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Chapter 6
Rational Expressions and Equations

14. 5 x  10  0
5 x  10
Exercise Set 6.1 x  2
1. A rational expression can be written as a quotient of
two polynomials. 15. x 2  25
2
x  3x  28
2. A rational expression is undefined when the Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x:
denominator is zero.
x 2  3 x  28  0
3. A rational expression is simplified when the  x  4 x  7   0
numerator and the denominator have no factors (other
x40 or x  7  0
than 1) in common.
x  4 or x7
4. When we cancel, we remove a factor equal to 1. The expression is undefined for x  4 and x  7.
5. t  1  0 when t  1 and t  4  0 when t  4, so
16. p 2  7 p  10  0
choice (a) is correct.
( p  2)( p  5)  0
6. 2t  1  0 when t  1 and 3t  4  0 when t   4 p = 2 or p = 5
2 3
so choice (c) is correct. 17. t 2  t  20
2t 2  11t  6
7. a 2  a  12  (a  4)( a  3); a  4  0 when a  4 Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for t:
and a  3  0 when a  3, so choice (d) is correct. 2t 2  11t  6  0
(t  6)(2t  1)  0
8. m 2  2m  15  (m  5) (m  3); m  5  0 when t60 or 2t  1  0
m  5 and m  3  0 when m  3, so choice (b) is t  6 or 2t  1
correct. t  6 or t1
2
9. 18
11x The expression is undefined for t  6 and t  1 .
2
We find the real number(s) that make the denominator
0. To do so we set the denominator equal to 0 and 18. 3 x 2  x  14  0
solve for x: ( x  2)(3 x  7)  0
11x  0
x0 x  2 or x  7
3
The expression is undefined for x  0.
2
10. 0 19. 50a b3
40ab
y3 Factoring the numerator and
11.
y5  5a2 10ab denominator. Note the common
4b  10ab factor of 10ab.
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for y:
y5 0 Rewriting as a product of two
 5a2  10ab
y  5 4b 10ab rational expressions
The expression is undefined for y  5.  5a2  1 10ab  1
4b 10ab
12. 10  5a2 Removing the factor 1
4b
13. t 5
3t  15 2 4
24 x 4 y 3 4 y  6 x y 4 y 2
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for t: 20. 7
  3
3t  15  0 6x y x3  6 x 4 y x
3t  15
6 (t  2) (t  2)
t5 21. 6t  12  
The expression is undefined for t  5. 6t  18 6 (t  3) (t  3)
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

248 Chapter 6: Rational Expressions and Equations
5 (n  6) n  6 Check: Let x  2 .
22. 5n  30  
5n  5 5 (n  1) n  1 2 y  6 2  2  6
  2  1
8 y 8  2 16 8
7 (3t  1) 7 y  3 2  3 1 1
23. 21t  7     
24t  8 8 (3t  1) 8 4y 42 8 8
The answer is probably correct.
5 (2n  5) 5
24. 10n  25   30. 4 x  12 
4( x  3) 2  2( x  3) 2( x  3)
 
8n  20 4 (2n  5) 4 6x 6x 2  3x 3x
Check: Let x  1.
25. a 2  9  (a  3)(a  3)
2
a  4a  3 (a  3)(a  1) 4 x  12  4( 1)  12  16  8
6x 6( 1) 6 3
 a3 a 3
a  3 a 1 2( x  3) 2( 1  3) 8 8
  
 1 a  3 3x 3( 1) 3 3
a 1 The answer is probably correct.
 a3
a 1 2 3 a (2a  1) 3(2a  1)
31. 6a2  3a  
2 (a  3) (a  2) a  2 7 a  7 a 7 a (a  1) 7(a  1)
26. a 2 5a  6   Check: Let a  1.
a 9 ( a  3) (a  3) a  3
6a 2  3a  6  12  3  1  6  3  9
8 3 5 7 a 2  7 a 7  12  7  1 7  7 14
27. 36 x5  2 x  185x 3(2a  1) 3(2  1  1) 3  3 9
54 x 3  18 x   
3 5 7(a  1) 7(1  1) 7  2 14
 2 x  18 x5
3 18 x The answer is probably correct.
3

 x2 2 4m ( m  1)
3 32. 4m2  4m   m 1
Check: Let x = 1. 8m  12m 4m (2m  3) 2m  3
36 x8  36  18  36  2 Check: Let m  1.
54 x5 54  15 54 3 4m 2  4m  4  12  4  1  4  4  0  0
2 x3  2  13  2 8m 2  12m 8  12  12  1 8  12 4
3 3 3 m 1  11  0  0
The answer is probably correct. 2m  3 2  1  3 1
4 4
28. 45a 6  3 2 15a 4  3 2
30a 2a  15a 2a 33. t 2  16  (t  4)(t  4)
2
Check: Let a = 1. t  t  20 (t  5)(t  4)
45a 4  45  14  45  3  t 4t4
t 5 t 4
30a 6 30  16 30 2
3  3 3  t  4 1
t 5
2a 2 2  12 2
 t4
The answer is probably correct. t 5
Check: Let t  1.
2 y  6 2( y  3)
29. 
8 y 2  4 y t 2  16  12  16  15  3
 y 3 t  t  20 12  1  20 20 4
2
 2 t  4  1 4  3
2 4 y
t  5 1 5 4
y 3
 1 The answer is probably correct.
4y
y3

4y

Exercise Set 6.1 249
a 2  4  (a  2)(a  2) Check: Let x  1.

34. 2
a  5a  6 (a  2)(a  3) x 2  8 x  16  12  8  1  16  1  8  16  9   3
 a2a2 x 2  16 12  16 1  16 15 5
a2 a3 x  4  1 4   3
 1 a  2 x  4 1 4 5
a3 The answer is probably correct.
 a2
a3
38. x 2  25  ( x  5) ( x  5)  x  5
Check: Let a  1. 2
x  10 x  25 ( x  5) ( x  5) x  5
a 2  4  12  4  3   1
Check: Let x  1.
a  5a  6 12  5  1  6 12
2 4
a  2  1  2  1   1 x 2  25  12  25  24
2 2
a  3 1 3 4 4 x  10 x  25 1  10  2  25 1  10  25
The answer is probably correct.  24  2
36 3
2 3(a 2  3a  4) x  5  1  5  4  2
35. 3a2  9a  12  x  5 1 5 6 3
6a  30a  24 6(a 2  5a  4)
3(a  4)(a  1) The answer is probably correct.

3  2(a  4)(a  1) 39. n3 2  n2
3(a  1) a  4 n  8 (n  2)(n 2  2n  4)
 
3(a  1) 2(a  4)  n2 2 1  1 2 1
 1 a  4 n  2 n  2n  4 n  2n  4
2(a  4)  2 1
 a4 n  2n  4
2( a  4) Check: Let n  1.
Check: Let a  2. n  2  1  2  1  1
3a 2  9a  12  3  22  9  2  12  18   3 n3  8 13  8 7 7
1  1 1
6a 2  30a  24 6  22  30  2  24 12 2
a4  24  6  3 n 2  2n  4 12  2(1)  4 7
2(a  4) 2  2  4 4 2 The answer is probably correct.
The answer is probably correct. 6 (n 2  3)(n 4  3n 2  9)
40. n 2 27 
2
2t 2  6t  4  2(t  3t  2) n 3 n2  3
36. 2 4 2 4 2
4t  12t  16 4(t 2  3t  4)
2 n
 2  3  n  3n  9  1  n  3n  9
2(t  2)(t  1) n 3 1 1
  n 4  3n 2  9
2·2(t  4)(t  1)
2(t  1) t  2 Check: Let n  1.
 
2(t  1) 2(t  4) n 6  27  16  27  28  7
 1 t  2 n2  3 12  3 4
2(t  4) n  3n  9  14  3(12 )  9  1  3  9  7
4 2
 t2 The answer is probably correct.

2(t  4)
2 (t  1)(t  1)
Check: Let t  1. 41. t  1 
2 t 1 t 1
2t 2  6t  4  2( 1)  6( 1)  4  12   1
 t 1 t 1
4t 2  12t  16 4( 1) 2  12( 1)  16 24 2 t 1 1
t  2  1  2  3   1  1 t  1
2(t  4) 2( 1  4) 6 2 1
 t 1
Check: Let t  2.
2 ( x  4)( x  4)
37. x 2 8 x  16  t 2  1  22  1  3  1
x  16 ( x  4)( x  4) t 1 2 1 3
 x4 x4 t 1  2 1  1
x4 x4 The answer is probably correct.
 x  4 1
x4
 x4
x4

2 ( a  1)(a  1) y2  6 y
42. a  1   12  6  1  7 1
a 1 a 1 2 y  13 y  6 2(1) 2  13  1  6 21 3
2
 a 1 a 1 y
a 1 1  1 1
2 y  1 2 1  1 3
 1 a  1
1 The answer is probably correct.
 a 1
Check: Let a  2. t 2  2t  t (t  2)
48.
a 2  1  22  1  3  3 2t 2  t  6 (2t  3)(t  2)
a 1 2 1 1  t t2
a 1 2 1 3 2t  3 t  2
The answer is probably correct.  t 1
2t  3
y2  4  t
43. cannot be simplified. 2t  3
y2
Check: Let t  1.
Neither the numerator nor the denominator can be
factored. t 2  2t  12  2  1  3  1
2t 2  t  6 2  12  1  6 3
2 t  1  1  1
44. m  9 cannot be simplified.
m3 2t  3 2  1  3 1
Neither the numerator nor the denominator can be The answer is probably correct.
factored. 2 (2 x  3)(2 x  3)
49. 4 x 2  12 x  9 
2 2
5( x  4) 1·5 ·( x  4) 1
2 10 x  11x  6 (2 x  3)(5 x  2)
45. 5 x 2  20     2x  3  2x  3
10 x  40 10( x 2  4) 2·5 ·( x 2  4) 2 2 x  3 5x  2
Check: Let x  1.  1 2 x  3
5x  2
5 x 2  20  5  12  20  25  1  2 x 3
10 x 2  40 10  12  40 50 2 5x  2
11 Check: Let t  1.
2 2
The answer is probably correct. 4 x 2  12 x  9  4  12  12  1  9  1   1
10 x 2  11x  6 10  12  11  1  6 7 7
2 2  3( x 2  9) 2 x  3  2  1  3  1   1
46. 6 x 2  54  5x  2 5 1  2 7 7
4 x  36 2  2( x 2  9)
2( x 2  9) 3
  2 (2 x  1)(2 x  1) 2 x  1
2( x 2  9) 2 50. 4 x2  4 x  1  
6 x  5 x  4 (2 x  1)(3x  4) 3x  4
 1 3
2 Check: Let x  1.
3 4 x 2  4 x  1  4  12  4  1  1  1
2
Check: Let x  1. 6 x 2  5 x  4 6  12  5  1  4 7
2 x  1  2 1  1  1
6 x 2  54  6  12  54  60  3 3x  4 3  1  4 7
4 x 2  36 4  12  36 40 2 The answer is probably correct.
 ( x  10) 1 x  10
51. 10  x     1  1  1
y2  6 y y ( y  6) x  10 x  10 1 x  10
47. 
2
2 y  13 y  6 (2 y  1)( y  6) Check: Let x  1.
y y6 10  x  10  1  9  1
 
2y 1 y  6 x  10 1  10 9
y The answer is probably correct.
 1
2y 1
y 52. x  8  x  8  1  x  8  1  1  1
 8  x 1( x  8) 1 x  8
2y 1 Check: Let x  1.
Check: Let y  1 . 1  8  7  1
8 1 7

7(t  2) 2 2
53. 7t  14  59. 7 s 2 28t 2
2t (t  2) 28t  7 s
 7 t2 Note that the numerator and denominator are
1 t  2
opposites. Thus, we have an expression divided by its
 7 1 opposite, so the result is –1.
1
 7
2 2
Check: Let t  1. 60. 9m2  4n 2
7t  14  7  1  14  7  7 4 n  9m
2t 2 1 1 Note that the numerator and denominator are
The answer is probably correct. opposites. Thus, we have an expression divided by its
opposite, so the result is –1.
54. 3  n  1(n  3)  1
5n  15 5( n  3) 5 61. Writing Exercise. Simplifying removes a factor equal
to 1, allowing us to rewrite an expression a  1 as a.
Check: Let n  1.
3  n  3  1  2  1 62. Writing Exercise. The degree of the denominator is at
5n  15 5  1  15 10 5 least 2 since x  5 and x  3 are both factors of the
The answer is probably correct. denominator.
a b  a b
55.
4b  4a 4(a  b) 63. 3x3  15 x 2  x  5  3 x 2 ( x  5)  ( x  5)
 1  a  b   1 1  ( x  5)(3 x 2  1)
4 a  b 4
 1 64. 3x 2  16 x  5  (3x  1)( x  5)
4
Check: Let a  2 and b  1.
65. 18 y 4  27 y 3  3 y 2  3 y 2 (6 y 2  9 y  1)
a  b  2 1  1   1
4b  4a 4  1  4  2 4  8 4
The answer is probably correct. 66. 25a 2  16b 2  (5a  4b)(5a  4b)
2 p  2q 2( q  p ) 67. m3  8m2  16m  m(m2  8m  16)

56.   2
q p (q  p)  m(m  4)2
Check: Let p  1 and q  1.
2 p  2q 2  1  2(1) 2  2 4 68. 5 x 2  35 x  60  5( x 2  7 x  12)
    2  5( x  4)( x  3)
q p 1  1 2 2
The answer is probably correct. 69. Writing Exercise. Although a rational expression has
2 2 2 2 been simplified incorrectly, it is possible that there are
3x  3 y 3( x  y )
57.  one or more values of the variable(s) for which the
2 y 2  2 x 2 2( y 2  x 2 ) two expressions are the same. For example,
3( x 2  y 2 ) x 2  x  2 could be simplified incorrectly as x  1 ,

2( 1)( x 2  y 2 ) x2  3x  2 x2
x2  y2 but evaluating the expressions for x  1 gives 0 in
 3  2
2( 1) x  y 2 each case. (The correct simplification is x  1 .)
x 1
 3 1
2( 1) 70. Writing Exercise. Show that (a  b)  (b  a )  0.
 3
2
16 y 2  x 4
Check: Let x  1 and y  2. 71.
( x  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
2
3 x 2  3 y 2 3  12  3  22 9 (4 y 2  x 2 )(4 y 2  x 2 )
   3 
2 y 2  2 x 2 2  22  2  12 6 2
( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
The answer is probably correct. (4 y 2  x 2 )(2 y  x)(2 y  x)

2 2 7(a 2  b 2 ) 2 2 ( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
58. 7 a2  7b2   7 a b  7
3b  3a 3( a 2  b 2 ) 3 a 2  b 2 3 ( x  4 y 2 )(2 y  x)( 1)( x  2 y )
2

Check: Let a  1 and b  2. ( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
7 a 2  7b 2  7  12  7  22  21   7 ( x  4 y 2 )( x  2 y ) (2 y  x)( 1)
2
 2 
3b 2  3a 2 3  22  3  12 9 3 ( x  4 y 2 )( x  2 y ) 1
The answer is probably correct.  2 y  x, or  x  2 y or  (2 y  x)

( x  1)( x 4  1)( x 2  1) 3 2 x 2 ( x  6)  4( x  6)
72. 77. x  26 x  4 x  24 
( x  1)( x  1) 2 ( x 4  2 x 2  1)
2
x  4 x  12 ( x  6)( x  2)
( x  1)( x 4  1)( x 2  1) ( x  6)( x 2  4)
 2 
( x  1)( x  1) 2 ( x 2  1) 2 ( x  6)( x  2)
( x  1)( x 2  1)( x 2  1)( x  1)( x  1) ( x  6)( x  2)( x  2)
 2 
( x  6)( x  2)
( x  1)( x  1)( x  1)( x 2  1)( x 2  1)
( x  6) ( x  2) ( x  2)
( x  1 )( x 2  1 )( x 2  1 )( x  1 )( x  1 )  1 
 ( x  6) ( x  2)
( x 2  1 )( x  1 )( x  1 )( x 2  1 )( x  1 )( x  1)  x2
 1
x 1 10( x 2  1)
78. 10 x 2  10  2
3 2
5 3 2 x3 ( x 2  2)  4( x 2  2) 5 x  30 x  5 x  30 5 x ( x  6)  5( x  6)
73. x7  2 x 4  4 x 3  8  4 3
x  2 x  4 x  8 x ( x  2)  4( x3  2) 10( x  1)( x  1)

( x 2  2)( x3  4) ( x  6)(5 x 2  5)
 3 10( x  1)( x  1)
( x  2)( x 4  4) 
5( x  6)( x 2  1)
( x 2  2)( x3  4)
 3 10( x  1)( x  1)
( x  2)( x 2  2)( x 2  2) 
5( x  6)( x  1)( x  1)
( x 2  2)( x3  4) 10 ( x  1) ( x  1)
 
2
( x3  2)( x 2  2) ( x  2) 5( x  6) ( x  1) ( x  1)
 x3  4  2
( x  2)( x 2  2)
3 x6
3 ( x 2  y 2 )( x 2  2 xy  y 2 )
4 3
74. 10t  8t  15 t  12  2t (5t  4)  3(5t  4) 79.
( x  y ) 2 ( x 2  4 xy  5 y 2 )
8  10t  12t 2  15t 3 2(4  5t )  3t 2 (4  5t )
( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )
(5t  4)(2t 3  3) 
 ( x  y )( x  y )( x  5 y )( x  y )
(4  5t )(2  3t 2 ) ( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )
(5t  4) (2t 3  3) 
 ( x  y )( x  y )( x  5 y )( x  y )
( 1) (5t  4) (2  3t 2 )
( x  y )3
3
(2t  3) 3 
 , or 2t 23 , ( x  y )2 ( x  5 y )
(2  3t 2 ) 2  3t
or 2t 3
 3 x 4  y 4 ( x 2  y 2 )( x 2  y 2 )
80. 
2  3t 2 ( y  x)4 [  ( x  y )]4
( x  y 2 )( x  y ) ( x  y )
2
(t 4  1)(t 2  9)(t  9)2 
75. ( 1) 4 ( x  y ) ( x  y )3
(t 4  81)(t 2  1)(t  1) 2
(t 2  1)(t  1)(t  1)(t  3)(t  3)(t  9)(t  9) ( x 2  y 2 )( x  y )
 
(t 2  9)(t  3)(t  3)(t 2  1)(t  1)(t  1) ( x  y )3
(t 2  1) (t  1) (t  1) (t  3) (t  3) (t  9)(t  9) 81. Writing Exercise.

2 2
(t  9) (t  3) (t  3) (t  1) (t  1) (t  1) 5(2 x  5)  25 10 x  25  25 10 x
  x
10 10 10
(t  1)(t  9)(t  9) (t  1)(t  9) 2
 , or You get the same number you selected.
(t 2  9)(t  1) (t 2  9)(t  1) A person asked to select a number and then perform
these operations would probably be surprised that the
(t  2)3 (t 2  2t  1)(t  1) (t  2)3 (t  1)2 (t  1) result is the original number.
76. 
(t  1)3 (t 2  4t  4)(t  2) (t  1)3 (t  2)2 (t  2)
(t  2)3 (t  1)3
 1
(t  1)3 (t  2)3

Exercise Set 6.2 2 6  3  2  a2

18. 185  2a   124
a 3a 3 2
a  a  3 a a
1. To simplify a rational expression, remove a factor
equal to 1. Choice (d) is correct.
19. 3c2  8d3
2. To multiply rational expressions, multiply numerators d 6c
Multiplying the numerators and
and multiply denominators. Choice (c) is correct.  32c  8d3
d  6c the denominators
3. To find a reciprocal, interchange the numerator and Factoring the numerator
denominator. Choice (a) is correct.  3c  2 4d
d  d 3 2 c c c and the denominator
4. To divide by a rational expression, multiply by its 3  c  2 4 d

reciprocal. Choice (b) is correct. d d  3  2  c cc
 24
5. x  5  5 x Choice (d). c d
2 y 2y
3x 2 y 4 3  x  x  y  2  2 6x
y xy 20.    2
6. x  5  x   Choice (c). 2 xy 3 2  x  y  y2 y
2 y 2 5 10
7. x  5  5x Choice (a). y 2  16 y  3 ( y  4)( y  4)( y  3)

y y 21.  
4 y  12 y  4 4( y  3)( y  4)
( y  4) ( y  4) ( y  3)
8. x  y  x  1  x Choice (e). 
2 2 y 2y 4 ( y  3) ( y  4)
y4
y xy 
9. x  5  x   Choice (b). 4
y 1 5 5
2 2 (m  n)(m  n)(m  n)
22. m  n  m  n 
10. 5  x  5  2  10 Choice (f). 4 m  4n m  n 4(m  n)(m  n)
y 2 y x xy ( m  n) ( m  n ) ( m  n )

3 x( x  2) 4 ( m  n) ( m  n)
11. 3x  x  2 
8 5 x  1 8(5 x  1)  m  n
4
2 x(3 x  5)
12. 2 x  3 x  5  2 ( x 2  3 x  10)( x  2)
7 x 1 7( x  1) 23. x  3 x 210  x  2 
( x  2) x5 ( x  2) 2 ( x  5)
(a  4)(a  2) (a  4)( a  2)
13. a  4  a  2  , or 
( x  5)( x  2)( x  2)
a  6 a  6 (a  6)(a  6) ( a  6) 2 ( x  2)( x  2)( x  5)
( x  5) ( x  2) ( x  2)
(a  3)(a  3) (a  3) 2 
14. , or ( x  2) ( x  2) ( x  5)
(a  6)(a  1) (a  6)(a  1)
 x2
(n  4)(n  4) x2
15. n2  4  n2  4  2
n  4 n  4 ( n  4)(n 2  4) 2 (t  2) (t  2) (t  3)
24. t  2  t  5t 2 6 
(t  3)(t  3) (t  3) 2 t  2 (t  2) (t  2) (t  2) (t  2)
16. , or 2
2 4
(t  2)(t  4) (t  2)(t 2  4)  3
t
t2
3
17. 8t  3 2 (n 2  6n  5)(n  6)
5t 4t 25. n  6n  5  n2  6 
3 Multiplying the numerators and n6 n  36 (n  6)(n 2  36)
 8t  3 (n  5)( n  1)( n  6)
5t  4t the denominators 
2  4  t  t  t 3 Factoring the numerator (n  6)(n 2  36)

5t  4t and the denominator (No simplification is possible.)
2  4  t  t  t  3 Removing a factor
 2 (a  2)(a 2  4)
5 t  4  t equal to 1 26. a  2  2 a  4 
6 t a  2 a  5a  4 (a  2)(a  4)( a  1)

5

2 (a  3)( a  3)  7  a 2
27. a 2
9
2
7a  36. 9t 2  900  5t  10
a a  a  12 a  a (a  4)(a  3) 5t  20 3t  30
(a  3) (a  3)  7  a 3 (3) (t  10) (t  10) (5) (t  2)
 
a  a (a  4) (a  3) 5 (t  2) (t  2) (3) (t  10)
7(a  3) 3(t  10)
 
a (a  4) t2
( x  1) ( x  11)  x  x 2
2 2 ( x  2) 2 ( x  1) 2
2 3
28. x  10 x  11  x  37. x  4 x 2 4  x  2 x 2 1  1
9x x  11 9  x  ( x  11) ( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) 2
x 2 ( x  1) 2 2
 38. x 2  7 x  12  24  x
9 x  6x  8 x  x  6
( x  3)( x  4)(2  x)(2  x)
y2  y y ( y  1)( y  4) 
29. 2
  y  4  ( x  2)( x  4)( x  3)( x  2)
y  5y  4 ( y  4)( y  1)
( x  3) ( x  4) ( x  2) ( 1) ( x  2)
y ( y  1) ( y  4) 
 ( x  2) ( x  4) ( x  3) ( x  2)
( y  4) ( y  1)
 1
y ( y  1)
 2 2
y 1 39. t 2 4t  4  22t  7t  15
2  n  3 n(n  4) n(n  4) 2t  7t  6 t  10t  25
30.  n  3  2n  4n   (t 2  4t  4)(2t 2  7t  15)
n  5n  6 (n  2)(n  3) n2 
(2t 2  7t  6)(t 2  10t  25)
2 (4v  8)15v 2 (t  2)(t  2)(2t  3)(t  5)
31. 4v  8  2 15v  
5v 4v  16v  16 5v(4v 2  16v  16) (2t  3)(t  2)(t  5)(t  5)
(t  2) (t  2) (2t  3) (t  5)
4 (v  2)  5  3  v  v 
 (2t  3) (t  2) (t  5)(t  5)
5 v  4 (v  2) (v  2)
(t  2)(t  5)
 3v 
v2 (t  5)2
4a 2 4a 2 (3)(a  2) 5 y2  4 y  1 y2  6 y  9
32.  3a  6   2a 40. 
2
3a  12a  12 2a 3(a  2)(a  2)2a a  2 3 y 2  5 y  12 y 2  2 y  1
(5 y  1) ( y  1) ( y  3) ( y  3)
2 2 (t 2  2t  3)(t 2  3t  10) 
33. t 2  2t  3  t 2  3t  10  2 (3 y  4) ( y  3) ( y  1) ( y  1)
t  4t  5 t  5t  6 (t  4t  5)(t 2  5t  6) (5 y  1)( y  3)
(t  3)(t  1)(t  5)(t  2) 
 (3 y  4)( y  1)
(t  5)(t  1)(t  3)(t  2)
(t  3) (t  1) (t  5) (t  2) 2
 41. (10 x 2  x  2)  4 x2  8 x  3
(t  5) (t  1) (t  3) (t  2) 10 x  11x  6
(10 x 2  x  2)(4 x 2  8 x  3)
 t 5 
t5 (10 x 2  11x  6)
2 2
(5 x  2) (2 x  1)(2 x  1) (2 x  3)
34. x 2  5 x  4  x 2  5 x  14 
(5 x  2) (2 x  3)
x  6x  8 x  8x  7
( x  4) ( x  1) ( x  7) ( x  2)  (2 x  1) 2

( x  4) ( x  2) ( x  7) ( x  1) 2
42. 2 x 2  5 x  3  (6 x 2  13 x  2)
 x4 6x  5x  1
x4
(2 x  3) ( x  1) (6 x  1) ( x  2)

12 y  12 3 y 2  75 (12 y  12)(3 y 2  75) (6 x  1) ( x  1)
35.  
5 y  25 8 y 2  8 (5 y  25)(8 y 2  8)  (2 x  3)( x  2)
3  4 ( y  1) 3 ( y  5) ( y  5)

5 ( y  5) 2  4 ( y  1) ( y  1)
9( y  5)

10( y  1)

2 2 1
43. 49 x  25  6 x  13 x  28 51. The reciprocal of a 4  3a is because
4 x  14 28 x  20 a 4  3a
(7 x  5)(7 x  5)(3 x  4)(2 x  7)
 a 4  3a  1  1.
2(2 x  7)  4(7 x  5) 1 a 4  3a
(7 x  5) (7 x  5) (3x  4) (2 x  7)

2 (2 x  7)  4 (7 x  5) 52. a 2  b 2
(7 x  5)(3 x  4)
 53. x  5
8 4 x
Multiplying by the reciprocal of
9t 2  4  10t  5  (3t  2)(3t  2)  5(2t  1)  xx
44. 4 5 the divisor
2
8t  10t  3 3t  2 (2t  1)(4t  3)(3t  2)
 x x
5(3t  2) 45

4t  3 2
x
20
8 x 2  14 xy  15 y 2 3x  y
45. 
3 x3  x 2 y 4 xy  3 y 2 54. 5  x  5  12  602
(2 x  5 y )(4 x  3 y )(3 x  y ) x 12 x x x

x 2 (3 x  y )  y (4 x  3 y ) 5 2 5
55. a4  a  a4  b2
(2 x  5 y ) (4 x  3 y ) (3 x  y ) b b b a
 5
x 2 (3x  y )  y (4 x  3 y )  a4  b2
2x  5 y b a
 2 3
x2 y  a  3a  b2
bb a
2 3
2 x 2  xy 9 x 2  6 xy  8 y 2  a 2b  a3
46. 2 2
 a b b
6 x  7 xy  2 y 3xy  4 y 2 3
x(2 x  y )(3 x  2 y )(3 x  4 y )  a3
 b
(2 x  y )(3x  2 y )  y (3x  4 y )
x(2 x  y ) 5 2 5 y x5  y x 2  x3  y x 2 y x3
 56. x 2  x  x 2  2  2 2   2 
y (2 x  y )
y y y x y x y  y  x2 x y y
3
x
47. c 3  8  c 6  4c 5  4c 4 
y
c  4c 3 c 2  2 c  4
5
(c  2)(c 2  2c  4)  c 4 (c  2)(c  2)
 57. t  3  t  1  t  3  8
c3 (c  2)(c  2)  (c 2  2c  4) 6 8 6 t 1
(t  3)(8)
(c  2) (c 2  2c  4)  c3  c (c  2) (c  2) 
 6  (t  1)
c3 (c  2) (c  2) (c 2  2c  4) (t  3)  4  2
 c(c  2) 
2  3(t  1)
4(t  3)
t 3  27  t 5  6t 4  9t 
48. 3(t  1)
t 4  9t 2 t 2  3t  9
(t  3)(t 2  3t  9)  t 3 (t  3)(t  3) 10  15  10  a
 58.
t 2 (t  3)(t  3)  (t 2  3t  9) a  3 a a  3 15
2  5 (a)

t (t  3)2   2a
t 3 3  5 (a  3) 3(a  3)
49. The reciprocal of 2 x is 9 because 2 x  9  1. 4 y  8 y  2 4 y  8 y2  4

59.   
9 2x 9 2x y  2 y2  4 y2 y2
2 (4 y  8)( y 2  4)
50. x  4 
( y  2)( y  2)
3 x
4 ( y  2) ( y  2) ( y  2)

( y  2) ( y  2) (1)
 4( y  2)

2 2 2 2
60. x  1  x  1  x  1  2 x  2 67. (2 x  1)  2 x 211x  5  2 x  1  24 x  1
x 2x  2 x x 1 4x  1 1 2 x  11x  5
( x 2  1)(2 x  2) (2 x  1)(4 x 2  1)
 
x( x  1) 1  (2 x 2  11x  5)
( x  1)( x  1)2( x  1) (2 x  1)(2 x  1)(2 x  1)
 
x( x  1) (2 x  1)( x  5)
x  1 2( x  1)( x  1) (2 x  1) (2 x  1)(2 x  1)
 
x 1 x 
(2 x  1) ( x  5)
2( x  1) 2
 (2 x  1)(2 x  1)
x 
x5
61. a  b  a ba 2 2
ab ba ab b 68. (a  7)  3a 2  14a  49  a  7  a2  8a  7
a (b  a ) a  8a  7 1 3a  14a  49

(a  b)(b) (a  7) (a  7)(a  1)

a ( 1) (a  b) (3a  7) (a  7)

(a  b) (b) (a  7)( a  1)

 a 3a  7
  a
b b 2 2
69. w 2 14w  49  3w2  20 w  7
x y yx x y 2 w  3w  14 w  6w  16
62.    3  1  1 2 2
6 3 6 y  x 2 2  w 2 14 w  49  w 2  6w  16
2 w  3w  14 3w  20w  7
2 (n 2  5n  6) (n  3) ( w2  14 w  49)( w2  6 w  16)
63. (n 2  5n  6)  n  4   2 
n3 1 n 4 (2 w2  3w  14)(3w2  20 w  7)
(n 2  5n  6)(n  3) ( w  7) ( w  7) ( w  8) ( w  2)
 
n2  4 (2 w  7) ( w  2) (3w  1) ( w  7)
(n  3) (n  2) (n  3)
 ( w  7)( w  8)
(n  2) ( n  2) 
(2 w  7)(3w  1)
(n  3)2
 2 2
n2 70. 2m2  59m  30  2m 2  21m  10
m  10m  25 m  m  30
(v  1)(v  3) (v 2  1) (v 2  9) 2
 2 m 2
 59 m  30 2
 m2  m  30
64. (v 2  1)   
2
v 9 1 (v  1)(v  3) m  10m  25 2m  21m  10
(v  1) (v  1)(v 2  9) (2m  1) (m  30)( m  6) (m  5)
 
(v  1) (v  3) (m  5) (m  5) (2m  1) ( m  10)
(m  30)( m  6)
(v  1)(v 2  9) 
 ( m  5)(m  10)
v3
2
65. a  2  3a  6  a  2  a  5 71. c 2  10c  21  (5c 2  32c  21)
a 1 a  5 a  1 3a  6 c  2c  15
( a  2)(a  5) 2
  c 2  10c  21  2 1
(a  1)(3a  6) c  2c  15 5c  32c  21
(a  2)( a  5) (c 2  10c  21)  1
  2
(a  1)  3  ( a  2) (c  2c  15)(5c 2  32c  21)
(a  2) (a  5) (c  7)(c  3)
 
(a  1)  3  ( a  2) (c  5)(c  3)(5c  3)(c  7)
(c  7)(c  3) 1
 a5  
3(a  1) (c  7)(c  3) (c  5)(5c  3)
 1
66. t  3  4t  12  t  3  t  1 (c  5)(5c  3)
t2 t 1 t  2 4t  12
(t  3) (t  1)
  t 1
(t  2)(4) (t  3) 4(t  2)

2
72. z 2 2 z  1  (4 z 2  z  3) 78. a 2  b2 2
 a  3ab  2b
2
2 2 
z 1 a  4ab  4b a 2b
2 2 2
 z 2 2 z  1  2 1  2 a b  a  2b
z 1 4z  z  3 a  4ab  4b 2 a 2  3ab  2b 2
( z  1) ( z  1)  1 (a  b) ( a  b) (a  2b)
 
( z  1) ( z  1) (4 z  3) ( z  1) (a  2b) ( a  2b) (a  b) (a  2b)
 1  ab 2
( z  1)(4 z  3) (a  2b)
73. 3  3 x  x  1  3 x  3  5 3
79. x3  64  2 x  16
2
16 5 16 x  1 x  64 x  4 x  16
(3 x  3)  5 3 2
  x3  64  x 2 4 x  16
16( x  1)
x  64 x  16
3( x  1)  5
 ( x  4) ( x 2  4 x  16)  ( x 2  4 x  16)
16( x  1) 
3 ( x  1)  5 ( x  4) ( x 2  4 x  16) ( x  4) ( x  4)
 2
16 ( x  1)  x  4 x 216
15 ( x  4)

16
8 y 3  27 4 y2  9
80. 
74. 4  2 x  x  2  4  2 x  3 64 y 3  1 16 y 2  4 y  1
15 3 15 x2
2 ( x  2)  3 8 y 3  27 16 y 2  4 y  1
  
3  5 ( x  2) 64 y 3  1 4 y2  9
 2 (2 y  3) (4 y 2  6 y  9)  (16 y 2  4 y  1)
5 
(4 y  1) (16 y 2  4 y  1) (2 y  3) (2 y  3)
75. x  1  1  x2  x  1  4  x
2
4 y2  6 y  9

x2 4 x x  2 1 x (4 y  1)(2 y  3)
( x  1)(4  x 2 )

( x  2)(1  x) 81. 8a3  b3 2
 8a 2 4ab  2b2
2
2 2
( x  1) ( x 2  4) 2a  3ab  b 4a  4ab  b
 3
 3 2 2
1( x  2) ( x  1)  2 8 a b
2
 4a2  4ab  b 2
2 2
2a  3ab  b 8a  4ab  2b
  x  4 or  x  4 (2a  b) (4a 2  2ab  b 2 )  (2a  b)(2a  b)
x2 x2 
( a  b) (2a  b)  2 (4a 2  2ab  b 2 )
76. 12  4 x  6  2 x  12  4 x  6 (2a  b) 2
12 6 12 6  2x 
4( x  3)  2  3 2(a  b)

4  3  2  1  ( x  3)
 1 x3  8 y 3 x3  2 x 2 y  4 xy 2
82. 
2 x 2  5 xy  2 y 2 8x2  2 y 2
x y x2  y 2 3 3
77.  2 x  8y 8x2  2 y 2
2
x  2 xy  y 2
x  5 xy  4 y 2  2  3
2 x  5 xy  2 y x  2 x 2 y  4 xy 2
2
x y x 2  5 xy  4 y 2
 2  ( x  2 y ) ( x 2  2 xy  4 y 2 )  2 (2 x  y ) (2 x  y )
x  2 xy  y 2 x2  y 2 
( x  y ) ( x  y )( x  4 y ) (2 x  y ) ( x  2 y )  x ( x 2  2 xy  4 y 2 )
 2(2 x  y )
( x  y )( x  y )( x  y ) ( x  y ) 
( x  y )( x  4 y ) x

( x  y )3 83. Writing Exercise. Parentheses are required to ensure
that numerators and denominators are multiplied
correctly. That is, the product of ( x  2) and (3 x  1)
and the product of (5 x  7) and ( x  4) in the
denominator.

84. The first step in dividing x by 7 is to multiply by reciprocal of x  7 ). is undefined for x  7. It is

3 x x 1
the reciprocal of the divisor. That is, defined for x  3 because the dividend, the divisor,
x  7  x  x  x  x  x2 and the reciprocal of the divisor are all defined for
3 x 3 7 3  7 21 x  3.
85. Graph y  1 x  5. 93. The reciprocal of 2 1 x is

2 3
1  1  1  7 x  1 3  3 .
2 1 x 7x 3 7x 7x
3 3
94. The reciprocal of 7.25x is 1 , or 4 .

7.25x 29x
86. Graph 3x  2 y  12. 2 2 4 2 3
95. ( x  2a )  a 2x  4a3  x  2a  a2 x2  2a 4
a x  2a 1 a x  4a
( x  2a )(a 2 x 2  2a3 )

( a 2 x 2  4a 4 )
( x  2 a ) a 2 ( x  2a )

87. Graph 3( x  1)  4. a 2 ( x  2 a ) ( x  2a )
1
3x 2  2 xy  y 2
96.  (3 x 2  4 xy  y 2 ) 2
x2  y2
3 x 2  2 xy  y 2 1
88. Graph y  2  ( x  4).  
x2  y 2 (3 x 2  4 xy  y 2 ) 2
( 3 x  y )( x  y )  1

( x  y )( x  y )( 3x  y )(3 x  y )( x  y )( x  y )
 1
( x  y )3 (3 x  y )
89. Graph 3 y  5 x. 2 2
97. 3a  5ab  12b  (3b 2  ab) 2
2
3ab  b
2
 3a  5ab  12 b2  1
2
3ab  4b (3b 2  ab) 2

 3a  4b a  3b
b(3a  4b)  [b(3b  a)]2
90. Graph 1 y  2. (3a  4b)( 1)(3b  a )
2 
b(3a  4b)(b 2 )(3b  a )(3b  a )
(3a  4b) (  1) (3b  a)

b (3a  4b) (b 2 ) (3b  a ) (3b  a )
 3 1 ,or 3 1
b (3b  a ) b (a  3b)
91. Writing Exercise. Yes; consider the product
a  c  ac . The reciprocal of the product is bd . 2 2 2
b d bd ac 98. a2  3b  a 2  2b  a 2  2b
a  2b a  3b a  3b
This is equal to the product of the reciprocals of the
2 2
two original factors: b  d  bd . Note that a2  3b  a 2  2b is the product of
a c ac a  2b a  3b
reciprocals and thus is equal to 1. Then the product in
92. Writing Exercise. The quotient is undefined for x  5, 2
the original exercise is the remaining factor, a 2  2b .
x  1, and x  7 because x  3 is undefined for a  3b
x5
x  5, x  7 is undefined for x  1, and x  1 (the
x 1 x7

2 2 2 2
2 ( z  4)5 3 z  12 104. ab  2b  a  2  ab  3b  a  3
99. z 2  8 z  16  
z  8 z  16 ( z  4)5 z 2  16 ab  a  3b  3 ab  a  2b  2
b 2 (a  2)  ( a  2) b 2 (a  3)  (a  3)
( z  4) 2 ( z  4)5 ( z  4)( z  4)  
   a(b  1)  3(b  1) a(b  1)  2(b  1)
( z  4) 2 ( z  4)5 3( z  4)
(a  2)(b 2  1)(a  3)(b  1)(b  1)
( z  4 ) ( z  4 ) ( z  4)3 ( z  4 )( z  4 )
2 2

 (b  1)(a  3)(b  1)(a  2)
( z  4 ) 2 ( z  4 )2 ( z  4 )( z  4) 2 (3)( z  4 )
 b2  1
( z  4)3

3( z  4) 2 2 2
105. 3 x 2  12 x  bx  4b  3bx  b 2  6 x  2b
4 x  16 x  bx  4b 4bx  b  8 x  2b
(t  2)3 t 2  4t  4 t  1 3x( x  4)  b( x  4) 4bx  b 2  8 x  2b
100.    
(t  1)3 t 2  2t  1 t  2 4 x( x  4)  b( x  4) 3bx  b 2  6 x  2b
(t  2)3 t 2  2t  1 t  1 ( x  4)(3x  b) b(4 x  b)  2(4 x  b)
    
(t  1)3 t 2  4t  4 t  2 ( x  4)(4 x  b) b(3x  b)  2(3 x  b)
(t  2)(t  2)(t  2)(t  1)(t  1)(t  1) ( x  4) (3 x  b) (4 x  b)(b  2)
  
(t  1)(t  1)(t  1)(t  2)(t  2)(t  2) ( x  4) (4 x  b) (3 x  b)(b  2)
1 (3x  b)(4 x  b)(b  2)

(4 x  b)(3x  b)(b  2)
101. a 4  81b 4 2
 a2  3b 2  a  6ab  29b
2
2 2 (3x  b) (4 x  b) (b  2)
a c  6abc  9b c a  9b (a  3b) 
( a 2  9b 2 )(a  3b)(a  3b) a  3b (a  3b) 2 (4 x  b) (3 x  b) (b  2)
  2  1
c( a  3b) 2 a  9b 2 (a  3b) 2
( a 2  9b 2 ) (a  3b) ( a  3b) a  3b (a  3b) 2 2 x 2 y  xy 2  6 x 2  3 xy 2 x3  x 2 y  8 x 2  4 xy
   106. 
c (a  3b)2 a 2  9b 2 (a  3b) 2 3 y 2  xy  9 y  3 x 3 xy  x 2  6 y  2 x
 a  3b 
x(2 xy  y 2  6 x  3 y ) 3 xy  x 2  6 y  2 x

c 3 y 2  xy  9 y  3 x x  2 x 2  xy  8 x  4 y 
3 y3  6 y 2 y2  y y2  5 y  6 x  y (2 x  y )  3(2 x  y ) x(3 y  x)  2(3 y  x)
102.  2   
2
y  y  12 y  2 y  8 y2 y (3 y  x)  3(3 y  x) x  x(2 x  y )  4(2 x  y )
x(2 x  y )( y  3)(3 y  x)( x  2)
3 y3  6 y 2 y 2  2 y  8 y 2  5 y  6 
 2   (3 y  x)( y  3) x(2 x  y )( x  4)
y  y  12 y2  y y2
x (2 x  y ) ( y  3) (3 y  x) ( x  2)
3  y 2 ( y  2) ( y  4) ( y  2) ( y  3) ( y  2) 
 (3 y  x) ( y  3) x (2 x  y ) ( x  4)
( y  4) ( y  3) ( y )( y  1) ( y 2 )
 2
x
3( y  2)3 x4

y ( y  1) 2 2 2
107. 8n 2  10n  3  6n 2  5n  6  12n 2  17 n  6
4n  4n  3 6 n  7 n  5 6n  7 n  5
xy  2 x  y  2 xy  y  4 x  4
103.  2 2 2
xy  4 x  y  4 xy  y  2 x  2  8n 2  10n  3  6n2  5n  6  6n2  7 n  5
x( y  2)  ( y  2) y ( x  1)  4( x  1) 4n  4n  3 6n  7 n  5 12n  17 n  6
 
x( y  4)  1( y  4) y ( x  1)  2( x  1) 2 2 6n 2  7 n  5
 n 2  10n  3  6n  5n  6 
8
( y  2)( x  1)( x  1)( y  4) 4n  4n  3 6n 2  7 n  5 12n 2  17 n  6

( y  4)( x  1)( x  1)( y  2) (2n  1)(4n  3)(2n  3)(3n  2)

( y  2) ( x  1)( x  1) ( y  4) (2n  3)(2n  1)(4n  3)(3n  2)

( y  4) ( x  1)( x  1) ( y  2) (2n  1) (4n  3) (2n  3) (3n  2)

( x  1) 2 (2n  3) (2n  1) (4n  3) (3n  2)

( x  1) 2 (2n  1)(3n  2)

(2n  1)(3n  2)

2 p 2  p  6 12 p 2  13 p  35 12 p 2  43 p  35 3y  8 y  1
108.   13. 
16 p 2  25 4 p 2  12 p  9 2 p2  p  6 2y 2y
3 y  8  ( y  1)
2 p 2  p  6 12 p 2  13 p  35 2 p2  p  6 
   2y
16 p  25 4 p  12 p  9 12 p 2  43 p  35
2 2
3y  8  y  1
(2 p  3)( p  2) (4 p  5)(3 p  7) (2 p  3)( p  2)  Removing parentheses
 2y
(4 p  5)(4 p  5) (2 p  3)(2 p  3) (3 p  7)(4 p  5) 2y  7

( p  2)2 2y

(4 p  5) 2
14. 5  3t  2t  1  5  3t  2t  1  t  4
2 4t 4t 4t 4t
109. Enter y1  2 x  1  2 x  1 and
x  2x  1 x  5x  4
2 15. 5 x  7  x  11
y2  x  5 x 3 4 , display the values of y1 and y2 in x3 x3
( x  1)  6 x  18 Adding numerators
x3
a table, and compare the values. (See the Technology 6( x  3)
Connection in the text.)  Factoring
x3
6 ( x  3)
Exercise Set 6.3  Removing a factor equal to 1
x3
1. To add two rational expressions when the 6
denominators are the same, add numerators and keep
5 ( x  1)
the common denominator. 16. 3x  4  2 x  9  5 x  5  5
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
2. When a numerator is being subtracted, use
parentheses to make sure to subtract every term in that 5 x  7  ( x  11)
numerator. 17. 5 x  7  x  11 
x3 x3 x3
3. The least common multiple of two denominators is  5 x  7  x  11
usually referred to as the least common denominator x3
and is abbreviated LCD.  4x  4
x3
4. The least common denominator of two rational 4( x  1)

expressions must contain every factor that is in either x3
denominator.
18. 3x  4  2 x  9  3 x  4  2 x  9  x  13
5. 3  5  8 Adding numerators x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
t t t
19. a 2  a  20  a 2  a  20
6. 102 a4 a4 a4
y ( a  5)(a  4)

a4
7. x  2 x  5  3 x  5 Adding numerators ( a  5) (a  4)
12 12 12 
a4
8. 4a  4  a5
7
20. x 2  7 x  10  x 2  7 x  10  ( x  5) ( x  2)  x  2
9. 4  5  9
x5 x5 x5 x5
a3 a3 a3
5 y  14 y   5 y  14
2
13 y2
10. 21.  
x2 y2 y2 y2
y 2  5 y  14
11. 11  3  8 Subtracting numerators 
4x  7 4x  7 4x  7 y2

 y  7  y  2
12. 9  5  4 y2
2x  3 2x  3 2x  3
 y  7   y  2

y2
 y7

22. t 2  8t  15  t 2  8t  15 2 y2  3y y2  4 y  6
t 3 t 3 t 3 31. 2
 2
y  7 y  12 y  7 y  12
(t  3) (t  5)
 2 y 2  3 y  ( y 2  4 y  6)
t 3 
t 5 y 2  7 y  12
2 y  3y  y2  4 y  6
2
2 2 
23. t  5t  5t  t y 2  7 y  12
t 1 t 1
Note that the numerators are opposites, so their sum is
y2  y  6
0. Then we have 0 , or 0. 
t 1 y 2  7 y  12
( y  3)( y  2)
y 2  6 y 2 y  12 y 2  8 y  12 
24.   ( y  3)( y  4)
y2 y2 y2 ( y  3 )( y  2)
( y  6)( y  2 ) 
  y6 ( y  3 )( y  4)
y2 y2

x6  9 x3 y4
25. 
x2  5x  6 x2  5x  6 x2  5x  6
 x3 32. 3a 2  7  7  3a 2
( x  3)( x  2) a  2a  8 a 2  2a  8
2
x3 Note that we are subtracting an expression from itself.


( x  3 )( x  2) Thus the difference is 0.
 1 3  2x  7  3 x
x2 33.
x 2  6x  8 x 2  6 x  8
x5  2 x3
26.   210  5x
x2  4 x  3 x2  4 x  3 x2  4 x  3 x  6x  8
x3 5(2  x)
  1 
( x  3) ( x  1) x  1 ( x  4)( x  2)
5( 1)( x  2)

27. 3a 2  14  13a 2
 3a 2  14  13a ( x  4)( x  2)
2 2
a  5a  6 a  5a  6 a  5a  6 5( 1)( x  2 )
(3a  7)( a  2) 
 ( x  4)( x  2 )
(a  6)(a  1)
 5 , or  5 , or 5
x4 x4 4 x
28. 2a 2  15  11a 2
 2a2  15  11a
2 2
a  7 a  12 a  7 a  12 a  7 a  12 34. 1  2t  4  3t  5  5t
(a  3) (2a  5) t 2  5t  4 t 2  5 t  4 t 2  5t  4
 5(  1  t ) 5 (t  1)
(a  3) (a  4)  
(t  4)(t  1) (t  4) (t  1)
 a5
2
a4  5 , or  5 , or 5
t4 t4 4t
29. t 2  5t  4t  12  t 2  t  12
t  6t  9 t 2  6t  9 t 2  6t  9
2 x  9  2x  5
35.
(t  4)(t  3) x 2  3x  4 x 2  3x  4

(t  3) 2 x  9  (2x  5)

(t  4) (t  3) x 2  3x  4
  2 9  2x  5
x 
(t  3) (t  3)
x  3x  4
 4
t
 2 x  4
t3 x  3x  4
 ( x  4)
y2  7 y 6 y  20 y 2  y  20 
30.   ( x  4)( x  1)
y 2  8 y  16 y 2  8 y  16 y 2  8 y  16
1( x  4)
( y  5) ( y  4) 
 ( x  4) (x  1)
( y  4) ( y  4)
y 5  1 , or  1 , or 1
 x 1 x 1 1 x
y4

36. 5  3x  x  1  5  3x  x  1 49. x 2  2x  15  ( x  5)( x  3)

x 2  2x  1 x 2  2 x  1 x 2  2x  1 x 2  9  ( x  3)( x  3)
4(  1  x )
 24  4x  LCM  ( x  5)( x  3)( x  3)
x  2x  1 ( x  1) 2
4 ( x  1) 50. t 2  4  (t  2)(t  2)
  4 , or  4 , or 4
( x  1) ( x  1) x  1 x 1 1 x t 2  7t  10  (t  2)(t  5)
LCM  (t  2)(t  2)(t  5)
37. 15  3  5
36  2  2  3  3 51. t 3  4t 2  4t  t (t 2  4t  4)  t (t  2)(t  2)
LCM  2  2  3  3  5  180
t 2  4t  t (t  4)
38. 18  2  3  3 LCM  t (t  2)(t  2)(t  4)  t (t  2) 2 (t  4)
30  2  3  5
LCM  2  3  3  5  90 52. y 3  y 2  y  y ( y  1)
39. 8  2  2  2 y 4  y 2  y  y ( y  1)( y  1)
9  3 3 LCM  y  y ( y  1)( y  1)  y 2 ( y  1)( y  1)
LCM  2  2  2  3  3, or 72
53. 6xz 2  2  3  x  z  z
40. 12  2  2  3
8x 2 y  2  2  2  x  x  y
15  3  5
LCM  2  2  3  5, or 60 15y 3 z  3  5  y  y  y  z
LCM  2  2  2  3  5  x  x  y  y  y  z  z  120 x 2 y 3 z 2
41. 6  2  3
12  2  2  3 54. 12s 3t  2  2  3  s  s  s  t
15  3  5
15sv 2  3  5  s  v  v
LCM  2  2  3  5  60
6t 4v  2  3  t  t  t  t  v
42. 8  2  2  2 LCM  2  2  3  5  s  s  s  t  t  t  t  v  v  60 s 3t 4v 2
32  2  2  2  2  2
50  2  5  5 55. a  1  a  1
LCM  2  2  2  2  2  5  5  800 (a  1) 2  (a  1)(a  1)
a 2  1  (a  1)(a  1)
43. 18t 2  2  3  3  t  t
LCM  (a  1)(a  1)(a  1)  (a  1)(a  1) 2
6t 5  2  3  t  t  t  t  t
LCM  2  3  3  t  t  t  t  t  18t 5 56. x  2  x  2
( x  2) 2  ( x  2)( x  2)
44. 8 x5  2  2  2  x  x  x  x  x
x 2  4  ( x  2)( x  2)
24 x 2  2  2  2  3  x  x
LCM  ( x  2)( x  2)( x  2)  ( x  2)( x  2) 2
LCM  2  2  2  3  x  x  x  x  x  24 x5
57. 2n 2  n  1   2n  1 n  1
45. 15a 4b7  3  5  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
2n 2  3n  2   2n  1 n  2
10a 2b8  2  5  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
LCM  2  3  5  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b, LCM   2n  1 n  1 n  2
 30a 4b8 58. m 2  2m  3   m  3 m  1
46. 6a 2b7  2  3  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b 2m 2  3m  1   2m  1 m  1
LCM   2m  1 m  1 m  3
9a5b 2  3  3  a  a  a  a  a  b  b
LCM  2  3  3  a  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b, 59. t  3  t  3
 18a5b7 t3t 3
t 2  9  (t  3)(t  3)
47. 2(y  3)  2  (y  3)
LCM  (t  3)(t  3)
6(y  3)  2  3  (y  3)
LCM  2  3  (y  3)  6(y  3) 60. a  5  a  5
48. 4(x  1)  2  2  (x  1) a 2  10a  25  (a  5)(a  5)
8(x  1)  2  2  2  (x  1) LCM  (a  5)(a  5)  (a  5) 2
LCM  2  2  2  (x  1)  8(x  1)

61. 6x3  24x 2  18x  6x( x 2  4x  3) 68. 2a 2b  2  a  a  b

 2  3  x( x  1)( x  3) 8ab 2  2  2  2  a  b  b
4x5  24x 4  20 x3  4x3 ( x 2  6x  5) The LCD is 2  2  2  a  a  b  b, or 8a 2b 2 .
 2  2  x  x  x( x  1)( x  5) 3  4b  12b and
LCM  2  2  3  x  x  x( x  1)( x  3)( x  5) 2a 2b 4b 8a 2b 2
7  a  7a
 12x3 ( x  1)( x  3)( x  5)
8ab 2 a 8a 2b 2
62. 9 x3  9 x 2  18 x  9 x( x 2  x  2)
69. x 2  4  ( x  2)( x  2)
 3  3  x( x  2)( x  1)
x 2  5x  6  ( x  3)( x  2)
6 x5  24 x 4  24 x3  6 x3 ( x 2  4 x  4) LCD is ( x  3)( x  2)( x  2)
 2  3  x  x  x( x  2)( x  2) 2x  2x  x3
LCM  2  3  3  x  x  x( x  2)( x  2)( x  1) x 2  4 ( x  2)( x  2) x  3
 18x3 ( x  2) 2 ( x  1) 2 x ( x  3)

( x  2)( x  2)( x  3)
63. 2x3  2  2( x3  1) 4x  4x x2
 2  ( x  1)( x 2  x  1) x 2  5 x  6 ( x  3)( x  2) x  2
4 x( x  2)
x 2  1  ( x  1)( x  1) 
( x  3)( x  2)( x  2)
LCM  2( x  1)( x  1)( x 2  x  1)
70. x 2  9  ( x  3)( x  3)
64. 3a3  24  3(a3  8) x 2  11x  24  ( x  3)( x  8)
 3  (a  2)(a 2  2a  4) LCD is ( x  3)( x  3)( x  8)
a 2  4  (a  2)(a  2) 5x  5x  x8
x 2  9 ( x  3)( x  3) x  8
LCM  3(a  2)(a  2)(a 2  2a  4) 5 x( x  8)

( x  3)( x  3)( x  8)
65. 6t 4  2  3  t  t  t  t
18t 2  2  3  3  t  t
2x  2x  x3
x 2  11x  24 ( x  3)( x  8) x  3
The LCD is 2  3  3  t  t  t  t , or 18t 4 . 2 x( x  3)

5  3  15 and ( x  3)( x  8)( x  3)
6t 4 3 18t 4
s  t 2  st 2 71. Writing Exercise. If the numbers have a common
18t 2 t 2 18t 4 factor, their product contains that factor more than the
greatest number of times it occurs in any one
66. 10 y 2  2  5  y  y factorization. In this case, their product is not their
least common multiple.
5y 6  5  y  y  y  y  y  y
The LCD is 2  5  y  y  y  y  y  y, or 10 y 6 . 72. Writing Exercise. The numbers have no common
4 4
factors.
7  y  7y
10 y 2 y 4 10 y 6 73. 2 x  7  5 x  3
x  2  2x 7  3 x  3
10  3 x
5 y 6 2 10 y 6
 10  x
3
67. 3x 4 y 2  3  x  x  x  x  y  y
9xy 3  3  3  x  y  y  y The solution is  10 .
3
The LCD is 3  3  x  x  x  x  y  y  y, or 9x 4 y 3.
74. 1 x  2 x 1
7 3y 21 y
  and 3 5
3x y 3 y 9 x 4 y 3
   
4 2
15 x  15 2 x  1
1
4  x3  4 x3 3 5
9 xy 3 x3 9 x 4 y 3 5 x  6 x  15
 x  15
x  15
 x x  15 , or 15,  

x 2  8 x  20 x y x y
75. 84. 2 2
 2  2x
2
x  8 x  20  0 x y x  y 2 x2  y 2
( x  2)( x  10)  0 x  y  x  y  2x

x20 or x  10  0 x2  y2
x  2 or x  10  2 0
The solutions are –2 and 10. x  y2
0
76.  x  16  x
85. The smallest number of strands that can be used is the
2 x  16
LCM of 10 and 3.
x  8
10  2  5
 x x  8 , or  , 8 33
LCM  2  5  3  30
77. 2 x2  4 x  2  0 The smallest number of strands that can be used is 30.
2( x 2  2 x  1)  0
86. The smallest number of strands that can be used is the
2( x  1)2  0 LCM of 4, 6, and 8.
x 1 0 4  22
x  1 6  23
The solution is –1. 8  2 2 2
LCM  2  2  2  3  24 strands
78. 2  3( x  7)  15
2  3 x  21  15 87. If the number of strands must also be a multiple of 4,
3 x  23  15 we find the smallest multiple of 30 that is also a
3 x  8 multiple of 4.
1  30  30, not a multiple of 4
x8
3 2  30  60  15  4, a multiple of 4
79. Writing Exercise. The polynomials contain no The smallest number of strands that can be used is 60.
common factors other than constants. 88. 80  2  2  2  2  5
80. Writing Exercise. The binomial is a factor of the 96  2  2  2  2  2  3
trinomial. 108  2  2  3  3  3
LCM  2  2  2  2  2  3  3  3  5  4320
3(2 x  5) 3(2 x  3)
81. 6 x  1  
x 1 x 1 x 1 89. 4 x 2  25  (2 x  5)(2 x  5)
 6 x  1  6 x  15  6 x  9 6 x 2  7 x  20  (3x  4)(2 x  5)
x 1
(9 x 2  24 x  16) 2   (3x  4)(3 x  4)
2
 18 x  5
x 1  (3 x  4)(3x  4)(3x  4)(3x  4)
LCM  (2 x  5)(2 x  5)(3x  4) 4
82. 2 x  11  3  1  6 x  3
x3 x4 4 x x3
3(2 x  11) 1(6 x  3) 90. 9n 2  9  32 (n  1)(n  1)
 
( x  3)( x  4) (4  x)( x  3) (5n 2  10n  5)2  [5(n  1)(n  1)]2  52 ( n  1) 4
3(2 x  11)  1(6 x  3) 15n  15  3  5(n  1)

( x  3)( x  4) LCM  32  52 (n  1)(n  1)4  225(n  1)(n  1) 4
 6 x  33  6 x  3
( x  3)( x  4) 91. The first printer prints 24 pages per minute, which is
 30 24  2 page per second. The second printer prints
( x  3)( x  4) 60 5
x2 15 pages per minute, which is 15 , or 1 page per

83. 2
 2x  1 60 4
3x  5 x  2 3x  1 x  2
second. The time it takes until the machines begin
 x2  2x printing a page at exactly the same time again is the
(3x  1)( x  2) (3 x  1)( x  2) LCM of their copying rates, 5 and 4.
 x2  2 x It takes 20 seconds.
(3x  1)( x  2)
x ( x  2)

(3x  1) ( x  2)
 x
3x  1

92. The time it takes to replace both the vitamin D3 and

fish oil bottles is the LCM of the times it takes to
empty each bottle. Two vitamin D3 pills are taken
7.
6r  2  3  r
8r  2  2  2  r 
LCD  2  2  2  3  r , or 24r
1  3  1 4  3 3
each day, so use 18  2  9. Four fish oil pills are
6 r 8r 6 r 4 8r 3
taken each day, so use 120  4  30.
 49
9  33 24r
30  3  5  5 , or  5
24r 24r
LCM  3  3  5  90
It takes 90 days. 8. LCD  18t
93. The number of minutes after 5:00 A.M. when the 4  7  4  2  7  3  8  21  13 , or  13
9t 6t 9t 2 6t 3 18t 18t 18t
shuttles will first leave at the same time again is the
LCM of their departure intervals, 15 minutes and 25 9. uv 2  u  v  v  3 2
minutes.  LCD  u  u  u  v  v, or u v
u 3v  u  u  u  v
15  3  5
25  3  5 3  4  3  u 2  4  v  3u 2  4v
LCM  3  5  5  75 uv 2 u 3v uv 2 u 2 u 3v v u 3v 2
Thus, the shuttles will leave at the same time 75
minutes after 5:00 A.M., or at 6:15 A.M. cd 2  c  d  d 
 LCD  c  c  d  d , or c d
2 2
10.
94. The number of years after 2020 in which all three c 2 d  c  c  d 
appliances will need to be replaced at once is the 8  1  8 c  1 d
LCM of the average numbers of years each will last. cd 2 c 2 d cd 2 c c 2 d d
9  33
 8c2 2d
12  2  2  3 c d
15  3  5
LCM  2  2  3  3  5  180 11. 3xy 2  3  x  y  y  LCD  3  x  x  y  y  y,

All three appliances will need to be replaced x 2 y 3  x  x  y  y  y  or 3 x 2 y 3
180 years after 2020, or in 2200.
2  6  2  xy  6  3  2 xy  18
95. Writing Exercise. Evaluate both expressions for some 3xy 2 x 2 y 3 3 xy 2 xy x 2 y 3 3 3x 2 y3
value of the variable for which both are defined. If the 2  xy  9 
results are the same, we can conclude that the answer 
is probably correct. 3x2 y3
96. Writing Exercise. The LCD can be found regardless 9t 3  3  3  t  t  t  3

12.  LCD  2  3  3  t  t  t , or 18t
of the factorization selected, because it will be 6t 2  2  3  t  t 
multiplied by any factors of the other denominator(s)
8  5  8  2  5  3t
that it lacks. However, if the factorization selected
contains the other factorizations, then no 9t 3 6t 2 9t 3 2 6t 2 3t
multiplication is required to find the LCD.  16  15t
18t 3

Exercise Set 6.4 8  2 2 2
13. LCD  2  2  2  3, or 24
1. To add or subtract when denominators are different, 6  23
first find the LCD. x3 x2  x33  x24
2. Multiply each rational expression by a form of 1 made 8 6 8 3 6 4
3( x  3)  4( x  2)
up of the factors of the LCD that are missing from 
24
that expression’s denominator. 3 x  9  4x  8

3. Add or subtract the numerators, as indicated. Write 24
the sum or difference over the LCD.  7x  1
24
4. Simplify, if possible.
5. 32  5  3 
x x x x
5 LCD  x  x, or x 2
x
14.
9  33
12  2  2  3 
LCD  2  2  3  3, or 36
 3  5x x4  x5  x44  x53

x x x x 9 12 9 4 12 3
 3  25 x 
4( x  4)  3( x  5)
x 36
6. LCD  x 2  4 x  16  3 x  15
36
6  7  6  x  7  6x  7  7x 1
x x2 x x x2 x2 36

15.
6  23
33 
LCD  2  3, or 6 20.
4x  2  2  x
xx 
LCD  4x
x  2  x 1  x  2  x 1  2 x  1  2x  3  x  1  2x  3  4
6 3 6 3 2 4x x 4x x 4
 x  2  2x  2  x  1  8 x  12
6 6 4x 4x
x  2  (2x  2) x  1  (8 x  12)
 
6 4x
 x  2  2x  2  x  1  8 x  12
6 4x
  x  4 , or
 ( x  4)  7 x  13
6 6 4x
16.
22
4  22 
LCD  4 21.
cd 2  c  d  d  2 2
 LCD  c  c  d  d , or c d
c 2 d  c  c  d 
a2  a4  a22  a4 3c  d  c  d  3c  d  c  c  d  d
2 4 2 2 4 cd 2 c 2d cd 2 c c 2 d d
 2a  4  a  4 c(3c  d )  d (c  d )
4 4 
2a  4  (a  4) c 2d 2
 2 2
4  3c  cd2 2cd  d
 2 a  4  a4 c d
2 2
4  3c  22cd2  d
 a8 c d
4 (3c  d )(c  d )

c 2d 2
15a  3  5  a  2
17.  LCD  5  3  a  a, or 15a
3a 2  3  a  a  u 2v  u  u  v  2 2
22.  LCD  u  u  v  v, or u v
a  3  2 a  1  a  3  a  2a  1  5 uv 2  u  v  v 
15a 3a 2 15a a 3a 2 5 u  v  2u  v  u  v  v  2u  v  u
2
 a  3a  10 a5 u 2v uv 2 u 2v v uv 2 u
15a 2 v(u  v)  u (2u  v)
2 
 a  13a2  5 u 2v 2
2
15a
 uv  v  2u 2  uv
u 2v 2
2 
18. 2a  2  a  a  LCD  2  3  a  a, or 6a 2
2
 2u  22 uv  v2
6a  2  3  a  u v 2
5a  1  a  2  5a  1  3  a  2  a
2a 2 6a 2a 2 3 6a a 3xt 2  3  x  t  t  2 2
3(5a  1)  a (a  2)
23.  LCD  3  x  x  t  t , or 3 x t
 x 2t  x  x  t 
6a 2 4 x  2t  5 x  3t  4 x  2t  x  5 x  3t  3t
2
 15a  3  2a  2a 3xt 2 x 2t 3 xt 2 x x 2t 3t
6a 2
2tx  15 xt  9t 2
2  4x 
 a  17 a3 3x t2 2
3x 2t 2
6a 2 4 x 2  2tx  (15 xt  9t 2 )

19.
3z  3  z

4z  2  2  z
LCD  2  2  3  z , or 12 z 2
3x 2t 2
 4 x  2tx 215
3x t 2
xt  9t 2
4 z  9  3z  8  4 z  9  4  3z  8  3 2 2
3z 4z 3z 4 4z 3  4 x  132xt2  9t
3x t
 16 z  36  9 z  24
12 z 12 z (Although 4 x 2  13xt  9t 2 can be factored, doing so
16 z  36  (9 z  24)
 will not enable us to simplify the result further.)
12 z
 16 z  36  9 z  24
12 z
 7 z  12
12 z

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Full download Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Concepts and Applications 7th Edition Bittinger Solutions Manual all chapter 2024 pdf

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Elementary and Intermediate Algebra

Concepts and Applications 7th Edition

Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Concepts and

Elementary Algebra Concepts and Applications 10th

Elementary Algebra Concepts and Applications 10th

Intermediate Algebra Concepts and Applications 10th

Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Graphs and Models

Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Functions and

Intermediate Algebra 12th Edition Bittinger Solutions

Rational Expressions and Equations

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

a 2  4  (a  2)(a  2) Check: Let x  1.

 t2 The answer is probably correct.

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Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

2 p  2q 2( q  p ) 67. m3  8m2  16m  m(m2  8m  16)

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Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Exercise Set 6.2 2 6  3  2  a2

7. x  5  5x Choice (a). y 2  16 y  3 ( y  4)( y  4)( y  3)

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Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

49. The reciprocal of 2 x is 9 because 2 x  9  1. 4 y  8 y  2 4 y  8 y2  4

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Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

84. The first step in dividing x by 7 is to multiply by reciprocal of x  7 ). is undefined for x  7. It is

85. Graph y  1 x  5. 93. The reciprocal of 2 1 x is

94. The reciprocal of 7.25x is 1 , or 4 .

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x3 Note that we are subtracting an expression from itself.

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36. 5  3x  x  1  5  3x  x  1 49. x 2  2x  15  ( x  5)( x  3)

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61. 6x3  24x 2  18x  6x( x 2  4x  3) 68. 2a 2b  2  a  a  b

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x2 15 pages per minute, which is 15 , or 1 page per

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92. The time it takes to replace both the vitamin D3 and

96. Writing Exercise. The LCD can be found regardless 9t 3  3  3  t  t  t  3

 3  5x x4  x5  x44  x53

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