TECHNICAL REPORT ON

STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES) II

AT

TRANSMISSION COMPANY OF NIGERIA (TCN), 330/132/33KV,

GOMBE SUB REGION STATION, GOMBE

BY

LAWAN KABIRU ABDULLAHI

17/47469U/2

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING ABUBAKAR TAFAWA BALEWA UNIVERSITY BAUCHI.

AUGUST, 2023

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 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that I, Lawan Kabiru Abdullahi with matriculation number
17/47469u/2 of electrical and electronics Engineering department, Abubakar Tafawa
Balewa University Bauchi, underwent the six months Students Industrial Work
Experience Scheme (SIWES) at Transmission Company of Nigeria, 330/132/33kV,
Gombe, Gombe state.

NAME: ……………………………………

SIGNATURE: ………………………….

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 DEDICATION
I hereby dedicated this Report to Almighty Allah, the giver of all true knowledge, and
to entire of my family Bawa Na Danjaji especially my parent.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In the name of Allah the most beneficent the most merciful, we are most grateful to
almighty Allah for grant us health, wealth and potential to overcome the entire obstacle
in the pursuance of our education. I thank Almighty for his mercy and grace that kept
me all through my industrial training periods

I am greatly indebted to my parents, for their financial and moral support during the
course of the program and my uncle Engr,B. G Abdullahi for his hospitality and
fatherly care towards ensuring that my industrial training was a worthwhile and fulfilling
one.

I also want to thank everyone that contributed to the success of my industrial training;
my industrial supervisors, my colleagues, co-workers and my relatives.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION ......................................................................................................................... ii
DEDICATION ..............................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................ iv
CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 HISTORY OF SIWES ............................................................................................................. 1
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................... 2
2.0 OVERVIEW OF TCN ............................................................................................................. 2
2.1 DEPARTMENT IN TCN......................................................................................................... 2
2.2 THE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF THE COMPANY ................................................... 4
CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................................ 7
3.0 DESCRIPTION OF TOOL AND TECHNIQUES USED FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE ... 7
3.1 CONTROL CHARTS .............................................................................................................. 7
3.2 FLOW-CHARTING ................................................................................................................ 8
3.3 HISTOGRAM .......................................................................................................................... 8
3.4 RUN CHARTS ........................................................................................................................ 8
3.5 PART LIST (INGREDIENT & COMPOSITION) FOR PRODUCT SERVICE .................... 8
3.6 RESPONSIBITIES AND ACTIVITIES OF QUALITY CONTROL/QUALITY
ASSSURANCE............................................................................................................................ 10
3.6 MAINTANANCE POLICY OF THE COMPANY ............................................................... 12
3.7 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS ................................................................................................... 13
3.8 CODE OF CONDUCT .......................................................................................................... 13
3.9 THE HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT (HSE) OF THE COMPANY ................ 14
3.9.1 HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY IN NIGERIA’S POWER SECTOR .. 14
CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................................ 16
4.0 REPORT ON ACTUAL WORK ........................................................................................... 16
4.1 DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION ON THE TYPE OF
MACHINES/SOFTWARES/EQUIPMENT USED IN THE COMPANY AND THE RQUIRED
PERSONNEL TO OPERATE ..................................................................................................... 20
4.1.1 POWER TRANSFORMER ......................................................................................... 20
4.1.2 FUNCTION OF POWERTRANSFORMER .................................................................. 22
4.1.3 USAGES OF POWER TRANSFORMER...................................................................... 22
4.1.4 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS .............................................................................. 23
4.2 FUNCTIONS OF INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS .................................................... 24
4.2.1 USAGES OF VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (VT) AND CAPACITOR VOLTAGE
TRANSFORMERS (CVT) ...................................................................................................... 24
4.2.2 USAGES OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT) ........................................................ 25
4.3 CIRCUIT BREAKERS .................................................................................................... 25

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 4.3.1 FUNCTIONS OF CIRCUIT BREAKER ........................................................................ 26
4.3.2 USAGES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER............................................................................... 26
4.4 RELAYS ......................................................................................................................... 27
4.4.1 FUNCTIONS AND USAGES OF RELAYS.................................................................. 28
4.5 WAVE TRAP ................................................................................................................. 31
4.5.1 FUNCTIONS OF WAVE TRAP ............................................................................... 31
4.6 SECONDARY INJECTOR ............................................................................................... 31
4.6.1 FUNCTIONS OF SECONDARY INJECTIOR .......................................................... 32
4.6.2 USAGE AND/OR APPLICATION SECONDARY INJECTOR ................................... 32
4.7 INSULATION RESISTANCE TESTER (MEGA) .......................................................... 32
4.7.1 FUNCTIONS OF MEGGA........................................................................................ 32
4.7.2 USAGE OF MEGGA.................................................................................................. 33
4.7.3 FUNCTIONS OF CLAMP ON ................................................................................. 33
4.7.4 USAGE OF LEAKAGE CURRENT TESTER ............................................................ 33
4.8 EARTHING TRANSFORMER AND EARTH REACTOR ............................................. 34
4.8.1 FUNCTIONS AND USAGES OF EARTHING TRANSFORMER ........................... 34
4.9 DISCUSSION ON THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE SIWES PERIOD
..................................................................................................................................................... 34
4.10 SUGGESTION, SOLUTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE RESULT.................................. 35
CHAPTER FIVE ............................................................................................................................. 36
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ..................................................................... 36
5.1 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 36
5.2 RECOMMENDATION ......................................................................................................... 36
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................ 37

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 HISTORY OF SIWES
Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is one of the industrial training
fund) (ITF) program. It was designed to give Nigerian students studying occupationally
–related courses in higher institutions the experience that would supplement their
theoretical learning. It is established to facilitate the full realization and mandatory skills
acquisition and proper training program designed to expose students to the industrial
workplace environment in their respective disciplines during their course of study. The
students are expected to develop occupational competence that would facilitate their
fitting into the world of work after graduation. In the earlier stage of science and
technology education in Nigeria, students were graduating from their respective
institution without any technical knowledge or working experience. It was in this view
that students undergoing science and technology related courses were mandated for
students in different institution in the view of widening their horizons so as to enable
them have technical knowledge or working experience before graduating from their
various institutions. The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was
established by the Industrial Training Found (ITF) 1977 to enable students of tertiary
institutions have basic technical knowledge of industrial works base on their courses of
study before the completion of their program in their respective institutions. The scheme
was designed to expose the students to industrial environment and enable them develop
occupational competencies so that they can readily contribute their quota to national
economic and technological development after graduation.

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 CHAPTER TWO
2.0 OVERVIEW OF TCN
Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) manages the electricity transmission network
in the country. It is one of the 18 companies that was unbundled from the defunct Power
Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) in April 1, 2004 and is a product of a merger of
the transmission and system operations parts of PHCN. It was incorporated in November
2005 and issued a transmission license on July 1, 2006. TCN is presently fully owned
and operated by the government and as part of the reform program of the government,
it is to be re-organized and restructured to improve its reliability and expand its capacity.

TCN’s licensed activities include: electricity transmission, system operation and

electricity trading which is ring fence. It is responsible for evacuating electric power
generated by the electricity generating companies (GenCos) and wheeling it to
distribution companies (DisCos). It provides the vital transmission infrastructure
between the GenCos and the DisCos’ Feeder Sub-stations.

Nigeria’s transmission network consists of high voltage substations with a total

(theoretical) transmission wheeling capacity of 7,500MW and over 20,000km of
transmission lines. Currently, transmission wheeling capacity (5,300MW) is higher than
average operational generation capacity of 3,879MW but it is far below the total
installed generation capacity of 12,522MW. The entire infrastructure is essentially
radial, without redundancies thus creating inherent reliability issues. At an average of
approx. 7.4%, the transmission losses across the network are high compared to emerging
countries’ benchmarks of 2-6%. The number of system collapses has fallen over the past
years from a peak of 42 in 2010 to a few last years. All these reflect the critical
infrastructure and operational challenges in the transmission subsector of the industry.

2.1 DEPARTMENT IN TCN

TCN consists of three operational departments:

1. Transmission Service Provider (TSP)

The TSP oversees the development and maintenance of the transmission infrastructure.
It is responsible for the national inter-connected transmission system of substations and
power lines and providing open access transmission services. Its role is to maintain the
physical infrastructure that make up the transmission grid and expand it to new areas.

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2. System Operations (SO)

The SO manages the flow of electricity throughout the power system from generation
to distribution companies. It operates the Grid Code for the Nigerian Electricity Supply
Industry (NESI). The SO has the responsibility for ensuring that the transmission grid
lines are reliable and maintaining the technical stability of the grid through its operations
of planning, dispatch, and control of the electricity on the grid. Specifically,
responsibilities of the SO are:

Controlling grid frequency and voltage;

Allocating power loads in times of insufficient generation;

Designing, installing, and maintaining Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

(SCADA) and Communication facilities for effective grid operations;

Economic dispatch of generating units

Procuring & managing ancillary services;

Enforcing the Grid Code and the operational procedures

Coordinating all planned outages for the maintenance of system equipment;

Performing post faults analysis of all major grid disturbances.

Under the Electric Power Sector Reform Act (EPSRA) 2005, it is envisioned that in the
long term, SO will devolve into an independent body separate from TCN when the
electricity market reaches the fully developed stage.

3. Market Operations (MO)

The MO administers the market rules of the NESI. It is responsible for the administration
of the Electricity Market and promoting efficiency in the market. Specifically, the roles
of MO include:

Implementing and administering the Nigerian Electricity Market Rules,

Drafting and implementing the Market Procedures;

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Administration of the Commercial Metering System by ensuring that each trading point
has adequate metering systems in place;

Administration of the Market Settlement System;

Administration of the Payment System and commercial arrangement of the energy

market, including Ancillary Services;

Supervising Electricity Market Participants’ compliance with and enforcing the Market
Rules and the Grid Code.

Periodic reporting on the implementation of the Market Rules;

Capacity building of market of Participants on the Market Rules and Procedures and
Trading Arrangements;

At the long-term stage of the electricity market, ensuring and promoting competition
among market participants will be a key function of the MO.

2.2 THE ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF THE COMPANY

The organization structure of the company is as follow:

ORGANIZATION CHART

AGM (T)

PM (T)

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SM (COM)

SM (PC&M)

SM (HR)

SM (LINES)

SM (EMD)

SM (ACCT)

Assistant General Manager (AGM) Technical: AGM is responsible for monitoring all
the activities and operations of the company. He is bestowed with the power of making
decision, ensuring the workers are doing their job and managing the operations of
company at the required capacity. An Assistant Manager helps a manager keep a

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company running smoothly by taking on some managerial tasks, such as overseeing
employees or providing customer service. Assistant Managers can work in corporate or
retail settings. A main responsibility of an Assistant Manager is to act in the role of a
manager in the manager’s absence. They will often use the role to learn the duties of a
manager and essentially be in training to advance to this position.

Scheduling employee work times, resolving customer issues and ensuring payroll
accuracy might be some of the duties that fall to an AGM. They might also assist in
hiring new employees by choosing a few applicants with the most potential and then
work with the manager through the selection process. Assistant General Managers can
also settle issues between two or more employees or between employees and
management and oversee training programs.

Principle Manager (PM): PM is answerable to the AGM, his role is to provide the AGM
with information regarding the operations of the company and he is responsible for
disseminate or information to the staff below him. When there is a fault within the
system he must send a trouble report to the SM in charge of such fault troubleshooting.
Monthly and annual reports are submitted to him by the SMs

Senior Manager (SM): each department or section in the company has one SM and his
duty is to assign the staffs in his department to execute the job at hand and the staffs
under the SM are office 1 and office 2. The SM send a monthly and annual report to the
PM. The SMs in the company are:

Senior Manager(SM) protection control and metering department (PC&M)

Senior Manager(SM) Electrical maintenance department (EMD)

Senior Manager(SM) Account

Senior Manager(SM) Lines Senior Manager

Senior Manager(SM) Human resource (HR)

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 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 DESCRIPTION OF TOOL AND TECHNIQUES USED FOR QUALITY
ASSURANCE
Ensuring Quality Assurance and Quality Control, you must involve the use of several
quality control tools and techniques.

The quality control/assurance tools and techniques are:

• Cause and Effect Diagrams

• Control Charts

• Flow-Charting

• Histogram

• Pareto Chart and Pareto Analysis

• Run Charts

• Scatter Diagrams

• Statistical Sampling

• Inspection

• Cause and Effect Diagrams

Cause and Effect diagrams are also known as Ishikawa or Fishbone diagrams. These
diagrams are used to identify the root cause(s) of potential or existing problems.

3.1 CONTROL CHARTS

Control charts are used to illustrate the stability of a process. This quality assurance tool
gauges the beheviour of a process over time. If, during the recorded time, process shows
unacceptable variance, the process is deemed unstable. Unacceptable variance would be
a process that shows seven consecutive readings above or below the central line. The
upper and lower limits are also set for the process and are usually at 3-sigma.

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 3.2 FLOW-CHARTING
Flow-charting requires you to follow the flow of a process to determine potential or
existing problems in the process. You can use this quality control tool to predict potential
flaws in a process.

3.3 HISTOGRAM
A histogram is a graphical representation of event frequencies. This quality control chart
is also known as a column graph. Pareto Chart and Pareto Analysis. The Pareto Chart
shows the Probability Density and the Distribution Function. The probability density is
the probability of the occurrence of a variable.

3.4 RUN CHARTS

A run chart is a series of recorded data over time that is graphically represented. This
trend will help in understanding whether there is a problem or not.

3.5 PART LIST (INGREDIENT & COMPOSITION) FOR PRODUCT

SERVICE
• Tons Hydraulic Truck Crane (50Mtrs)

• 2.5Ton, 5Ton and 10Ton Fork Lift

• tons Motorised Pallet jack

• 20Metre Long Aerial Electric operation Bucket

• truck

• Self-loading utility Vehicles (12 Tons heavy-duty

• Trucks fitted with 5.0Ton Crane.

• 100MVA 132/33KV power Transformer

• 60MVA 132/33kV Power Transformers.

• 75MVAR 330KV Shunt Reactor

• Transformer Oil Filtration Machines

• 330KV Isolators

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• 330kv & 132KV Isolators

• 33KV 3 Phase 1250A Isolator

• 33KV 3Phase 2000A isolator

• 330KV Circuit Breakers

• 132KV Circuit Breakers

• 33KV (2000A) SF6 Gas Circuit Breaker33KV (1250A) SF6 Gas Circuit Breaker

• 330KV Capacitor Voltage Transformers

• 33KV Instrument transformers

• Line Distance Protection Relays

• Transformer main and back-up Protection

• relays

• Under- frequency relays

• Accessories for Kelman Dissolved Gas Analyzer

• Type Transport X

• Power system protection Relay Coordination and

• analysis software

• Control Panel Indication Meters

• Protection Engineers Precision Toolbox

• Mechanical Tools Box

• Aero-Shell Hydraulic Oil

• SF6 Gas (40kg Cylinder)

• Surge Arrester Tester.

• 110VDC battery Chargers

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 • 110VDC 200AH Battery Bank

• 110VDC 400AH battery bank

• Composite Insulators for 330/132KV

• 120KN 132KV Glass Insulators

• Supply of 310KM of 150mm2 ACSR-Wolf

• conductors

• Supply of All Aluminium Alloy Conductor (AAAC)

• Temporary grounding leads

• Leather Safety belt

• Live line Working Tools and spare materials

• Hypotronic Tester

• Dielectric oil Tester

• 5KV & 10KV insulation resistance tester.

• Surge Arresters

• 300mm2 x1 core 33KV Armoured Cable

• Transformer testing Equipment.

• Transformer Oil Regeneration Services of 1 x

• 60MVA and 2x30MVA Power transformers

• Transformer Oil Regeneration Services of1x90MVA 330/132/33kV Power

transformers

3.6 RESPONSIBITIES AND ACTIVITIES OF QUALITY

CONTROL/QUALITY ASSSURANCE
Quality assurance, (QA) applied at Transmission Company of Nigeria(TCN), refers to
a process for the systematic monitoring and evaluation of the various aspects of a

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project, solution or service, to ensure that standards of quality are being met. QA
includes regulation of the quality of materials, assemblies, devices, products and
components; services related to systems; and management, installation, integration and
inspection processes.

Two key principles characterize TCN’s QA:

Fit for purpose, the product should be suitable for the intended purpose

Right first time, mistakes should be eliminated.

It is important to realize also that quality is determined by the intended users, clients or
customers, not by society in general: it is not the same as 'expensive' or 'high quality'.
Even goods with low prices can be considered quality items if they meet a market need.

Quality control (QC) applied at TCN is a process for the review the quality of all factors
involved in projects implementation.

Quality assurance and quality control are applied simultaneously in the TCN Quality
System.

Quality control emphasizes testing of products and systems to uncover defects, and
reporting to management, whereas quality assurance attempts to improve and stabilize
system performance, and associated processes, to avoid, or at least minimize, issues that
led to the defects in the first place.

To prevent mistakes from arising, several QA methodologies are used. However, QA

does not eliminate the need for QC: some product parameters are so critical that testing
is still essential. QC activities are treated as one of the overall QA processes.

Total quality management

The major characteristics, considered by TCN during the search to improve systems,
solutions and overall business performance are:

Reliability

Maintainability

Safety

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Strength

The company-wide quality approach places an emphasis on four aspects:-

1. Elements such as controls, job management, adequate processes, performance and

integrity criteria and identification of records

2. Competence such as knowledge, skills, experience, qualifications

3. Soft elements, such as personnel integrity, confidence, organizational culture,

motivation, team spirit and quality relationships.

4. Infrastructure as it enhances or limits functionality

The quality of the outputs is at risk if any of these aspects is deficient in any way.

TCN uses consultants when introducing new quality practices and methods, particularly
where the relevant skills and expertise are not available within the organization. In
addition, when new initiatives and improvements are required to boost the current
quality system, or perhaps improve upon current systems, the use of temporary
consultants becomes a viable solution when allocating valuable resources.

3.6 MAINTANANCE POLICY OF THE COMPANY

Transmission Company of Nigeria carried out its maintenance activities monthly and
annual. The monthly maintenance is done on Saturday where several tests are carried
out such as insulation test, voltage ratio, and oil dielectric test. Replacement of the
decompose transformer oil in the divert switch, transformer tapings, transformer oil,
circuit breaker oil. The purpose of maintenance is to ensure as far as possible, that power
transformers and protection devices such as relays, circuit breaker, isolator, shunt
reactor, voltage transformers, and current transformers are operating and will operate in
a safe and efficient manner. A systematic inspection is carried out so that minor faults
are being determined and corrected before serious trouble occurs. The frequency with
which plant should be inspected is determined by the conditions, under which it
operates, and the danger and expense which may arise due to a breakdown.

The record of the work carried out, and readings of the tests obtained each month is
compiled and an annual report is carried out using the monthly report.

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 3.7 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
All employee shall exercise intelligence and constant care and shall use the safety
appliance provide to protect themselves, their fellow employees and the public from
accidents and shall at all times endeavor to further the best interest of the authority.

The following are some of the professional ethics of Transmission Company of Nigeria:

• Employees shall carry out their duty with such skill, foresight, regularity,
promptness, thoroughness and care as to eliminate as far as practicable the
accidental injury of employees or the public and to avoid interruption or
impairment of service and damage of apparatus or property.

• Extend their knowledge and prepare themselves for unusual circumstances

under which they may be required to assume responsibility beyond ordinary.

• Guard against theft, depredation and spoilage of all kinds and promptly report
to their supervisor any such acts of which they have knowledge.

• Familiarize themselves with the location and operation of the various types of
fire extinguisher and guard against loss by fire by eliminating of unnecessary
fire hazards.

• If any employee has reported for duty or is on duty in a condition, which in

the opinion of any employee, renders him unfit to perform his regular duties
safely and efficiently, the condition shall be reported to his supervisor and if
he concurs with this opinion the employee shall not be permitted to work.

• All employees shall promptly report observe abnormal conditions in apparatus

or any matter of importance relating to operation or maintenance of the men
in chargeof such equipment or apparatus.

3.8 CODE OF CONDUCT

• Drinking intoxicants while on duty is strictly prohibited. Any employee who
reports for duty under the influence of alcoholic beverages or narcotics shall not
be permitted to work. Furthermore, no employee shall convey or permit anyone
else to convey alcoholic beverages to any power station, substation of like
property of the authority for use at such a location.

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 • Employees shall be courteous and considerate of the public and of each other

• Employees shall not needlessly enter other departments or places where they
have no business unless permission to do so is first obtained.

• Indulgence in practical jokes, horseplay, scuffling and wrestling while on duty,

or when off duty on authority properties or any authority’s vehicle, is forbidden.

• No person shall operate any apparatus, equipment or vehicles without

permission or instruction from proper authority.

3.9 THE HEALTH SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT (HSE) OF THE

COMPANY
Health and safety, and environmental sustainability have been identified as major
sustainability issues in the energy sector, especially in Nigeria where about 16% of
generated electricity power is always lost at transmission and distribution channels and
HSE (Health, Safety and Environment) risks are common in the workplace. This was
emphasized during recent visits to few Nigerian Transmission Company offices.

Sustainability in the energy sector involves the process of implementing an electric

power strategy that reduces environmental harm and fatality or injury rates of electricity
workers and the general public. It can also be in the form of energy efficiency, which
involves the process of reducing the amount of energy that is lost at the transmission
and distribution channel; that is, between sources of supply and points of distribution to
consumers.

The energy sector in Nigeria is divided into different units, starting from power
generation stations were electricity is generated, to power transmission stations that
source for the generated power, on to the power distribution companies. The distribution
companies are privatized companies that distribute the power to the final consumers
through individual transformers in the streets.

3.9.1 HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY IN NIGERIA’S POWER

SECTOR
According to Peter F. Drucker, “The first duty of business is survival, and the guiding
principle of business economics is avoidance of loss – not maximization of profit”;

14
which implies that avoidance of health and environmental risks or loss is vital for a
successful electricity industry in Nigeria.

Unfortunately, the use of unskilled staff at the distribution channels is a major hazard
factor causing high risk exposure such as electrocution and fall from heights. Another
HSE issue that was observed from the visits is the risk of electromagnetic radiation in
switchyards, which can affect a man’s fertility over years of exposure in the switchyard.
Effort needs to be made to help engineers working on transformers in the switchyard to
avoid exposure to the transformer oil used for cooling of the winding, as this contains
cancerous chemical known as PCB and is corrosive – capable of peeling one’s skin.

Risk of explosion of some electrical machines or equipment, such as transformer cable

circuit breaker explosion – a device which protects transformers from developing
accidental short circuits and overloads - is another threat to the lives of the staff working
in the transmission field.

It was impressive to see a highly functional Health, Safety and Environment

Department. One of the responsibilities of this department is the prevention of
environmental hazard in the transmission office, such as regular clearing of bushes for
the safety of workers against risk of wild animals such as snake bites. Obviously, there
is room for more technical service provision from such a strategic department, including
efforts towards the conservation of nature holistically, noise pollution and biodiversity
threats, especially at the generation stations where turbines generate noise and
hydropower plants scare aquatics away from their natural habitats.

For instance, lack of the reuse of exploded materials such as transformer cable circuit
breakers and other tools, is material inefficiency that needs immediate attention in
transmission offices the nation over. Where it is not possible for the damaged materials
to be refurbished, there still remains opportunity for recycling for other usage.

It was welcome to see basic safety rules adhered for visitors to the transmission. The
management provides safety helmets, boots, hand gloves, overalls, as well as training
briefs and tips to ensure a hazard free workplace. However, off record conversations
with staff indicated their dissatisfaction with the minimal hazard reduction measures.

The argument has been posited by many that our dear country is hardly lacking in the
provision of regulation and guidance, but in the implementation. In 2014, the industry

15
regulator Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) released the Nigerian
Electricity Health and Safety Code Version 1.0 – a practical document with best industry
practices for the sustainability of the energy sector in Nigeria. This document seems to
have remained in the revered chambers of organizations’ library as interaction showed
little knowledge or understanding of this guidance.

The promotion of sustainability in the energy sector will therefore ensure that Nigeria’s
power sector recovers operating costs, provide reliable and affordable electricity, as well
as meet environmental and social objectives.

These are equipment wears that protect the worker from direct bodily harm or injuries.
It is a statutory requirement (factories Decree, 1987 refers).

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 REPORT ON ACTUAL WORK
The Transmission Company of Nigeria is made up of three switchyard/sections namely;

330kv switchyard

132kv switchyard

33kv switchyard

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330kv Switchyard/section: The power is transmitted from Jos regional transmission
station at 330kv, 50Hz frequency to Gombe sub region, This section is designed to
receive this voltage range with the help of electrical equipment’s and switchgears in the
switchyard in order to be able to stepped down the voltage 150MVA and 75MVA
transformer are used to achieve the stepping down of the voltage to 132Kv at the same
frequency.

132kv Switchyard: This is a different section of the station which deals with a voltage
level of 132kv transformed from the 330kv section with aid of power transformer. This
section also consists of electrical equipment’s and switchgears such as circuit breaker,
isolator, current transformers and voltage transformers. The 132kv is then feed to the
outgoing feeders through SF6 circuit breakers, these outgoing feeders are eight from the
station to 132/33kv sub stations which are:

Bauchi 132/33kv station,

Savannah 132/33kv station,

Gombe 132/33kv station e.t.c

33kv Switchyard: this is another section in the station switchyard which deal with a
voltage of 33Kv which is been stepped down by a 30/40MVA transformer from 132kv
to 33kv.

Finally, the station has different department which aid them in carrying out activities
without any problems. These departments are:

PC&M Department

EMD Department

Lines Department

Accounting Department

Communication Department

Mechanical Department

System Operating Department And

17
Administration Department

Safety Department

These departments are places where I.T students are allocated if they are successful
accepted in the company for the program.

The functions of the departments above are as follow;

1. ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT: provide essential administrative support to

the executives and department managers of the Transmission Company of Nigeria
(TCN), Gombe. With their computer, communication and data entry skills,
administrative assistants are able to assist with both complex and general administrative
duties, allowing their supervisors more time to carry out their managerial tasks. The
department is responsible for data processing, file maintenance, communication and
clerical of the TCN Gombe.

2. ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT: the primary purpose of every accounting

function is that of ongoing financial record keeping. Monetary information all types--
operational expenses, salaries, donations, capital expenditures, investments, cash-flow,
utilities all of which should be tracked on a monthly basis at a minimum. The ongoing
result is the creation of the Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) financial history
that can be used in a variety of ways, as it gives managers a snapshot of the firm’s
financial health and wealth at any given time.

3. PROTECTION CONTROL AND METERING (PC&M) DEPARTMENT: the

function of the department is to maintain the electrical and electronics equipment,
protects the life personnel and maintain and/or configure the metering equipment of the
Gombe Works Centre and the substations under the TCN Gombe Works Centre. The
PC&M department is responsible for installations, commissioning and
decommissioning, maintaining, troubleshooting and repairing the critical system used
for detecting and responding to power system faults, controlling system devices,
metering schemes and data voice transfer throughout the region/area that Transmission
Company of Nigeria.

4. ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT (EMD): the department

functions are to install, commissioning and decommissioning, troubleshoot, maintain,

18
and protects the life of the equipment in the TCN Gombe Works Centre and the other
substations under the company which are listed above operating at 132/33kV. The
department and its crew are usually on the field doing the works. The department also
maintain the wiring of the office blocks and control room.

5. MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT: the department is responsible for the installation

or mounting of breaker’s stands and Circuit Breakers itself, Current Transformers and
Voltage Transformers stands and mounting on the switch yards either at Gombe Works
Centre or the substations (most especially the substations). The department also provide
a reliable ways of transportation for the TCN Gombe personnel and maintenance crew
by means of maintaining the vehicles use by the company.

6. SYSTEM LINES DEPARTMENT: the functions of this department are to maintain

the transmission lines wires in a way of avoiding earth tripping from the feeder’s relay,
maintaining the transmission lines poles, cutting the elongated trees that is disturbing
the spaces between the transmission lines wire that cause the feeder to trip on earth fault.
The department also responsible for the tightening and maintenance of the lines
conductors on the switch yards and repairing the hotspots identified by the operators on
duties of the TCN Gombe and its substations.

7. SYSTEM OPERATION DEPARTMENT: is responsible for the functioning and

monitoring the systems of the whole TCN Gombe and protecting the equipment of the
station by monitoring and operates the whole system which is JED i.e. decides which
power station comes on and when and by how many Megawatts (MW), decides which
transmission line or transmission station should be supplied what quantity of Mega-
Watts (MW) i.e. load shedding and also enforce Grid discipline.

8. COMMUNICATION DEPARTMENT: the department roles are responsible for

sending and receiving information necessary for the operation of the station, monitor
activities going on within the station and other activities outside the station that
influencing it, helps to improve the quality of job done in and relating to the station, and
the equipment and the control and protection scheme employ communication in order
to function.

19
 4.1 DESCRIPTION AND DISCUSSION ON THE TYPE OF
MACHINES/SOFTWARES/EQUIPMENT USED IN THE COMPANY AND
THE RQUIRED PERSONNEL TO OPERATE
The company has many types of equipment which are used to carry out the station
required service. Some of the equipment includes:

1. Power Transformer

2. Instrument transformer

3. Circuit Breaker

4. Relays

5. Capacitance voltage transformer (Wave Trap)

6. Secondary Injecntor

7. Insulation Resistance Tester (Megohmmeter which is commonly known as Mega)

8. Leakage Current Tester (Clamp on)

9. Grounding/Earthing Transformer

10. Earthing Reactor

11. Lightening Arrester.

12 Capacitor bank
13 Battery bank
14 Isolating switches
15 Bus-bars
16 Insulators
4.1.1 POWER TRANSFORMER
Transformers are static devices, totally enclosed and generally oil immersed. Therefore,
chances of faults occurring on them are very rare. However, the consequences of even
a rare fault may be very serious unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from the
system. This necessitates providing adequate automatic protection for transformers
against possible faults. Small distribution transformers are usually connected to the
supply system through series fuses instead of circuit breakers. Consequently, no

20
automatic protective relay equipment is required. How-ever, the probability of faults on
power transformers is undoubtedly more and hence automatic protection is absolutely
necessary. Common transformer faults. As compared with generators, in which many
abnormal conditions may arise, power transformers may suffer only from:

(i) Open circuits

(ii) Overheating

(iii) Winding short-circuits e.g. earth-faults, phase-to-phase faults and inter-turn faults.

An open circuit in one phase of a 3-phase transformer may cause undesirable heating.
In practice, relay protection is not provided against open circuits because this condition
is relatively harmless. On the occurrence of such a fault, the transformer can be
disconnected manually from the system.

Overheating of the transformer is usually caused by sustained overloads or short-circuits

and very occasionally by the failure of the cooling system. The relay protection is also
not provided against this contingency and thermal accessories are generally used to
sound an alarm or control the banks of fans.

Winding short-circuits (also called internal faults) on the transformer arise from
deterioration of winding insulation due to overheating or mechanical injury. When an
internal fault occurs, the transformer must be disconnected quickly from the system
because a prolonged arc in the transformer may cause oil fire. Therefore, relay
protection is absolutely necessary for internal faults.

Protection Systems for Transformer

For protection of generators, Merz-Price circulating-current system is unquestionably

the most satisfactory. Though this is largely true of transformer protection, there are
cases where circulating current system offers no particular advantage over other systems
or impracticable on account of the troublesome conditions imposed by the wide variety
of voltages, currents and earthing condition sinvariably associated with power
transformers. Under such circumstances, alternative protective systems are used which
in many cases are as effective as the circulating-current system. The principal relays
and systems used for transformer protection are:

21
(i) Buchholz devices providing protection against all kinds of incipient faults i.e. slow-
developing faults such as insulation failure of windings, core heating, fall of oil level
due to leak joints etc.

(ii) Earth-fault relays providing protection against earth-faults only.

(iii) Over current relays providing protection mainly against phase-to-phase faults and
overloading.

(iv\ Differential system (or circulating-current system) providing protection against both
earth and phase faults. The complete protection of transformer usually requires the
combination of these systems. Choice of a particular combination of systems may
depend upon several factors such as (a) size of the transformer (b) type of cooling (c)
location of transformer in the network (d) nature of load supplied and (e) importance of
service for which transformer is required. In the following sections, above systems of
protection will be discussed in detail

4.1.2 FUNCTION OF POWERTRANSFORMER

1. Transformer is a power transformer that has incorporated into it a higher level of
control techniques and is mostly used in transmission station. A power transformer is
used mainly to either step up or step down the line voltage.

2. Its functions as step down transformer and it keep the output voltage i.e. secondary
voltage constant by the use of tap-changer feature.

3. It is a power transformer used in electrical power stations

4.1.3 USAGES OF POWER TRANSFORMER

1. The usage of power transformer in Transmission Company of Nigeria is to step down
the HVAC to a certain values and maintain a constant output voltage (secondary voltage)
by tap-changing the winding inside the transformer using the Tap-Changer built with
the transformer, which have the ability to change the position of the secondary winding
to achieve voltage regulation at output. There are two power transformers of the
different capacity (Power) used in TCN Gombe namely;

(i) 150MVA Transformer for stepping down the 330kV incoming line voltage to 132kV.

22
(ii) 60MVA Transformer for stepping down 132kV to 33kV which is transmitted to
33/11kv sub-stations for domestic and industrial use.

2. Power transformers are frequently used in power applications to interconnect systems

operating at different voltage classes, for example 330kV to 132kV for transmission
Biu, Ashaka, Bauchi,Pataskum, Savanah .

4.1.4 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

The lines in sub-stations operate at high voltages and carry current of thousands of
amperes. The measuring instruments and protective devices are designed for low
voltages (generally 110V) and currents (about 5A).Therefore, they will not work
satisfactorily if mounted directly on the power lines. This difficulty is overcome by
installing instrument transformers on the power lines. The function of these instrument
transformers is to transfer voltages or currents in the power lines to values which are
convenient for the operation of measuring instruments and relays. There are two types
of instrument transformers viz.

(i) Current transformer (C.T.)

(ii) Voltage transformer (V.T.)

(i) Current transformer (C.T.): A current transformer in essentially a step-up transformer

which steps down the current to a known ratio. The primary of this transformer consists
of one or more turns of thick wire connected in series with the line. The secondary
consists of a large number of turns of fine wire and provides for the measuring
instruments and relays a current which is a constant fraction of the current in the line.
Suppose a current transformer rated at 100/5A is connected in the line to measure
current. If the current in the line is 100A, then current in the secondary will be 5A.
Similarly, if current in the line is 50A, then secondary of C.T. will have a current of
2·5A. Thus the C.T. under consideration will step down the line current by a factor of
20.

(ii) Voltage transformer: It is essentially a step down transformer and steps down the
voltage to a known ratio. The primary of this transformer consists of a large number of
turns of fine wire connected across the line. The secondary winding consists of a few
turns and provides for measuring instruments and relays a voltage which is a known
fraction of the line voltage. Suppose a potential transformer rated at 66kV/110V is

23
connected to a power line. If line voltage is 66kV, then voltage across the secondary
will be 110 V

4.2 FUNCTIONS OF INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

1. To transform currents or voltages from a usually high value too easy to handle for
relays and instruments.

2. To insulate the metering circuit from the primary high voltage system. 3. To provide
possibilities of standardizing the instruments and relays to a few rated currents and
voltages.

FIG. 1.9a SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

FIG.1.9b V.T AND C.T

4.2.1 USAGES OF VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (VT) AND CAPACITOR

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS (CVT)
1. The secondary windings proportionally transform the primary levels to typical values
of 110V phase to phase

24
2. The secondary voltage can be used in switchgear compartments, where it may be used
to drive motors that open and close circuit breakers.

3. The secondary voltage can be used in voltage regulators, where it can power a tap-
changing drive motor of the Power Autotransformer above.

4. It used for protections of both the equipment in the station and personnel.

5. The secondary voltage is used for metering and operating protection relays such as
Over Voltage protection, Under Voltage protection, Over frequency protection, Under
frequency protection, Distance Protection, Transformer Differential protection et cetera.

6. The CVT is also useful in communication systems. CTVs in combination with wave
traps are used for filtering high-frequency communication signals from power
frequency. This forms a carrier communication network throughout the transmission
network.

4.2.2 USAGES OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER (CT)

A current transformer can be used in:

1. To transforms the current on the line to that which is suitable for the meters and relays
to function.

2. Metering of power to track energy use.

3. Monitoring of current flow through a circuit. This can be used to monitor the amount
of current drawing by are line and the maximum allow current can be set on relay to trip
on over current protection.

4. Relay of power through an energy grid.

5. Control of the state of circuit (open or closed) in a ground fault circuit interrupter.

6. Protection of instruments and appliances connected to AC power supplies as well the

personnel working at TCN.

4.3 CIRCUIT BREAKERS

A circuit breaker is equipment which can open or close a circuit under all conditions
viz. no load, full load and fault conditions. It is so designed that it can be operated
manually (or by remote control) under normal conditions and automatically under fault

25
conditions. For the latter operation, a relay circuit is used with a circuit breaker. Under
normal operating conditions, the contacts remain closed and the circuit breaker carries
the full-load current continuously. In this condition, the E.M.F. in the secondary
winding of current transformer (C.T.) is insufficient to operate the trip coil of the breaker
but the contacts can be opened (and hence the circuit can be opened) by manual or
remote control. When a fault occurs, the resulting over current in the CT primary
winding increases the secondary EMF. This energizes the trip coil of the breaker and
moving contacts are pulled down, thus opening the contacts and hence the circuit. The
arc produced during the opening operation is quenched by the oil. It is interesting to
note that relay performs the function of detecting a fault whereas the circuit breaker does
the actual circuit interruption. There are four type of circuit breaker namely:

Air Circuit Breaker (ACB),

Oil Circuit Breaker (OCB),

SF6 Circuit Breaker and

Vacuum Circuit Breaker.

Oil Circuit Breaker (OCB) and SF6 Circuit Breaker are the types that are used at TCN
Gombe.

4.3.1 FUNCTIONS OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

The main functions of circuit breakers are;

1. Sense the current flowing in the circuit

2. Measure the current flowing in the circuit

3. Compare the measured current level to its pre-set trip point

4. Act within a predetermined time period by opening the circuit as quickly as possible
to limit the amount of energy that is allowed to flow after the trip point has been reached.

4.3.2 USAGES OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

This equipment is used to make or break a circuit or segment of it, for the purpose of
preventing Electrical Energy from getting to certain segments of the transmission and/or
station. The circuit breaker can operate under normal (when it is operated deliberately)

26
and abnormal conditions (when its contacts open on discovery of a fault within its
jurisdiction). Its contacts are embedded in a medium which function as insulation and
arc quenching during operation. Its contacts are not visible to the human eyes; however
it could have an indicator telling whether the circuit breaker is open or closed. The
medium could be air, oil, gas (Sulphur hexafluoride SF6 gas is widely used), vacuum
(absence of oxygen eliminates combustion). In addition, the mode of operation of a
circuit breaker could be hydraulic or by spring action (mostly used).

4.4 RELAYS
A relay is a device which detects the fault and supplies information to the breaker for
circuit interruption. Fig. 16.1 shows a typical relay circuit. It can be divided into three
parts viz.

(i) The primary winding of a current transformer (C.T.) which is connected in series
with the circuit to be protected. The primary winding often consists of the main
conductor itself.

(ii) The second circuit is the secondary winding of C.T. connected to the relay operating
coil.

(iii) The third circuit is the tripping circuit which consists of a source of supply, trip coil
of circuit breaker and the relay stationary contacts.

Under normal load conditions, the e.m.f of the secondary winding of C.T. is small and
the current flowing in the relay operating coil is insufficient to close the relay contacts.
This keeps the trip coil of the circuit breaker un-energized. Consequently, the contacts
of the circuit breaker remain closed and it carries the normal load current. When a fault
occurs, a large current flows through the primary of C.T. This increases the secondary

27
E.M.F and hence the current through the relay operating coil. The relay contacts are
closed and the trip coil of the circuit breaker is energized to open the contacts of the
circuit breaker. There are two types of protective relays used in TCN which are
Electromagnetic type of relay and digital type relay, the latter is mostly used nowadays.

4.4.1 FUNCTIONS AND USAGES OF RELAYS

Voltage Sensitive Relay Voltage relay identify overvoltage, under voltage, or both. They
can only detect an abnormal condition on the line side of where the relay is connected.
This allows the device to provide prestart protection. Voltage relay is easy to install, do
not require current transformers, and are therefore less expensive. These require only
voltage connections so that they may be applied independent of the system load.

Under voltage

Under voltage relays trip when the voltage drops below a set point. An under voltage is
a sustained system voltage below transformer, motor, generator, or voltage ratings that
can lead to equipment failure. They can be caused by a system overload or equipment
failures. Special care should be given for under voltages because many power systems
loads are MVA loads (motors, uninterrupted power supplies, etc.). This means that as
the voltage decreases, the load current increases while the power system transfer
capability decreases. Under voltage relays are usually instantaneous devices and should
complete their function every time input voltage drops below the set point. Load
transfer, voltage regulation, and motor protection are all applications for under voltage
protection relays [5]. Overvoltage Overvoltage relays trip when a voltage rises above a
set point. An overvoltage is a sustained system voltage in excess of transformer
capacitor, motor, generator, or reactor voltage rating. Overvoltage’s can lead to
equipment failure or be due to equipment failure, such as failure of a load tap changer
controller or by a sudden loss of customer load. Overvoltage relays may be
instantaneous or time-delayed devices. Voltage regulation, bus and back- up protection,
and generator protection are applications for overvoltage protective relays.

Differential

Differential voltage relays respond to the difference between incoming and outgoing
voltages associated with the protected apparatus. The electrical quantities entering and
leaving the system are compared by current transformers. If the net between the circuits

28
is zero, then there is no fault or problem. If the net is not zero then an internal problem
can be identified. This type of relay is applicable to all parts of the power system and is
often the primary choice for protection.

Power (Phase) Sensitive Relay

Power or phase-sensitive relays can monitor phase sequence, phase reversal, ground or
earth fault, power factor, phase failure or loss, and phase unbalance. 

Phase Failure (loss) - The relay monitors for voltage with the incorrect phase sequence,
or one or more phases open. Failure may occur because of a blown fuse, a mechanical
failure of the switching equipment, or if one of the power lines opens. Phase failure
involves three phases where there are three wires. If a three-phrase motor is started on a
single phase, the motor will not start. If one wire gets disconnected, it is identified as a
loss of phase. It is suggested that a device monitoring phase failure be combined with a
device that can detect phase angle displacement. This is because voltage sensing devices
which monitor only the voltage magnitude may not provide protection when the motor
is running. 

Phase-reversal

- Phase-reversal relays monitor for a change of one-half cycle or 180° in phase. A

reversal in phase is often due to miss-wiring, faulty incoming power from modifications
made to the power distribution system, or when power restoration results in a different
phase sequence than before the power outage. This protection is required on all
equipment transporting people, such as escalators or elevators. 

Phase-sequence - Phase-sequence relays monitor for correct phase sequence if two

wires have their connection reversed and become out of sequence. The device is used to
ensure the sequence is correct when connecting three phase loads. If the phase sequence
is incorrect, the relay will de-energize preventing the start of incorrectly connected
machinery 

Phase unbalance - The relay operates when the magnitude of one current excesses the
magnitude of another current by a predetermined degree. Voltage balance operates in a
similar manner.

29
Power factor - In AC power transmission and distribution, power factor is the cosine of
the phase-angle between the voltage and the current. This deals with the different in real
and apparent power. A bad power factor can lead to a distorted waveform and higher
power use. 

Ground earth (fault) - Ground fault (earth) relays detect any undesired current path from
a point of differing potential to ground [5].

Current Sensitive Relay

Protective relays and monitoring relays include current-sensitive relays. Current

sensing relays offer an advantage over voltage sensitive relays because they do not
respond to back electromotive force (EMF), which accompanies a phase failure on
motor loads. They can detect a problem on either the line side or the load side in a branch
circuit in which the relay is used.

Under-current
Under-current relays trip when the current drops below a set point. Undercurrents can
occur if there is a fault with the power supply, or if a loaded motor becomes unloaded.
Often an overvoltage situation will cause under-current and can cause damages to the
equipment.

Over-current
Over current relays trip when a current rises above a set point. Over-current can be
caused by either the load or the supply such as a sudden increase in load due to faulty
electronics or physical load on a motor. Additionally, a drop in voltage could also cause
an over-current situation.

Differential current conditions

- Differential current relays respond to the difference between incoming and outgoing
currents associated with the protected apparatus. The principle of differential relays is
the same for a station bus and for generators; the device monitors for the sum of all the
currents into and out of the bus or generator to be equal to zero. If there is a fault then
there will be a net flow of current and the differential relay will be triggered [5].

30
 COMMON RELAY CONNECTION.

4.5 WAVE TRAP

Wave trap, its name indicates that it is used to trap some waves.

4.5.1 FUNCTIONS OF WAVE TRAP

The carrier energy on the transmission line must be directed toward the remote line
terminal and not toward the station bus and it must be isolated from bus impedance
variations. This ask is performed by the line trap. A parallel resonant circuit has high
impedance at its tuned frequency, and it then causes most of the carrier energy to flow
toward the remote line terminal. The coil of the line trap provides a low impedance path
for the flow of the power frequency energy. Since the power flow is rather large at times,
the coil used in a line trap must be large in terms of physical size. Hence a line trap
unit/Wave trap is inserted between bus bar and connection of coupling capacitor to the
line. It is a parallel tuned circuit comprising of inductance (L) and capacitance (C). It
has low impedance (less than 0.1Ω) for power frequency (50 Hz) and high impedance
to carrier frequency. This unit prevents the high frequency carrier signal from entering
the neighboring line.

4.6 SECONDARY INJECTOR

It is a method of connecting a secondary injection test set to a trip unit (trip device, over
current module, protection device, OCR, ETU etc.) on a circuit breaker, VT and CT,
and injecting a simulated current to prove it works at different levels.

31
4.6.1 FUNCTIONS OF SECONDARY INJECTIOR
1. Circuit protection is a critical factor in any electrical system. For safety and security
it is essential that all protection devices are tested effectively. Testing circuit breakers at
their full operating voltages and currents (primary testing) can be impractical and
unnecessary. In this situation secondary current injection testing is performed.

2. Primary and secondary current injection tests are normally conducted to check the
operation of breaker and their protective relays/devices.

3. The protective devices installed vary from circuit to circuit depending on the
protection needs but typical relays/devices include overload, over current, reverse
power, earth fault, differential protection, et cetera.

4.6.2 USAGE AND/OR APPLICATION SECONDARY INJECTOR

1. Secondary injection testing is normally conducted when the circuit breaker is closed
but is not carrying any current through its main poles. It involves connection of the
circuit breaker to a test set that can inject and measure the current required in the device
relay to cause it to operate.

2. Secondary injection testing normally involves disconnection of the protective device

from its normal VT/CT and connection to a specialist test set that can inject and
measure/record the required operating signal directly into the protective device relay to
cause it to operate the circuit breaker.

3. The testing involves Current and Voltage Transformers are to disconnect the lines
from their main poles and injects currents and voltages respectively for simulations of
the state of the CT and VT respectively.

4. At the same time it tells us CT ratio by measuring CT secondary current and dividing
it with known applied rated current or leakage current measured with Clamp on meter.

4.7 INSULATION RESISTANCE TESTER (MEGA)

4.7.1 FUNCTIONS OF MEGGA
Insulation resistance quality of an electrical system degrades with time, environment
condition i.e. temperature, humidity, moisture & dust particles. It also get impacted
negatively due to the presence of electrical & mechanical stress, so it’s become very

32
necessary to check the IR(Insulation resistance) of equipment at a constant regular
interval to avoid any measure fatal or electrical shock.

4.7.2 USAGE OF MEGGA

A Mega-ohmmeter usually is equipped with three terminals. The "LINE" (or "L")
terminal is the so-called "hot" terminal and is connected to the conductor whose
insulation resistance you are measuring. The tests are performed with the circuit de-
energized. The "EARTH" (or "E") terminal is connected to the other side of the
insulation, the ground conductor. The "GUARD" (or "G") terminal provides a return
circuit that bypasses the meter. For example, if you are measuring a circuit having a
current that you do not want to include, you connect that part of the circuit to the
"GUARD" terminal.

FIG.2.0 LEAKAGE CURRENT TEST

4.7.3 FUNCTIONS OF CLAMP ON

In any electrical installation, some current will flow through the protective ground
conductor to ground. This is usually called leakage current. Leakage current most
commonly flows in the insulation surrounding conductors and in the filters protecting
electronic equipment around the home or office. So what's the problem? On circuits
protected by GFCIs (Ground Fault Current Interrupters) e.g. Circuit Breaker, leakage
current can cause unnecessary and intermittent tripping. In extreme cases, it can cause
a rise in voltage on accessible conductive parts.

4.7.4 USAGE OF LEAKAGE CURRENT TESTER

The Clamp-on is use in TCN to detect leakage current in secondary terminal of a CT
while performing maintenance and detecting the start of the windings and insulation of

33
the CT. The Clamp-on is clamp on the shorted secondary terminals of the CT while a
known current has been injected to the primary side of the CT to test.

4.8 EARTHING TRANSFORMER AND EARTH REACTOR

The general purpose of earthing system is to protect life and property in the event of
50/60 Hz faults (short-circuit) and transient phenomena (lightning, switching
operations).

4.8.1 FUNCTIONS AND USAGES OF EARTHING TRANSFORMER

1. This is used as earthing for the auto transformer and likewise as auxiliary supply for
station. The earthing transformer serves as the neutral for the secondary of the
transformer as step down of the 33KV at the tertiary to 415V, which is used for station
auxiliary supply.

2. For cases where there is no neutral point available for Neutral Earthing (e.g. for a
delta winding), an earthing transformer may be used to provide a return path for single
phase fault currents.

3. In such cases the impedance of the earthing transformer may be sufficient to act as
effective earthing impedance. Additional impedance can be added in series if required.
A special ‘zigzag’ transformer is sometimes used for earthing delta windings to provide
a low zero sequence impedance and high positive and negative sequence impedance to
fault currents.

4. In a three phase delta connected AC system, an artificial neutral grounding system

may be used. Although no phase conductor is directly connected to ground, a specially
constructed transformer (a "zigzag" transformer) blocks the power frequency current
from flowing to earth, but allows any leakage or transient current to flow to ground.

4.9 DISCUSSION ON THE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED DURING THE

SIWES PERIOD
During our program in the company we have come across a lot of problem, some of the
problem encounter during our stay in the company are:

The TCN staffs pay less attention to our activities in the company, the works are too
broad in the essence that the engineers are unable to explain what are the importance of
job carried out on particular equipment to us and also to relate the work with the

34
theoretical knowledge we have. Another problem encountered during the SIWES
program was problem of transportation; it is difficult to get to the TCN gombe every
working day because we could not get a cab to take us to the main gate of the company,
so we have to trek on our legs to get there. No stipend or allowance is given to us,
sometimes when we lack the money to use for the transport; we have no option but to
be absent that day. The personnel there are friendly but, we lack getting motivation from
them

The big problem I experience from my side is the personnel do not allow us to rectify
faults, we only stand and watch how they execute the work. If we were given the chance
to rectify faults by our self we can gain more experiences than we got.

4.10 SUGGESTION, SOLUTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE RESULT

Base on the experience and knowledge acquired at the course of the SIWES training, I
hereby give the following recommendation base on my observations; proper orientation
should be given to the students by the university before they go on SIWES. The
placement letter should be given to students early enough so as to avoid attachment in
irrelevant organization.

Institution should ensure that students are attached at relevant establishment for
effective training, experience and exposure

Government, ITF and the Institution should ensure that students do not pay any amount
of money before accepted in any organization. This organization should be sensitized
on the objective of SIWES training and the need why they should not collect money
before accepting students.

I recommend that substantial percent of the National budget should go into the
development, improvement and sustenance of the power sector. Doing this would help
improve Electricity production and in turn improve development and industrialization
and subsequently, the income the country generates.

Also, Transmission Company of Nigeria should put safety into great consideration;
providing adequate safety wears for staff and ensuring their usage; putting in mind that
the health of the staff influences its efficiency and delivery, and subsequently profit
output.

35
Transmission Company of Nigeria should also ensure that any newly recruited technical
staff goes for a technical training course before they should be allowed working on the
field because electrical power maintenance require a careful and well-handled
personnel.

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
Student industrial working experience scheme equipped engineering students with
industrial knowledge which will help them to relate their theoretical knowledge with the
practical aspect engineering which they were expose to during the siwes program. On
the other hand, the exposure of student to industrial experience assist student in selecting
or finding a project topic.

In conclusion, Power station is not child’s play the more you transmit and the more it
distribute.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION
Students should be encourage to be serious, punctual, obedient at their place of
attachment, this indicate how student is ready to learn.

The ITF should encourage company/organization/institution where students are doing

their IT to be giving allowance to the students. This a lot of financial problems the
students facing like problem of transport and so on.

36
 REFERENCES
[1] G. Okwaraoh, "A report of work done at Home Base Development Limited, Real
Estate Developers", 2017, [Online]. Available:
http://www.unn.edu.ng/publications/files. [Accessed: 11- Feb-2018]
[2] P. O. Akerejola, “Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES),”
Information and Guidelines for Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme, no. 04-
04-2012, pp. 5-6, 2012.
[3] A.A. Olayinka, “Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES),” held at
Transmission Company of Nigeria, November, 2015.
[4] Nsong.org, “The Nigeria Electricity System Operator,” Nsong.org, 2018, [Online].
Available: http://www.nsong.org/Pages/ContentPageLink1.aspx. [Accessed: 14-Mar-
2018]
[5] Nercng.org, “Transmission”, Nercng.org, 2018, [Online]. Available:
http://www.nercng.org/index.php/home/nesi/404-transmission. [Accessed: 14-Mar-
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[6] Transmission Company of Nigeria, “About Transmission Company of Nigeria”,
Tcnorg.com, 2018. [Online]. Available: http://www.tcnorg.com/index.php/find-
tickets/258-about-transmissioncompany-of-nigeria. [Accessed: 14-Mar-2018]

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