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 INSTRUCTOR'S RESOURCE MANUAL—CHAPTER EIGHT
FAMILY AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

CHAPTER OVERVIEW/SUMMARY
This chapter looks at the family—a primary group which is typically the first social group that
teaches an individual basic attitudes, values, beliefs, and appropriate behaviors. This chapter
traces the historical development and changing role of the traditional American family. We
emphasize the family's role in influencing juveniles' behavior and summarize the importance of
social variables such as social class, family birth, and the nature of family interaction in terms of
their relationship to juvenile delinquency. The effect on children of mothers working outside the
home is explored, and various techniques of parental discipline are reviewed in regard to their
theoretical link to delinquency. Research on the assumed link between broken homes and
delinquency is summarized and discussed, and the chapter ends with an overview of the family's
role in delinquency prevention.

STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Understand the changing role of the family in U.S. society.
2. Identify how the family acts as a primary agent of socialization for youth in our society.
3. Explain how family variables such as social class, family size, the nature of family
interaction, and parental discipline relate to juvenile delinquency.
4. Summarize the research relating single-parent families to delinquency.
5. Understand the impact of parental discipline upon youths and how various techniques of
discipline may relate to delinquency.
6. Explore how the family may serve as an insulator against juvenile delinquency.

LECTURE OUTLINE

I. INTRODUCTION (p. 186)

This chapter discusses one of the most important social groups in which juveniles participate—
the family. For most juveniles, this is the first family setting to which the child is exposed, and
which serves as the primary socializing agent for the youth.

II. THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE FAMILY (pp. 186-187)

The family is not what it used to be in the past. The shift in American society being
predominantly rural prior to the Industrial Revolution to predominantly urban after the turn of
the century had tremendous impact upon the family situation. As time continues, we can expect
tremendous changes in the role of the family in American society.

III. THE INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF THE NUCLEAR FAMILY AND THE

CREATION OF "ADOLESCENCE" (pp. 187-189)
The shift from an agricultural to an industrial society and the concomitant transition from rural to
urban residence for the majority of our citizens, had a lasting impact upon family size and
structure.
Urban life put new demands on the family. For example, families went from being units of
production to units of consumption. Adolescence came into its own during the Great Depression

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and World War II, as older youth left school for part-time and full-time jobs to help support their
families. Studies consistently show that the family is among the most influential factors in
delinquency.

IV. THE FAMILY AS AN AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION (pp.189-192)

Socialization refers to the process whereby individuals learn and internalize the appropriate
attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors of a particular culture. Socialization is a lifelong process.
Virtually everybody with whom an individual comes in contact can influence the socialization
process, but for the most part, sociologists contend that the major agents of socialization consist
of the family, school, church, peer group, and mass media. Early childhood socialization process
cannot be overestimated in its importance in developing the foundation of attitudes, values, and
behaviors likely to lead to conforming or law violating behavior in adolescence and young
adulthood. Further, there does seem to be enough data to conclude that the media are a powerful
socializing agent in American society.

V. WORKING MOTHERS AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY (pp. 192-196)

The phenomenon of large numbers of married women working outside the home is a fairly
recent one, which has undoubtedly impacted upon the U.S. family, but researchers cannot seem
to agree on what the specific nature of the impact has been upon the children in the family.
Today, over 70 million American women and over 75 percent of mothers between 25 and 54
work outside of the home, although for the first time in 40 years, the percentage has stabilized.
Despite the rhetoric associated with the detrimental effects of working mothers, there has been
little research actually linking higher rates of delinquency to the children of mothers working
outside the home. Those mothers were more likely to participate in meaningful after-school
activities. Therefore, Hirschi suggested that a social bond may be more effective in reducing the
likelihood of delinquency than merely the mother’s presence in the home.

VI. OTHER FAMILY VARIABLES AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY (pp. 196-202)

A. Social Class: The first social status of a child is that of the family. Whether a child is born
into an impoverished family, a blue-collar working class family, a middle class professional
family, or a wealthy family is totally beyond the child's control, yet has profound impact
upon his or her life. From a sociological perspective, socioeconomic status is an important
determinant of social behavior.

B. Family Size and Birth Order: Psychologists and sociologists have long emphasized the
importance of parents in personality development, but research indicates that the number of
siblings and the child's place in the birth order are also importantly related to delinquency.
Hirschi (1969) indicated that large families tend to lack financial resources, discipline, and
adequate socialization. Blerer explains that children of the same parents have different
personalities because it is not the same environment. Depending on his or her birth order,
each child is born into an environment that is entirely different from their siblings.

C. Family Interaction: There are certain identifiable types and patterns of family interaction
between parents and children which appear on a fairly consistent basis throughout much of
the research on the family and delinquency. Numerous studies have linked violence within

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 the family but the overall relationship between parents and children appears relevant to
understanding delinquency and its relationship to home environment. Giordano concluded
that patterns of interaction within the family are more important in explaining delinquency
than structural factors such as family size and broken or intact homes.

D. Parental Discipline: The nature, type, and extent of the parental discipline varies a great deal
as do attitudes about what constitutes appropriate disciplinary measures. Discipline in the
U.S. family ranges from corporal punishment to no punishment at all, with virtually
everything in between. But in fact, consistency in discipline was more important in insulating
against delinquency than the method used. When parents fail to discipline their children, the
burden is likely to shift to other agents of social control such as school, police and the courts.

VII. SINGLE-PARENT FAMILIES AND DELINQUENCY (p. 202-205)

There has been much debate over the relationship between broken homes and juvenile
delinquency. As divorce rates have increased, so has speculation about the impact of divorce
upon juveniles and its assumed relationship to juvenile delinquency.
Among other factors, children from broken homes generally experience a loss of socioeconomic
status, which might indirectly contribute to their delinquency. Studies suggest that juveniles from
single-parent families are treated differently by juvenile courts. Although it is likely that the
possible relationship between single-parent families and delinquency will continue to capture the
interest of researchers, the evidence suggests that one parent doing a good job of parenting and
bonding with the child is better than two parents who do not.

VIII. THE FAMILY AND DELINQUENCY PREVENTION (pp. 205-209)

The disparate findings of sociological research in this area suggest that a multi-causal approach
needs to be taken which assesses the variety of ways in which the family impacts upon its
individual members.

RECOMMENDED CLASS EXERCISES

1. Request that those students who were latchkey children in their past to describe any negative
or positive experiences from this situation.
2. Invite a single parent speaker to discuss their challenges.
3. Ask students to discuss which type of parenting they received as children and whether they
would discipline their children in the same way.
4. Discuss with students their different childhood experiences in regards to mothers who
worked or stayed at home and its impact on supervision.
5. Request that student research studies on daycare vs. parent presence as predictors of juvenile
delinquency.

A PERSONAL WORD FOR THE FELLOW INSTRUCTOR

The nuclear family is a delicate unit and works under all kinds of pressures which could
generate delinquency. At this writing, over 75 percent of mothers work outside of home. This
phenomenon has called into question the impact of latchkey children, who are more likely to
get into trouble than children who return home to a parent. This is confirmed by chronological
research which shows most delinquency occurs between 3pm-7pm and after midnight.

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Several researchers have found insignificant differences in the rates of delinquency when
comparing children of working mothers to those of non-working mothers. However, there is a
notion that the quantity of time spent between parents and children is less important than the
quality of the time spent.
Strong attachment and involvement with family has been consistently linked to
nondelinquency. Conversely, family violence is strongly linked to delinquency and drug
abuse. Conflict in the home is more strongly linked to delinquency than a broken home,
therefore positive discipline is more effective than negative discipline. This shows the need
for ongoing research on the effects of parents in the work place and remedies to support their
parenting responsibilities.

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 TEST BANK—CHAPTER EIGHT
THE FAMILY AND JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following is typically the first social group that teaches an individual basic
attitudes?
a. the family* (p. 189)
b. the school
c. the church
d. the first club joined by a youth

2. The family of origin __________.

a. is not important
b. is not changing
c. is the family in which the child grows up* (p. 186)
d. is only found in the United States

3. The shift in American society from being predominantly rural prior to the Industrial
Revolution to predominantly urban after the turn of the century __________.
a. was not noticed
b. had no effect on the family
c. had a tremendous impact upon the family institution* (p. 186)
d. was the result of changing ideas about love, marriage, and the family

4. How was life in preindustrial America?

a. tough* (p. 187)
b. easy
c. indifferent
d. the same as it was during the later industrialized period

5. What marked the rite of passage into adulthood in the agrarian society?
a. attaining the age of 21
b. the marriage ceremony* (p. 187)
c. graduating from high school
d. owning one's first rifle

6. Which concept refers to a socially created life stage between childhood and adulthood?
a. puberty
b. adolescence* (p. 188)
c. midlife
d. kinship

7. Socialization __________.
a. no longer takes place
b. is unchanging

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c. is limited to youth
d. is a lifelong process* (p. 189)

8. Bumpass found that family of orientation served as the reference point for __________.
a. violence in the home
b. handling discipline in the home
c. the transmission of social values* (p. 189)
d. how gender roles were applied

9. One of the most important ways in which a family socializes its young members is through
__________.
a. providing a formal education
b. taking them to church
c. paying for their college education
d. the process of role modeling*(p. 189)

10. The television set is on an average of __________ hours a day in the typical American
home.
a. 12 hours
b. 8 hours* (p. 191)
c. 4 hours
d. 6 hours

11. The Kaiser Family Foundation’s national study found that __________.
a. children today are growing up immersed in media
b. many children under 6 are active computer users
c. the longer television is left on in the home, the more television children watch
d. all of the above were part of their findings * (p. 191)

12. Although most parents have media related rules, only about __________.
a. half said they regularly enforced those rules * (p. 192)
b. 1/3 felt it was important to follow through on those rules
c. half said their children were impacted by the media
d. 1/3 said they only applied those rules with violent video games

13. When "Rosie the Riveter" stepped into the factory to take the place of her husband, the event
was viewed as __________.
a. permanent
b. unimportant
c. temporary* (p. 192)
d. dangerous

14. During war women proved that they were capable of working in factories alongside men, or
in place of them. During that time, however, they also were expected to return home to
perform all of their "wifely" duties. To a large extent __________.
a. this expectation remains today* (p. 193)

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b. this expectation varies considerably
c. this expectation is no longer present
d. this expectation cannot be determined

15. One of the major problems faced by working mothers is __________.

a. balancing being a wife and an employee
b. finding adequate child care for their children* (p.193)
c. education for their children
d. being promoted in the workplace

16. Today, how many mothers ages 25 to 54 work outside of the home?
a. exactly 5%
b. about 10%
c. 50%
d. over 75 percent* (p. 193)

17. Which phrase is used to describe the numerous school-aged children who return home after
school to an empty house?
a. late children
b. evening children
c. latchkey children*(p. 193)
d. parochial children

18. According to the Census Bureau, the number of Latchkey Children in the United States is
about __________.
a. 3 million
b. 7 million* (p. 193)
c. 10 million
d. 15 million

19. Some researchers believe that the phenomenon of “latchkey children” is a form of
__________.
a. punishment
b. torture
c. child neglect* (p. 195)
d. crime

20. The bottom line is that daycare is __________.

a. a viable option for those who choose to work outside the home * (p.195)
b. proven to be linked to delinquency
c. highly problematic for a lot of children in America
d. no more dangerous than an after school program

21. Birth ordinal position research found that __________ children are most likely to end up
delinquent.
a. first born children

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b. only children
c. middle children* (p.198)
d. last born children

22. When parents fail to discipline their children, the burden is likely to shift to __________.
a. school
b. police
c. courts
d. all of the above* (p. 202)

23. What percent of marriages today are estimated to terminate through divorce?
a. 10
b. 30
c. 40
d. 50* (p. 202)

24. Talcott Parsons (1947) promoted the idea that divorce was particularly dysfunctional for the
development of young males because it created __________.
a. fear of the future
b. uncertainty about economic resources
c. anxiety about their masculine identify* (p. 203)
d. culture shock

25. The best prevention of delinquency may be __________.

a. more federal government assistance
b. more state government assistance
c. better teachers and counselors
d. strong parental supervision and discipline* (p. 207)

II.TRUE-FALSE

26. The family of origin is the family in which the child grows up. True or False? (True, p. 186)

27. Agrarian America is seldom depicted as being characterized by the extended family. True or
False? (False, p. 186)

28. A nuclear family is described as a husband, wife and their children, smaller family size,
greater independence for its members, and more geographical and social mobility. True or
False? (True, p. 188)

29. Adolescence came into its own during the Civil War period. True or False? (False, p. 188)

30. While the family cannot totally control outside influences upon its members, it can have
minimal impact in shaping the extent a child will be exposed to other agents of socialization.
True or False? (False, p. 189)

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31. The American Pediatric Association found that 88% of all children under 2 watched
television or videos for more than 2 hours a day. True or False? (False, p.191)

32. If women with young children are employed outside the home, their family responsibilities
are often considered priority, and the job comes second. True or False? (True, p. 193)

33. The changing structure and size of the U.S. family today means that in most cases, there are
no adult family members available to care for the children in the home. True or False? (True,
p. 193)

34. There has been a great deal of research linking higher rates of delinquency to the children of
mothers working outside the home. True or False? (False, p. 193)

35. Delinquency exists among all social classes, but lower-class youths are more likely to be
officially processed. True or False? (True, p. 196)

III.FILL-IN-THE-BLANK

36. __________ refers to behavior motivated and influenced by an individual's membership in or

identification with a social group. (Collective behavior, p. 183)

37. The __________ is a relatively small intimate group characterized by face-to face
interaction. (primary group, p. 183)

38. A __________ is a group with which an individual has a strong sense of identification
regardless of his/her actual membership in the group. (reference group, p. 183)

39. There is an agreement that the family was much __________ in agrarian America. (larger, p.
186)

40. Agrarian America is often depicted as being characterized by the __________ in which
several generations lived under one roof. (extended family, p. 186)

41. The __________ was limited to the husband and wife and their children. (nuclear family, p.
188)

42. Appropriate behavior for teenagers became ambiguous, leading to the __________ of the
juvenile status. (marginality, p. 188)

43. __________ refers to the process whereby individuals learn and internalize the appropriate
attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors of a particular culture. (Socialization, p. 189)

44. The family of __________ severs as the reference point for the transmission of social values.
(orientation, p. 189)

45. Many parents have faith in the educational value of electronic __________. (media, p. 192)

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46. One third of all children live in a home where the __________ is on all the time during
waking hours. (television, p. 191)

47. Despite the heavy use of electronic screen media, the Kaiser Foundation study found that
__________ was one of the most popular activities for young children. (music. p. 194)

48. There is the notion that the quantity of time spent between parents and children may be less
important than the __________ of the time spent. (quality, p. 196)

49. Youths who come from __________-class are less likely to be apprehended than those of
other classes. (upper, p. 196)

50. In research on birth order, we find that exposure of __________ delinquency is almost
always related to delinquent conduct. (sibling, p. 197)

IV.ESSAY QUESTIONS

51. Discuss why industrialization impacted the family.

52. Discuss the role of media as an agent of socialization and ways to reduce its impact on
children.

53. Discuss what research says about working mothers and juvenile delinquency.

54. Discuss how social class may impact youths and contact with the judicial system.

55. Discuss what links exists between violence within the family as predictors of juvenile
delinquency.

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Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.
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