Faculty of Science

Unit 4: Techniques of Integration

MATH 1241
Calculus II
Table of Content
Unit 4: Further Applications of Integration/ Differential Equations
Introduction ..................................................................................................... U4-1
Section 8.1: Arc Length .................................................................................. U4-2
Section 8.2: Area of a Surface of Revolution ............................................. U4-7
Section 8.4: Applications to Economics and Biology ............................. U4-13
Section 9.1: Modeling with Differential Equations ............................... U4-16
Section 9.3: Separable Equations ............................................................... U4-17
Section 9.4: Models for Population Growth ............................................ U4-22
MATH 1241: Calculus II U4-1

Unit 4: Further Applications of Integration/

Differential Equations
8.1 Arc Length
8.2 Area of a Surface of Revolution
8.3 Omitted
8.4 Applications to Economics and Biology
9.1 Modeling with Differential Equations
9.2 Omitted
9.3 Separable Equations
9.4 Models for Population Growth

Introduction
In Unit 4, we continue the study of applications of the integral. We see that the
integral is involved in defining the concepts of arc length and the area of a surface of
revolution. We continue with applications to economics—namely, consumer’s
surplus and producer’s surplus—and to biology (blood flow). Finally, we study
differential equations, including separable equations and equations that model
population growth.

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 U4-2 Unit 4: Further Applications of Integration/Differential Equations

Section 8.1: Arc Length

Objectives
When you finish this section, you should be able to:
• Set up an integral for the length of an arc.
• Evaluate the integral to compute the exact or approximate arc length.

Study Plan
1. Read Section 8.1 of SVC. Take the time to do this carefully.
2. Read the Study Hints and Discussion.
3. Do as many odd-numbered problems as you need to do in order to meet the
objectives of this section. The answers to the odd-numbered problems are given
at the back of your textbook and complete solutions are provided in the Student
Solutions Manual.

Study Hints and Discussion

On pp. 544–545 in 8th edition or pp. 560-561 in 9th edition of SVC, there is a detailed
discussion of the derivation of the formula for the length L of a curve
=y f ( x) from
= x a= to x b. We note that the function f must have a continuous
derivative; that is, f ′ must be continuous in order to use the formula for arc length:
2
⌠ b ⌠ b
 dy 
1 + ( f ′( x ) dx .
2

 1 +  = dx 


⌡ a  dx  
⌡ a

Example 1
Find the length of the arc of the linear function y = 3 x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. Check your
answer by using the distance formula.

Solution:
We have
2 2
dy  dy  ⌠ 2
y=
3 x + 1, L
3 and 1 +   =10 , so=
= 

dx
10= 10 x=
 0 2 10.
dx  dx  
⌡0

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 MATH 1241: Calculus II U4-3

Diagram 8.1.1

Check: y = 3 x + 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, is a straight-line segment from (0, 1) to (2, 7). Using the

distance formula, its length is

( 2 − 0 ) + ( 7 − 1)
2 2
L=
= 4 + 36
= 40
= 2 10.
In the case where the curve is given by=x g( y ), c ≤ y ≤ d , then the arc length
formula is
2
⌠d  dx 
=L 
 1 +   dy.

⌡c  dy 
On pp. 547–548 in 8th edition or pp. 563–564 in 9th edition, the concept of the
differential of arc length, ds is developed. Using this differential, we can write the
arc length integral in the form

L = ∫ ds
2 2
 dy   dx 
ds =
1 +   dx or ds =
1 +   dy.
 dx   dy 
We now give an example using the latter form of the arc length differential, ds.

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 U4-4 Unit 4: Further Applications of Integration/Differential Equations

Example 2
2 3
 128 
Find the length of the curve=x ( y − 1) 2 from (0,1) to  ,17  .
3  3 

Solution:
2
dx 1
 dx 
dy
(
= y − 1) 2 , 1 +   = y.
 dy 
So we have
⌠ 17
L =  y dy
⌡1

2 32 17
y 1
=
3
2  32 
= 17 − 1
3 
2
= 17 17 − 1 .
3
Note that you are to give exact values where possible.

Example 3
Find the length of the curve defined by y 2 = 4 x 3 from (0, 0) to (4, 16).

Solution:
Solving for y, we have
3 1 2
dy  dy 
y=
2x 2 , 3 x 2 and 1 +   =+
= 1 9 x.
dx  dx 
Therefore,
⌠ 4 1
=L 


(1 + 9x ) 2 dx
⌡ 0
12 3
=
9  3 
( 1 + 9 x ) 24
0

2  3

= (37) 2
− 1 ≈ 16.6.
27  

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 MATH 1241: Calculus II U4-5

In many cases, it will be difficult, or impossible, to find the length of a curve because
2
we are unable to find the antiderivative of the integrand  dy  . Sometimes, we
1+  
 dx 
use an approximation method, such as Simpson’s Rule, to approximate the length of
a curve (see Example 3 part (b) on p. 547 in 8th edition or p. 563 in 9th edition). We
give two examples below.

Example 4
Set up, but do not evaluate, an integral for the length of the following curves:

y x10 , 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
a. =
2 π
b. y e x sin x , 0 ≤ x ≤
=
4

Solution:
⌠ 2

a. L
=  1 + 100 x18 dx

⌡1
dy 2 2 2
b. =2 x e x sin x + e x cos x =e x cos x + 2 x sin x 
dx
⌠ π
 4 2 2
L=  1 + e 2 x cos x + 2 x sin x  dx


⌡1

Example 5

y
a. Set up the integral for the length L of the curve defined by = x,1≤ x ≤ 4 .
b. Approximate L for the integral in part (a) using Simpson’s Rule with n = 10.

Solution:
1 2
dy 1 − 21  dy  1
a. y =
x , =
2
x and 1 +   =+ 1 so
dx 2  dx  4x
⌠ 4
1
=L 
 1+ dx.

⌡1 4x

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U4-6 Unit 4: Further Applications of Integration/Differential Equations

1 b−a 3
b. Setting f ( x) = 1+ , a = 1, b = 4, ∆x = =
4x n 10
we have

⌠ 4
1
=L  1+ dx

⌡ 1
4x

∆x
= [ f ( 1) + 4 f ( 1.3 ) + 2 f ( 1.6 ) + 4 f ( 1.9 ) + 2 f (2.2) + 4 f (2.5) + 2 f (2.8) + 4 f (3.1) + 2 f ( 3.4 ) + 4 f (3.7) + f ( 4 )]
3
1
= [1.11803399 + 4.36771371 + 2.15058132 + 4.25502798 + 2.11057941 + 4.19523539
10
+ 2.08737703 + 4.15816337 + 2.07222529 + 4.13292646 + 1.03077640 ]
1
= = [
31.678640353 3.167864. ]
10

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 MATH 1241: Calculus II U4-7

Section 8.2: Area of a Surface of Revolution

Objective
When you finish this section, you should be able to:
• Find the surface area of a solid of revolution.

Study Plan
1. Read Section 8.2 of SVC. Take the time to do this carefully.
2. Read the Study Hints and Discussion.
3. Do as many odd-numbered problems as you need to do in order to meet the
objectives of this section. The answers to the odd-numbered problems are given
at the back of your textbook and complete solutions are provided in the Student
Solutions Manual.

Study Hints and Discussion

The formula for finding the surface area S of a solid of revolution is carefully
derived on pp. 551–553 in 8th edition or pp. 567–570 in 9th edition. Formulas (4) and
(5) for the surface area S on pp. 552–553 in 8th edition or p. 569 in 9th edition are the
same, only using different notation. In these formulas, the function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), 𝑎𝑎 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤
𝑏𝑏 (with 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) ≥ 0 on [a, b]) is rotated about the x-axis. The resulting surface area S is
then given as an integral:
2
⌠b 2
⌠d  dx 
=S 
 2π f ( x) 1 +  f ′( x) =
dx or S 
 2π y 1 +   dy

⌡ a

⌡c  dy 
in the case where the curve is given as x = g(y), c ≤ y ≤ d, also rotated about the x-axis.
We use the arc length differential ds from Section 8.1 to give a more compact
notation for the surface area.
⌠
S =  2π y ds ( rotation about the x-axis ) , where

⌡
2 2
 dy   dx 
ds =
1 +   dx or ds =
1 +   dy.
 dx   dy 
⌠
=Similarly, S 

2π x ds ( rotation about the y − axis ) , where ds takes either one of the

⌡
two forms above.

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 U4-8 Unit 4: Further Applications of Integration/Differential Equations

Example 1
y x 3 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 about
Find the area of the surface generated by revolving the arc, =
the x-axis.

Solution:
The surface is shown below.

Circumference = 2π y

Diagram 8.2.1

dy
To find the surface area, we begin with = 3 x 2 , so
dx
⌠
S =  2π y ds
⌡
1 2
⌠
  dy 
= 
2π x 3
1 +   dx

⌡ 0  dx 
⌠ 1

= 2π  x 3 1 + 9 x 4 dx.

⌡ 0

To integrate, we observe that the derivative of

1 + 9 x 4 is 36 x 3 , so we have

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 MATH 1241: Calculus II U4-9

1
3
2π 2 
S= ⋅ 1 + 9x4
36 3
( ) 2

0
π  2 
3
= 10 − 1
27  
π 
= 10 10 − 1 ≈ 6.59.
27  

Example 2
Find the surface area generated when the curve=y 2 x , 1 ≤ x ≤ 8 is rotated about
the x-axis.
Solution 1:
1
dy
1
−
y 2=
x , x , we have
2
=
Using 2
dx
⌠ 8

S=  2π yds


⌡ 1

⌠ 8
1
1

= 4π  x 1 + dx
2

 
⌡ 1
x
⌠ 8
x+1
= 4π 

x dx

⌡ 1
x
⌠ 8

= 4π 

x + 1dx

⌡ 1
3
2
= 4π   ( x + 1) 2
3
8π 
3 3

= 9 − 2 
2 2
3  
8π 
= 27 − 2 2 
3  

Solution 2:
y 2 dx y
Using x= , = , 2 ≤ y ≤ 4 2 , we have
4 dy 2

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U4-10 Unit 4: Further Applications of Integration/Differential Equations

⌠
S =  2π yds

⌡
⌠ 4 2
y2
= 2π  y 1+ dy

⌡ 2
4
1
2
⌠ 4 2 
y  y 
2
= 2π  2  1 +   dy 

⌡ 2  4  2 
4 2
 3

2  y 
2 2
=  4π   1 +  

3 4 
  2
8π  3 3

= 
3 
( 1 + 8 ) 2 − 22


8π 
= 27 − 2 2  .
3  

Example 3
y x 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 is revolved about
Find the surface area generated when the curve =
the y-axis.

Solution:
2 dx 1
=
We have y x= ,x y and= , so
dy 2 y

Diagram 8.2.2

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 MATH 1241: Calculus II U4-11

⌠
S =  2π x ds

⌡
⌠ 4
1
= 
 2π y 1+ dy

⌡0 4y
⌠ 4
4y + 1
= 2π  y dy

⌡0 4y
1
⌠ 4
( 4 y + 1)
2
= π  dy

⌡0
1
π ⌠ 4
( 4 y + 1) ( 4dy )
2
=
4 ⌡ 0
4
π 2 3

=⋅ ( 4 y + 1) 2 
4 3 0
π 3 3

= ( )
17 2 − 12

6 
π
= 17 17 − 1
6 

Example 4
Find the area of the surface of revolution generated by revolving the curve:
1 4 1
x= y + 2 , 1 ≤ y ≤ 4 about the x-axis.
8 4y

Solution:
We have
dx 1 3 1 −3
= y − y
dy 2 2
2
 dx  1
1 +   = 1 + y 6 − 2 + y −6 ( )
 dy  4
1 6
=
4
(
y + 2 + y −6 )
1 3
( )
2
= y + y −3
4
2
 dx  1
1 +   = y 3 + y −3
2
( )
 dy 

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 U4-12 Unit 4: Further Applications of Integration/Differential Equations

Therefore,
⌠
S =  2π yds

⌡
⌠ 4
 1 3
= 


2π y 


2
( )
y + y −3 dy
⌡1
⌠ 4
= π 

(y 4
)
+ y −2 dy
⌡1
4
 y5 
= π  − y −1 
5 1
 4 5 1   1  
= π  −  −  − 1  
 5 4   5 
 1023 3  4107π
= π += .
 5 4  20

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 MATH 1241: Calculus II U4-13

Section 8.4: Applications to Economics and Biology

Objective
When you finish this section, you should be able to:
• Solve problems involving applications of the integral to selected areas in
economics and biology.

Study Plan
1. Read Section 8.4 of SVC. Take the time to do this carefully.
2. Read the Study Hints and Discussion.
3. Do as many odd-numbered problems as you need to do in order to meet the
objectives of this section. The answers to the odd-numbered problems are given
at the back of your textbook and complete solutions are provided in the Student
Solutions Manual.

Study Hints and Discussion

There are many applications of the integral to problems in the social and biological
sciences. This section of the textbook considers only a few of these:
• Consumer surplus and producer surplus
• Poiseuille’s Law

Consumer Surplus and Producer Surplus

We let x be the number of units of a commodity for sale and p(x) be the price which
must be charged to ensure the sale of all x units. A typical demand function, or
demand curve, is a decreasing function in the variable x, since the more units
available for sale, the lower the price that must be charged to sell all x units. Some
consumers may be willing to pay a higher price for the commodity than the price
actually charged. Thus, by buying at the price actually charged, they are saving
money. The amount of money saved by consumers in this way is called the
consumer surplus for that particular commodity. The formula for consumer surplus
(CS) is developed on p. 569 in 8th edition or pp. 587–588 in 9th edition and is given by
x
⌠
=CS 

 p ( x ) − P  dx , where P is the equilibrium price.

⌡0

In a similar way (see Section 8.4, Exercise 6 on p. 572 in 8th edition or Exercise 9 on p.
591 in 9th edition), we can define the producer surplus (PS) as

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U4-14 Unit 4: Further Applications of Integration/Differential Equations

⌠ x
PS
= 

 P − ps ( x )  dx ,

⌡ 0

where ps(x) is the supply function, an increasing function of x, since the higher the
price, x, the greater the supply will be. The price, P, at which the supply equals the
demand; that is, p( x) = pS ( x), is called the equilibrium price.

Example 1
−2 x 2 + 800 and the
Suppose the demand function for a certain commodity is p( x) =
supply function is given by ps ( x ) =x + 10 x + 400.
2

a. Find the equilibrium price.

b. Find the consumer surplus at the equilibrium price.
c. Find the producer surplus at the equilibrium price.

Solution:
a. The equilibrium price occurs when p( x) = pS ( x),
−2 x 2 + 800 =x 2 + 10 x + 400
0 = 3 x 2 + 10 x − 400
( 3x + 40 )( x − 10 ) .
0=
Since the demand x ≥ 0, we have x = 10, so the equilibrium price is
−2 ( 10 ) + 800 =
2
600 dollars. (Note that setting x = 10 in the supply function,
pS ( x), gives the same value.)
b.
⌠ 10
CS= 

 ( )
 −2 x 2 + 800 − 600  dx

⌡ 0
⌠ 10
=   −2 x 2 + 200  dx

  
⌡ 0
2 10

− x 3 + 200 x 
=
3 0

2
− ( 10 ) + 200 ( 10 ) =
3
= $1333.33
3

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MATH 1241: Calculus II U4-15

c.
⌠ 10
PS
= 

  (  )
600 − x 2 + 10 x + 400  dx
⌡ 0
⌠ 10
=   200 − x 2 − 10 x  dx

  
⌡ 0
10

x3 
= 200 x − − 5 x 2 
3  0

 10 2
3
=  200 ( 10 ) − − 5 ( 10=
)  $1166.67
 3 

Blood Flow and Poiseuille’s Law

The derivation of Poiseuille’s Law describing the flow of blood along a blood vessel
π PR4
is given on p. 571 in 8 edition or p. 589 in 9 edition. It is F =
th th , where F is the
8η l
flux, P is the pressure difference between the ends of the blood vessel, η is the
viscosity of the blood, R is the radius of the blood vessel, and l is its length. Flux is a
measure of the volume of blood that passes a cross-section of the blood vessel in a
measured unit of time.
We observe that the derivation of Formula 2 on p. 571 in 8th edition or p. 589 in 9th
edition requires taking a definite integral. Once we have the formula, though, we
need only substitute in the specific values of P, R, η, and l into the equation to
compute the flux, F. You will not be required to know this formula.

Example 3
Use Poiseuille’s Law to calculate the rate of flow in a typical human artery where
η = 0.027, R = 0.006 cm, l = 3 cm, and P = 4200 dynes/cm2.

Solution:
π PR4
F=
8ηι
π ( 4200 )( .006 )
4

= = 2.64 × 10 −5 cm 3 / s
8 ( .027 )( 3 )

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U4-16 Unit 4: Further Applications of Integration/Differential Equations

Section 9.1: Modeling with Differential Equations

Objectives
When you finish this section, you should be able to:
• Describe a differential equation.
• Recognize the differential equations that model exponential growth and logistic
growth of a population.
• Check that a given function is a solution to a given differential equation.

Study Plan
1. Read Section 9.1 of SVC. Take the time to do this carefully.
2. Read the Study Hints and Discussion.
3. Do as many odd-numbered problems as you need to do in order to meet the
objectives of this section. The answers to the odd-numbered problems are given
at the back of your textbook and complete solutions are provided in the Student
Solutions Manual.

Study Hints and Discussion

A differential equation is simply an equation containing an unknown function, y,
and one or more of its derivatives. In order to find the solution to a differential
equation, we need to find a function, y = f ( x) , which satisfies the differential
equation when we substitute the function (and its derivatives) into the given
differential equation. Below are three examples of differential equations:
3x
(1) y′ = ( order 1)
y
(2) y″ = x 2 y ( order 2)
x
(3) y′′′
= xy − e ( order 3)

Differential equations provide models of population growth; namely, the

exponential model (Equation 1 on p. 586 in 8th edition or p. 606 in 9th edition) and the
logistic model (Equation 2 on p. 587 in 8th edition or p. 607 in 9th edition), taking into
account the carrying capacity of the population. Note the graphs of the solutions of
each model on p. 587 in 8th edition or p. 607 in 9th edition.

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MATH 1241: Calculus II U4-17

Section 9.3: Separable Equations

Objectives
When you finish this section, you should be able to:
• Find the solution of some separable differential equations.
• Solve initial value problems.

Study Plan
1. Read Section 9.3 of SVC. Take the time to do this carefully.
2. Read the Study Hints and Discussion.
3. Do as many odd-numbered problems as you need to do in order to meet the
objectives of this section. The answers to the odd-numbered problems are given
at the back of your textbook and complete solutions are provided in the Student
Solutions Manual.

Study Hints and Discussion

There are many different techniques for solving differential equations. In this
section, we learn just one method, separation of variables. This method is used on
first-order differential equations, which can be written in the form
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) ∙ ℎ(𝑦𝑦).

Such differential equations are called separable, since we are able to separate the
right-hand side of the equation into a function of x and a function of y.
There are three steps to solving a separable differential equation:
(1) Separate the variables.
(2) Integrate both sides.
(3) Solve for y .

Example 1
3x
Solve the differential equation, y′ = .
y

Solution:
dy 3 x
We write = and separate the variables x and y to get
dx y
ydy = 3 xdx.

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 U4-18 Unit 4: Further Applications of Integration/Differential Equations

Now we integrate both sides of the equation:

⌠ ⌠

 y dy =  3 x dx
 
⌡ ⌡
1 2 3 2
=y x + C1
2 2
y 2 3 x 2 + 2C1
=
± 3 x 2 + C where C =
y= 2C1 .
The solution to the differential equation in Example 1 is a general solution since it
involves an undetermined constant of integration, C. In some cases, we may be
given a value of y for a specific value of x. This is known as an initial condition.
Once we find the general solution, we can then apply the initial condition to find a
particular solution. This is known as solving the initial-value problem.

Example 2
dx
Solve the initial-value problem xe t = t , x ( 0 ) = −1.
dt

Solution:
Separating the variables x and t, we have

xdx = te − t dt and
⌠ ⌠


x dx =  te − t dt.
 
⌡ ⌡

Using integration by parts on ∫ te − t dt , we have

=u t=dv e − t dt
du = dt v = −e −t

∫ te
−t
dt = ( )
−te − t − ∫ −e − t dt
=− ( 1 + t ) e − t + C1 , so
1 2
x =− ( 1 + t ) e − t + C1
2
−2 ( 1 + t ) e − t + C , C =
x2 = 2C1
1

± C − 2 ( 1 + t ) e − t  .
2

x=

The initial condition x(0) = –1 means that x < 0 when t = 0, so we choose the solution
that gives us a negative value of x when t = 0; that is,

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MATH 1241: Calculus II U4-19

− C − 2 ( 1 + t ) e  .
2
−t
x=

Setting t = 0 and x = –1, we get

1

−1 =− [C − 2]
2

(C − 2) =
1
C = 3.
Therefore, the particular solution to the initial-value problem is
1

−  3 − 2 ( 1 + t ) e  .
2
−t
x=

Example 3
dy
a. Find the general solution of the differential equation = x 3 y.
dx
3 dy
= x=
b. Solve the initial-value problem y , y(2) 100.
dx

Solution:
a. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∫ 𝑦𝑦
= ∫ 𝑥𝑥3 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 4 𝑥𝑥 4
ln 𝑦𝑦 = + 𝐶𝐶1 , 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 4 + 𝐶𝐶1
4
𝑥𝑥4
Hence 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒 4 where 𝐶𝐶 = 𝑒𝑒 𝐶𝐶1
x4
b. From part (a) we have y = Ce . 4

4
=
Setting x 2 and
= y 100, we get
= 100 Ce
= , C 100e −4 , so the solution to the
x4
−4 +
initial-value problem is y = 100e 4
.

Example 4
such that f ′ ( x ) x= f ( x ) and f ( 0 ) 18.
8
Find a function f =

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U4-20 Unit 4: Further Applications of Integration/Differential Equations

Solution:
dy
( x ) , dx f ′ ( x ) , and write
We let y f=
=
dy
= x8 y
dx
dy
∫ y = ∫ x dx
8

1 9
ln
= y x + C,
9
x9 x9
+ C1
=y e= C e where C = eC
9 9 1

y ( 0=
) Ce0= C= 18, so the solution is
x9
f ( x ) = 18e . 9

It is always a good idea to check the solution to see if it satisfies the original
conditions of the problem. In this example, we provide a check. You can do your
own check on each problem you solve.

Check:
x9
8
f ′( x) =
18 x e 9

= x 8 f ( x)
f (0) = 18

Example 5
dP
a. Solve the differential equation = K P.
dt
b. Suppose a lake is stocked with 225 trout and that after one year there are 361
trout in the lake. Fish biologists (in consultation with statisticians) have
determined that the trout population P(t) satisfies the differential equation
dP
= K P , t in months.
dt
Using your solution of this differential equation in part (a), determine the
constants K and C. How many trout will be in the lake two years after it was
stocked? (Here, we are assuming no restrictions on the growth of the trout
population; i.e., food supply, etc.)

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MATH 1241: Calculus II U4-21

Solution:
a.
dP
=K P
dt
dP
= Kdt
P
⌠ 1 ⌠
−


P 2 dP =  Kdt
 
⌡ ⌡

2 P
= Kt + C
1
( Kt + C )
2
= P
4
b. Setting
= t 0,=
P 225, and
= t 12,=
P 361 respectively, we get
2 ( 15 ) = C ,
C 30, and 2 ( 19
= = ) 12K + 30,
8 2
K 8, =
12= K = .
12 3
2
c. 12 
P(t )
So=  t + 30  , t in months.
43 
Setting t = 24 (2 years) we have
2
12 
P ( 24 )
=  ( 24 ) + 30 
43 
1 2
=  46  = 529.
4
After two years, there are 529 trout in the lake.
Do read carefully Example 5 on orthogonal trajectories (p. 603 in 8th edition or p. 624
in 9th edition) and Example 6 on mixing problems (pp. 604–605 in 8th edition or pp.
625–626 in 9th edition).

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 U4-22 Unit 4: Further Applications of Integration/Differential Equations

Section 9.4: Models for Population Growth

Objectives
When you finish this section, you should be able to:
• Solve problems relating to exponential and logistic population growth.

Study Plan
1. Read Section 9.4 of SVC. Take the time to do this carefully.
2. Read the Study Hints and Discussion.
3. Do as many odd-numbered problems as you need to do in order to meet the
objectives of this section. The answers to the odd-numbered problems are given
at the back of your textbook and complete solutions are provided in the Student
Solutions Manual.

Study Hints and Discussion

The situation where a quantity changes at a rate proportional to the amount of the
dy
quantity can be modeled by a differential equation = ky , where k is a constant.
dt
The solution of this equation is given on p. 611 in 8th edition or p. 632 in 9th edition of
namely, y ( t ) y=
SVC; = 0
e kt where y0 y ( 0 ) . Several applications of this model are
given—population growth, radioactive decay, Newton’s Law of Cooling, and
continuously compounded interest; be sure to read all the examples in this section of
the the textbook.
The logistic differential equation (for population growth subject to certain growth
restrictions) is
dP  P
= KP  1 −  , where K is the carrying capacity.
dt  K
The details of the solution are given on pp. 613–614 in 8th edition or pp. 633–634 in 9th
edition, and the solution is
K K − P0
=P (t ) = where A .
1 + Ae − kt
P0

Note that you do not have to be able to reproduce this derivation.

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 MATH 1241: Calculus II U4-23

Example 1
Suppose that a lake is stocked with 225 trout and is able to sustain a maximum
population of only 400 trout. If there are 275 trout after six months, find the number
of trout in the lake after two years. Assume that the population growth can be
modeled by the logistic equation.

Solution:
We
= have P0 225
= and K 400 with the variable t in months, so

400 400 − 225 175

P (t )
= since A =
= . Setting t = 6 and P(6)=275, we have
175 − kt 225 225
1+ e
225
400 3600
=275 =
7 − k 6 9 + 7 e −6 k
1+ e ( )
9
144
11 =
9 + 7 e −6 k
−6 k
77 e = 144 − 99 = 45
45
6k
e −= = 0.5844
77
− 6k =ln ( 0.5844 )
− ln ( 0.5844 )
=k = 0.08.
6
Therefore,

3600
P (t ) = , t in months. Setting t 24, we get
9 + 7 e −0.08 t
3600
P ( 24 ) =
9 + 7e ( )
−0.08 24

3600
= = 359.1.
10.0262
We estimate that there will be 359 trout in the lake after two years.
A Note on Assignment 4
You should now complete Assignment 4. Submit the assignment to your
Open Learning Faculty Member. Keep a copy of your assignment—it will be
useful if you wish to discuss your work with them.

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