, then

a. total output must be decreasing
b. total output rises more slowly as additional workers are added
c. the firm must decrease the amount of labor it hires
d. total output per worker must be rising
e. the firm must be operating in the long run
26. The law of diminishing marginal returns says that

a. total product will eventually remain constant as more of an input is added to production
b. total revenue decreases as output increases, holding technology fixed
c. marginal product eventually falls as more of an input is employed
d. the quantity demanded of a good decreases as its price rises
e. utility falls as more of a good is consumed
27. For the total product curve shown in Figure 7-3, the marginal product of hiring the fifth unit of labor
is
a. 200
b. 50
c. 20
d. 1,000
e. 1
28. For the total product curve shown in Figure 7-3, diminishing marginal returns to labor
a. do not occur over this range
b. begin with the third unit of labor
c. exist for every unit of labor
d. begin with the fourth unit of labor
e. begin with the first unit of labor
29. For the total product curve shown in Figure 7-3, for which unit of labor is the marginal product 20
units of output?
a. first
b. second
c. third
d. fourth
e. fifth
30. The law of diminishing marginal returns says that as additional units of a variable input are added to
a. fixed amounts of other inputs, total output will eventually remain constant
b. varying amounts of other inputs, total output will eventually decline
c. fixed amounts of other inputs, the resulting increases in total output will eventually
become smaller
d. varying amount of other inputs, the resulting increases in total output will eventually
become smaller
e. a declining amount of output, technology will eventually deteriorate
31. If there are diminishing marginal returns to labor,

a. output diminishes as additional workers are added
b. the management team grows as more workers are hired
c. the rise in output becomes smaller and smaller with each successive worker hired
d. the management team shrinks as successive workers are added
e. macroeconomic business cycles are generated by microeconomic production functions
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Challenging
32. If the marginal product of labor is positive and increasing, then the total product of labor curve is
a. constant
b. upward sloping and becoming steeper
c. downward sloping and becoming flatter
d. lies above the total cost curve
e. lies below the total cost curve
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Challenging
33. In Figure 7-4, marginal product of labor is increasing for levels of employment
a. between 0 and 35 workers
b. equal to 35 workers
c. between 35 and 80 workers
d. greater than 80 workers
e. none of the above
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy
34. In Figure 7-4, marginal product of labor is diminishing for levels of employment
35. In Figure 7-4, marginal product of labor is positive for levels of employment
36. In Figure 7-4, marginal product of labor is negative for levels of employment
37. Consider the total product curve depicted in Figure 7-5. The firm experiences the greatest marginal
returns to labor
a. when employing more than 200 workers
b. when employing between 80 and 200 workers
c. when employing 80 workers
d. when employing between zero and 80 workers
e. at all levels of employment
38. The change in total output when one additional unit of labor is hired is known as the
a. capacity utilization rate
b. average product of labor
c. marginal product of labor
d. total product of labor
e. marginal output of labor
39. Sunk costs should be ignored in decision making because they

a. increase the cost of the transaction
b. lead to an increase in the opportunity cost of any decision
c. have already been paid
d. often exceed marginal and average costs
e. are usually negligible when compared with the explicit costs of decisions
TOP: Thinking about Costs KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension
40. Last month, Sally spent $3,000 in repairing her old car. Now her car requires an additional $2,000 in
repairs. She could get a comparable car for $2,500. She should
a. repair her car because the money she has already spent repairing the car ($3,000) exceeds
the price of the new car ($2,500)
b. buy a new car because sunk costs should be ignored in decision making
c. buy a new car because the price of the new car ($2,500) is less than the total amount she
would spend on her current car ($5,000)
d. repair her car since the cost of repairing it is lower than the cost of buying another car
e. repair the car or buy a comparable one because the opportunity costs are the same
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Challenging
TOP: Thinking about Costs KEY: Bloom's: Analysis
41. A firm's total cost of production is the

a. employees' opportunity cost
b. owners' opportunity cost
c. owners' opportunity cost minus the employees' opportunity cost
d. owners' opportunity cost plus the employees' opportunity cost
e. employees' opportunity cost minus the owners' opportunity cost
TOP: Thinking about Costs KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge
42. Which of the following is irrelevant when deciding whether to undertake an action?
a. opportunity costs
b. implicit costs
c. sunk costs
d. implicit costs and explicit costs
e. fixed costs and implicit costs
43. A corporation has been steadily losing money on one of its product lines. The factory used to produce
that brand cost $20 million to build. The firm now is considering an offer to buy that factory for $15
million. Which of the following statements about the decision to sell or not is correct?
a. The firm should turn down the purchase offer because the factory cost more than $15
million to build.
b. The $20 million spent on the factory is a sunk cost that should not affect the decision.
c. The $20 million spent on the factory is an implicit cost that should be included in the
decision.
d. The firm should sell the factory only if it can reduce its costs elsewhere by $5 million.
e. The firm's opportunity cost would be $35 million if it decides to sell the factory.
44. A firm's total cost of production is

a. the owners' opportunity cost
b. labor costs plus the cost of materials
c. the payments for its inputs
d. depreciation plus payments for inputs
e. taxes plus depreciation plus payments for inputs
45. A sunk cost is one that

a. changes as the level of output changes in the short run
b. was paid in the past and will not change regardless of later decisions
c. should determine the rational course of action in the future
d. has the most impact on profit-maximizing decisions
e. influences rational decision makers
46. Bob gives up his factory job in order to open a bait-and-tackle shop. The earnings from his factory job
represent
a. the hourly wage paid by the shop
b. the marginal cost of running the shop
c. the average cost of running the shop
d. a fixed cost that can vary in the long run
e. an implicit cost of opening the shop
47. Samantha has been working for a law firm and earning an annual salary of $90,000. She decides to
open her own practice. Her annual expenses will include $15,000 for office rent, $3,000 for equipment
rental, $1,000 for supplies, $1,200 for utilities, and a $35,000 salary for a secretary/bookkeeper.
Samantha will cover her start-up expenses by cashing in a $20,000 certificate of deposit on which she
was earning annual interest of $1,000. Assuming that there are no additional expenses, Samantha's
total annual cost of production will equal
a. $55,200
b. $221,400
c. $91,000
d. $146,200
e. $145,200
annual explicit costs will equal
a. $55,200
b. $221,400
c. $91,000
d. $146,200
e. $145,200
annual implicit costs will equal
a. $55,200
b. $221,400
c. $91,000
d. $146,200
e. $145,200
50. Which of the following is an implicit cost?

a. salaries paid to owners who work for their own firm
b. interest on money borrowed to finance equipment purchases
c. cash payments for raw materials
d. wages paid to hourly employees
e. foregone rent on office space owned and used by the firm
51. Which of the following is an implicit cost?

a. salaries paid to owners who work for their own firm
b. interest on money borrowed to finance equipment purchases
c. cash payments for raw materials
d. wages paid to hourly employees
e. foregone interest on money taken from bank accounts to buy equipment
52. A firm's explicit costs are

a. the opportunity costs of the owners
b. its depreciation costs
c. the money paid for use of inputs
d. the foregone rents on owner occupied office space
e. irrelevant to the determination of economic profit
53. A firm's implicit costs are

a. its maintenance costs
b. its paid-out costs of production
c. its main source of executive costs
d. irrelevant to the determination of economic profit
e. opportunity costs of production that do not involve money outlays
54. Total fixed costs decrease as output expands.

a. True
b. False
TOP: Costs in the Short Run KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension
55. The spreading of fixed costs over more output explains why the long-run average cost falls as output
rises.
a. True
b. False
56. Which of the following, necessarily, equals zero when the firm's short-run output level is zero?
a. sunk costs
b. fixed costs
c. implicit costs
d. variable costs
e. opportunity costs
57. Variable costs are

a. the same as sunk costs
b. irrelevant to decision making, because they are sunk
c. the costs of inputs that vary with the level of production
d. the costs of inputs that do not vary with the level of production
e. the additional total cost associated with producing an additional unit of output
TOP: Costs in the Short Run KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge
58. Total cost is

a. fixed cost plus variable cost
b. irrelevant to decision making
c. marginal cost plus fixed cost
d. total product minus total input
e. the additional cost associated with producing an additional unit
59. Average fixed cost is

a. the sum of variable and fixed costs
b. total cost minus variable cost
c. variable cost plus marginal cost
d. total fixed cost per unit of output
e. constant as output changes
60. Average variable cost is

a. total cost minus fixed cost
b. total variable cost divided by the quantity of output
c. total cost plus marginal cost
d. total cost per unit of output
e. output divided by the quantity of inputs used
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy
61. Average total cost is

a. the change in cost as output decreases
b. the change in cost as output increases
c. TC / quantity of output
d. MC - TC
e. AVC - AFC
62. Average variable cost is

a. the change in cost as output decreases
b. the change in cost as output increases
c. TC / quantity of output
d. TVC / quantity of output
e. AFC + AVC
63. Marginal cost is

a. the increase in total cost from producing one more unit of output
b. total variable cost per unit of output
c. fixed cost per marginal unit
d. average total cost divided by the quantity of inputs used
e. total cost per unit of output
64. In the short run, costs that arise from resources that cannot vary in quantity are known as
____________, whereas costs from inputs that can vary in quantity are known as ____________.
a. fixed costs; variable costs
b. explicit costs; implicit costs
c. opportunity costs; variable costs
d. fixed costs; opportunity costs
e. variable costs; fixed costs
65. Which of the following formulas is not correct?

a. ATC = AVC + (TFC/Q)
b. TVC = TC/Q
c. TC = TFC + TVC
d. AFC = TFC/Q
e. TVC = AVC  Q
66. The vertical distance between a firm's total cost curve and its total variable cost curve
a. is zero
b. is negative when the firm incurs fixed costs in the short run
c. represents total fixed costs
d. represents marginal costs
e. represents average fixed costs
67. A firm's cost of variable inputs per unit of output is known as

a. average total cost
b. average fixed cost
c. marginal cost
d. total variable cost
e. average variable cost
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy
68. The change in cost resulting from producing one additional unit of output is
b. total variable cost
c. average variable cost
d. marginal cost
e. total cost
Figure 7-6
Tons
Output (Q) Cost (TC)
0 $1,000
1 $1,400
2 $2,000
3 $2,400
4 $2,600
5 $2,700
69. Figure 7-6 shows the total cost for six different levels of output for a particular firm. What is the
average total cost (ATC) of producing four units of output?
a. $2,600
b. $200
c. $650
d. $50
e. $10,400
TOP: Costs in the Short Run KEY: Bloom's: Analysis
70. Figure 7-6 shows the total cost for six different levels of output for a particular firm. What is the
marginal cost (MC) of the last unit of output listed in the table (i.e., the fifth unit of output)?
a. $2,700
b. $540
c. $100
d. $90
e. $500
71. Figure 7-6 shows the total cost for six different levels of output for a particular firm. Total fixed cost
(TFC) if five units of output are produced is
a. $1,700
b. $540
c. $1,000
d. $100
e. $2,700
72. If Babette's Bicycle shop can rebuild three bicycles for $200 and four bicycles for $240, then the
average variable cost of four bicycles
a. equals $40
b. cannot be determined without more information
c. equals $60
d. equals $240
e. equals $10
73. Which of the following always decreases as output increases?

a. ATC
b. MC
c. AFC
d. TC
e. TVC
74. If a firm increases its output level in the short run, then
a. variable cost rises but fixed cost remains unchanged
b. both variable cost and fixed cost rise
c. variable cost rises, but fixed cost fall
d. both variable cost and fixed cost fall
e. variable cost remains unchanged, but fixed cost rises
75. Which of the following is the best example of a variable cost?

a. property taxes
b. lease payments for equipment rental
c. rent on office space
d. wages for hourly workers
e. interest on outstanding loans
76. To produce a firm's current output level, total cost is $600, and the total variable cost is $450.
Therefore, the firm has
a. a marginal cost of $150
b. sunk costs of $150
c. a marginal cost of $1,450
d. total fixed cost of $1,450
e. total fixed cost of $150
77. At a firm's current output level of 200 units per week, it has 10 employees at a weekly wage of $500
each. Raw materials, which are ordered and delivered daily, cost $1,000 per week. The weekly cost of
the firm's capital is $1,250. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Total variable cost is $5,000; total fixed cost is $2,250; total cost is $7,250.
b. Total variable cost is $6,000; total fixed cost is $1,250; total cost is $7,250.
c. Total variable cost is $1,250; total fixed cost is $6,000; total cost is $7,250.
d. Total variable cost is $2,250; total fixed cost is $500; total cost is $2,750.
e. Total variable cost is $1,500; total fixed cost is $1,250; total cost is $2,750.
78. As a firm increases its output in the short run, average fixed cost
a. rises steadily
b. falls and then rises
c. falls steadily
d. rises and then falls
e. remains unchanged
Figure 7-7
Short-run Costs
Output TVC
0 $0
10 $200
20 $350
30 $575
40 $900
79. Figure 7-7 shows a firm's total variable cost for different daily output levels. In addition, the firm has
total fixed cost of $50 per day. If output increases from 20 to 30 units, average total cost rises from
a. $17.50 to $19.17, and marginal cost is $225.00
b. $400 to $625, and marginal cost is $225.00
c. $15.00 to $22.50, and marginal cost is $22.50
d. $20.00 to $20.83, and marginal cost is $22.50
e. $20.00 to $20.83, and marginal cost is $225.00
80. Figure 7-7 shows a firm's total variable cost for different daily output levels. In addition, the firm has
total fixed cost of $50 per day. At an output level of 20 units, average variable cost is
a. $75.00, and average fixed cost is $2.50
b. $17.50, and average fixed cost is $50.00
c. $150.00, and average fixed cost is $2.50
d. $7.50, and average fixed cost is $50.00
e. $17.50, and average fixed cost is $2.50
81. If the marginal product of labor rises, the marginal cost of output
a. rises
b. falls
c. remains constant
d. rises and then falls
e. dampens
82. If the marginal product of labor falls, the marginal cost of output
a. declines, then increases
b. becomes negative
c. rises
d. remains constant
e. falls
83. Figure 7-8 shows three different cost curves, labeled A, B, and C. Which of these curves is most likely
to represent marginal cost?
a. curve A
b. curve B
c. curve C
d. neither A, B, nor C
e. cannot be determined without more information
84. Figure 7-8 shows three different cost curves, labeled A, B, and C, for a firm. Which of these curves
could most likely represent average total cost?
a. curve A
b. curve B
c. curve C
d. curves A or B
e. none of the curves can represent total cost
85. Figure 7-8 shows three different cost curves, labeled A, B, and C for a firm. What does curve C most
likely represent?
b. marginal cost
c. total cost
d. average fixed cost
e. total fixed cost
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treat their slaves and mules in a more kindly way.” B. C. G.
− + N Y Call p11 S 12 ’20 580w
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it, they will find in it eye-opening ideas, helpful suggestions. It is a
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FELLOWES, EDMUND HORACE, ed. English

madrigal verse, 1588–1632. (Oxford English texts)
*$6.25 Oxford 821:04
20–17023
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support of veiled and velvety-toned viols. The first are necessarily
short, for the madrigal form required much repetition of words;
pithy, for if a voice is only to be heard at intervals it should have
something terse to say; and conventional, for you cannot put
intimate sentiments into the mouths of half a dozen different people
in succession. The second are more elaborate. They are all true lyrics
in that they take one point and press it home.”—The Times [London]
Lit Sup
“To all who love the lyric, English madrigal verse will be a genuine
delight. Its careful editing makes the musical construction quite
clear, and the material is indeed a treasury of quaint verse.” C. K. H.
+ Boston Transcript p3 D 1 ’20 680w
“A learned and careful work which only a scholar both in literature

and in music could have brought to a conclusion.”
+ Nation 112:47 Ja 12 ’21 260w
“Interesting and scholarly book.”
+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p493 Ag 5

’20 6300w
FELSTEAD, SIDNEY THEODORE. German

spies at bay; comp, from official sources. il *$2
Brentano’s 940.485
(Eng ed 20–8200)
“This is a record of interest, exactly recording the actual work of

our Secret service and the particulars of the chief German spies
whom it traced and dealt with, and exposing the error of much of the
panic about spies in England which at one time prevailed.”—The
Times [London] Lit Sup
+ Ath p386 Mr 19 ’20 70w
“Mr Felstead is not dull, nor truthfully can one think, brilliant.
Those who are interested in spies will be reading for information
(possibly thrills), and herein the author is enthusiastically
cyclopedic.”
+ − Boston Transcript p4 O 23 ’20 230w

The Times [London] Lit Sup p174 Mr 11
’20 50w
“Mr Felstead has written an amusing as well as an instructive

book, and he seems to have steered cleverly between the rocks of
reticence and indiscretion.”
+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p178 Mr

18 ’20 1050w
FENWICK, CHARLES GHEQUIER. Political

systems in transition; war-time and after. *$3
Century 342
20–20220
The book is one of the Century New world series of which W. F.

Willoughby is general editor. Since the war, the author holds, the
question of the organization of the state and the scope of the
functions it is to perform has become once more an open one, for the
war has made it clear that there are some serious defects in the
machinery of government that call for radical amendments to our
constitutional system. The relative strength and weakness of the
several political systems and the probable line of future
reconstruction, form the subject of the present study. Contents: Part
1, Political ideals and demands of war; War a test of democratic
government; The constitutions of the great nations on the eve of the
great war; Part 2, Changes brought about by the war in the political
institutions of European countries; Countries with autocratic
governments; Countries with democratic governments; Part 3,
Changes in the political institutions of the United States; The war
and the constitution; War powers of the president; Emergency
legislation adopted by Congress; Changes in the organization of the
government; The separate state governments: new legislation and
new administrative activities; Part 4, Problems of reconstruction in
the United States raised by the war; New ideals of democracy; The
program of political reconstruction; The program of international
reconstruction; Index.
“An excellent account of the shake-up in governments produced by

the war, full of material which must be included in any adequate
history of it.” E. N.

Ind 103:442 D 25 ’20 70w
“The volume is a valuable compendium of war measures in the

belligerent nations and of the political problems which the war has
left.”
+ N Y Evening Post p11 Ja 29 ’21 300w

“He writes with eminent fairness, and writes only to inform. He
achieves his aim strikingly. Sometimes he falls into the error of
taking a phrase at its face value. Since even small things are
important in a work of this kind. Professor Fenwick should be more
careful about his dates.”
+ − N Y Times p22 D 19 ’20 2250w

R of Rs 62:668 D ’20 100w
FERBER, EDNA. Half portions. *$1.75 (2c)

Doubleday
20–8793
The nine short stories of this collection are: The maternal

feminine; April 25th, as usual; Old lady Mandle; You’ve got to be
selfish; Long distance; Un morso doo pang; One hundred per cent;
Farmer in the dell; The dancing girls. They are stories of life as it is
lived in Chippewa or Winnebago, Wisconsin, or on South Park
avenue, Chicago. Some are stories of war time. One is an Emma
McChesney story. They are reprinted from the Ladies’ Home
Journal, Metropolitan, Colliers, and other magazines.
+ Booklist 16:347 Jl ’20
“All these stories and all these pages are thronged with real men
and women, and in them Miss Ferber continues to display not merely
her skill at story telling, but also her greater skill at breathing into
them the breath of life. Reality and imagination combine equally in
their making.”
+ Boston Transcript p4 Je 2 ’20 1600w
“Miss Ferber’s talents go to polishing the bright pebbles of life,

rather than to touching the bedrock of reality, but there’s no denying
the world would be duller without an occasional pretty pebble.”
+ Dial 69:546 N ’20 50w
“The highest praise you can give an author in these days is to say
that his or her book is ‘thoroly American,’ from which, alas, it does
not necessarily follow that it is an excellent piece of workmanship.
Edna Ferber’s ‘Half portions,’ however, wins on both counts.”
+ Ind 103:53 Jl 10 ’20 160w
“Miss Edna Ferber is not thoughtful about the affairs of the world.
She simply does not let herself think. If some one would endow Miss
Ferber, and make it no longer too expensive for her to think or bring
a story to an honest conclusion, she might become a sort of American
Arnold Bennett.” Ludwig Lewisohn
+ − Nation 110:828 Je 19 ’20 200w
“It is a book that is thoroughly enjoyable and laughable from

beginning to end.”
+ N Y Times 25:236 My 9 ’20 620w

FERBER, EDNA, and LEVY, NEWMAN.
$1200 a year. il *$1.50 Doubleday 812
20–18069
A three-act play in which a university professor gives up his $1200

a year position in the university to earn $30 a day in a mill. He
immediately becomes popular as a labor leader and lecturer and is in
demand all over the United States, but it is only when he is offered a
salary of $5000 a week in the movies that the magnate who owns the
university as well as the mill is moved to consider the question of an
adequate salary for a professor.
“Interesting to read. One would like to see it acted.”
+ Booklist 17:61 N ’20
“The complications hold the kernel of genuine comedy, but instead

of cracking their nut, Miss Ferber and Mr Levy have contented
themselves with merely painting funny faces on the shell.” L. B.
+ − Freeman 2:94 O 6 ’20 180w
“The authors have challenged serious criticism by calling the play a

‘comedy’ and by permitting the publishers to proclaim it a ‘timely
satire.’ It is an amusing and clever farce, containing many touches of
skilful character depiction.” Jack Crawford
+ − N Y Evening Post p3 S 25 ’20 800w

“As a vehicle for amusement ‘$1200 a year’ is both ingenious and
satisfying. Its characters are human, its situations vivid. It portrays
with little exaggeration the wretched circumstances of our little
world of scholars with sympathetic and understanding treatment.
But what of that other world? Have not the authors exaggerated the
affluence of mill labor to crown their dramatic purpose?”
+ − Springf’d Republican p7a N 28 ’20 560w
Reviewed by A. E. Morey
+ Survey 45:137 O 23 ’20 240w
“Rather a good story, though highly illogical and incredible.”
+ − Theatre Arts Magazine 5:86 Ja ’21 230w
FIELDING, WILLIAM JOHN. Sanity in sex.

*$1.75 (3c) Dodd 176
20–10067
The past few years have seen a remarkable change in the public
attitude toward sex. The ban of secrecy has been largely removed and
the need for rational sex education is generally recognized. The
author’s purpose in this book has been “to subject the social
processes responsible for these changes to a thorough analysis,
classifying all the important factors and tendencies involved, and to
give as concise and accurate an account as possible of this historic
period of the sex-educational movement.” (Introd.) Subjects covered
include: the government’s campaign of sex-education, sex-education
in the army, venereal disease, sex hygiene in industry, sex education
in the public schools, the relation of sex knowledge to marriage, sex
ignorance and divorce, birth control, and psycho-analysis, and the
final chapter discusses economic sufficiency as a basis of sex hygiene.
There is a classified bibliography of seventeen pages, followed by an
index.
+ Booklist 17:57 N ’20

Int J Ethics 31:117 O ’20 80w
“Mr Fielding is not an alarmist; he strikes more than a note of

hope in his account of the work which the United States government
did with the army during the war.”
+ Nation 111:135 Jl 31 ’20 650w
“The book for the most part quotes authorities worth considering,
and is modern in its attitude, but overestimates the theories of
psycho-analysis, and is weakened by rather easy generalizations.”
+ − Springf’d Republican p9a Jl 4 ’20 90w

The Times [London] Lit Sup p688 O 21
’20 90w
Wis Lib Bul 16:113 Je ’20 70w
FIFE, GEORGE BUCHANAN. Passing legions.
il *$2 (2c) Macmillan 940.477
20–20541
“How the American Red cross met the American army in Great
Britain, the gateway to France.” (Sub-title) The work of the Red cross
commission in Great Britain was almost wholly with passing troops,
on the way to the front or returning, and the aim of the author has
been to bring out those features of the service which distinguished it
from that of other commissions. Among the chapters are: A call
through the storm; When the commission was born; Where a million
men went by; The incoming legions at Liverpool; Here and there in
Britain; The bluejackets of Cardiff and Plymouth; With the army to
Archangel; The unbreakable link with “home.”
“Even now, books of the war continue to be written, and Mr Fife’s

is among the distinctly lesser lights of the contest. He writes in a
business-like but boresome monotone.”
+ − Boston Transcript p11 D 8 ’20 260w
“The opening story of the book is a story of heroism almost

unbelievable, yet intense in its realism, pathos and altruism. Great as
is the Otranto story, it but serves to fix the attention on what is to
come and so onward to the ‘valedictory’ is read a succession of just
such tales.” E. J. C.

+ N Y Times p13 Ja 30 ’21 700w
+ R of Rs 53:223 F ’21 120w
FILENE, CATHERINE, ed. Careers for women.

*$4 Houghton 396.5
20–21359
The object of the book is to give vocational information to high

school and college women, to supplement the work of vocational
advisors in schools, and to help decrease the number of “square pegs
for round holes.” It is composed of articles written expressly for the
book by a number of specially qualified contributors and its
compiler, Miss Filene, is the director of the Intercollegiate vocational
guidance association. The vocations considered are grouped under
the headings: Accounting; Advertising; Agriculture, etc.;
Architecture; Arts and crafts; Business; Dramatics; Education;
Finance; Government service; Health services; Home economics
services; Industrial work; Institutional work; Insurance; Law;
Library work; Literary work; Motion-picture work; Museum work;
Music; Newspaper work; Personnel work; Physical education;
Politics; Religious work; Scientific work; Secretarial work; Social
work; Specialists; Statistical work; Vocational training. Suggested
readings accompany most of the chapters and there is an index.
“By far the most practical and complete book in its field. Will be
useful in any library.”
+ Booklist 17:140 Ja ’21

“It should be of great value to high-school and college students and
the new graduate. The suggestions are, on the whole, sound.”
+ N Y Evening Post p11 D 31 ’20 220w
“Differently as the various authors write, there is uniformity in one

respect—in the brisk, snappy, pungent way in which they push their
points at you and make you see the picture.”
+ N Y Times p15 D 26 ’20 1750w
“Both for its merit as a model of the way in which occupational

information should be presented, and for what it signifies in the
modern outlook of thoughtful college women and, it may be added,
of college men as well, this book is noteworthy. The publishers
deserve mention for the most attractively printed book in the field of
vocational guidance.” Meyer Bloomfield
+ Survey 45:674 F 5 ’21 490w
FILLMORE, PARKER HOYSTED.

Shoemaker’s apron. il *$2.50 (5½c) Harcourt
20–17679
This is the author’s second book of Czechoslovak fairy tales and

folk tales with illustrations and decorations by Jan Matulka. It is a
companion volume to the earlier collection and contains besides the
fairy tales five nursery tales and a group of devil tales. They are not
so much translations as a retelling of other versions to suit the
English-speaking child. The fairy tales are: The twelve months;
Zlatovlaska the golden-haired; The shepherd’s nosegay; Vitazko the
victorious. The shoemaker’s apron is one of the devil tales.
“An interesting collection of twenty stories drawn from original

sources and retold with simple charm.”
+ Booklist 17:163 Ja ’21
Reviewed by A. C. Moore
+ Bookm 52:261 N ’20 90w

+ Freeman 2:190 N 3 ’20 150w
FINCH, WILLIAM COLES-, and HAWKS,

ELLISON. Water in nature, il *$2.50 Stokes 551
(Eng ed 20–1223)
“W. Coles Finch and Ellison Hawks, two English scientists, have
contributed to the Romance of reality series a volume entitled ‘Water
in nature.’ In it they deal scientifically, and at the same time
entertainingly, with practically all of water’s manifestations in the
natural world, including its relations to cloud, atmosphere, ocean,
rain, hail, snow, ice, glaciers, springs, rivers, lake, waterfalls,
mountains, caves, rocks, reefs, and corals.”—N Y Times
N Y P L New Tech Bks p12 Ja ’19 40w
+ N Y Times 25:55 F 1 ’20 70w
“Any one who is interested in natural phenomena will find

fascinating reading in this résumé of popular science.”
+ Outlook 123:243 O 29 ’19 50w
FINDLAY, HUGH, ed. Handbook for practical

farmers. il *$5 Appleton 630
20–16999
A comprehensive handbook “dealing with the more important

aspects of farming in the United States.” (Sub-title) Special chapters
have been contributed by practical experts in different parts of the
United States. Subjects covered include the various farm and garden
crops, farm animals, the care of milk and the curing of meat on the
farm, farm buildings, running water, the use of explosives, the care of
tools, fence posts, roads, the farm loan system, farm records, pets,
weeds, etc. There are 258 illustrations and an index. The editor is
lecturer on horticulture in Columbia university.
FINDLAY, JOSEPH JOHN. Introduction to

sociology, for social workers and general readers.
(Publications of the University of Manchester) il *$2
Longmans 301
20–14079
“The central theme of sociology, as conceived by Professor Findlay

and lucidly expounded in this excellent introduction to a
comparatively new, extremely comprehensive, but somewhat elusive
science, is ‘the definition of social groups, their classification and
their relations to each other.’ The treatment is systematic, though
some problems of considerable importance, such as the institution of
land tenure, have had to be omitted. The first five chapters are
devoted to principles. The second part relates to types of social
grouping, such as family, state, religion, and occupation. In the third
part, which is concerned with organization, the positions of the
leader, the official, and the representative, are discussed: and there is
an analysis of the instinct of loyalty.”—Ath
“A valuable part of his book is the admirable list of references to

contemporary and other authorities.”
+ Ath p782 Je 11 ’20 190w
“The author, while primarily an educational administrator and not

a professional sociologist, nevertheless has attained a definite grasp
of certain fundamental principles in the science of society. His book
is a very thoughtful piece of work, but the reviewer confesses to
losing his way frequently in the course of the argument.” A. J. Todd
+ − Survey 45:22 O 2 ’20 600w
FINNEY, ROSS LEE, and SCHAFER,

ALFRED L. Administration of village and
consolidated schools. *$1.60 Macmillan 371
20–4558
“This book has been written especially to meet the needs of

principals of small schools and to serve as a textbook in those
institutions where young men and women are in training for the
administration of village schools. Its five parts discuss, respectively,
Governmental administration, The principal’s personal-official
relations, Adapting the school to the needs of the child, The business
side, and Miscellaneous.”—Boston Transcript
+ Booklist 17:11 O ’20
“It gives valuable and practical charts and tables and is fraught
with helpful suggestions. It will be very useful to those who know
how to discriminate and are not too slavishly bound to the letter.”
+ Boston Transcript p6 Jl 3 ’20 220w
“The book is written in a style that ought to appeal to teachers and

school officers who have not enjoyed the opportunities of an
elaborate training.”
+ El School J 20:711 My ’20 550w

+ School R 28:554 S ’20 140w
FIRKINS, OSCAR W. Jane Austen. *$1.75 (3c)
Holt 823
20–4130
A critical and biographical study of Jane Austen, falling into three

parts: The novelist; The realist; The woman. Part 1 is a searching and
unsparing analysis of the six novels, with particular reference to plot.
Part 2 is a more brief and general treatment of the characters. Part 3,
the biographical section, is a study of Miss Austen’s personality as
revealed in her letters and reflected in the novels. Notes and an index
come at the end and the whole is prefaced by verses, “To Jane
Austen,” from the author’s pen, reprinted from the Atlantic Monthly.
“He is often clever and always readable.”
+ Booklist 16:278 My ’20

Cleveland p84 O ’20 30w
“The advantage of this microscopic, literal measurement is that it

prepares the way for an exact delineation of Jane Austen’s
production and character. If the final picture lacks an inconsequent
sureness, it is full of fine perspectives and fresh values.” C. M.
Rourke
+ Freeman 1:549 Ag 18 ’20 760w
“He paints a sort of cubist portrait of Jane Austen, which would

pass unrecognized were it not labeled with her name. He has
succeeded in imagining a Miss Austen who is ‘one vile antithesis’. In
‘creative criticism’ does the critic create the author in his own
image?” H. E. Woodbridge
− Nation 110:sup485 Ap 10 ’20 700w
“A book both new and worth reading. He has looked at Miss

Austen more through his own eyes, and less through the eyes of her
many illustrious eulogists, than any other writer I know of. Even
when he is in harmony with the opinions of Miss Austen’s posterity
one feels his first-handedness. Not one of his more heretical opinions
exists for the sake of saying something new.”
+ − New Repub 22:318 My 5 ’20 1100w
“Although his book is written in so flowing and altogether

charming a style that it is a pleasure to read it, I could not help
wondering why he thought it worth doing at all. Certainly, no one
that reads it will be tempted to fly to Jane Austen. Quite the
contrary!” Gertrude Atherton
+ − N Y Times 25:219 My 2 ’20 2950w
“Minute analysis of individual characters, their consistency and

temperaments, is carried a little too far for any but the devoted
admirers who have every one of Miss Austen’s novels firmly in
remembrance.”
+ − Outlook 124:563 Mr 31 ’20 40w

FISCHER, HERBERT ALBERT LAURENS.
Studies in history and politics. *$5.65 Oxford 904
20–11671
“When the Right Honorable Herbert Fisher took up the onerous

duties of a Minister of the crown on the British Educational board ...
the heavy labors in the service of the English youth left him little
time for writing and research. The studies collected in his latest
volume are, therefore, not new, but are reprints of various magazine
articles written, for the most part, between five and ten years ago,
though here and there retouched and supplemented. Three of the
eleven essays deal with French politics; three with the history of
history; two with Napoleon; one with British imperial
administration; one with the value of small states; and one with the
resurgence of Prussia.”—Nation
+ Ath p510 Ap 16 ’20 1350w
“The studies are all amply worth reading.” Preserved Smith
+ Nation 111:133 Jl 31 ’20 980w
“Interesting and thoughtful essays.”
+ Spec 124:87 Jl 17 ’20 200w

+ − Springf’d Republican p9a Jl 4 ’20 620w
(Reprinted from The Times [London] Lit

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6th Edition Hall Test Bank

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Survey of Economics Principles Applications and Tools

Basic Biomechanics 6th Edition Hall Test Bank

2. If the physical plant for a corporation is considered to be a fixed input, then

3. The "short run" may vary in length from industry to industry.

4. In the short run,

5. The short run for Barbara's Bakery is defined as

7. In a firm's planning horizon, the long run refers to

9. As a firm increases its output in the short run,

10. In the long run,

11. In the short run,

12. Fixed inputs are those whose

13. Variable inputs are those whose

22. The marginal product of labor is the

25. If a firm is experiencing diminishing marginal returns to labor, then

26. The law of diminishing marginal returns says that

31. If there are diminishing marginal returns to labor,

39. Sunk costs should be ignored in decision making because they

41. A firm's total cost of production is the

44. A firm's total cost of production is

45. A sunk cost is one that

50. Which of the following is an implicit cost?

51. Which of the following is an implicit cost?

52. A firm's explicit costs are

53. A firm's implicit costs are

54. Total fixed costs decrease as output expands.

57. Variable costs are

58. Total cost is

59. Average fixed cost is

60. Average variable cost is

61. Average total cost is

62. Average variable cost is

63. Marginal cost is

65. Which of the following formulas is not correct?

67. A firm's cost of variable inputs per unit of output is known as

73. Which of the following always decreases as output increases?

75. Which of the following is the best example of a variable cost?

Booklist 17:11 O ’20

Nation 111:534 N 10 ’20 50w

“There seems to be one thing overlooked. In speaking of human

− + N Y Call p11 S 12 ’20 580w

“It is a book that all employers of labor ought to read, because

FELLOWES, EDMUND HORACE, ed. English

“This is a reprint of the known words of Elizabethan songs,

+ Boston Transcript p3 D 1 ’20 680w

“A learned and careful work which only a scholar both in literature

+ Nation 112:47 Ja 12 ’21 260w

“Interesting and scholarly book.”

+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p493 Ag 5

FELSTEAD, SIDNEY THEODORE. German

“This is a record of interest, exactly recording the actual work of

+ − Boston Transcript p4 O 23 ’20 230w

“Mr Felstead has written an amusing as well as an instructive

+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p178 Mr

FENWICK, CHARLES GHEQUIER. Political

The book is one of the Century New world series of which W. F.

“An excellent account of the shake-up in governments produced by