Power System Protection, 2nd Edition

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Power System Protection
 IEEE Press
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Piscataway, NJ 08854

IEEE Press Editorial Board

Ekram Hossain, Editor in Chief

Jón Atli Benediktsson Xiaoou Li Jeffrey Reed

Anjan Bose Lian Yong Diomidis Spinellis
David Alan Grier Andreas Molisch Sarah Spurgeon
Elya B. Joffe Saeid Nahavandi Ahmet Murat Tekalp

Technical Reviewers
Vijay Vittal, Arizona State University
Ralph Barone, Consultant
Power System Protection

Second Edition

Paul M. Anderson†

Charles Henville
Henville Consulting Inc.

Rasheek Rifaat
Rifaat Engineering Inc.

Brian Johnson
University of Idaho

Sakis Meliopoulos
Georgia Institute of Technology

†
Deceased.
Copyright © 2022 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for:

ISBN: 9781119513148

Cover design by Wiley

Cover image: © INTERMOUNTAIN AC SWITCHYARD BY A.P “SAKIS” MELIOPOULOS

Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Chennai, India

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 v

Contents

Author Biographies xxv

Preface to the Second Edition xxvii
List of Symbols xxix

Part I Protective Devices and Controls 1

1 Introduction 3
1.1 Power System Protection 3
1.2 Prevention and Control of System Failure 3
1.2.1 Reactionary Devices 4
1.2.2 Safeguard Devices 5
1.2.3 Protective Device Operation 6
1.3 Protective System Design Considerations 8
1.4 Definitions Used in System Protection 9
1.5 System Disturbances 11
1.6 Book Contents 12
Problems 14
References 15

2 Protection Measurements and Controls 17

2.1 Graphic Symbols and Device Identification 17
2.2 Typical Relay Connections 19
2.3 Circuit Breaker Control Circuits 22
2.4 Instrument Transformers 23
2.4.1 Instrument Transformer Selection 24
2.4.2 Instrument Transformer Types and Connections 30
2.5 Relay Control Configurations 37
2.6 Optical Communications 38
Problems 42
References 44

3 Protective Device Characteristics 47

3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Fuse Characteristics 48
vi Contents

3.2.1 Distribution Fuse Cutouts 48

3.2.2 Fuse Types 50
3.2.3 Fuse Time–Current Characteristics 53
3.2.4 Fuse Coordination Charts 56
3.3 Relay Characteristics 61
3.3.1 Relay Types 62
3.3.2 Electromechanical Relay Characteristics 66
3.3.3 Static Analog Relays 74
3.3.4 Differential Relays 74
3.3.5 Digital Relays 76
3.3.6 Digital Overcurrent Relays 84
3.4 Power Circuit Breakers 87
3.4.1 Circuit Breaker Definitions 87
3.4.2 Circuit Breaker Ratings 88
3.4.3 Circuit Breaker Design 91
3.5 Automatic Circuit Reclosers 93
3.5.1 Recloser Ratings 94
3.5.2 Recloser Time–Current Characteristics 95
3.6 Automatic Line Sectionalizers 98
3.7 Circuit Switchers 100
3.8 Digital Fault Recorders 101
Problems 103
References 103

4 Relay Logic 109

4.1 Introduction 109
4.2 Electromechanical Relay Logic 110
4.2.1 The Overcurrent Relay 110
4.2.2 The Distance Relay 110
4.3 Electronic Logic Circuits 111
4.3.1 Analog Logic Circuits 111
4.3.2 Digital Logic Circuits 116
4.4 Analog Relay Logic 125
4.4.1 An Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay 125
4.4.2 Phase Comparison Distance Relay 126
4.4.3 A Directional Comparison Pilot Relay 127
4.4.4 Conclusions Regarding Solid-State Analog Logic 128
4.5 Digital Relay Logic 128
4.5.1 Digital Signal Processing 129
4.5.2 The Data Window Method 133
4.5.3 The Phasor Method 134
4.5.4 Digital Relaying Applications 136
4.5.5 Example of a Digital Relay System 138
4.6 Hybrid Relay Logic 139
4.7 Relays as Comparators 140
4.7.1 Relay Design 140
4.7.2 Phase and Amplitude Comparison 141
 Contents vii

4.7.3 The Alpha and Beta Planes 142

4.7.4 The General Comparator Equations 142
4.7.5 The Amplitude Comparator 146
4.7.6 The Phase Comparator 147
4.7.7 Distance Relays as Comparators 149
4.7.8 General Beta Plane Characteristics 151
Problems 153
References 157

5 System Characteristics 163

5.1 Power System Faults 163
5.1.1 System Fault Characteristics 164
5.1.2 Fault Currents Near Synchronous Machines 167
5.1.3 Saturation of Current Transformers 175
5.2 Station Arrangements 176
5.2.1 Single Bus, Single Breaker Arrangement 176
5.2.2 Main and Transfer Arrangement 177
5.2.3 Double Bus, Single Breaker Arrangement 178
5.2.4 Double Bus, Double Breaker Arrangement 179
5.2.5 Ring Bus Arrangement 179
5.2.6 Breaker-and-a-Half Arrangement 180
5.2.7 Other Switching Arrangements 180
5.3 Overhead Line Impedances 182
5.4 Computation of Available Fault Current 184
5.4.1 Three-Phase (3PH) Faults 186
5.4.2 Double Line-to-Ground (2LG) Faults 186
5.4.3 Line-to-Line (LL) Fault 186
5.4.4 One-Line-to-Ground (1LG) Fault 187
5.4.5 Summary of Fault Currents 188
5.5 System Equivalent for Protection Studies 188
5.5.1 The Open-Circuit Impedance Matrix 189
5.5.2 Computation of the Two-Port Representation 190
5.5.3 A Simple Two-Port Equivalent 192
5.5.4 Tests of the Equivalent Circuit 193
5.5.5 System Equivalent from Two-Port Parameters 193
5.5.6 Equivalent of a Line with Shunt Faults 194
5.5.7 Applications of the Equivalent to Series Faults 195
5.5.8 Conclusions Regarding Two-Port Equivalents 198
5.5.9 Multiport Equivalents 199
5.6 The Compensation Theorem 202
5.6.1 Network Solution Before Changing Y 3 203
5.6.2 Network Solution After Changing Y 3 203
5.6.3 The Incremental Change in Current and Voltage 204
5.6.4 The Compensation Theorem in Fault Studies 205
5.7 Compensation Applications in Fault Studies 205
5.7.1 Prefault Conditions 205
5.7.2 The Faulted Network Condition 206
viii Contents

5.7.3 The Fault Conditions Without Load Currents 208

5.7.4 Summary of Load and Fault Conditions 208
Problems 210
References 214

Part II Protection Concepts 215

6 Fault Protection of Radial Lines 217

6.1 Radial Distribution Systems 217
6.2 Radial Distribution Coordination 219
6.2.1 Supply System Information 219
6.2.2 Distribution Substation Information 220
6.2.3 Distribution System Information 220
6.2.4 Protective Equipment Information 221
6.2.5 Step-by-Step Study Procedure 221
6.3 Radial Line Fault Current Calculations 222
6.3.1 General Considerations for Radial Faults 222
6.3.2 Main Line Feeder Faults 223
6.3.3 Branch Line Faults 230
6.4 Radial System Protective Strategy 233
6.4.1 Clearing Temporary Faults 234
6.4.2 Isolating Permanent Faults 235
6.5 Coordination of Protective Devices 236
6.5.1 Recloser–Fuse Coordination 236
6.5.2 Recloser–Relay Coordination 239
6.6 Relay Coordination on Radial Lines 241
6.6.1 Coordination Procedure 242
6.6.2 Procedure for Phase and Ground Relays 245
6.6.3 Procedure for Instantaneous Relay Settings 252
6.7 Coordinating Protective Devices Measuring Different Parameters 258
6.7.1 Combined Time–Current Characteristics 259
6.7.2 Coordinating Time–Current Characteristics Across Transformers 265
6.7.3 Coordinating Two Overcurrent Relays Not Measuring the Same Currents 268
Problems 269
6.7.4 Time–Current Characteristics for Problem Solving 275
References 276

7 Introduction to Transmission Protection 277

7.1 Introduction 277
7.2 Protection with Overcurrent Relays 278
7.2.1 Loops with One Current Source 280
7.2.2 Loops with Multiple Current Sources 282
7.3 Distance Protection of Lines 285
7.3.1 Distance Relay Characteristics 285
7.3.2 Zoned Distance Relays 291
7.3.3 Effect of Fault Resistance 293
 Contents ix

7.3.4 Summary of Distance Relay Concepts 299

7.4 Unit Protection 299
7.5 Ground Fault Protection 301
7.5.1 Importance of Ground Fault Protection 301
7.5.2 Unique Characteristics of Ground Faults 302
7.5.3 Polarization of Ground Relays 303
7.5.4 Types of Ground Relays 309
7.6 Summary 310
Problems 311
References 315

8 Complex Loci in the Z and Y Planes 317

8.1 The Inverse Z Transformation 317
8.2 Line and Circle Mapping 320
8.2.1 The Half Z Plane: a = c = 0 321
8.2.2 The Half Z Plane: R ≤ − k2 323
8.2.3 The Half Plane: a = b = 0 323
8.2.4 The Half Plane: a = 0 324
8.2.5 The Half Plane: d = 0 325
8.3 The Complex Equation of a Line 327
8.4 The Complex Equation of a Circle 328
8.5 Inversion of an Arbitrary Admittance 330
8.5.1 Inversion of Y with |Y K | Constant and 𝜓 Variable 331
8.5.2 Inversion of Y with 𝜓 Constant and |Y K | Variable 332
8.5.3 Summary of Y Inversion Equations 332
8.6 Inversion of a Straight Line Through (1, 0) 333
8.7 Inversion of an Arbitrary Straight Line 335
8.8 Inversion of a Circle with Center at (1, 0) 336
8.9 Inversion of an Arbitrary Circle 338
8.10 Summary of Line and Circle Inversions 340
8.11 Angle Preservation in Conformal Mapping 341
8.12 Orthogonal Trajectories 342
8.13 Impedance at the Relay 346
Problems 348
References 350

9 Impedance at the Relay 351

9.1 The Relay Apparent Impedance, Z R 351
9.2 Protection Equivalent M Parameters 353
9.2.1 Network Test with EU Shorted 354
9.2.2 Network Test with ES Shorted 355
9.3 The Circle Loci Z = P/(1 ± Y K ) 356
9.4 Z R Loci Construction 357
9.4.1 k Circles 359
9.4.2 𝜓 Circles 360
9.5 Relay Apparent Impedance 363
9.5.1 The Unfaulted System 365
x Contents

9.5.2 ABCD Parameters for a Faulted System 367

9.6 Relay Impedance for a Special Case 371
9.7 Construction of M Circles 375
9.7.1 Short-Circuit Test with EU Shorted 375
9.7.2 Short-Circuit Test with ES Shorted 376
9.7.3 Summary of Short-Circuit Test Results 378
9.8 Phase Comparison Apparent Impedance 378
Problems 384
References 388

10 Admittance at the Relay 391

10.1 Admittance Diagrams 391
10.2 Input Admittance Loci 392
10.2.1 Y I Loci For Constant m 393
10.2.2 Y I Loci for Constant 𝜓 393
10.3 The Relay Admittance Characteristic 395
10.4 Parallel Transmission Lines 400
10.5 Typical Admittance Plane Characteristics 404
10.6 Summary of Admittance Characteristics 407
Problems 408
Reference 411

Part III Transmission Protection 413

11 Analysis of Distance Protection 415

11.1 Introduction 415
11.2 Analysis of Transmission Line Faults 415
11.2.1 Sequence Network Reduction 417
11.2.2 Phase Faults at F 418
11.2.3 Ground Faults at F 424
11.3 Impedance at the Relay 429
11.3.1 Relay Impedances when C1 = C2 430
11.3.2 Apparent Relay Impedance Plots 434
11.4 Distance Relay Settings 439
11.5 Ground Distance Protection 447
11.6 Distance Relay Coordination 449
Problems 452
References 454

12 Transmission Line Mutual Induction 457

12.1 Introduction 457
12.2 Line Impedances 458
12.2.1 Self- and Mutual Impedance 458
12.2.2 Estimation of Mutually Coupled Voltages 461
12.2.3 Example of Transmission Line Impedances 462
12.3 Effect of Mutual Coupling 469
 Contents xi

12.3.1 Selecting a Reference Phasor 469

12.3.2 Transmission System Without Mutual Coupling 471
12.3.3 Transmission System with Mutual Coupling 472
12.3.4 Other Examples of Mutual Coupling 474
12.4 Short Transmission Line Equivalents 476
12.4.1 General Network Equivalents for Short Lines 476
12.4.2 Type 1 Networks 478
12.4.3 Type 2 Networks 481
12.4.4 Type 3 Networks 481
12.4.5 Lines with Appreciable Susceptance 482
12.4.6 Other Network Equivalents 483
12.5 Long Transmission Lines 484
12.5.1 The Isolated Long Transmission Line 484
12.5.2 Mutually Coupled Long Transmission Lines 486
12.6 Long Transmission Line Equivalents 493
12.6.1 Reciprocity and the Admittance Matrix 493
12.6.2 The Long-line Type 3 Network Equivalent 497
12.6.3 Long-line Type 1 Network Equivalents 498
12.6.4 Long-line Type 2 Network Equivalents 499
12.7 Solution of the Long-line Case 501
12.7.1 Determination of the Sequence Impedances 502
12.7.2 Computation of Sequence Voltages and Currents 504
Problems 504
References 507

13 Pilot Protection Systems 509

13.1 Introduction 510
13.2 Physical Systems for Pilot Protection 512
13.2.1 General Concepts of Pilot Communications 513
13.2.2 Wire Pilot Systems 516
13.2.3 Power-Line Carrier Pilot Systems 517
13.2.4 Microwave Pilot Systems 518
13.2.5 Fiber-Optic Pilot Systems 520
13.2.6 Relay-to-Relay (Peer-to-Peer) Communications Systems 521
13.2.7 Guidelines for Pilot Communications Selection 521
13.2.8 Pilot Communications Problems 522
13.2.9 Pilot Protection Classifications 522
13.3 Non-unit Pilot Protection Schemes 523
13.3.1 Directional Comparison Schemes 523
13.3.2 Distance Schemes 523
13.3.3 Transfer Trip Pilot Protection 525
13.3.4 Blocking and Unblocking Pilot Protection 529
13.3.5 Selectivity in Directional Comparison Systems 532
13.3.6 Other Features of Directional Comparison 532
13.3.7 Hybrid Schemes 534
13.4 Unit Protection Pilot Schemes 536
13.4.1 Phase Comparison Schemes 536
xii Contents

13.4.2 Line Current Differential Schemes 544

13.5 An Example of EHV Line Protection 548
13.5.1 Considerations in EHV Protection 548
13.5.2 Description of the EHV Pilot Protection 549
13.6 Pilot Protection Settings 554
13.6.1 Instrument Transformer Settings 554
13.6.2 Characteristic (Maximum Torque) Angle 555
13.6.3 Distance Element Reach and Time Delay 555
13.6.4 Phase Overcurrent Element Settings 557
13.6.5 Residual Overcurrent Element Settings 558
13.6.6 Switch-onto-Fault Logic 559
13.6.7 Current Reversal Logic and Timers 559
13.6.8 Echo Keying 560
13.6.9 Weak Infeed Logic and Settings 560
13.6.10 Loss of Potential Logic 561
13.6.11 Conclusions Regarding Pilot Protection Settings 561
13.7 Traveling Wave Relays 561
13.8 Monitoring of Pilot Performance 567
Problems 567
References 569

14 Complex Transmission Protection 573

14.1 Introduction 573
14.2 Single-phase Switching of Extra-high-voltage Lines 573
14.2.1 Control of Secondary Arcs in Transposed Lines 574
14.2.2 Secondary Arcs in Untransposed EHV Lines 578
14.3 Protection of Multiterminal Lines 581
14.3.1 Distance Protection for a Three-terminal Line 584
14.3.2 Pilot Protection for a Three-terminal Line 587
14.4 Protection of Mutually Coupled Lines 590
14.4.1 Mutual Coupling of Parallel Lines 590
14.4.2 Ground Distance Protection of Type 1 Networks 591
14.4.3 Distance Protection of Type 2 Networks 612
14.4.4 Distance Protection of Type 3 Networks 612
Problems 613
References 617

15 Series Compensated Line Protection 619

15.1 Introduction 619
15.1.1 The Degree of Compensation 620
15.1.2 Voltage Profile on Series Compensated Lines 620
15.2 Faults with Unbypassed Series Capacitors 621
15.2.1 End-of-Line Capacitors – Bus Side Voltage 622
15.2.2 End-of-Line Capacitors – Line Side Voltage 628
15.2.3 Capacitors at the Center of the Line 629
15.2.4 Conclusions on Series Compensation Effects 633
15.3 Series Capacitor Bank Protection 634
 Contents xiii

15.3.1 Series Capacitor Bypass Systems 635

15.3.2 A Fundamental Frequency Varistor Model 641
15.3.3 Relay Quantities Including Varistor Bypass 644
15.3.4 Effect of System Parameters 647
15.4 Relay Problems Due to Compensation 653
15.4.1 The Effect of Transient Phenomena 654
15.4.2 The Effect of Phase Impedance Unbalance 655
15.4.3 Subsynchronous Resonance Effects 656
15.4.4 Voltage and Current Inversions 656
15.4.5 Problems Due to Voltage Inversions 665
15.4.6 Problems Due to Mutual Induction 667
15.4.7 Problems in Reach Measurement 668
15.5 Protection of Series Compensated Lines 674
15.5.1 Line Current Differential and/or Current Phase Comparison 674
15.5.2 Directional Comparison Schemes 675
15.5.3 Directional Overcurrent Ground Protection 677
15.6 Line Protection Experience 678
15.6.1 The Effect of Transient Phenomena on Protection 678
15.6.2 The Effect of Phase Impedance Unbalance 678
15.6.3 The Effect of Voltage and Current Inversions 678
15.6.4 The Effect of Fault Locator Error 679
15.6.5 The Effect of Transducer Error 679
15.6.6 Autoreclosing of Transmission Lines 679
15.6.7 Requirements for Protection System Studies 679
15.6.8 General Experience with Line Protection 680
Problems 680
References 683

Part IV Apparatus Protection 685

16 Bus Protection 687

16.1 Introduction 687
16.2 Bus Configurations and Faults 688
16.3 Bus Protection Requirements 689
16.4 Bus Protection by Backup Line Relays 691
16.5 Bus Differential Protection 692
16.5.1 Current Transformers for Bus Protection 692
16.5.2 Differential Protection Concepts and Problems 694
16.5.3 Differential Protection with Overcurrent Relays 696
16.5.4 Bus Protection with Percent Differential Relays 698
16.5.5 Bus Differential Protection with Linear Couplers 699
16.5.6 High-Impedance Bus Differential Protection 701
16.6 Other Types of Bus Protection 708
16.6.1 Zone-Interlocking/Blocking Bus Protection 708
16.6.2 Time-Coordinated Overcurrent or Distance Protection 709
16.6.3 Fault Bus Protection 709
xiv Contents

16.6.4 Combined Bus and Transformer Protection 710

16.6.5 Optical Arc Flash Bus Protection 711
16.6.6 Bus Protection Using Auxiliary CTs 711
16.6.7 Directional Comparison Bus Protection 716
16.7 Auxiliary Tripping Relays 716
16.7.1 Lockout Relays (Function 86) 716
16.7.2 Nonlockout Relays (Function 94) 716
16.8 Summary 717
Problems 717
References 719

17 Transformer and Reactor Protection 721

17.1 Introduction 721
17.2 Transformer Faults 722
17.2.1 External Faults 722
17.2.2 Internal Faults 723
17.2.3 Fault Protection Philosophy 729
17.3 Magnetizing Inrush 729
17.3.1 Magnetizing Current Magnitude 730
17.3.2 Magnetizing Inrush Current Harmonics 732
17.3.3 Sympathetic Inrush in Parallel Banks 732
17.4 Protection Against Incipient Faults 732
17.4.1 Protection Against External Incipient Faults 733
17.4.2 Protection Against Internal Incipient Faults 734
17.5 Protection Against Active Faults 735
17.5.1 Connections for Differential Protection 736
17.5.2 Differential Protection of Transformers 739
17.5.3 Overcurrent Protection of Transformers 744
17.5.4 Ground Fault Protection of Transformers 745
17.5.5 Transformer Protection Using Digital Multifunction Relays 746
17.6 Combined Line and Transformer Schemes 748
17.6.1 Nonunit Protection Schemes 749
17.6.2 Line and Transformer Unit Protection 749
17.7 Regulating Transformer Protection 750
17.8 Shunt Reactor Protection 752
17.8.1 Dry Type Reactors 752
17.8.2 Oil-Immersed Reactors 753
17.9 Static Var Compensator Protection 755
17.9.1 A Typical SVC System 756
17.9.2 SVC Protection Requirements 757
Problems 759
References 761

18 Generator Protection 763

18.1 Introduction 763
18.2 Generator System Configurations and Types of Protection 764
18.3 Stator Protection 766
 Contents xv

18.3.1 Phase Fault Protection 766

18.3.2 Ground Fault Protection 769
18.3.3 Turn-to-Turn Fault Protection 777
18.3.4 Stator Open Circuit Protection 777
18.3.5 Overheating Protection 778
18.3.6 Overvoltage Protection 778
18.3.7 Unbalanced Current Protection 778
18.3.8 Backup Protection 781
18.4 Rotor Protection 781
18.4.1 Shorted Field Winding Protection 781
18.4.2 Grounded Field Winding 782
18.4.3 Open Field Winding 784
18.4.4 Overheating of the Field Winding 784
18.5 Loss of Excitation Protection 785
18.5.1 Operation as an Induction Generator 785
18.5.2 Loss of Field Protection 786
18.6 Other Generator Protection Systems 789
18.6.1 Overspeed Protection 790
18.6.2 Generator Motoring Protection 791
18.6.3 Vibration Protection 791
18.6.4 Bearing Failure Protection 792
18.6.5 Coolant Failure Protection 792
18.6.6 Fire Protection 792
18.6.7 Generator Voltage Transformer Fuse Blowing 792
18.6.8 Inadvertent Energizing 793
18.6.9 Protection of Power Plant Auxiliaries 793
18.7 Summary of Generator Protection 794
18.7.1 Unit Generator-Transformer Protection 794
18.7.2 Unit Generator-Transformer Trip Modes 797
18.7.3 Breaker Failure Protection of the Generator 797
Problems 800
References 803

19 Motor Protection 805

19.1 Introduction 805
19.2 Induction Motor Analysis 806
19.2.1 Normalization of the Basic Equations 806
19.2.2 Induction Motor Equivalent Circuits 810
19.2.3 The Net Accelerating Torque 815
19.2.4 Motor Electrical and Mechanical Performance 817
19.3 Induction Motor Heating 824
19.3.1 Heat Transfer Fundamentals 824
19.3.2 A Motor Thermal Model 828
19.4 Motor Problems 837
19.4.1 Motor Problems Due to Internal Hazards 838
19.4.2 Motor Problems Due to External Hazards 839
19.5 Classifications of Motors 843
xvi Contents

19.5.1 Motors Classified by Service 843

19.5.2 Motors Classified by Location 844
19.5.3 Summary of Motor Classifications 845
19.6 Stator Protection 845
19.6.1 Phase Fault Protection 845
19.6.2 Ground Fault Protection 846
19.6.3 Locked Rotor Protection 846
19.6.4 Overload Protection 848
19.6.5 Undervoltage Protection 848
19.6.6 Reverse Phase Rotation Protection 849
19.6.7 Unbalanced Supply Voltage Protection 849
19.6.8 Loss of Synchronism in Synchronous Motors 850
19.6.9 Loss of Excitation in Synchronous Motors 850
19.6.10 Sudden Supply Restoration Protection 850
19.7 Rotor Protection 851
19.7.1 Rotor Heating 851
19.7.2 Rotor Protection Problems 851
19.8 Other Motor Protections 852
19.8.1 Bearing Protection 852
19.8.2 Complete Motor Protection 852
19.9 Summary of Large Motor Protections 853
Problems 854
References 858

Part V System Aspects of Protection 861

20 Protection Against Abnormal System Frequency 863

20.1 Abnormal Frequency Operation 863
20.2 Effects of Frequency on the Generator 864
20.2.1 Overfrequency Effects 864
20.2.2 Underfrequency Effects 864
20.3 Frequency Effects on the Turbine 866
20.3.1 Overfrequency Effects 869
20.3.2 Underfrequency Effects 869
20.4 A System Frequency Response Model 869
20.4.1 Effect of Disturbance Size, Pstep 874
20.4.2 Normalization 875
20.4.3 Slope of the Frequency Response 876
20.4.4 The Effect of Governor Droop, R 877
20.4.5 The Effect of Inertia, H 878
20.4.6 The Effect of Reheat Time Constant, T R 879
20.4.7 The Effect of High-Pressure Fraction, F H 880
20.4.8 The Effect of Damping, D 880
20.4.9 System Performance Analysis 881
20.4.10 Use of the SFR Model 882
20.4.11 Refinements in the SFR Model 883
 Contents xvii

20.4.12 Other Frequency Response Models 885

20.4.13 Conclusions Regarding Frequency Behavior 886
20.5 Off Normal Frequency Protection 886
20.6 Steam Turbine Frequency Protection 887
20.7 Underfrequency Protection 889
20.7.1 A Typical Turbine Protection Characteristic 890
20.7.2 Load Shedding Traditional Relay Characteristics 890
20.7.3 Load Shedding Relay Connections 902
Problems 903
References 905

21 Protective Schemes for Stability Enhancement 909

21.1 Introduction 909
21.2 Review of Stability Fundamentals 909
21.2.1 Definition of Stability 909
21.2.2 Power Flow Through an Impedance 910
21.2.3 Two-Port Network Representation 911
21.2.4 The Swing Equation 913
21.3 System Transient Behavior 918
21.3.1 Stability Test System 918
21.3.2 Effect of Power Transfer 919
21.3.3 Effect of Circuit Breaker Speed 923
21.3.4 Effect of Reclosing 924
21.3.5 Relay Measurements During Transients 924
21.4 Automatic Reclosing 929
21.4.1 The Need for Fast (High Speed) Reclosing 930
21.4.2 Disturbance Considerations in Reclosing 931
21.4.3 Reclosing Considerations 933
21.4.4 Reclosing Relays 937
21.4.5 Reclosing Switching Options 943
21.4.6 Reclosing at Generator Buses 945
21.5 Loss of Synchronism Protection 949
21.5.1 System Out-of-Step Performance 949
21.5.2 Out-of-Step Detection 952
21.5.3 Out-of-Step Blocking and Tripping 953
21.5.4 Circuit Breaker Considerations 956
21.5.5 Pilot Relaying Considerations 956
21.5.6 Out-of-step Relaying Practice 957
21.6 Voltage Stability and Voltage Collapse 957
21.7 System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPS) 960
21.7.1 SIPS Characteristics 961
21.7.2 Disturbance Events 962
21.7.3 SIPS Design Procedure 963
21.7.4 Example of a System Integrity Protection Scheme 965
21.8 Summary 968
Problems 968
References 970
xviii Contents

22 Line Commutated Converter HVDC Protection 973

22.1 Introduction 973
22.2 LCC Dc Conversion Fundamentals 974
22.2.1 Rectifier Operation 974
22.2.2 Inverter Operation 981
22.2.3 Multibridge Converters 984
22.2.4 Characteristic LCC Converter Harmonics 988
22.2.5 Basic HVDC Control 989
22.3 Converter Station Design 992
22.3.1 A Typical Converter Station 992
22.3.2 HVDC Control Hierarchical Structure 993
22.3.3 General Philosophy of HVDC Protection 997
22.3.4 General Categories of HVDC Protection 998
22.4 Ac Side Protection 999
22.4.1 Ac Line Protection 999
22.4.2 Ac Bus Protection 1000
22.4.3 Converter Transformer Protection 1000
22.4.4 Filters and Reactive Support Protection 1001
22.4.5 Generator Protection 1001
22.5 Dc Side Protection Overview 1002
22.5.1 Valve Protection 1002
22.5.2 Other Dc Side Protective Functions 1007
22.6 Special HVDC Protections 1012
22.6.1 General Description 1012
22.6.2 Reverse Power Protection 1012
22.6.3 Torsional Interaction Protection 1013
22.6.4 Self-Excitation Protection 1014
22.6.5 Dynamic Overvoltage Protection 1014
22.7 HVDC Protection Settings 1015
22.8 Summary 1016
Problems 1016
References 1018

23 Voltage Source Converter HVDC Protection 1021

23.1 Introduction 1021
23.2 VSC HVDC Fundamentals 1022
23.2.1 Voltage Source Converter Topologies 1022
23.2.2 VSC HVDC System Topologies 1027
23.3 Converter Control Systems 1028
23.3.1 Synchronization 1029
23.3.2 Current Controllers 1029
23.3.3 Outer Controllers 1030
23.4 HVDC Response to Ac System Faults 1030
23.5 Ac System Protection 1031
23.5.1 Converter Station Ac Protection 1031
23.5.2 Ac Line Protection 1034
23.6 Dc Faults 1035
Another random document with
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of A little gipsy lass
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Title: A little gipsy lass

A story of moorland and wild

Author: Gordon Stables

Illustrator: W. Rainey

Release date: September 29, 2023 [eBook #71755]

Language: English

Original publication: Edinburgh: W. & R. Chambers, Limited, 1907

Credits: Al Haines, Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A LITTLE

GIPSY LASS ***
The girl simply lifted the latch and entered without ceremony.
LASS. Page 20.

A Little Gipsy Lass

A STORY OF MOORLAND AND WILD

By

GORDON-STABLES, M.D., C.M., R.N.

Author of
'Peggy M'Queen,' 'The Rover Caravan,' &c.

WITH SIX ILLUSTRATIONS

by

William Rainey

LONDON: 47 Paternoster Row

W. & R. CHAMBERS, LIMITED
EDINBURGH: 47 Paternoster Row
1907

Edinburgh:
Printed by W. & R. Chambers, Limited.
 CONTENTS.
CHAPTER PAGE
I. LOTTY LEE 1
II. HOW ANTONY HAPPENED TO BE THERE 11
III. IN GIPSY CAMP AND CARAVAN 18
IV. 'EVER BEEN AN INFANT PRODIGY?' SAID LOTTY 34
V. THE QUEEREST SHOW.—A DAY IN THE WILDS 47
'THERE IS THAT IN YOUR EYE WHICH CRONA
VI. LOVES' 59
VII. POOR ANTONY WAS DROWNING! 69
VIII. THE MYSTERY OF THE MERMAN 79
IX. 'THE NEW JENNY WREN' 90
X. A LETTER AND A PROPOSAL 99
XI. BLOWN OUT TO SEA 111
XII. 'OUT YONDER, ON THE LEE BOW, SIR' 121
XIII. ON BOARD THE 'NOR'LAN' STAR' 132
XIV. A LITTLE STRANGER COMES ON BOARD 142
XV. 'I WANT TO DREAM THAT DREAM AGAIN' 154
XVI. SAFELY BACK TO ENGLAND 163
XVII. LIFE ON THE ROAD IN THE 'GIPSY QUEEN' 172
XVIII. SNOW-BOUND IN A MOUNTAIN-LAND 182
XIX. SPORTING-TIME IN WOODS AND WILDS 193
XX. IN THE DARK O' THE NEAP 204
XXI. THE WRECK OF THE 'CUMBERLAND' 214
XXII. THE AMBITIONS OF CHOPS JUNIOR 226
XXIII. 'WELL, CHOPS, TO RUN AWAY' 236
XXIV. 'I SAVED IT UP FOR A RAINY DAY' 248
XXV. 'WE'VE GOT A LITTLE STOWAWAY HERE, GUARD' 260
XXVI. THAT CROOKED SIXPENCE 272
XXVII. 'GAZE ON THOSE SUMMER WOODS' 283
XXVIII. 'HO, HO, HO! SET HIM UP' 290
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
The girl simply lifted the latch and entered without ceremony Frontispiece.
Then that huge brown bear began to dance 50
He found himself in the water next moment ... with the Jenny
Wren on her side 71
And they had special tit-bits which they took from her hands 92
Presently the black hull of the bark was looming within fifty
yards over her 129
'Father, father,' she cried, 'I cannot, will not do this' 224
 BOOKS FOR GIRLS

By May Baldwin.

MYSIE: A Highland Lassie 5/-

With Eight Illustrations by A. S. Boyd.
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With Eight Illustrations by W. Rainey.
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SIBYL; or, Old School Friends 3/6
With Six Illustrations by W. Rainey.
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With Six Illustrations by Jessie Wilson.
THAT LITTLE LIMB 2/-
With Four Illustrations by Mabel L. Attwell.

W. & R. Chambers, Limited, London and Edinburgh.

A Little Gipsy Lass.

 CHAPTER I.

LOTTY LEE.

T HE young man stood on the deserted platform of the small, north-

country station, just where the train had left him, on that bright August
evening. Yonder she was speeding east-wards against the breeze.
Against the breeze, and along towards the cliffs that o'erhung the wild,
wide sea, the end of the last carriage gilded with the rays of the setting sun,
the smoke streaming backwards and losing itself over the brown-green
woods that stretched away and away till lost in a haze at the foot of the
hills.
He hailed a solitary porter.
'This isn't a very inviting station of yours, Tom, is it?'
'An awful good guess at my name, sir,' said the man, saluting.
'Your name is Tom, then?'
'No, sir—George,' he smiled. 'But any name does; and as for the station,
weel, it's good enough in its way. We only tak' up or pit doon by signal. But
you'll be English, sir?'
'That's it, George; that's just it. I'm only English. But, so far, I am in luck;
because I understand your talk, and I thought everybody here ran about raw,
with kilts on and speaking in Scotch.'
'So they do, sir, mostly; but I've been far south myself. No, sir, no left-
luggage room here; but if you're going to the inn I'll carry your
portmanteau, though ye'll no' find much accommodation there for a
gentleman like yourself. Besides, it's the nicht of the fair, and they'll be
dancin' and singin' in the road till midnicht.'
'But,' said the stranger, 'I'm bound for Loggiemouth, if I can only find the
way. I'm going to a gipsy encampment there—Nat Lee's or Biffins'. You
know Nat Lee?'
'Well, and curly-headed Lotty too. But, man, you'll have ill findin' your
road over the moor the nicht. It's three good Scotch miles, and your
portmanteau's no' a small weight—a hundred and twenty pounds if an
ounce.'
 This young man, with the sunny hair, square shoulders, and bravely
chiselled English face, seized the bag with his left hand and held it high
above his head, much to the admiration of the honest porter.
'You're a fine lad, sir,' said the latter. 'An English athlete, no doubt. Weel,
we all love strength hereabouts, and Loggiemouth itself can boast of bonny
men.'
'Here!' cried the stranger abruptly, as he looked to the west and the sun
that was sinking like a great blood-orange in the purple mist of the
woodlands, 'take that portmanteau, George, in your own charge. I suppose
you live somewhere?'
'I'll lock it up in the lamp-room, sir. It'll be safe enough there.'
'Well, thanks; and to-morrow I'll either stride over for it myself or send
some one. Now, you'll direct me to the camp, won't you?'
'Ay, ay, sir, and you've a good stick and a stout heart, so nothing can
come o'er ye. But what way did nobody meet you, sir?'
'Nat Lee said he would send some one, but—hallo! who is this?'
She ran along the platform hurriedly but smiling—a little nervously
perhaps, blinking somewhat moreover, for the sun's last beams lit up her
face and eke her yellow hair. Her colour seemed to rise as she advanced.
Blushing? No. Lotty Lee was barely twelve.
'Oh, please, sir, are you Mr Blake?'
'I am. And you?'
'Me? I'm only Lotty Lee, and that's nobody. But father sent me to meet
you, and lead you home to our pitch across the Whinny Moor. You couldn't
find the way by yourself, never, never, never!'
'Good-night, sir.—Good-night, Miss Lotty,' cried the porter, throwing the
portmanteau on his shoulder and marching off with it.
'Well,' said the young fellow, 'I have a sweet little guide anyhow; but are
you sure that even you can find the way yourself, Lotty?'
'Oh yes, Mr Blake, please.'
Hers was a light, musical, almost bird-like laugh.
She tossed back her head a little, and all those impossible little crumply
curls caught by the evening breeze went dancing round her brow and ears.
'If you have any—any big thing, I will carry it for you, sir.'
 It was his turn to laugh now. 'Why, Lotty,' he said, 'I shouldn't wonder if
I had to carry you before we get to camp.'
'Come,' she answered, with an uneasy glance at the west. She took his
hand as if he'd been a blind man. 'Father said I was to lead you, sir.'
'But I don't think he meant it in so literal a sense, Lotty. I think I can see
for quite half an hour yet.'
He kept that warm hand in his, nevertheless. So on they went, chatting
together gaily enough now, for she did not seem a bit afraid of her tall
companion.
'I would have been here much sooner, you know, but Wallace followed
me. Wallace is a very naughty boy sometimes, and father doesn't like him to
be out of camp at nights.'
'And where is the young gentleman now?'
'Oh, I had to take him back, and that is what kept me.'
It was getting early dark to-night, and one great star was already out in
the east. Whinny Moor was beginning to look eerisome enough. The
patches of furze that everywhere hugged the ground were like moving
shapes of strange and uncanny antediluvian monsters, and here and there
stood up the dark spectre of a stunted hawthorn-tree waving black arms in
the wind as if to forbid their approach.
Sometimes they had to creep quite sideways through the bushes of
sturdy whins and bramble; sometimes the moor was more open, and here
and there were little lakes or sedgy ponds of silver sheen, where black
things swam or glided in and out among the rustling rushes. Flitter-mice
darted over their heads or even between them, and from the forest now and
then came the doleful cry of the great barn-owl.
'On the whole,' said young Blake, 'I'm glad you came, Lotty. I doubt if
ever I could have made my way across this moor.'
'Nor through the forest yonder. Ah! the forest is much worse, Mr Blake.'
'Dark and dismal, I suppose?'
'It is dark; I don't know about dismal, Mr Blake. But I know all the road
through this moor; because when things come to the station father often
sends me for them.'
'At night?'
 'Oh yes, often at night. Only, there is a little winding path through among
the pine-trees, and one day Chops went in daylight and marked all the trees
in white paint for me. But father thrashed him for it, because white paint is
one of the show properties, and we mustn't waste the properties. But I cried
for Chops.'
'And who is Chops, Lotty?'
'Oh, Chops is the fat boy; he is a property himself, but nobody could
waste him.'
'No?'
'No; and Chops is fifteen, you know, and so good and so fond of me; but
he is so fat that he can't look at you, only just blinks over his cheeks. But
Chops is so kind to me—quite loves me. And so does Wallace. But I love
Wallace better than anybody else, and everybody else loves Wallace.'
'And Wallace and everybody love Lotty, I'm sure of that.'
'Oh, Wallace loves me, and would die for me any day. But, of course,
everybody doesn't. I'm only just a property, you know.'
'But your father and mother?'
Frank Antony Blake felt the small, soft hand tremble in his.
'There is no mother, sir. Never was a mother in my time. But father'——
The child was crying—yes, and sobbing—as if her heart would break.
Then, though Frank Antony was tall and strong for his eighteen years, he
didn't really know what to do with a girl who burst into tears at night on a
lonesome moor. He could remember no precedent. It mightn't be correct, he
thought, to take her in his arms and kiss her and try to soothe her, so he
merely said, 'Never mind, Lotty; never mind. It is sure to come all right
somehow.'
For the life of him, however, he couldn't have told you what was wrong
or what there was to come right. In the fast-waning light Lotty looked up at
him ever so sadly, and he could not help noticing now what he had not
noticed before—Lotty was really a beautiful child.
'You talked to me so kindly like,' she said, 'and hardly anybody does that,
and—and that was it. Don't talk to me kindly again, sir, ever, ever, ever!'
He patted her hand.
 'That's worse,' said Lotty, feeling she wanted to cry again, and she drew
the hand away. 'You'll have me crying again. Speak gruff to me, as others
do, and call me "Lot!"'
But at that moment Antony had a happy inspiration. He remembered that
in his big coat-pocket he had a large box of assorted chocolates, and here
close by on a bare part of the moor was a big white stone.
'Come,' he cried, 'there is no great hurry, and I'm going to have some
chocolates. Won't you, Lot?'
Down he sat on the big white stone, and Lotty stood timidly in front of
him. But Antony would not have this arrangement, so he lifted her bodily
up—'how strong he is!' she thought—and seated her beside him, then threw
a big handful of the delicious sweets into her lap.
She was smiling now. She was happy again. It was not the chocolates
that worked the change; but the chance companionship of this youth of
gentle blood, so high above her, seemed to have wakened a chord long, long
untouched in that little harp of a heart of hers.
Was it but a dream, or had there been once a time, long—ever so long—
ago, when voices quite as pleasant and musical and refined as Antony's
were not strange to her? And had she not, when young—she was twelve
now, and that is so old—lived in a real house, with bright cushions on real
sofas, and lamps and mirrors and flowers everywhere? No, that must have
been a dream; but it was one she often dreamt while she swung by night in
her cot, as the winds rocked the caravan and lulled her to sleep.
The autumn evening was very beautiful now; bright stars were shining
so closely overhead that it seemed as if one could almost touch them with a
fishing-rod. Besides, a big, nearly round moon had managed to scramble up
behind the bank of blue clouds in the east—a big, fat face of a moon that
appeared to be bursting with half-concealed merriment as it blinked across
the moor.
It wasn't the lollies that had enabled Lotty to regain her good spirits; but
she felt quietly happy sitting here on the stone beside this newly found
friend. Oh yes, he was going to be a friend; she felt certain of that already.
Young though Lottie was, she had a woman's instinct. Perhaps she
possessed a woman's pride as well, though only in embryo; for she felt half-
ashamed of her awkward, bare brown legs that ended not in shoes but rough
sandals, and of the pretty necklace of crimson hips and haws that she had
strung for herself only yesterday.
They had been sitting in silence for some time, both thinking, I suppose,
when Lotty's keen ear caught the weary call of some benighted plover.
'They'll soon be away now!' she sighed, more to herself than to her
companion.
'What will soon be away, Lotty?'
'Oh, the plovers and the swallows and the greenfinches, and nearly all
my pretty pets of springtime, and we'll have only just the rooks and the
gulls left.'
Antony laid his hand on hers.
'Lotty loves the wild birds, then?'
'I—I suppose so. Doesn't everybody? I wish I could go south with the
birds in autumn, to lands where the flowers are always blooming.'
'Who knows what is before you, child!'
The child interested him.
'Look, Lotty, look!' cried Antony next moment; 'what on earth can that
be?'
He was genuinely startled. About two hundred yards from the place
where they sat a great ball of crimson-yellow fire, as big as a gipsy pot, rose
slowly, waveringly, into the air. It was followed by five others, each one
smaller than the one above it. They switched themselves towards the forest,
and one by one they went out.
'It is only will-o'-the-wisps,' said Lotty, 'and they always bring good
luck. Aren't you glad?'
'Very,' said Antony.
Then, hand in hand, as if very old acquaintances indeed, they resumed
their journey. And, as they got nearer and nearer to the forest, the tall pine-
trees, with brown, pillar-like limbs, grew higher and higher, and finally
swallowed them up.
 CHAPTER II.

HOW ANTONY HAPPENED TO BE THERE.

A NTONY BLAKE—or Frank Antony Blake, to give him the benefit of

his full tally—was the only son and heir-apparent of Squire Blake of
Manby Hall, a fine old mansion away down in Devonshire; thousands
of acres of land—no one seemed to know how many—rolling fields of
meadow-lands divided by hedgerows and waving grain, woods and wolds,
lakes and streams, and an upland of heath and fern that lost itself far away
on the nor'-western horizon.
The mansion itself, situated on a green eminence in the midst of the
well-treed old park, was one of the stately homes of England; and though
antique enough to be almost grim—as if holding in its dark interior the
secrets of a gloomy or mayhap tragic past—it was cheerful enough in
summer or winter; and from its big lodge-gates, all along its gravelled
avenues, the wheel-marks bore evidence that Manby Hall was by no means
deserted nor the squire very much of a recluse.
The gardens of this mansion were large enough to lose one's self in,
silent save for the song of birds, with broad green walks, with bush and tree
and flower, and fountains playing in the centre of ponds only and solely for
the sake of the waterfowl or the gold and silver fish that hid themselves
from the sunshine beneath the green, shimmering leaves of lordly floating
lilies, orange and white.
A rural paradise was Manby Hall. Acres of glass too, a regiment of semi-
silent gardeners, and a mileage of strong old walls around that were gay in
springtime and summer with creeping, climbing, trailing flowers of every
shape and shade.
If there was a single grim room in all this abode it was the library, where
from tawny, leather-bound shelves the mighty tomes of authors long dead
and gone frowned down on one, as one entered through the heavily draped
doorways.
Whisper it! But Antony was really irreverent enough to say one day to a
friend of his that this solemn and classic library was a jolly good billiard-
room spoiled.
 Anyhow, it was in this room that Frank Antony found himself one
morning. He had been summoned hither by his father.
The squire was verging on fifty, healthy and hard in face, handsome
rather, with hair fast ripening into gray.
'Ha, Frank, my boy! come forward. You may be seated.'
'Rather stand, dad. Guess it's nothing too pleasant.'
'Well, I sent for you, Frank'——
'And I'm here, dad.'
'Let me see now. You're eighteen, aren't you?'
'I suppose so, sir; but—you ought to know,' replied Antony archly.
'I? What on earth have I to do with it? At least, I am too busy a man to
remember the ages of all my children. Your mother, now, might; but then
your mother is a woman—a woman, Frank.'
'I could have guessed as much, dad. But as for "all" your children, father,
why, there are only Aggie and I. That comprises the whole lot of us; not
very tiresome to count, I reckon.'
'There! don't be quizzical, boy. I sent for you—er—I sent for you to—
to'——
'Yes, father, sent for me to—to'——
'I wish you to choose a career, you young dog. Don't stand there and to—
to at me, else I'll—I don't know what I mightn't do. But stand down, sir—I
mean, sit down—and you won't look so precious like a poacher.'
Antony obeyed.
'You see, lad, I have your interest at my heart. It is all very well being an
athlete. You're a handsome young fellow too—just like me when I was a
young fellow. Might marry into any county family. But cricket and football
and rowing stroke aren't everything, Frank, and it is high time you were
looking ahead—choosing your career. Well, well,' continued the squire
impatiently, 'have you nothing to say?'
'Oh yes,' cried Frank Antony, beaming now. 'I put that filly at a fence to-
day, father, and'——
'Hang the filly! I want you to choose a career; do you hear?'
'Yes, father.'
 'Well, I'm here to help you all I can. Let us see! You're well educated; too
much so for the Church, perhaps.'
'Not good enough anyhow, dad, to wear a hassock. Whew! I mean a
cassock.'
'Well, there are the civil and the diplomatic services.'
Antony shook an impatient head.
'And you're too old for the army. But—now listen, Frank. I expect your
eyes to gleam, lad, when I mention the term: a parliamentary career! Think
of it, lad; think of it. Just think of the long vista of splendid possibilities that
these two words can conjure up before a young man with the blood of a
Blake in his veins.'
Frank Antony did not seem at all impressed; not even a little bit.
'I'm afraid, father, I'm a lazy rascal,' he said, almost pitying the
enthusiasm which he himself could not appreciate. 'I'm not so clever as my
dear old dad, and I fear the House would bore me. Never could make a
speech either, so'——
'Speech!' roared the squire, 'why, you'll never be asked to. They wouldn't
let you. They'd cough you down, groan you down, laugh you down.
Besides, clever men don't make speeches nowadays—only the fools.'
Young Antony suppressed a yawn.
'Very good, my boy, very good!'—his dad was shaking hands with him
—'and I honour you for your choice. And I'm of precisely the same opinion.
There's nothing like a seat in the House.'
'Rather have one on the hillside though, daddy, all among the grouse.'
His father didn't hear him.
'And now, Frank, I'm not an ordinary father, you know; and, before
entering the House, I don't see in the least why you shouldn't have your
fling for a year or two. I maintain that all young fellows should have their
fling. A hundred years or so agone I had my fling. Look at me now. Am I
any the worse? Well, I've just put a bit in the bank for you, lad, so go and do
your best.'
Frank was laughing merrily.
He put his hand in what he called his rabbit-pocket and handed out a
book: The Gamekeeper at Home. 'That is my lay, dad,' he said. 'I only want
to potter around and fish and shoot, or hunt in season. Don't like London.
Hate Paris. Not at home in so-called society. I'll just have my fling in my
own humdrum fashion, daddy, thank you all the same. I'll have my fling,
depend upon it.'
The young man was smiling to himself at some recollection.
'What is it, Frank?'
'Only this, dad. The black keeper—Tim, you know—weighs two
hundred and twenty pounds. The other day he was stronger than I. I threw
him last eve—Cumberland. This morning I lifted him with my left and
landed him on the west side of the picket-fence. How's that for a fling,
daddy?'
'Go on, you young rogue. Listen, I hear Aggie calling you!'
'Oh, but you listen to me, father. I really don't see enough life down
here.'
'Well, there's London, my lad. London for life!'
'No, no! For the next few months, with your permission, I'm going to
live a life as free as a swallow's. I'm going on the road in my own house-
upon-wheels. I'll see and mingle with all sorts of society, high and low, rich
and poor. I'll be happy in spirit, healthy in body, and by the time I come
back my mind will be quite a storehouse of knowledge that will better fit
me for Parliament than all the lore in this great library, father.'
'You're going to take up with gipsies, Frank?'
'Be a sort of gip myself, daddy.'
'Bother me, boy, if there isn't something really good in the idea. But how
are you going to set about it? Build a caravan for yourself?'
'Not build one, father. Nat Biffins Lee—a scion of the old, old gipsy Lee,
you know—owns a real white elephant'——
'Bless my soul! is the lad going mad? You don't mean seriously to travel
the country with a real white elephant, eh?'
'You don't understand, daddy. This Nat Lee has a splendid house-upon-
wheels which belonged to the Duchess of X—— She went abroad, and Lee
has bought it. But as it needs three powerful horses to rattle it along, it is
quite a white elephant to Nat. So I'm going up north to Loggiemouth in
Nairnshire, and if I like it I'll buy it. Is it all right?'
'Right as rain in March, boy. Go when you like.'