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Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
Chapter 09
Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
1. (p. 227) _____ is a psychological term which refers to the development of an individual from
birth through old age.
A. Individual anthropogenesis
B. Adrenarche
C. Individualization
D. Lifespan development
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
2. (p. 227) Which of the following is true of the scientific data available on the sexual behavior
of young children and adolescents?
A. Obtaining data on the sexual behavior of children is a process that raises no ethical issues.
B. Participants in studies conducted on adolescents are seldom representative of the
population.
C. There is very little scientific information available on the sexual behavior of adolescents.
D. Scientific information on the sexual behavior of children can also be obtained from adults.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
9-1
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
3. (p. 227) Which of the following is true of interviewing young children about their sexuality?
A. Interviewing children about their sexuality is the commonest form of obtaining such data.
B. Interviewing children about their sexual experiences does not raise ethical or moral issues.
C. More children report sexual experiences to interviewers than to impersonal, talking
computers.
D. More children report sexual experiences to talking computers than during personal
interviews.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
4. (p. 227) Which of the following is considered to be a potentially harmful method of obtaining
information on the sexual behavior of children?
A. Asking adults to recount sexual experiences from their childhood.
B. Observing the sexual behavior of children directly.
C. Documenting the childhood experiences of commercial sex workers.
D. Documenting the childhood experiences of convicted sex offenders.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
5. (p. 228) _____ first expressed the notion that children, even infants, have sexual urges and
engage in sexual behavior.
A. Alfred Kinsey
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Helen Kaplan
D. Anthony Comstock
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
9-2
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
7. (p. 228) The capacity of the human body to display a sexual response:
A. begins only at the onset of puberty.
B. always begins at the end of menarche.
C. exists only in sexually active adults.
D. exists reflexively in fetuses.
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
8. (p. 228) Which of the following is true of the psychological "attachment" that infants form
soon after birth?
A. The bond typically begins to dissipate when the infant stops breast-feeding.
B. The stability of these bonds affects a person's capacity for emotional attachment later in
life.
C. The bond extends to everybody the infant comes into contact with, no matter how briefly.
D. The stability of these bonds has no bearing on the psychological development of the infant.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
9-3
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
11. (p. 228) Boys are not capable of _____ before puberty.
A. ejaculation
B. erection
C. vasocongestion
D. self-stimulation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
12. (p. 229) Which of the following terms characterizes the nature of infants and young
children?
A. Altruistic
B. Analytic
C. Egocentric
D. Selfless
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
9-4
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
13. (p. 229) Which of the following is true of sexual encounters between children around the age
of 4 or 5?
A. Children tend not to exhibit any sexual curiosity during this age.
B. Sexual encounters during this age generally involve looking at or touching each other's
genitals.
C. Sexual encounters during this age generally involve the oral stimulation of each other's
genitals.
D. Sexual encounters during this period are a sign of abnormality.
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
14. (p. 229) Some children first learn about heterosexual behavior by seeing or hearing their
parents engaging in sexual intercourse. This is referred to as:
A. experiencing sexual awakening.
B. resolving the Electra complex.
C. resolving the Oedipus complex.
D. witnessing the primal scene.
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
15. (p. 229) Four-year-old Eric accidentally walks in on his parents engaging in sexual
intercourse. The psychological term for this experience is:
A. resolving the Electra complex.
B. witnessing the primal scene.
C. witnessing castration anxiety.
D. resolving the Oedipal complex.
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
9-5
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
16. (p. 229) Which of the following did Freud believe to be true of children witnessing the
primal scene?
A. He believed it could inhibit their subsequent psychosexual development.
B. He believed it helped them lead normal and healthy sex lives as adults.
C. He believed it helped them overcome any fears they had over the act of intercourse.
D. He believed it had a positive effect on their psychosexual development.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
17. (p. 229) What does contemporary research tell us about children witnessing the primal
scene?
A. Most children tend to be emotionally disturbed for life.
B. Most children grow to hate or fear their parents.
C. Most children find the experience amusing or embarrassing.
D. Most children find the experience traumatic.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
18. (p. 230) In preschool years, children's sex play is largely motivated by _____.
A. fear
B. unhappiness
C. curiosity
D. anger
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
9-6
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
19. (p. 230) Freud used the term _____ to refer to the period of childhood following the
resolution of the Oedipus complex.
A. Electra complex
B. oral fixation
C. adrenarche
D. latency
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
20. (p. 230) According to Freud, which of the following is true about the period of latency?
A. It follows the resolution of the Oedipus complex.
B. It marks the beginning of the Electra complex.
C. It is a period during which children's sexual urges increase.
D. It is a period during which boys become mother-fixated.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
21. (p. 230) Freud believed that during the period of latency:
A. girls become father-fixated and are hostile toward their mothers.
B. boys become mother-fixated and are hostile toward their fathers.
C. children become obsessed with and flaunt their own sexuality.
D. children's sexual urges go "underground" and are not expressed.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
9-7
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
22. (p. 230) What does contemporary research say about Freud's views on the latency period?
A. Evidence corroborates Freud's belief that children lose interest in sexuality during this
period.
B. Evidence suggests that the expression of children's sexuality remains lively during this
period.
C. Evidence indicates that children are fixated on parents of the same gender during this
period.
D. Evidence shows that children are hostile toward parents of the same gender during this
period.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
23. (p. 230) _____ is the maturation of the adrenal glands during childhood, resulting in
increased secretion of androgens.
A. Androgyny
B. Adrenarche
C. Adrenogenesis
D. Androglossia
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
9-8
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
26. (p. 230) Which of the following has research found to be true of adrenarche?
A. It is a biological process that occurs after puberty.
B. It is an abnormal functioning of the adrenalin glands.
C. It is linked with early sexual experiences in children.
D. It involves the suppression of androgen levels.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
27. (p. 230) Which of the following is true of masturbation during childhood?
A. Children are physiologically incapable of masturbating.
B. Boys who masturbate before puberty are unable to achieve erections.
C. Girls who masturbate before puberty are unable to achieve orgasms.
D. Children who masturbate before puberty are capable of orgasming.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
28. (p. 230) Which of the following does research indicate about masturbation in boys?
A. Boys typically begin to masturbate earlier than girls.
B. Boys generally masturbate less frequently than girls.
C. Boys are incapable of stimulating themselves unaided.
D. Boys are unable to achieve true erection before puberty.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
9-9
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
29. (p. 230) Which of the following does research indicate about masturbation in girls?
A. Girls typically begin to masturbate earlier than boys.
B. Girls masturbate more frequently than boys on average.
C. Girls are incapable of stimulating themselves unaided before puberty.
D. Girls typically learn about masturbation through accidental self-discovery.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
30. (p. 230) According to research, children typically hear about heterosexual intercourse during
_____.
A. toddlerhood
B. infancy
C. preadolescence
D. late adolescence
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
31. (p. 231) _____ is a form of social grouping in which males play and associate with other
males and females play and associate with other females.
A. Homonormativity
B. Socio-gender stratification
C. Socio-cultural apartheid
D. Gender-segregated social organization
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
9-10
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
32. (p. 231) Sexual exploration during childhood is frequently between members of the same
gender because:
A. all children are born with homosexual instincts; they are only normalized during
adrenarche.
B. children tend to spend less time talking to or playing with members of their own gender.
C. children tend to be suspicious of and stay away from members of the opposite gender.
D. all children are born with homosexual instincts; they are only normalized during puberty.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
33. (p. 231) Seven-year-old Patrick believes that girls have "cooties." He, along with the other
boys in his class, always stays away from them. This exemplifies:
A. gender-segregated social organization.
B. the Oedipal complex.
C. the Electra complex.
D. latency.
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
9-11
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
35. (p. 231) _____ refers to the belief that the only pattern of sexual behavior considered normal
and acceptable occurs between members of opposite genders.
A. Homonormativity
B. Sexual imperialism
C. Heteronormativity
D. Sexual stratification
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
36. (p. 231) Because of the social environment she was raised in, Susan believes that
male-female pairings are the norm. This is an example of _____.
A. homonormativity
B. sexual imperialism
C. heteronormativity
D. sexual stratification
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
37. (p. 231) A major concern of parents and educators is _____; a sociocultural trend which
encourages children to value themselves by their sex appeal.
A. homonormativity
B. sexual imperialism
C. heteronormativity
D. sexualization
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
9-12
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
38. (p. 231) Which of the following is a sociocultural trend that induces children to equate
physical attractiveness with sexiness?
A. Heteronormativity
B. Sexual imperialism
C. Sexualization
D. Fetishism
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
39. (p. 232) According to the American Psychological Association, _____ is a phenomenon that
desensitizes people toward being objectified.
A. sexualization
B. fetishism
C. heteronormativity
D. homonormativity
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
40. (p. 232) According to the American Psychological Association, _____ is a growing
sociocultural trend which leads to sexuality often being improperly imposed upon a child.
A. sexualization
B. fetishism
C. heteronormativity
D. sexual imperialism
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
9-13
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Medium
42. (p. 232) Which of the following is the result of the sexualization of boys?
A. Boys tend to be more aggressive and objectify girls.
B. Boys tend to evaluate themselves by their academic achievements.
C. Boys do not define the attractiveness of girls by their sex appeal.
D. Boys tend not to evaluate themselves by their attractiveness.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
43. (p. 232) Which of the following is the result of the sexualization of girls?
A. Adolescent girls tend to have high self-esteem as a result of sexualization.
B. Girls evaluate their worth by their achievements and not their attractiveness.
C. Girls tend to objectify each other as easily as they objectify themselves.
D. Girls in their late teens tend to broaden the range of their career aspirations.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
44. (p. 232) _____ results when girls are treated like sexual objects by peers, family, teachers, or
other adults.
A. Sexualization
B. Homonormativity
C. Fetishism
D. Sexual imperialism
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
9-14
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
45. (p. 232) The manifestation of sexualization in Western society has been linked to:
A. a larger number of young women turning to cosmetic surgery.
B. a decline in the popularity of provocative clothing.
C. a marked rise in the self-esteem of young adolescents.
D. broadened career aspirations of young girls.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
48. (p. 232) Which of the following is a factor responsible for sexualization?
A. Adolescents being comprehensively educated on sexuality
B. Using provocatively dressed models to sell a company's products
C. Providing students with more media literacy programs
D. Limiting children's access to television
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
9-15
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
49. (p. 233) According to the theoretical model proposed by Udry, the relative levels of _____ in
boys and girls is the strongest biological factor linked to adolescent sexuality.
A. melatonin
B. dopamine
C. progesterone
D. testosterone
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
50. (p. 233) Which of the following is true of adolescent sexuality according to the theoretical
model proposed by Udry?
A. The level of testosterone in boys has no direct impact upon their sexuality.
B. The hormones that affect the sexuality of young girls the most is estrogen.
C. The effect of testosterone is muted among girls in father-absent families.
D. The teenager's attachment to conventional institutions impacts his/her sexual attitude.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
51. (p. 233) Udry found that girls were most likely to be sexually active if they had high levels of
testosterone and:
A. also attended church regularly.
B. came from father-absent families.
C. had not experienced puberty yet.
D. had poorly developed figures.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
9-16
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
52. (p. 233) Which of the following is true of recent studies on adolescents and masturbation?
A. Kinsey's report on adolescent masturbation shows that girls don't masturbate.
B. Adolescents tend to masturbate at an earlier age now than they did in the past.
C. Frequent masturbation was believed to be beneficial in the early 20th century.
D. Masturbation in adolescents is uncommon and a sign of abnormal behavior.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
53. (p. 234) Which of the following has research discovered to be true of the media's effect on
adolescent behavior?
A. A higher use of sexually explicit materials in adolescents is linked with higher sexual
satisfaction.
B. Exposure to media content increases viewers' sense of self-efficacy for engaging in sexual
behavior.
C. Media portrayals tend to discourage irresponsible behavior in adolescents, like frequent,
casual sex.
D. Media content has little or no impact upon the sexual behavior, beliefs, and attitudes of
adolescents.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
54. (p. 234) The most frequently occurring type of explicit sexual behavior on primetime
television is:
A. heterosexual intercourse between married couples.
B. unmarried heterosexual intercourse.
C. homosexual behavior between males.
D. homosexual behavior between females.
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
9-17
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
55. (p. 234) Which of the following has an adverse effect on the responsibleness of adolescents
toward sexual intercourse?
A. Religious institutions which prescribe intercourse only within the bounds of marriage.
B. Unrealistic media portrayals which indirectly encourage casual, unprotected sex.
C. Co-education schools that don't segregate sexes strictly.
D. Easier access to contraceptives and information on safe-sex.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
56. (p. 236) Which of the following is true of the attitude toward adolescent masturbation today?
A. Masturbation is rare and considered a sign of abnormal behavior.
B. Masturbation is recommended as a remedy in sex therapy.
C. Masturbation is thought to lead to insanity by the medical community.
D. Masturbation is considered permissible in girls but not in boys.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
57. (p. 236) Heterosexual behavior is generally a progression beginning with kissing, then
petting, moving on to oral sex, and then to penis-in-vagina intercourse. These behaviors tend
to follow _____.
A. sexual imperialism
B. a sexual script
C. homonormativity
D. a gender sequence
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
9-18
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
58. (p. 237) Which of the following does research indicate about sexual activity between
adolescents?
A. Adolescents often link sexual experience with social status.
B. Adolescents seldom seek sexual intimacy with each other.
C. Fewer adolescents are sexually active today than they were 40 years ago.
D. Most adolescents lose their virginity at a later age today than they did 40 years ago.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
59. (p. 237) Which of the following trends does data suggest to be true after examining the
patterns of premarital intercourse over the last four decades?
A. Adolescents tend to engage in intercourse at an earlier age now than they did 40 years ago.
B. Adolescents tend to engage in intercourse at a later age now than they did 40 years ago.
C. The number of adolescents choosing to refrain from premarital intercourse hasn't changed.
D. The number of unmarried adolescent mothers has not changed.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
60. (p. 237) Which of the following does data suggest about intercourse during adolescence?
A. Patterns of adolescent sexuality differ substantially across the world.
B. Culture has little or no effect upon patterns of adolescent sexuality.
C. Adolescents are fully aware of the dangers of STIs and list them as a primary reason for
abstaining from intercourse.
D. Adolescents who have a strong affiliation with religious institutions tend to engage in
intercourse before age 15.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
9-19
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part
Chapter 09 - Sexuality and the Life Cycle: Childhood and Adolescence
61. (p. 237) Which of the following does research indicate to be true of adolescent intercourse
across cultures?
A. America has the lowest number of adolescents reporting intercourse among the developed
nations of the world.
B. America has a lower number of adolescents reporting intercourse than in Latin American
countries.
C. The percentage of girls who report intercourse is lower in Latin American countries than in
African nations.
D. The percentage of adolescents who report intercourse is the same across all countries of the
world.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
63. (p. 238) Which of the following is true of the incidence of teen pregnancies?
A. It is equal across all socioeconomic groups.
B. It is higher in richer sections of society.
C. It is higher in low-income families.
D. It is lower in minority groups.
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
9-20
© 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
schepping der vrouw reeds bewijs was van een vooraf geschieden
val, deel II 548, en voorts nog M. Vitringa II 265. Verwant hiermede
is de leer van Kant, die van eene intelligibele daad spreekt als
oorzaak van den radicalen Hang zum Bösen en van de angeborne
Schuld, Religion ed. Rosenkranz 34. 42. 44 f., en zoo ook Schelling,
Werke I 7 S. 385. Müller, Sünde II5 99 f. Steffens, Renouvier,
Sécrétan, Dr. Edw. Beecher e. a. Maar deze beweringen missen
allen theologischen en ook allen wijsgeerigen grond. Vooreerst
sluiten zij het praeëxistente bestaan der zielen in, dat om
verschillende redenen niet aannemelijk is, deel II 565. Voorts wordt
de val, die in Gen. 3 verhaald wordt, van zijn karakter en beteekenis
beroofd; hij houdt op een val te zijn en wordt slechts de verschijning
van iets, dat reeds lang geleden heeft plaats gehad; in verband
daarmede verliest de tijdelijke, empirische vrijheid des menschen al
hare waarde; de ziel alleen is gevallen en is tot straf in het lichaam
geplaatst. Verder is deze leer ook in strijd met den organischen
samenhang van het menschelijk geslacht. Ieder mensch bepaalt zijn
eigen lot, das Wesen des Menschen ist wesentlich seine eigene
That (Schelling). Daarbij baart het verwondering, dat alle menschen
individueel, zonder eenige uitzondering, zich ten kwade bepalen, en
dat alleen de eerste mensch, ofschoon gevallen, toch nog een proef
ontving, of hij misschien nog wilde staande blijven en zijn val
herstellen. En eindelijk is het duidelijk, dat de menschheid, alzoo in
een aggregaat van individuen opgelost, noch een
gemeenschappelijk hoofd kan hebben in Adam noch ook in Christus.
Er is geen gemeenschappelijke val, er is dus ook geen
gemeenschappelijk herstel; ieder valt voor zichzelf, ieder moet
zichzelf dus ook oprichten; in weerwil van het radicale Böse besloot
Kant dan ook uit het du sollst tot het du kannst.
Wij moeten daarom bij de gegevens der Schrift, hoe weinig deze
ook zijn, blijven staan. De tijd van den val der engelen wordt in het
geheel niet vermeld. Met het oog op het ἀπ’ ἀρχης, Joh. 8:44, waren
vele theologen van oordeel, dat de engelen wel niet in het moment
hunner schepping zelve, in primo instanti, maar dan toch terstond
daarna, in secundo instanti, door hunne eerste wilsdaad òf in het
goede bevestigd òf in zonde gevallen waren, Aug. de civ. XI 13.
Thomas. S. Th. I qu. 62 art. 5. qu. 63 art. 5 en 6. Anderen namen
aan dat er een korte tijd na hun schepping verliep, en dat hun val
dan òf nog vóór de schepping van hemel en aarde in Gen. 1:1,
Episcopius, Inst. Theol. IV 3, 1; òf binnen de zes scheppingsdagen,
Coccejus op Joh. 8:44; òf met het oog op Gen. 1:31 eerst na afloop
van heel het scheppingswerk plaats had, Voetius, Disp. I 919. 920.
Turretinus, Theol. El. IX 5. M. Vitringa II 261. Even weinig valt er met
zekerheid te zeggen van den tijd van ’s menschen val. Sommigen
spreken van jaren na zijne schepping; anderen meenen, wijl Genesis
na het verhaal van de schepping terstond overgaat tot dat van den
val en ook op grond van Gen. 4:1, dat de val des menschen slechts
enkele dagen na of zelfs op denzelfden dag als zijne schepping
heeft plaats gehad, Marck, Hist. Parad. III 7. Moor, Comm. IV 166 M.
Vitringa II 261. Zöckler, Urstand des Menschen 35 f. Deze
tijdsbepalingen zijn ook van minder gewicht. Wat wel van belang is,
is dit, dat volgens de Schrift de val van de schepping zelve wezenlijk
onderscheiden is. De zonde is een verschijnsel, waarvoor de
mogelijkheid wel in de schepping van eindige, veranderlijke wezens
gegeven was, maar welks werkelijkheid alleen door den wil van het
schepsel tot aanzijn geroepen kon worden. Zij is eene macht, die
niet tot het wezen der schepping behoort, die er oorspronkelijk niet
was, die er gekomen is door ongehoorzaamheid en overtreding, die
wederrechtelijk in de schepping is binnengedrongen en die er niet
behoorde te zijn. Zij is er, en haar zijn is geen toeval; zelfs mag met
het oog op den raad Gods, die haar opnam en eene plaats aanwees,
tot op zekere hoogte en in zekeren zin gezegd, dat zij er moest
wezen. Maar zij moest er dan toch altijd wezen als iets, dat niet
behoorde te zijn en dat geen recht heeft van bestaan.
1. De vraag naar het wezen der zonde is niet identisch met die
naar haar aanvang, want eerst bij de ontwikkeling wordt ten volle
openbaar, wat in een beginsel verscholen ligt. Maar toch is in de
eerste zonde de zonde zelve reeds werkzaam en daarin dus ook
reeds eenigermate te kennen. Over karakter en aard der eerste
zonde, waaraan engelen en menschen zich schuldig maakten, is
echter verschil. De meening, dat de zonde der engelen met wellust
begon, is reeds vroeger weerlegd, dl. II 436. Veel waarschijnlijker is
het, met het oog op den aard der verzoeking in Gen. 3:5 en Mt. 4:3,
6, 9 en de vermaning 1 Tim. 3:6, om niet opgeblazen te worden en
alzoo in eenzelfde oordeel te vallen als de duivel, dat de eerste
zonde der engelen in hoogmoed heeft bestaan; maar er is van hun
val toch te weinig geopenbaard, dan dat wij hier met volstrekte
zekerheid kunnen spreken; anderen dachten dan ook aan leugen,
Joh. 8:44, nijd, Wijsh. 2:24, of eene andere zonde, Heppe, Dogm.
der ev. ref. K. 157. Volgens de Roomschen bestond ook de eerste
zonde bij den mensch in hoogmoed, Bellarminus, de amiss. grat. et
statu pecc. III c. 4, die zich beroept op Sir. 10:13, 14, Tob. 4:13,
Rom. 5:19, August., de Gen. ad litt. XI 30. Enchir. 45. de civ. XIV 13.
Thomas, S. Th. II 2 qu. 163 enz. Krachtig zijn deze bewijzen niet;
Sirach en Tobias spreken alleen van den hoogmoed in het
algemeen, Paulus noemt de eerste zonde juist ongehoorzaamheid,
en kerkvaders en scholastici bestrijden, als ze de eerste zonde
hoogmoed noemen, vooral de opvatting, die haar in zinlijken lust laat
bestaan. De Protestanten lieten echter gewoonlijk de zonde bij Eva
reeds met den twijfel en het ongeloof aanvangen, die dan werden
gevolgd door hoogmoed en begeerlijkheid, Luther op Gen. 3.
Gerhard, Loci IX c. 2. Calv. Inst. II 1, 4. Zanchius, Op. IV 30.
Synopsis pur. theol. XIV 9 sq. Marck, Hist. Parad. III 2. M. Vitringa II
267. Terecht werd echter door Tertullianus, adv. Jud. 2 en
Augustinus, Enchir. 45, opgemerkt, dat de eerste zonde reeds
velerlei zonden in zich sloot en in beginsel eene overtreding was van
alle geboden; ze was immers ongehoorzaamheid aan God, twijfel,
ongeloof, zelfverheffing, hoogmoed, doodslag, diefstal,
begeerlijkheid enz.; en dienovereenkomstig werden er ook
verschillende gedachten, aandoeningen, lusten, bewegingen in den
mensch gewekt; verstand en wil, ziel en lichaam namen er aan deel.
Zij was eene bewuste en vrije daad, ἁμαρτια, παραβασις,
παραπτωμα, παρακοη in eigenlijken zin, Rom. 5:12v. Ofschoon
verleid, zijn de eerste menschen toch niet als onnoozele kinderen,
zonder beter te weten, ten val gebracht. Zij hebben Gods gebod met
bewustheid en vrijheid overtreden; zij wisten en wilden wat ze
deden. Verontschuldigingen komen hier niet te pas. De
omstandigheden, waaronder de eerste zonde door engelen en
menschen bedreven werd, strekken niet tot vergoelijking maar
vermeerderen de schuld. Zij werd begaan tegen Gods uitdrukkelijk
en duidelijk gebod; door een mensch die naar Gods beeld was
geschapen; in eene zaak van zeer geringe beteekenis, die schier
geen zelfverloochening vorderde; en wellicht korten tijd, nadat het
gebod ontvangen was. Ze is de bron geworden van alle
ongerechtigheden en gruwelen, van alle rampen en onheilen, van
alle krankheid en dood, die sedert in de wereld bedreven en geleden
zijn. Hinc illae lacrimae! De zonde van Adam kan geen kleinigheid
zijn; ze moet eene principieele omkeering van alle verhoudingen zijn
geweest, eene revolutie, waarbij het schepsel zich losmaakte van en
stelde tegenover God, een opstand, een val in den meest eigenlijken
zin, die voor heel de wereld beslissend was en haar leidde in eene
richting en op een weg, van God af, de goddeloosheid en het verderf
te gemoet, ineffabiliter grande peccatum, Aug. Op. imp. c. Jul. I 165.
Zoo ernstig werd in de christelijke kerk en theologie de eerste zonde
opgevat, August. de civ. XIV 11-15. XXI 12. Enchir. 26. 27. 45.
Thomas, S. Th. II 2 qu. 163 art. 3. Conc. Trid. V 1. Bellarminus. de
am. gr. et st. pecc. III c. 8-10. Scheeben, Dogm. II 594. Ned. Gel. art.
14. Heid. Cat. qu. 7. 9. Mastricht, Theol. IV 1, 15. Marck, Hist. Parad.
III 2, 10 enz.