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CHAPTER 10
COMPARATIVE COGNITION
1. The field of comparative cognition is concerned with comparing the cognitive abilities of
a. people of different ages
b. people with different educational backgrounds
c. different species of animals, including humans
d. individuals with different developmental disabilities
Page(s): 225 Type: factual
Answer: c
4. If learning of new information makes it more difficult to remember older information, this is
a. proactive interference c. prospective coding
b. retroactive interference d. retrospective coding
Page(s): 228 Type: factual
Answer: b
5. Keeping track of what responses or tasks you need to make next is an example
a. proactive interference c. prospective coding
b. retroactive interference d. retrospective coding
Page(s): 228 Type: factual
Answer: c
46
8. Which of the following provides evidence for maintenance rehearsal in animals?
a. research on discrimination reversals
b. research on directed forgetting
c. research on the speed of acquisition in classical conditioning
d. all of the above
Page(s): 231 Type: conceptual
Answer: b
9. According to Wagner's theory of rehearsal in animals, a surprising post-trial episode can diminish the
conditioning from a CS-US pairing because
a. surprising events attract a good deal of attention
b. short-term memory has limited capacity
c. both rehearsal and attention make use of short-term memory
d. all of the above
Page(s): 231-232 Type: conceptual
Answer: d
10. Suppose a rabbit receives a series of classical conditioning trials, and after a trial, something surprising
happens. The conditioning will probably be slowest if the surprising event occurs
a. 3 seconds after each conditioning trial
b. 10 seconds after each conditioning trial
c. 90 seconds after each conditioning trial
d. after some conditioning trials but not others
Page(s): 231-232 Type: applied
Answer: a
11. Research with pigeons has shown that they can learn a list of slides, treating some as positive and some as
negative
a. as long as the list includes no more than seven slides
b. with up to about 20 slides
c. with up to about 100 slides
d. with more than 1000 slides
Page(s): 233 Type: factual
Answer: d
12. Clark's nutcrackers can hide several thousand seeds in different caches and retrieve them much later. To
accomplish this feat, the birds appear to use
a. memory for specific visual landmarks
b. their sense of smell
c. the appearance of the soil above a cache
d. random trial and error
Page(s): 233-234 Type: factual
Answer: a
13. According to Weber's law, which of the following temporal discriminations would be the most difficult for an
animal to learn?
a. a 20-second tone versus a 40-second tone
b. a 5-second tone versus a 7-second tone
c. a 1-second tone versus a 2-second tone
d. a 20-second tone versus a 40-second light
Page(s): 236 Type: applied
Answer: b
47
14. The context-shift effect in memory is the finding that recall can be better if
a. the context is free from distractions
b. you switch to a new context when trying to remember something
c. the context during recall is the same as when the learning took place
d. none of the above
Page(s): 234 Type: factual
Answer: c
15. The peak procedure has been used to demonstrate an animal's ability
a. to discriminate between two stimuli of different durations
b. to discriminate between two different numbers of objects
c. to time the duration of an interval that sometimes ends with a reinforcer
d. all of the above
Page(s): 236 Type: conceptual
Answer: c
16. After learning to discriminate between two and four sounds, rats
a. need no additional training to discriminate between two and four light pulses
b. need only a moderate amount of training to discriminate between two and four light pulses
c. have great difficulty learning to discriminate between two and four light pulses
d. can perform this task with no mistakes
Page(s): 237 Type: factual
Answer: a
17. The impressive counting skills of the parrot Alex included the ability to
a. count objects he had never seen before
b. count up to six objects
c. say both the number of objects and their name
d. all of the above
Page(s): 238-239 Type: factual
Answer: d
18. Suppose a pigeon must peck five response keys in the correct order to receive reinforcement. Which of the
following orders of stimuli would probably be the easiest for a pigeon to learn?
a. blue, red, green, yellow, orange
b. blue, red, green, triangle, circle
c. blue, triangle, red, circle, green
d. triangle, circle, diamond, square, line
Page(s): 241 Type: applied
Answer: d
19. Studies on chunking by animals have found evidence that at least some species can
a. learn a list faster if the experiment provides them with items that are grouped into chunks
b. develop their own chunks and use them to perform better
c. use chunks to teach the younger individuals in their group
d. all of the above
Page(s): 2431-242 Type: factual
Answer: d
20. The chimpanzee Washoe, who was taught American Sign Language by the Gardners, failed to
a. use the signs spontaneously, to initiate a conversation
b. learn signs for verbs
c. use a consistent word order, or grammar
d. learn more than about 20 signs
Page(s): 243 Type: factual
Answer: c
48
21. The chimpanzee Sarah, who was taught to use plastic symbols for words by David Premack, failed to
a. use the symbols spontaneously, to initiate a conversation
b. learn symbols for verbs
c. use a consistent word order, or grammar
d. use the symbols to answer questions
Page(s): 243-244 Type: factual
Answer: a
23. Studies have shown that chimpanzees can solve problems involving
a. analogies c. both a and b
b. transitive inference d. neither a nor b
Page(s): 247-248 Type: factual
Answer: c
24. Studies have shown that cats and dogs can solve problems involving
a. analogies c. both a and b
b. object permanence d. neither a nor b
Page(s): 247-248 Type: factual
Answer: b
25. If a chimpanzee learns that A is larger than B, and B is larger than C, it may choose A when given a choice
between A and C. This problem is a test of
a. analogical reasoning c. prospective coding
b. transitive inference d. serial pattern learning
Page(s): 247-248 Type: conceptual
Answer: b
26. Which of the following has not been found in any creatures other than humans?
a. the correct use of pronouns and prepositions
b. reference to objects and events not present
c. accurate counting above 12 objects
d. the ability to recognize a repeating serial pattern
Page(s): 238-239 Type: factual
Answer: c
27. Which of the following characteristics of human language has not been found in any other species?
a. the use of abstract symbols
b. productivity
c. grammar
d. none of the above (that is, all of these have been found in other species)
Page(s): 245-246 Type: factual
Answer: d
49
Short Essay Questions
28. Describe one procedure that has been used to measure the duration of short-term memory in animals. What
results have been obtained with this procedure? Pages 226-230.
29. Distinguish between proactive interference and retroactive interference. Explain how both have been
demonstrated in studies of short-term memory in animals. Pages 228-230.
30. Describe some of the major findings that have been obtained with the radial-arm maze. Pages 229-230.
31. Define prospective coding and retrospective coding. Explain why each type of coding can be used (at different
times) in the radial-arm maze. Pages 228-230.
32. Describe the rationale, methods, and results of an experiment designed to examine the role of "rehearsal"
during classical conditioning with animal subjects. Pages 231-232.
33. What is directed forgetting? Explain how this has been demonstrated in experiments with animals.
Page 231.
34. List at least four characteristics of human memory that have been also found in animals. Briefly explain how
these abilities have been demonstrated in animals. Pages 226-235.
35. Discuss two different procedures for studying animals' timing abilities. For each procedure, mention one
important result. Pages 235-237.
36. How have counting abilities been demonstrated in rats? Explain why the counting abilities of the parrot Alex
are more impressive than what has been found so far with rats. Pages 237-239.
37. Describe an experiment on serial pattern learning by animals, and explain what the results showed. Pages 239-
240.
38. Describe two experiments on chunking by animals, and discuss what they tell us about animal memory.
Pages 240-242.
39. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the language abilities that have been found in chimpanzees.
Pages 243-246.
40. List at least four characteristics of human language that have been also found in animals. Briefly explain how
these abilities have been demonstrated in animals. Pages 245-246.
41. Describe some studies that demonstrate what animals know about object location and object permanence.
Page 246-247.
42. How have the ability to solve analogies and problems of transitive inference been studied with animals, and
what has been found? Pages 247-248.
43. Describe some examples of animals using or making tools. Pages 248.
44. What is metacognition? What are some findings that suggest that animals are capable of metacognition? Pages
248-249.
50
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