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 F I R S T E D I T I O N

SUSTAINABILITY
GLOBAL ISSUES, GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES

EDITED
BY Astrid Cerny
Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher
Michael Simpson, Vice President of Acquisitions and Sales
Jamie Giganti, Senior Managing Editor
Jess Busch, Senior Graphic Designer
John Remington, Senior Field Acquisitions Editor
Monika Dziamka, Project Editor
Brian Fahey, Licensing Specialist
Allie Kiekhofer, Interior Designer

Copyright © 2016 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be re-
printed, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other
means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or
in any information retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc.

First published in the United States of America in 2016 by Cognella, Inc.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and
are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Cover image copyright © 2012 by Depositphotos / 1xpert.

Interior image copyright © by Depositphotos / smarques27.

Printed in the United States of America

ISBN: 978-1-63487-895-1 (pbk) / 978-1-63487-896-8 (br)

TABLE OF
CONTENTS
CONTENTS

List of Tables and Figures v

Preface vii

SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION 1
CH. 1 An Introduction to Environmental Thought 3
BY BETH KINNE

SECTION 2
CHALLENGES FOR GLOBAL
SUSTAINABILITY TODAY 25
CH. 2 Energy: Changing the Rules with Efficiency and
Renewables 27
BY DARRIN MAGEE AND BETH KINNE

CH. 3 Human Population Explosion 59

BY ELISE BOWDITCH

CH. 4 Food Security and Sustainable Food

Production in Africa 91
BY FRANKLIN C. GRAHAM IV

CH. 5 Global Climate Change and

Andean Regional Impacts 117
BY CARMEN CAPRILES

CH. 6 Our Common Good: The Oceans 151

BY ELISE BOWDITCH

CH. 7 The Possibility of Global Governance 183

BY GASTON MESKENS
SECTION 3
PARADIGM SHIFTS FOR
SUSTAINABILITY 213
CH. 8 Education for Sustainability 215
BY ELISE BOWDITCH

CH. 9 Economic Schools and Different

Paths to Development 249
BY FRANKLIN C. GRAHAM IV

CH. 10 Waste Management: Rethinking

Garbage in a Throwaway World 271
BY DARRIN MAGEE

CH. 11 Ecological Landscape Practices:

A Sustainable Model for North America 305
BY MICHAEL WILSON

IV
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLES
5.1 Greenhouses gases found in the earth’s atmosphere
5.2 Short- and long-term effects of climate change
5.3 Annual average concentrations of CO2 from 1959 to 2014
5.4 Availability of water in the Andean countries
5.5 Emissions of CO2 by Andean countries in MtCO2

10.1 The hierarchy of solid waste management

FIGURES
2.1 A tree fern, a plant little changed since the time of the dinosaurs
2.2 Simplified schematic of an electric power grid and typical efficiencies
2.3 A rooftop-mounted solar hot water heater in China
2.4 Ivanpah Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) in southern California
2.5 Parkent solar furnace in Uzbekistan
2.6 Two HAWTs in New York and a dual VAWT in Taiwan
2.7 Hoover Dam in the western United States and a run-of-river hydropower
station in Japan

3.1A-D Population pyramids

3.2 Population growth 1 CE to 2100 CE
3.3 Future possible population graphs

4.1 Location of field sites in Western Africa

4.2 A view of Sikasso market in Mali

V
5.1 Global temperature trends
5.2 Climate attributes for the Andean Region

9.1 Kuma in the United Arab Emirates

10.1 A typical landfill in the United States

10.2 Hickory Ridge landfill with solar photovoltaic array
10.3 Public posting about proper waste disposal
10.4 A mega-landfill in a rural area of New York State

11.1 Using mulch for proper bed preparation

11.2 Beneficial ground covers
11.3, 11.4 Cottage garden planting
11.5, 11.6 Using extra property to cultivate native plantings

VI SUSTAINABILITY: GLOBAL ISSUES, GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES

Preface
BY ASTRID CERNY

A KAZAK WHO LIVES WITH HIS FAMILY AS PART OF A LARGER COM-

munity of Kazak livestock herders in western China knows his place in the
grand scheme of things. He is required to know from memory his lineage
and the names of his ancestors for seven generations into the past.
Kazak hospitality is very distinct and practiced across several Central
Asian cultures in a similar way. When a guest arrives, the women rush to
put out a tablecloth, a dastarqan, and to lay it with what the household has
to offer that day. Hot black tea with milk or cream and butter is served, and
the tablecloth is laid with borsaq—deep-fried dough pieces, dried fruits, nuts,
and candies. Guests help themselves and the host asks the predictable ques-
tions: whose child are you? What is your family line? What is your lineage?
The guest answers, and host and guest enjoy the conversation to look for
common ancestors that will strengthen a deeper bond between them.
The Iroquois confederation of North America also traces its place in
time by the power of seven. The Iroquois think and make decisions accord-
ing to the idea of seven generations into the future. No decision should be
made in self-interest, says article 28 of the Iroquois Nations constitution,
but always under consideration of the needs of coming generations, even
those as yet unborn.1 Oren Lyons, Faithkeeper of the Onondaga Council of

1 In fact, the original language (modern version) is as follows: “In all of your deliberations
in the Confederate Council, in your efforts at law making, in all your official acts, self-
interest shall be cast into oblivion. … Look and listen for the welfare of the whole people
and have always in view not only the present but also the coming generations, even those
whose faces are yet beneath the surface of the ground—the unborn of the future Nation.”
Gerald Murphy, “About the Iroquois Confederation.” Modern History Sourcebook accessed
October 27, 2014, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/iroquois.asp.

VII
Chiefs, speaking at the Association of American Geographers conference
in New York in 2012 said, “Look to the seventh generation. When you do
that, you yourself will have peace.”
It is no coincidence that the Kazak herders and Iroquois are peoples
of Asia and North America who still today are deeply aware of the land
they inhabit. Their historical and customary rights to land and territory
were diminished by the encroachment of new settlers who asserted their
own stakes on property. Today, remaining Native American and other
native populations seek strength in numbers through the identification as
indigenous people, for which they fought 30 years to get recognition at
the United Nations. This recognition came in the form of the Declaration
of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, on September 13, 2007, adopted at
the General Assembly of the United Nations in New York. Their unique,
distinct cultures have been recognized, and their voices speak from an-
other kind of wisdom—about what it means to live an honorable life,
with respect for traditional knowledge from the generations of the past
still present in their actions today.
The length of a generation is commonly understood as 20 years. Thus,
the Kazaks know their lineage at least 140 years into the past, and the
Iroquois consider the needs of people 140 years into the future. The idea
of intergenerational equity, that which binds generations together in con-
sciousness and responsibility, is slowly gaining ground.
In 1987, a seminal document was published, also at the United
Nations, which considered environment and development as inexora-
bly linked with each other. Officially called Our Common Future, it is
also referred to as “the Brundtland Report” after its chairwoman, Gro
Harlem Brundtland (United Nations General Assembly, Report of the
World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common
Future, 1987). The effort to write this report was monumental for its
day, to select and bring to words the most pressing issues of the time,
and to articulate the anticipated wishes and needs for all of humanity on
a finite planet Earth into the future. Officially registered as a UN docu-
ment bearing the classification A/42/427, it generated many important
new international debates, and it is today, like the Constitution of the
Iroquois Confederacy, a document circulating in its entirety in the public
domain of the Internet.
Our Common Future articulated the moral and ethical obligation to
make significant changes in how we treat our oceans and atmosphere, and
how we regulate to ensure equity among generations and nations. Its most
quoted statement is the definition of sustainable development in chapter

VIII SUSTAINABILITY: GLOBAL ISSUES, GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES

two: “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs” (United Nations General Assembly, “A/42/427”).
This definition became somewhat normative to the international de-
velopment and environmental communities from that point forward,
and it helped to stimulate the many articulations of what it means to
be sustainable, to pursue sustainable development, sustainable agricul-
ture, sustainability, and many other ideas. Significantly, the legacy of
Our Common Future has helped shape the way we see, promote, and
delimit the three pillars of sustainability—environment, economy, and
society.
A new paradigm wants to emerge in our time, but it is fighting with an
old one. The old one is the paradigm of capitalism as a universal force of
growth and development for positive change in the world. We are taught
in schools about the wonders that the Industrial Revolution unleashed
and how post-World War II development has connected us through trans-
portation, trade, and new communication technologies, seemingly into
a global village. Capitalism did stimulate and pay for many important
advances, notably in health and human longevity, but capitalism may now
have gone too far in serving itself. It can no longer be understood only as
our benefactor.
The current paradigm, which encourages us to support the economy as
our friend and protector, teaches us to spend and consume. It teaches us to
indulge ourselves, buy ourselves new objects, those trending, luxuriously
packaged ones, or those imprinted with a certain brand name or logo. We
are encouraged and even intentionally misled into believing that it is all
about us, our individual self, me.
Media and technology both now converge on this message: here, right
now, it is about this moment, me and my newest latest gadget and its apps,
on Facetime, Facebook, texting, tweeting, or just plain staring into the
screen that gives the illusion of endless choice and access to anything on
the big wide world of the Internet. Yet this is not the whole truth. Gadget
fixation teaches self-centeredness, short-term thinking, and denial of
technology’s consequences—such as environmental pollution in someone
else’s backyard and human isolation even in congested cities. All because
the stimulation of the distracting message on the screen right now, in this
instant, feels. So. Good.
Limited at first to the economically richest countries in the world, gad-
gets like laptops and iPhones have changed the world we live in, in many
ways for the better. It is true that technology, in the form of handheld

PREFACE IX
gadgets, is increasingly becoming available to people in poorer nations
and even in the most remote regions like the Himalayan plateau and sub-
Saharan Africa is somewhat of a game changer. Cell phones allow farm-
ers to make deals with middlemen to buy the new harvest, just as these
phones allow Wall Street traders to reach their most important customers
for rapid and convenient transactions.
We appreciate the convenience of these technologies, but increasingly
we are also bearing the costs of their existence. More and more people
can see a new truth emerging. This truth is still diffuse, arising in the
consciousness of individuals such as Chief Lyons, in global political fo-
rums such as the General Assembly at the United Nations, and in research
across the sciences and social sciences.
This understanding is that humans have gone too far in taking natural
resources from Earth, and too far in putting back into the air, soil, and
water only our wastes and innumerable forms of contamination.
This book builds on the emerging understandings of sustainability as a
holistic endeavor for humanity, and that embracing sustainability, indeed
changing the paradigm of what we mean by development, is the only
way we have of handling the massive geophysical changes we are already
beginning to experience under climate change.
In this book we examine a few of the major topics of concern for
students and professionals from the Environment with a capital E, to
the very loaded term sustainability. We take a global perspective, though
of course we had to limit our scope to a reasonable page limit. This is
the first edition of a book we will expand to include more topics and
perspectives. The goal of this textbook is to provide the interested reader
with a snapshot of the dominant concerns, even major crises that we all
face together, whether they are visible to us in our immediate location or
not. Intended for classroom use and personal enjoyment in introductory
environmental, sustainability, or global studies courses, the authors share
their many years of research and their professional perspectives from a
range of academic disciplines and activist practice. In this edition, the
authors write about Mali, Mauritania, and Africa as a whole, the United
States at the state and national level, and select examples from many Latin
American, European, and Asian locations.
We discuss the major topics for sustainability, and we also intro-
duce important components for a new paradigm. We are perhaps not
revolutionary in our concepts, but we are part of the new paradigm
emerging. We posit a holistic perspective. In this book we question the
legacy of globalization and promote ideas of inclusion of people and

X SUSTAINABILITY: GLOBAL ISSUES, GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES

acceptance of responsibility to create the change we want to see in the
world, whether that is in our immediate surroundings, in our country,
or for global equity.
What will people seven generations from now say about us? In a way,
this edition lays the foundation for understanding where we are at, and
what choices are already available for us to make, for the common good.

Astrid Cerny
Editor

REFERENCES

Murphy, Gerald. 2014. “About the Iroquois Confederation.” Modern History

Sourcebook. Available at http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/iroquois.asp.
United Nations General Assembly. 1987. Report of the World Commission on
Environment and Development: Our Common Future.

PREFACE XI
INTRODUCTION

N 1
TIO
C
SE
Chapter 1
AN INTRODUCTION TO
ENVIRONMENTAL THOUGHT
BY BETH KINNE

THE CONCEPT OF THE ENVIRONMENT AS A SUSTAINING FORCE FOR

human life is not new. Hundreds of years of study have steadily increased
our scientific understanding of the role of the greater environment in
maintaining the human species and all we depend on for life. However,
despite our ever-increasing understanding of the interrelatedness of species,
ecosystems, and geophysical, chemical, and biological processes, most of us
live with less tangible contact with the world that supports us than did our
grandparents of just two generations ago. Most students can name the three
pillars of environmental sustainability: economic, social, environmental.
Many are concerned about the impacts of climate change on fresh water
availability, food production, and sea levels. Few people in the developed
world have any direct experience raising the food they eat whether animals
or vegetables. And only a slightly greater number have ever spent more
than one night outside in the woods camping or hiking.
Chances are, if you are reading this chapter, you have a greater-than-
average interest in the environment, but you may still not know where the
water comes from at the home where you grew up, or where your garbage
goes after the truck picks it up at the curb.
You are probably similar to most Americans, indeed most people in the
developed world, in the lack of awareness of physical connection between
your daily life and the natural systems that support it. Most of us regularly

3
consume meat and vegetables at cafeterias and restaurants, purchase gro-
ceries regularly at the local market, and take showers and flush toilets,
seldom giving a thought to where that food or water came from or where
it will go after we are finished with it. The popularity of environmental
science and environmental studies as a respectable area of academic pur-
suit is growing, but our individual connections to the environment are
arguably weakening as people—particularly in the developed world—live
in increasingly dense populations of humans and their man-made arti-
facts: buildings, sidewalks, airports, shopping malls, houses. It is ironic
that as our scientific knowledge of the state of the environment grows
increasingly sophisticated, our personal relationship or direct experience
with that environment grows increasingly limited.
This is not to say that the value of individual experiences is more im-
portant than having a theoretical, big-picture understanding. It is impos-
sible to make good long-term policy decisions based solely on individual
experiences over short periods of time. For example, our understanding
of climate change is based on data collected over many decades in many
locations around the globe. Individual experiences of weather in the
short term—such as the abnormally cold winter in North America in
2014–2015—seem to contradict the longer trend of global temperature
increase, and without a more comprehensive picture could lead us to a
very different conclusion. Nevertheless, the short-term, immediate expe-
riences such as weather are still important. We have to survive today’s
hurricane or tornado, this year’s winter, in order to survive the coming
century. It is the challenge of sound environmental thinking to take both
into consideration—the immediate and the relatively far-off welfare of
ourselves, future generations, and our environment.
Like science and art, the concept of environment is not static but
changes with time, place, and individuals or groups. History, culture, and
social norms impact how people think of “the environment” and how
they perceive their relationship to it.
An appreciation for the natural world as “the environment” or “nature”
has led to innovations such as national parks. The US national park system
is a model for national park systems around the world. National parks
are areas set aside for the preservation of ecological diversity, shielded
from human intervention. But national parks are managed by people who
effectively stop natural processes from occurring in them. Park manag-
ers halt the march of invasive species; preserve specific habitats through
controlled burn regimens, and cull or encourage various populations of
animals and plants in particular places. Human intervention is still there,

4 SUSTAINABILITY: GLOBAL ISSUES, GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES

then, but it is carefully prescribed and culturally shaped. Historically,
people lived in the forests, until we regulated them out. Wolves were part
of the forest as well, until they were hunted to extinction in most of the
United States. The lack of people and wolves in the forest is a result of
policy and legal decisions created in a cultural context that defined the
relationship between humans and the environment. The development of
this relationship has changed over time, through applications of philoso-
phies that as often as not are contradictory, in tension with one another.
This chapter introduces some of the individual people—philosophers,
scientists, farmers, politicians, and activists—who have contributed to the
evolution of environmental thought and “environmentalism.” Indeed, the
myriad ways in which humans around the world perceive of their relation-
ship to the non-human world gives rise to multiple “environmentalisms,”
not simply one all-encompassing version. Limitations on time and space do
not allow us to mention every influential movement or person in the history
of environmental thought. Moreover, this text will not even do justice to the
contributions of those we mention here. Therefore, this chapter should serve
as a place from which your study and understanding of environmentalism
can begin, rather than one where it both begins and ends.

KEY CONCEPTS: WILDERNESS, PRESERVATION,

AND CONSERVATION

Environmental thought is shaped by conceptions we have in our minds,

and how we distinguish distinct ideas about nature, the environment, and
wilderness. We then find a long-standing separation between nature and
that which our ancestors considered civilization or the human world.
For example, the Oxford English Dictionary defines wilderness as “an
uncultivated, uninhabited, and inhospitable region,” a definitively nega-
tive connotation. Early references to wilderness also impact our historical
concepts of the environment. In the Judeo-Christian tradition as illustrated
in the Old Testament, for example, the wilderness is a place of uncertainty,
exile, danger, and testing,1, 2 but it is also a place of transformation and
renewal.3 These two competing ideas about wilderness as something that

1 God led the Israelites out of Egypt and into the wilderness in Exodus.
2 See Matthew 4:1, where God led Jesus into the wilderness to be tested by the devil.
3 The Israelites formed a new relationship with God while in the wilderness, for example.

AN INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL THOUGHT 5

needs to be tamed and controlled continue to permeate Western literature
and even legal policies toward the environment. These concepts, which
have parallels in the conflicting roles of humans as both rightful recipi-
ents of the earth’s bounty and stewards of its future, shape our attitude
towards everything non-human in our world.
In the early and mid-1800s, thinkers Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry
David Thoreau contributed to the development of a new American cul-
tural identity, one that included Emerson’s intellectual understanding of a
divinity that is within everything and Thoreau’s reverence for the value of
nature.4 In the late 1800s and early 1900s, a generation of advocates for
the environment continued to build on Thoreau’s seminal work, promot-
ing the concept of the value of wilderness and therefore preservation of
that wilderness. They would leave an indelible mark on Western ideas of
environmentalism. Among them, Edward Abby and John Muir promoted
a concern for the loss of wild areas in the American West, in stark contrast
to the widely held political support for the rapid growth of California and
“progress,” which meant a definite taming of that “Wild West.”
A pioneering thinker on conservation, John Muir (1838–1914) re-
portedly once described himself as a “poetico-trampo-geologist-botanist
and ornithologist-naturalist etc. etc.!!!!”5 Muir’s writings and advocacy
greatly influenced President Theodore Roosevelt and spurred the creation
of some of the first US National Parks. In 1892, he and others founded
the Sierra Club, and he served as the club’s first president.6 Muir con-
sidered the experience of nature and wilderness as critical to the moral
and spiritual development and well-being of people, and he advocated
for preservation of nature as part of our natural heritage. His success
in helping to create Yosemite National Park in 1890 and his legacy of
connection to the environment inspire many environmental activists and
outdoor enthusiasts to this day.
The resource conservation movement became institutionalized at the
turn of the twentieth century with the installation of Theodore Roosevelt
as US President and subsequent appointment of Yale University graduate
Gifford Pinchot as Chief Forester.7 Roosevelt and Pinchot realized that

4 Emerson’s writings include his seminal essay “Nature” (1836).

5 “The John Muir Exhibit,” The Sierra Club, http://vault.sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/
about.
6 For a chronology of John Muir’s life, see “Chronology (Timeline) of the Life and
Legacy of John Muir,” The Sierra Club, http://vault.sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/life/
chronology.aspx .
7 For more on Pinchot, see his autobiography, Breaking New Ground (New York: Island
Press, 1998).

6 SUSTAINABILITY: GLOBAL ISSUES, GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES

US forests, which had seemed so vast to early European settlers as to be
indomitable, were in danger of being destroyed by indiscriminate use.8 As
first head of the US Forest Service, Pinchot’s vision for the national forests
was one of conservation.
The concept of “conservation” is often used interchangeably with
“preservation,” and in many modern examples, this is appropriate. In
fact, the National Wilderness Act, signed by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964,
provided an avenue for the protection of several hundred millions of acres
of land under the National Wilderness Preservation System (NWPS).9
National parks, national forests, national wildlife refuges, and Bureau of
Land Management (BLM) lands are all part of the NWPS.10 However,
some of these places (national wildlife refuges) are largely protected from
human encroachment while others (national forests and BLM lands) are
open to logging, mining, and grazing, among other activities. In some
cases, preservation includes active maintenance of certain ecosystems to
support wildlife, or specific forms of wildlife.
In spite of the common usage of the terms, the distinction between con-
servation and preservation is worth maintaining because in theory they
can point to very different managerial approaches and to a very different
relationship between humans and the natural environment. Conservation
includes use and harvesting of natural resources at a sustainable rate,
meaning one that will allow renewal of the resource.11 Non-renewable
resources such as fossil fuels require conservative use so as to maximize
the length of time those resources can support the human population.12
Conservation practices have been applied to forests, fisheries, and range-
lands with some success. The key, of course, to effective conservation, is
accurate prediction of what the maximum yield is. Historically, natural
resource managers and industry, and even fishermen and farmers, have
often overestimated that number, causing precipitous declines in species
we would like to maintain in perpetuity.

8 Note that freshwater and ocean fisheries also fell victim to the same fate, but were
arguably less easy to remediate.
9 For a map of areas protected under the NWPS, see http://www.wilderness.net/map.
cfm.
10 “National Wilderness Preservation System,” The Wilderness Society, http://wilderness.
org/article/national-wilderness-preservation-system.
11 One could argue that all resources are renewable, but the time frame over which that
occurs may or may not be useful to humans. A forest that regrows in 25 years is renewable
from a human perspective; coal that might be formed millions of years from now from the
remains of these trees is not, in all practicality, renewable.
12 See “Conservation,” The US Department of Agriculture: Forest Service, http://www.
fs.fed.us/gt/local-links/historical-info/gifford/conservation.shtml.

AN INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL THOUGHT 7

 In contrast, preservation means setting aside valued resources and
preventing their use or change. National parks are probably the regions
in the United States most closely governed by the preservation ethic. The
Grand Canyon, Yosemite, and Yellowstone are examples of how unique
characteristics in landscape and wildlife led to their geographic area being
considered valued resources and thus enclosed and protected within the
National Park System.
In practice, complete preservation is very difficult and seldom ap-
plied. People need to be kept out, which is not easy, but easier than
managing migrating wildlife, pests, and invasive species. This is a big
challenge to true preservation—maintaining the dynamic and authentic
character of natural systems over time. The trouble is that preserva-
tion in a steady state actually requires a great deal of active manage-
ment—which is done by people. For example, the US National Park
Service employs Invasive Plant Management Teams, which are involved
in the extirpation of invasive species.13 Pine beetles, leaf borers, and
other insects do not observe the toll gates to the parks, but pursue their
activities inside and outside the park just the same. Wildfire manage-
ment has also been a contentious issue over time, as wildfires do occur
naturally and can leave unsightly devastation behind, as with the 1988
fires in Yellowstone. People are divided on the issue of when and what
to preserve in the case of wildfires.
Finally, we need to remember that maintaining the parks in a more
“natural” state is based on a baseline or standard set at some point in
historical time. This point was chosen by an expert manager of ecosys-
tems in a particular political context that was favorable to protecting
land and water resources. When signing the Wilderness Act of 1964,
Lyndon B. Johnson stated, “If future generations are to remember us with
gratitude rather than contempt, we must leave them something more than
the miracles of technology. We must leave them a glimpse of the world as
it was in the beginning, not just after we got through with it.”14 Heroic
words for an ongoing act of protection of some unique and beautiful
places. But let us not forget that the “beginning,” in this instance, is really
the post–World War II period.

13 “Invasive Species: What Are They and Why Are They a Problem?” National Park
Service, http://www.nature.nps.gov/biology/invasivespecies.
14 Quoted in “National Wilderness Preservation System,” The Wilderness Society,
http://wilderness.org/article/national-wilderness-preservation-system.

8 SUSTAINABILITY: GLOBAL ISSUES, GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES

Another random document with
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is less of the hopeless, inevitable sweep of things than we have found
in other of the author’s recent studies.”

+ Dial 68:804 Je ’20 60w

“It will be interesting to see whether the people who like the
somewhat over-sentimental ‘Friendship Village’ stories continue to
like Zona Gale as the far from sentimental and exceedingly skilful
author of ‘Miss Lulu Bett.’”

+ Ind 103:186 Ag 14 ’20 150w

“Miss Zona Gale has written a thoroughly admirable and

thoroughly unpopular book and vindicated at last the promise of her
literary beginnings. The work is clear, direct, dry, and full of
haunting little implications.”

+ Nation 110:557 Ap 24 ’20 450w

“The book stands as a signal accomplishment in American letters.”

C. M. Rourke

+ New Repub 23:315 Ag 11 ’20 420w

“Nothing could well be more astonishing or claim a more

ungrudging tribute than Miss Gale’s recent achievement in ‘Miss
Lulu Bett.’ This short novel is the result of the most courageous
imaginable revision of her entire fictional method. [This] revision of
her method has lost her nothing that she ever had, and it has gained
her a great deal that one has constantly deplored her lack of.”
 + N Y Evening Post p2 My 1 ’20 1500w

“Lulu Bett herself is an exquisite piece of portrayal. Her

development during the course of the events that befall her is logical
and natural. To us it seems the best thing Miss Gale has yet done,
and more than this, it is a promise of a new type of work from her.”

+ N Y Times 25:139 Mr 28 ’20 1000w

“A fine example of close, careful character study on a small scale.”

+ Outlook 125:281 Je 9 ’20 120w

“To say that here also [in the conclusion] the author rises to the
occasion is simply to credit her once again with that fine and finished
art that make all her writing an abiding joy to the discriminating.” F:
T. Cooper

+ Pub W 97:991 Mr 20 ’20 400w

“In ‘Birth,’ its immediate predecessor, Miss Gale showed a

surprising growth not only as ‘localist’ but as ironic interpreter of
character. This story is firmer in tone as well as more compact in
form.” H. W. Boynton

+ Review 2:394 Ap 17 ’20 320w

“The artist in her has guided her pen in careful work, and the
characters are as clearly and completely delineated as if seen on the
stage.”
 + Springf’d Republican p11a My 30 ’20
250w
The Times [London] Lit Sup p685 O 21
’20 70w

GALLAGHER, PATRICK. America’s aims and

Asia’s aspirations. il *$3.50 Century 940.314

20–15149

The book consists chiefly of reminiscences of the peace conference,

by one who was there, with the author’s individual opinions on the
events as they transpired and on the personages that took part in
them, the whole permeated by a spirit of benevolent imperialism and
unshakeable faith in America. Of the six books that make up the
volume, Pagans and prophets deals especially with the peace
conference personalities; Isles and islanders with Australia, Ireland
and the Philippines; High lights and history with the Asiatic side of
the war. The remaining three books are; Amateurs and experts; The
cause célebrè, in re Kiaochau, China v. Japan, ex parte, W. Wilson;
Unfinished business. There are illustrations, appendices and an
index.

Booklist 17:65 N ’20

“The Asiatic chapters, the bulk of the book, are complete enough;
they are a little too full. There is too much that is documentary, and
the vivacity of the author’s high-gaited style suffers a little, though
there is always a story or a joke to take the curse off. There is, too, a
little confusion in a treatment that takes us unawares from one
period back to an earlier without sufficient warning.”

+ − N Y Times p9 S 19 ’20 2000w

Reviewed by W. R. Wheeler

+ Yale R n s 10:431 Ja ’21 340w

GALLICHAN, CATHERINE GASQUOINE

(HARTLEY) (MRS WALTER M. GALLICHAN).
Women’s wild oats. *$1.50 (3c) Stokes 396

20–6280

“Essays on the re-fixing of moral standards.” (Sub-title) Of the

“hideous abuses” created by three generations of industrialism and
brought to a climax by the war, the author is considering those
affecting the position and moral standards of women. The book is an
attempt to distinguish between a “too ready acceptance of the
fashions of the day,” and a “too loyal obedience to the prejudices of
yesterday.” Accordingly she would curb the too frantic present day
rebelliousness of women by a return to the Jewish ideal of marriage
as a religious duty, and praising the perfect feminist ideal inherited
by the Jewish women. On the other hand she would facilitate
divorce, would lift the burden of illegitimacy from the shoulders of
innocent children, and would procure some sort of honorable
recognition for sexual partnerships outside of marriage. The essays
are: Introductory; The prosperity of fools; The covenant of God; That
which is wanting; “Give, give!” If a child could choose? Foreseeing
evil; Conclusion, and appendices.

“The book is well worth reading.”

+ Ath p320 Mr 5 ’20 200w

“In justice to Mrs Hartley I must admit that in the earlier part of
‘Women’s wild oats’ she argues for the home as against the factory.
But the second half of her book is a defense of all the things which
tend to break up the home. Even in Mrs Hartley’s early chapters the
hysterical note in her ‘womanly womanliness’ led me to expect that it
would not last.” T: Maynard

− Bookm 52:74 S ’20 840w

“There are those, however, who will be inclined to think that her
comparisons of English with American conditions are rather too
flattering to American life of the present day. Either that or we must
read into the English situation even darker colors than those with
which she paints it. Nevertheless hers has been a healthful effort and
should do good in clearing away some of the illusions of the
situation.” D. L. M.

+ Boston Transcript p4 Je 9 ’20 850w

“In spite of her fervid indignation at the unnecessary burdens of

woman-kind, she usually fails to understand the real difficulties and
she altogether ignores more radical cures. Her own favoured
remedies are too vaguely indicated to be a matter for demonstration
or refutation; they are rather the passionate assertions of a personal
faith.” V. G.
 − Freeman 2:333 D 15 ’20 300w

“The most satisfactory chapter is that describing the position of the

illegitimate child. The book is marked by the tension of the long war
and the superficial disillusions of peace, and her summary of present
tendencies seems too incoherent and egotistic to have much value.”
N. C.

− + Int J Ethics 31:119 O ’20 230w

+ Nation 111:135 Jl 31 ’20 260w

“It is with some hesitation that one sets to work to criticise a book
such as ‘Women’s wild oats,’ for one wants to recognize its courage
and its sincerity, and at the same time one disagrees with certain
points of view, as one necessarily must when one is dealing with the
work which touches so many sides of a great question. One thing we
can say is that Mrs Hartley is always honest and always wise.” W. L.
George

+ − N Y Times p1 S 12 ’20 2150w

Reviewed by K. F. Gerould

Review 3:377 O 27 ’20 900w

“‘Women’s wild oats’ is less sensational than its title, though it

contains much that will provoke dissent. It is a sober and earnest
book, at once incisive and felicitous in style, but it must be believed
that in her diagnosis of social tendencies in England there is some
exaggeration. A certain captiousness—one might almost say,
querulousness—in Mrs Hartley leads her very close to inconsistency.”

+ − Springf’d Republican p11a Je 6 ’20

580w
The Times [London] Lit Sup p143 F 26
’20 100w

“The book is an irritating mixture of good sense, violent prejudice,

and a most trying method of using the English language.”

− + The Times [London] Lit Sup p196 Mr

25 ’20 850w

GALLICHAN, WALTER M. Letters to a young

man on love and health. *$1 (4c) Stokes 612.6

20–15339

These letters are from an uncle to his nephew, beginning when the
boy is sixteen and extending over a period of five years. They are on
puberty, with its accompanying unrest and longings, and on sex and
marital hygiene and treat these subjects with large insight, sanity and
sympathy.

“There is much common sense in these letters.”

+ Ath p1166 N 7 ’19 170w

 Springf’d Republican p8 O 16 ’20 110w

“While this book is undoubtedly more desirable than those

products of an earlier day that endeavored to enforce a moral code
through fear, still there are many reasonable objections to be raised
against it that render its great usefulness doubtful. The modern
serious youth desiring sex knowledge does not want a sugar-coated
pill but simple facts. This author is not always accurate or up-to-date
in his statements or teaching.” H. W. Brown

+ − Survey 45:137 O 23 ’20 420w

The Times [London] Lit Sup p635 N 6
’19 30w

GALSWORTHY, JOHN. Awakening. il *$2

Scribner

20–20951

This child idyll concerns the first eight years of the latest of the
Jolyon Forsytes, whose birth was announced toward the close of the
author’s novel “In chancery.” Little Jon is a healthy and, in the words
of his mother, “loving, lovable, imaginative, sanguinary” little savage,
and, so successful in the choice of his parents that he is enabled to
live the life prompted by his dramatic instinct. The illustrations by R.
H. Sauter are a feature of the book. The story appeared in Scribner’s
magazine, November, 1920.

“Illustrations and text fit together with unusual charm.”

 + Ind 103:442 D 25 ’20 90w

“The story is slight and the note of tenderness is perhaps too long
drawn out. But it throws an agreeable sidelight on the ‘Forsyte saga’
and on Mr Galsworthy’s affection for some of his creatures.” L. L.

+ Nation 112:88 Ja 19 ’21 80w

“Since little Jon was born in 1901 it seems a safe presumption that
Mr Galsworthy’s forthcoming volume will take him up to the
threshhold of manhood. But Jon’s childhood, as here set forth, is so
charming and perfect a thing in itself that, however interesting Mr
Galsworthy may make his future career, one is almost tempted to
wish that he might remain in memory as we know him in this little
volume.”

+ N Y Evening Post p5 N 20 ’20 490w

“A few episodes in the life of a little boy of eight years old, vividly
realized and described with great charm.”

+ Spec 125:784 D 11 ’20 120w

GALSWORTHY, JOHN. In chancery. *$2 (2c)

Scribner

20–18929
 The story is a sequel to the author’s earlier novel, “The man of
property,” and relates the further fortunes of the Forsyte family.
With one exception the possessive instinct is still strong in the male
generation, who include their wives and progeny in their property.
Soames Forsyte, after his wife, Irene, had run away with another
man lives on into middle life nursing his injuries until he poignantly
realizes that he is still without a son to inherit his fortune and his
name. Meeting Irene again, after a separation of fifteen years,
awakens the old desire to possess her, and failing of her consent,
nothing in law is too sordid for him for the attainment of a divorce.
Even the family tradition for respectability must go by the board as
he forces his cousin Jolyon—the one Forsyte that has not run true to
type—into the rôle of correspondent. At the end he marries the pretty
French girl, whom he does not love, and smothers his
disappointment at having a girl child, and no hope of another, in his
sense of proprietorship. At least—“that thing was his.”

“When we have said that ‘In chancery’ is not a great novel, we

would assure our readers that it is a fascinating, brilliant book.” K.
M.

+ − Ath p810 D 10 ’20 870w

Booklist 17:116 D ’20

“As a story of human persons, ‘In chancery’ should rank among his
best.” H. W. Boynton

+ Bookm 52:251 N ’20 630w

“As we have already said, these Forsytes are extremely boresome,

and we fear Mr Galsworthy exaggerates not only their importance
and the extent of the world’s interest in them, but also the value of
his own contribution to modern imaginative literature.” E. F. Edgett

− Boston Transcript p4 N 6 ’20 1100w

“With grace and clearness and with a skill that holds the reader’s
attention unfailingly, the tale is told. Its accomplishment is fine and
delicate, though its convincingness is not complete.”

+ − Boston Transcript p7 N 10 ’20 480w

(Reprinted from London Observer)

“Here we have again in careful acrimony mingled with a warm

consciousness of physical beauty which is so characteristic of Mr
Galsworthy.” E. W. N.

+ Freeman 2:454 Ja 19 ’21 200w

“Mr Galsworthy never lets his utmost penetration make him

ruthless. He knows that ruthlessness is simply a failure to perceive
the dark and pathetic humanity that lies just beyond the immediate
horizon of one’s vision.” L. L.

+ Nation 112:88 Ja 19 ’21 750w

“The book is in many ways one of the biggest Mr Galsworthy has

ever written; perhaps the very biggest. A better balanced, more
logical and saner novel than ‘The saint’s progress,’ one accepts its
reasonings and analyses, which satisfy at once one’s brain and one’s
instinct. It is notable among the notable, a novel to read—and to read
again.”
 + N Y Times p24 O 24 ’20 1500w

“It is a serious drawback that the first dozen pages or so of this

book are a regular barbedwire obstruction because of their intricate
tangle of genealogy and relationships. The reader who perseveres,
however, will be rewarded by as fine and penetrating a study of
temperament and heredity as is often written—not ‘highbrow’ or
philosophical, but dramatic, tense and vivid.” R. D. Townsend

+ − Outlook 126:653 D 8 ’20 430w

Reviewed by H. W. Boynton

Review 3:382 O 27 ’20 210w

“Most of the characters of ‘In chancery’ are the brooding victims of

Mr Galsworthy’s remote wrath—Soames’s father, James, is the most
free from literary victimisation. Here is an old man drawn with skill,
without prejudice, and with that untiring care which is this author’s
chief asset as a craftsman. It seems to us that for him our little world
is a sick man tossing feverishly upon his bed; Mr Galsworthy, finger
on pulse and clinical thermometer in hand, sits patiently by his side,
recording the slow sinking towards dissolution.”

− + Sat R 130:458 D 4 ’20 630w

“One may add that here, as always, Mr Galsworthy is remarkably

just to the characters with whom he is not in perfect sympathy. He
writes of the old régime with respect and even regret.”

+ Spec 125:820 D 18 ’20 600w

 “It is a most absorbing story viewed merely as a personal narrative.
But apart from that it is a section from the history of English society.
The book must be classed with Mr Galsworthy’s most characteristic
and finest work.”

+ Springf’d Republican p7a N 21 ’20 620w

“Once more Mr Galsworthy shows his quiet mastery, now and then
a little pontifical perhaps, but always suggesting the good rider on
the spirited horse. And once more he lights up his sober fabric with
the golden thread of beauty.”

+ The Times [London] Lit Sup p698 O 28

’20 1050w
Wis Lib Bul 16:238 D ’20 60w

GALSWORTHY, JOHN. Plays; 4th ser. *$2.50

Scribner 822

20–9081

The book contains three plays: A bit o’ love; The foundations; The
skin game. In the first play a young clergyman, Michael Strangway, is
deserted by his wife, who returns during the first act to plead with
her husband not to divorce her out of consideration for the career of
her lover. He consents and thereby makes himself impossible with
his narrow-minded parishioners. His struggle is between his love as a
cosmic manifestation and the essence of Christianity, and his love for
the woman, his wrongs and his worldly prospects. When, at the
moment of the most hopeless desolation, he has prepared a suicide’s
noose for himself, the cry of a little child for “a bit o’ love,” and the
brave fight with his sorrow of a brother in affliction, recall him to the
world and his stronger self.

“This fourth volume of Mr Galsworthy’s plays is hardly up to the

best of his earlier dramatic work. Of the three plays which it
contains, ‘The skin game’ is the most skilfully and convincingly
written; but even ‘The skin game’ leaves us comparatively cold.”

+ − Ath p733 Je 4 ’20 560w

“Written with the usual sincerity and dramatic intensity.”

+ Booklist 16:337 Jl ’20

“It is sufficient of the first two, ‘A bit o’ love’ and ‘The foundations,’
to say that they are ‘good Galsworthy,’ which means that they are
more than readable and that they are beautifully constructed and
phrased. More must be said of ‘The skin game,’ the third play. It is
Galsworthy at his best.”

+ Drama 10:355 Jl ’20 280w

“Mr Galsworthy has written better plays than these, but if you care
for his plays at all you will find them worth reading.”

+ Ind 104:70 O 9 ’20 180w

“Of the new plays the first, A bit of love, is undeniably the
weakest.... The skin-game has a more timeless touch. It takes the
tragicomedy of all human conflict, localizes it narrowly, embodies it
with the utmost concreteness, and yet exhausts its whole
significance. Galsworthy has never derived a dramatic action from
deeper sources in the nature of man; he has never put forth a more
far-reaching idea nor shown it more adequately in terms of flesh and
blood.” Ludwig Lewisohn

+ Nation 110:732 My 29 ’20 1100w

“To the reader who revolts against the rather sickly sentiment of
the first of them and who has smiled half-heartedly at the forced
comedy, in which the same sentiment still appears, in the second, the
virility and grasp of the third comes as a tonic.” S. C. C.

− + New Repub 24:172 O 13 ’20 760w

“These three plays will hardly add much to the fame of John
Galsworthy, although, on the other hand, enough skill and command
of character is evidenced to render them interesting additions to his
work.”

+ − N Y Times p15 S 19 ’20 700w

“‘A bit o’ love,’ ‘The foundations,’ and ‘The skin game’ display
ability of a high order. That fact is presumed in their authorship and
is verified in their perusal. But all three have an effect of interlude or
byplay; they are corollaries to earlier and weightier dicta.” O. W.
Firkins

+ − Review 3:396 O 27 ’20 1100w

 “He has many gifts, many qualities—technical ability,
imaginativeness, sympathy, experience of life, ideas, ideals; but the
one supreme, essential gift—the ability to create living men and
women working out their destinies in the grip of fate—is not his. Mr
Galsworthy, in fact, remains the second-rate artist he always was.”

− + Sat R 129:590 Je 26 ’20 1050w

+ − Springf’d Republican p11a Jl 11 ’20
800w

“‘A bit o’ love’ is in Mr Galsworthy’s weaker vein. ‘The skin game’

possesses a greater number of powerful scenes of dramatic conflict
than Mr Galsworthy has ever put into a single play. ‘The foundations’
is an utter departure for Mr Galsworthy or any other English
playwright. Our stage is almost unfitted at present to handle such a
play, but the existence of the manuscript ought to do something
towards stimulating the development of a new producing method.”

+ Theatre Arts Magazine 4:348 O ’20

300w

GALSWORTHY, JOHN. Tatterdemalion. *$1.90

(3c) Scribner

20–5770

A collection of stories and sketches, some of them reprinted from

Scribner’s Magazine, the New Republic and the Atlantic Monthly.
Among the sketches that compose Part 1, Of war-time, are a number
presenting unfamiliar aspects of the war period. Two of these, The
bright side and “The dog it was that died,” are stories of Germans
interned in England. The other titles are: The grey angel; Defeat;
Flotsam and jetsam; “Cafard”; Recorded; The recruit; The peace
meeting; In heaven and earth; The mother stone; Poirot and Bidan;
The muffled ship; Heritage; ‘A green hill far away.’ Part 2, Of peace-
time, contains eight stories: Spindleberries; Expectations; Manna; A
strange thing; Two looks; Fairyland; The nightmare child; Buttercup-
night.

+ Booklist 16:347 Jl ’20

+ Ind 104:70 O 9 ’20 180w

“On the side of art ‘Tatterdemalion’ illustrates the Galsworthian

qualities which are quite familiar by this time: a mellowness that
never degenerates into softness; a virile tenderness of tone; an
unobtrusive ease in the progression of the narrative; a diction which
is always adequate, often beautiful, but which will not or cannot
exploit all its own full resources of either beauty or strength through
some inflexibility of inner modulation. Some of the short stories here
are, with these definite qualities and their defects, among the best of
our time.”

+ Nation 110:522 Ap 17 ’20 750w

“In his earlier novels and tales there was a marked predominance
of the emotional quality over the intellectual. The two are here more
nearly in accord. With possibly one exception none of the
impressions is overwrought, or marred by sentimentality, or blurred
by loud-voiced passion. Mr Galsworthy’s restrained, softly
modulated style, as of an instrument with few overtones, wins its
effect without recourse to obvious eloquence or special pleading.” S.
C. C.

+ New Repub 22:427 My 23 ’20 850w

“Unalike as these tales and sketches are in many ways, they

resemble one another in this—that always there is the intense feeling
for beauty. Among the artists in literature of the present day—and
they are not so few as some would like to imagine—those are rare
who can safely challenge comparison with the John Galsworthy of
‘Tatterdemalion.’” L. M. Field

+ N Y Times 25:139 Mr 28 ’20 1200w

“The contents of the volume are diverse in the extreme; yet the
keynote of the whole can be expressed in one word—beauty.”

+ N Y Times 25:191 Ap 18 ’20 100w

“The volume is an interesting and notable example of Mr

Galsworthy’s workmanship, typical of his clearness of vision and of
his fearlessness in telling the truth, notwithstanding the fact that the
winds of popular passion and taste blow in the opposite direction.”

+ Springf’d Republican p13a Ap 25 ’20

500w

“There are pieces in this book which will probably drop out of his
collected works some decades hence. Yet we would willingly miss
none of them from the book before us. If circumstance has deprived
some of these tales and studies of the finest touch of craftsmanship
which Mr Galsworthy can give, the book as a whole is clear revelation
of one of the best and bravest minds of our time.”

+ − The Times [London] Lit Sup p186 Mr

18 ’20 480w

GALWAY, CONOR. Towards the dawn. *$2.50

Stokes

“The novel is, quite simply and frankly, propaganda for the cause
of Sinn Fein. Its heroine is a vigorous, eager, impulsive, large-
hearted young woman whom the reader first sees as a gawky,
somewhat impish slip of a girl in her first teens. She gets caught in a
street fight between Orangemen and Hibernians, brought on because
some drummers of the former refuse to give way to the band heading
a procession of the others; she is knocked down, trampled and has a
narrow escape from being killed. The first thing she says when she
comes back to consciousness is to declare solemnly that she hates
both factions and thereafter will be a Fenian. To this determination
she holds with enthusiasm, becoming a Sinn Feiner when that
organization comes into activity. At one time, moved by the desire to
make a sacrifice, she enters a convent with the intention of becoming
a nun, but her desire to take part in the active measures Sinn Fein is
planning brings her out again and into the ranks of that
organization’s most ardent protagonists.”—N Y Times

“Pleasantly written and containing some excellent character

drawings, ‘Towards the dawn’ is likely to prove a distinct success.”

+ Cath World 112:264 N ’20 320w

 “Would be interesting if the author’s viewpoint could be trusted to
be accurate and impartial. But it is quite evident that it is never
impartial and therefore only actual knowledge of conditions can say
whether or not it is accurate.”

+ − N Y Times p25 S 5 ’20 350w

Reviewed by H. W. Boynton

Review 3:422 N 3 ’20 160w

GAMBIER, KENYON. Girl on the hilltop. *$1.75

(2½c) Doran

20–10304

When Roger Lingard comes to England in 1914, it is to look up his

ancestry, for he is the descendant of the Lingard of St Dyfrigs’ Park,
who years before had eloped with Charity Turle, his cowman’s
daughter, and emigrated to America. The modern Roger finds
Dorothy Lingard and another Charity Turle interesting
representatives of the family in the present generation. Before he has
revealed himself to them, the war breaks out and he enlists. At the
end of four years, he returns to his ancestral acres, to find himself, by
the death of the male line, their owner. Then follows the interesting
question, what shall become of the female line. Roger offers himself
to Dorothy, that thus she may not be deprived of her birthright. But
he finds himself superseded in her affections by another and when he
turns to the humbler Charity, he finds a similar situation to exist. But
the telegram which he sends to the mysterious “girl on the hilltop”
reads “The third time’s lucky!” and so it proves to be.