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Chapter 6
Rational Expressions and Equations

14. 5 x  10  0
5 x  10
Exercise Set 6.1 x  2
1. A rational expression can be written as a quotient of
two polynomials. 15. x 2  25
2
x  3x  28
2. A rational expression is undefined when the Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x:
denominator is zero.
x 2  3 x  28  0
3. A rational expression is simplified when the  x  4 x  7   0
numerator and the denominator have no factors (other
x40 or x  7  0
than 1) in common.
x  4 or x7
4. When we cancel, we remove a factor equal to 1. The expression is undefined for x  4 and x  7.
5. t  1  0 when t  1 and t  4  0 when t  4, so
16. p 2  7 p  10  0
choice (a) is correct.
( p  2)( p  5)  0
6. 2t  1  0 when t  1 and 3t  4  0 when t   4 p = 2 or p = 5
2 3
so choice (c) is correct. 17. t 2  t  20
2t 2  11t  6
7. a 2  a  12  (a  4)( a  3); a  4  0 when a  4 Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for t:
and a  3  0 when a  3, so choice (d) is correct. 2t 2  11t  6  0
(t  6)(2t  1)  0
8. m 2  2m  15  (m  5) (m  3); m  5  0 when t60 or 2t  1  0
m  5 and m  3  0 when m  3, so choice (b) is t  6 or 2t  1
correct. t  6 or t1
2
9. 18
11x The expression is undefined for t  6 and t  1 .
2
We find the real number(s) that make the denominator
0. To do so we set the denominator equal to 0 and 18. 3 x 2  x  14  0
solve for x: ( x  2)(3 x  7)  0
11x  0
x0 x  2 or x  7
3
The expression is undefined for x  0.
2
10. 0 19. 50a b3
40ab
y3 Factoring the numerator and
11.
y5  5a2 10ab denominator. Note the common
4b  10ab factor of 10ab.
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for y:
y5 0 Rewriting as a product of two
 5a2  10ab
y  5 4b 10ab rational expressions
The expression is undefined for y  5.  5a2  1 10ab  1
4b 10ab
12. 10  5a2 Removing the factor 1
4b
13. t 5
3t  15 2 4
24 x 4 y 3 4 y  6 x y 4 y 2
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for t: 20. 7
  3
3t  15  0 6x y x3  6 x 4 y x
3t  15
6 (t  2) (t  2)
t5 21. 6t  12  
The expression is undefined for t  5. 6t  18 6 (t  3) (t  3)
Copyright © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Exercise Set 6.1 247
5 (n  6) n  6 Check: Let x  2 .
22. 5n  30  
5n  5 5 (n  1) n  1 2 y  6 2  2  6
  2  1
8 y 8  2 16 8
7 (3t  1) 7 y  3 2  3 1 1
23. 21t  7     
24t  8 8 (3t  1) 8 4y 42 8 8
The answer is probably correct.
5 (2n  5) 5
24. 10n  25   30. 4 x  12 
4( x  3) 2  2( x  3) 2( x  3)
 
8n  20 4 (2n  5) 4 6x 6x 2  3x 3x
Check: Let x  1.
25. a 2  9  (a  3)(a  3)
2
a  4a  3 (a  3)(a  1) 4 x  12  4( 1)  12  16  8
6x 6( 1) 6 3
 a3 a 3
a  3 a 1 2( x  3) 2( 1  3) 8 8
  
 1 a  3 3x 3( 1) 3 3
a 1 The answer is probably correct.
 a3
a 1 2 3 a (2a  1) 3(2a  1)
31. 6a2  3a  
2 (a  3) (a  2) a  2 7 a  7 a 7 a (a  1) 7(a  1)
26. a 2 5a  6   Check: Let a  1.
a 9 ( a  3) (a  3) a  3
6a 2  3a  6  12  3  1  6  3  9
8 3 5 7 a 2  7 a 7  12  7  1 7  7 14
27. 36 x5  2 x  185x 3(2a  1) 3(2  1  1) 3  3 9
54 x 3  18 x   
3 5 7(a  1) 7(1  1) 7  2 14
 2 x  18 x5
3 18 x The answer is probably correct.
3

 x2 2 4m ( m  1)
3 32. 4m2  4m   m 1
Check: Let x = 1. 8m  12m 4m (2m  3) 2m  3
36 x8  36  18  36  2 Check: Let m  1.
54 x5 54  15 54 3 4m 2  4m  4  12  4  1  4  4  0  0
2 x3  2  13  2 8m 2  12m 8  12  12  1 8  12 4
3 3 3 m 1  11  0  0
The answer is probably correct. 2m  3 2  1  3 1
4 4
28. 45a 6  3 2 15a 4  3 2
30a 2a  15a 2a 33. t 2  16  (t  4)(t  4)
2
Check: Let a = 1. t  t  20 (t  5)(t  4)
45a 4  45  14  45  3  t 4t4
t 5 t 4
30a 6 30  16 30 2
3  3 3  t  4 1
t 5
2a 2 2  12 2
 t4
The answer is probably correct. t 5
Check: Let t  1.
2 y  6 2( y  3)
29. 
8 y 2  4 y t 2  16  12  16  15  3
 y 3 t  t  20 12  1  20 20 4
2
 2 t  4  1 4  3
2 4 y
t  5 1 5 4
y 3
 1 The answer is probably correct.
4y
y3

4y

248 Chapter 6: Rational Expressions and Equations
34. a 2  4  (a  2)(a  2) 2
37. x 2 8 x  16 
( x  4)( x  4)
2
a  5a  6 (a  2)(a  3) x  16 ( x  4)( x  4)
 a2a2  x4 x4
a2 a3 x4 x4
 1 a  2  x  4 1
a3 x4
 a2  x4
a3 x4
Check: Let a  1. Check: Let x  1.
a 2  4  12  4  3   1 x 2  8 x  16  12  8  1  16  1  8  16  9   3
a  5a  6 12  5  1  6 12
2 4 x 2  16 12  16 1  16 15 5
a  2  1  2  1   1 x  4  1 4   3
a  3 1 3 4 4 x  4 1 4 5
The answer is probably correct. The answer is probably correct.
2 3(a 2  3a  4) x 2  25  ( x  5) ( x  5)  x  5
35. 3a2  9a  12  38.
6a  30a  24 6(a 2  5a  4) 2
x  10 x  25 ( x  5) ( x  5) x  5
3(a  4)(a  1) Check: Let x  1.

3  2(a  4)(a  1)
3(a  1) a  4 x 2  25  12  25  24
  2 2
x  10 x  25 1  10  2  25 1  10  25
3(a  1) 2(a  4)
 24  2
 1 a  4 36 3
2(a  4) x  5  1  5  4  2
 a4 x  5 1 5 6 3
2( a  4) The answer is probably correct.
Check: Let a  2.
2 (t  1)(t  1)
3a 2  9a  12  3  22  9  2  12  18   3 39. t  1 
t 1 t 1
6a 2  30a  24 6  22  30  2  24 12 2
a4  24  6  3  t 1 t 1
t 1 1
2(a  4) 2  2  4 4 2
 1 t  1
The answer is probably correct. 1
 t 1
2
36. 2t 2  6t  4  2(t  3t  2) Check: Let t  2.
4t  12t  16 4(t 2  3t  4)
2
t 2  1  22  1  3  1
2(t  2)(t  1) t 1 2 1 3

2·2(t  4)(t  1) t 1  2 1  1
2(t  1) t  2 The answer is probably correct.
 
2(t  1) 2(t  4) 2 ( a  1)(a  1)
40. a  1 
 1 t  2 a 1 a 1
2(t  4)
 a 1 a 1
 t2 a 1 1
2(t  4)
 1 a  1
Check: Let t  1. 1
2
 a 1
2t 2  6t  4  2( 1)  6( 1)  4  12   1 Check: Let a  2.
4t 2  12t  16 4( 1) 2  12( 1)  16 24 2
a 2  1  22  1  3  3
t  2  1  2  3   1 a 1 2 1 1
2(t  4) 2( 1  4) 6 2 a 1 2 1 3
y2  4
41. cannot be simplified.
y2
Neither the numerator nor the denominator can be
factored.

2 2 (2 x  3)(2 x  3)
42. m  9 cannot be simplified. 47. 4 x 2  12 x  9 
m3 10 x  11x  6 (2 x  3)(5 x  2)
Neither the numerator nor the denominator can be  2 x  3  2x  3
factored. 2x  3 5x  2
 1 2 x  3
2 2
5( x 2  4) 1·5 ·( x  4) 1 5x  2
43. 5 x 2  20     2x  3
10 x  40 10( x 2  4) 2·5 ·( x 2  4) 2 5x  2
Check: Let x  1. Check: Let t  1.
5 x 2  20  5  12  20  25  1 4 x 2  12 x  9  4  12  12  1  9  1   1
10 x 2  40 10  12  40 50 2 10 x 2  11x  6 10  12  11  1  6 7 7
11 2 x  3  2  1  3  1   1
2 2 5x  2 5 1  2 7 7
2 (2 x  1)(2 x  1) 2 x  1
2
44. 6 x 2  54 
2  3( x 2  9) 48. 4 x2  4 x  1  
4 x  36 2  2( x 2  9) 6 x  5 x  4 (2 x  1)(3x  4) 3x  4
2( x 2  9) 3 Check: Let x  1.
  4 x 2  4 x  1  4  12  4  1  1  1
2( x 2  9) 2
6 x 2  5 x  4 6  12  5  1  4 7
 1 3 2 x  1  2 1  1  1
2
3x  4 3  1  4 7
3
2 The answer is probably correct.
Check: Let x  1.  ( x  10) 1 x  10
49. 10  x     1  1  1
6 x 2  54  6  12  54  60  3 x  10 x  10 1 x  10
4 x 2  36 4  12  36 40 2 Check: Let x  1.
The answer is probably correct. 10  x  10  1  9  1
x  10 1  10 9
y2  6 y y ( y  6)
45. 2
 The answer is probably correct.
2 y  13 y  6 (2 y  1)( y  6)

y

y6 50. x  8  x  8  1  x  8  1  1  1
2y 1 y  6 8  x 1( x  8) 1 x  8
y Check: Let x  1.
 1
2y 1 1  8  7  1
y 8 1 7

2y 1 The answer is probably correct.
Check: Let y  1 . 7(t  2)
51. 7t  14 
y2  6 y 12  6  1 2t  (t  2)
  7 1
2 y  13 y  6 2(1) 2  13  1  6 21 3
2
 7 t2
y 1 t  2
 1 1  7 1
2 y  1 2 1  1 3 1
The answer is probably correct.  7
Check: Let t  1.
t 2  2t  t (t  2)
46. 7t  14  7  1  14  7  7
2t 2  t  6 (2t  3)(t  2) 2t 2 1 1
 t t2 The answer is probably correct.
2t  3 t  2
 t 1 52. 3  n  1(n  3)  1
2t  3 5n  15 5( n  3) 5
 t
2t  3 Check: Let n  1.
Check: Let t  1. 3  n  3  1  2  1
5n  15 5  1  15 10 5
t 2  2t  12  2  1  3  1
2t 2  t  6 2  12  1  6 3
t  1  1  1
2t  3 2  1  3 1

ab  ab 60. Writing Exercise. The degree of the denominator is at

53.
4b  4a 4(a  b) least 2 since x  5 and x  3 are both factors of the
 1 ab denominator.
4 a  b
 1 1 61. 3x3  15 x 2  x  5  3 x 2 ( x  5)  ( x  5)
4  ( x  5)(3 x 2  1)
 1
4
62. 3x 2  16 x  5  (3x  1)( x  5)
Check: Let a  2 and b  1.
a  b  2 1  1   1 63. 18 y 4  27 y 3  3 y 2  3 y 2 (6 y 2  9 y  1)
4b  4a 4  1  4  2 4  8 4
The answer is probably correct. 64. 25a 2  16b 2  (5a  4b)(5a  4b)
2 p  2q 2(q  p )
54.   2 65. m3  8m 2  16m  m(m 2  8m  16)
q p (q  p)
Check: Let p  1 and q  1.  m(m  4)2
2 p  2q 2  1  2( 1) 2  2 4
    2 66. 5 x 2  35 x  60  5( x 2  7 x  12)
q p 1  1 2 2  5( x  4)( x  3)
67. Writing Exercise. Although a rational expression has
3 x 2  3 y 2 3( x 2  y 2 ) been simplified incorrectly, it is possible that there are
55. 
2 y 2  2 x 2 2( y 2  x 2 ) one or more values of the variable(s) for which the
two expressions are the same. For example,
3( x 2  y 2 )
 x 2  x  2 could be simplified incorrectly as x  1 ,
2( 1)( x 2  y 2 )
x2  3x  2 x2
x2  y2
 3  2 but evaluating the expressions for x  1 gives 0 in
2( 1) x  y 2
each case. (The correct simplification is x  1 .)
 3 1 x 1
2( 1)
 3 68. Writing Exercise. Show that (a  b)  (b  a )  0.
2
Check: Let x  1 and y  2. 16 y 2  x 4
69.
3 x 2  3 y 2 3  12  3  22 9 ( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
   3 (4 y 2  x 2 )(4 y 2  x 2 )
2 y 2  2 x 2 2  22  2  12 6 2 
The answer is probably correct. ( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
(4 y 2  x 2 )(2 y  x)(2 y  x)
2 2 7(a 2  b 2 ) 2 2 
56. 7 a2  7b2  2 2
 7  a2  b2   7 ( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
3b  3a 3( a  b ) 3 a  b 3
( x  4 y 2 )(2 y  x)( 1)( x  2 y )
2
Check: Let a  1 and b  2. 
( x 2  4 y 2 )( x  2 y )
7 a 2  7b 2  7  12  7  22  21   7 ( x  4 y 2 )( x  2 y ) (2 y  x)( 1)
2
3b 2  3a 2 3  22  3  12 9 3  2 
( x  4 y 2 )( x  2 y ) 1
The answer is probably correct.  2 y  x, or  x  2 y or  (2 y  x)
2 2
57. 7 s 2 28t 2 ( x  1)( x 4  1)( x 2  1)
28t  7 s 70.
Note that the numerator and denominator are ( x 2  1)( x  1) 2 ( x 4  2 x 2  1)
opposites. Thus, we have an expression divided by its ( x  1)( x 4  1)( x 2  1)
 2
opposite, so the result is –1. ( x  1)( x  1) 2 ( x 2  1) 2
2 2 ( x  1)( x 2  1)( x 2  1)( x  1)( x  1)
58. 9m2  4n 2  2
4 n  9m ( x  1)( x  1)( x  1)( x 2  1)( x 2  1)
Note that the numerator and denominator are ( x  1 )( x 2  1 )( x 2  1 )( x  1 )( x  1 )  1
opposites. Thus, we have an expression divided by its 
opposite, so the result is –1. ( x 2  1 )( x  1 )( x  1 )( x 2  1 )( x  1 )( x  1)
 1
59. Writing Exercise. Simplifying removes a factor equal x 1
to 1, allowing us to rewrite an expression a  1 as a.

5 3 2 x3 ( x 2  2)  4( x 2  2) 10 x 2  10 10( x 2  1)
71. x7  2 x 4  4 x 3  8  4 3 76.  2
x  2 x  4 x  8 x ( x  2)  4( x3  2) 3 2
5 x  30 x  5 x  30 5 x ( x  6)  5( x  6)
( x 2  2)( x3  4) 10( x  1)( x  1)
 3 
( x  2)( x 4  4) ( x  6)(5 x 2  5)
( x 2  2)( x3  4) 10( x  1)( x  1)
 3 
( x  2)( x 2  2)( x 2  2) 5( x  6)( x 2  1)
10( x  1)( x  1)
( x 2  2)( x3  4) 
 5( x  6)( x  1)( x  1)
2
( x3  2)( x 2  2) ( x  2) 10 ( x  1) ( x  1)

 x3  4 5( x  6) ( x  1) ( x  1)
( x3  2)( x 2  2)
 2
3
x6
4 3
72. 10t  8t  15 t  12  2t (5t  4)  3(5t  4)
2
8  10t  12t  15t 3
2(4  5t )  3t 2 (4  5t ) ( x 2  y 2 )( x 2  2 xy  y 2 )
77.
(5t  4)(2t 3  3) ( x  y ) 2 ( x 2  4 xy  5 y 2 )
 ( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )
(4  5t )(2  3t 2 ) 
(5t  4) (2t 3  3) ( x  y )( x  y )( x  5 y )( x  y )
 ( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )( x  y )
( 1) (5t  4) (2  3t 2 ) 
( x  y )( x  y )( x  5 y )( x  y )
(2t 3  3) 3
 2
, or 2t 23 , ( x  y )3
(2  3t ) 2  3t 
3 ( x  y )2 ( x  5 y )
or 2t  3
2  3t 2
x 4  y 4 ( x 2  y 2 )( x 2  y 2 )
78. 
(t 4  1)(t 2  9)(t  9)2 ( y  x)4 [  ( x  y )]4
73.
(t 4  81)(t 2  1)(t  1) 2 ( x  y 2 )( x  y ) ( x  y )
2

(t 2  1)(t  1)(t  1)(t  3)(t  3)(t  9)(t  9) ( 1) 4 ( x  y ) ( x  y )3

(t 2  9)(t  3)(t  3)(t 2  1)(t  1)(t  1) ( x 2  y 2 )( x  y )

(t 2  1) (t  1) (t  1) (t  3) (t  3) (t  9)(t  9) ( x  y )3

(t 2  9) (t  3) (t  3) (t 2  1) (t  1) (t  1) 79. Writing Exercise.
(t  1)(t  9)(t  9) (t  1)(t  9) 2 5(2 x  5)  25 10 x  25  25 10 x
 , or   x
(t 2  9)(t  1) (t 2  9)(t  1) 10 10 10
You get the same number you selected.
(t  2)3 (t 2  2t  1)(t  1) (t  2)3 (t  1)2 (t  1) A person asked to select a number and then perform
74.  these operations would probably be surprised that the
(t  1)3 (t 2  4t  4)(t  2) (t  1)3 (t  2)2 (t  2)
result is the original number.
(t  2)3 (t  1)3
 1
(t  1)3 (t  2)3
Exercise Set 6.2
3 2 x 2 ( x  6)  4( x  6)
75. x  26 x  4 x  24  1. To simplify a rational expression, remove a factor
x  4 x  12 ( x  6)( x  2) equal to 1. Choice (d) is correct.
( x  6)( x 2  4) 2. To multiply rational expressions, multiply numerators

( x  6)( x  2) and multiply denominators. Choice (c) is correct.
( x  6)( x  2)( x  2)
 3. To find a reciprocal, interchange the numerator and
( x  6)( x  2) denominator. Choice (a) is correct.
( x  6) ( x  2) ( x  2)
 4. To divide by a rational expression, multiply by its
( x  6) ( x  2) reciprocal. Choice (b) is correct.
 x2
5. x  5  5 x Choice (d).
2 y 2y
y xy
6. x  5  x   Choice (c).
2 y 2 5 10

7. x  5  5x Choice (a). 3x 2 y 4 3  x  x  y  2  2 6x
y y 20.    2
2 xy 3 2  x  y  y2 y
8. x  y  x  1  x Choice (e).
2 2 y 2y y 2  16 y  3 ( y  4)( y  4)( y  3)
21.  
4 y  12 y  4 4( y  3)( y  4)
y xy
9. x  5  x   Choice (b). ( y  4) ( y  4) ( y  3)
y 1 5 5 
4 ( y  3) ( y  4)
y4
10. 5  x  5  2  10 Choice (f). 
y 2 y x xy 4
3 x( x  2) 2 2 (m  n)(m  n)(m  n)
11. 3x  x  2  22. m  n  m  n 
8 5 x  1 8(5 x  1) 4 m  4n m  n 4(m  n)(m  n)
( m  n) ( m  n ) ( m  n )
2 x(3 x  5) 
12. 2 x  3 x  5  4 ( m  n) ( m  n)
7 x 1 7( x  1)
 m  n
(a  4)(a  2) (a  4)( a  2) 4
13. a  4  a  2  , or
a  6 a  6 (a  6)(a  6) ( a  6) 2 2 ( x 2  3 x  10)( x  2)
23. x  3 x 210  x  2 
( x  2) x5 ( x  2) 2 ( x  5)
(a  3)(a  3) (a  3) 2
14. , or ( x  5)( x  2)( x  2)
(a  6)(a  1) (a  6)(a  1) 
( x  2)( x  2)( x  5)
(n  4)(n  4) ( x  5) ( x  2) ( x  2)
15. n2  4  n2  4  2 
n  4 n  4 ( n  4)(n 2  4) ( x  2) ( x  2) ( x  5)
 x2
(t  3)(t  3) (t  3) 2 x2
16. , or
(t 2  2)(t 4  4) (t 2  2)(t 2  4)
2 (t  2) (t  2) (t  3)
3 24. t  2  t  5t 2 6 
17. 8t  3 t  2 (t  2) (t  2) (t  2) (t  2)
5t 4t
3 Multiplying the numerators and  3
t
 8t  3 t2
5t  4t the denominators
2  4  t  t  t 3 Factoring the numerator 2 (n 2  6n  5)(n  6)

and the denominator 25. n  6n  5  n2  6 
5t  4t n6 n  36 (n  6)(n 2  36)
2  4  t  t  t  3 Removing a factor (n  5)( n  1)( n  6)
 
5 t  4  t equal to 1
(n  6)(n 2  36)
 6t
(No simplification is possible.)
5
2 (a  2)(a 2  4)
2 6  3  2  a2 26. a  2  2 a  4 
18. 185  2a   124 a  2 a  5a  4 (a  2)(a  4)( a  1)
a 3a a3  a 2  3  a a
2 (a  3)( a  3)  7  a
27. a  9 7a 
19. 3c2  8d3 a2 a 2  a  12 a  a (a  4)(a  3)
d 6c (a  3) (a  3)  7  a
Multiplying the numerators and 
 32c  8d3 a  a (a  4) (a  3)
d  6c the denominators
3  c  2  4 d Factoring the numerator 7(a  3)
 
d  d 3 2 c c c and the denominator a (a  4)
3  c  2 4 d

d d  3  2  c cc 2 3 ( x  1) ( x  11)  x  x 2
28. x  10 x  11  x 
 24 9x x  11 9  x  ( x  11)
c d
x 2 ( x  1)

9

2 2
y2  y y ( y  1)( y  4) 38. x 2  7 x  12  24  x
29.   y  4 
2
y  5y  4 ( y  4)( y  1) x  6x  8 x  x  6
( x  3)( x  4)(2  x)(2  x)
y ( y  1) ( y  4) 
 ( x  2)( x  4)( x  3)( x  2)
( y  4) ( y  1)
( x  3) ( x  4) ( x  2) ( 1) ( x  2)
y ( y  1) 
 ( x  2) ( x  4) ( x  3) ( x  2)
y 1
 1
2  n  3 n(n  4) n(n  4)
30.  n  3  2n  4n   2 2
39. t 2 4t  4  22t  7t  15
n  5n  6 (n  2)(n  3) n2
2t  7t  6 t  10t  25
(t 2  4t  4)(2t 2  7t  15)
2 (4v  8)15v 2 
31. 4v  8  2 15v  (2t 2  7t  6)(t 2  10t  25)
5v 4v  16v  16 5v(4v 2  16v  16)
(t  2)(t  2)(2t  3)(t  5)
4 (v  2)  5  3  v  v 
 (2t  3)(t  2)(t  5)(t  5)
5 v  4 (v  2) (v  2) (t  2) (t  2) (2t  3) (t  5)

 3v (2t  3) (t  2) (t  5)(t  5)
v2
(t  2)(t  5)

4a 2
2
3a  6  4a (3)(a  2)  2a (t  5)2
32. 
3a 2  12a  12 2a 3(a  2)(a  2)2a a  2
5 y2  4 y  1 y2  6 y  9
2 2
40. 
2 2 (t  2t  3)(t  3t  10) 3 y 2  5 y  12 y 2  2 y  1
33. t 2  2t  3  t 2  3t  10  2
t  4t  5 t  5t  6 (t  4t  5)(t 2  5t  6) (5 y  1) ( y  1) ( y  3) ( y  3)

(t  3)(t  1)(t  5)(t  2) (3 y  4) ( y  3) ( y  1) ( y  1)

(t  5)(t  1)(t  3)(t  2) (5 y  1)( y  3)
(t  3) (t  1) (t  5) (t  2) 
 (3 y  4)( y  1)
(t  5) (t  1) (t  3) (t  2)
2
 5
t 41. (10 x 2  x  2)  4 x2  8 x  3
t5 10 x  11x  6
(10 x 2  x  2)(4 x 2  8 x  3)
2 2 
34. x 2  5 x  4  x 2  5 x  14 (10 x 2  11x  6)
x  6x  8 x  8x  7 (5 x  2) (2 x  1)(2 x  1) (2 x  3)
( x  4) ( x  1) ( x  7) ( x  2) 
 (5 x  2) (2 x  3)
( x  4) ( x  2) ( x  7) ( x  1)
 (2 x  1) 2
 x4
x4 2
42. 2 x 2  5 x  3  (6 x 2  13 x  2)
2
12 y  12 3 y  75 (12 y  12)(3 y  75) 2 6x  5x  1
35.   (2 x  3) ( x  1) (6 x  1) ( x  2)
5 y  25 8 y 2  8 (5 y  25)(8 y 2  8) 
3  4 ( y  1) 3 ( y  5) ( y  5) (6 x  1) ( x  1)
  (2 x  3)( x  2)
5 ( y  5) 2  4 ( y  1) ( y  1)
9( y  5) 2 2

10( y  1) 43. 49 x  25  6 x  13 x  28
4 x  14 28 x  20
(7 x  5)(7 x  5)(3 x  4)(2 x  7)
2 
36. 9t 2  900  5t  10 2(2 x  7)  4(7 x  5)
5t  20 3t  30 (7 x  5) (7 x  5) (3x  4) (2 x  7)
3 (3) (t  10) (t  10) (5) (t  2) 
 2 (2 x  7)  4 (7 x  5)
5 (t  2) (t  2) (3) (t  10)
(7 x  5)(3 x  4)
3(t  10) 
 8
t2
44. 9t 2  4  10t  5  (3t  2)(3t  2)  5(2t  1)
2 2 ( x  2) 2 ( x  1) 2
37. x  4 x 2 4  x  2 x 2 1 
2
1 8t  10t  3 3t  2 (2t  1)(4t  3)(3t  2)
( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  1) 2 ( x  2) 2 5(3t  2)

4t  3

45.
8 x 2  14 xy  15 y 2 3x  y
 55. t  3  t  1  t  3  8
6 8 6 t 1
3 x3  x 2 y 4 xy  3 y 2 (t  3)(8)
(2 x  5 y )(4 x  3 y )(3 x  y ) 
 6  (t  1)
x 2 (3 x  y )  y (4 x  3 y ) (t  3)  4  2
(2 x  5 y ) (4 x  3 y ) (3 x  y ) 
 2  3(t  1)
x 2 (3x  y )  y (4 x  3 y ) 4(t  3)

2x  5 y 3(t  1)

x2 y
56. 10  15  10  a
2
2 x  xy 2
9 x  6 xy  8 y 2 a  3 a a  3 15
46.  2  5 (a)
6 x 2  7 xy  2 y 2 3xy  4 y 2   2a
3  5 (a  3) 3(a  3)
x(2 x  y )(3 x  2 y )(3 x  4 y )

(2 x  y )(3x  2 y )  y (3x  4 y ) 4 y  8 y  2 4 y  8 y2  4
x(2 x  y ) 57.   
 y  2 y2  4 y2 y2
y (2 x  y )
(4 y  8)( y 2  4)

( y  2)( y  2)
47. The reciprocal of 2 x is 9 because 2 x  9  1.
9 2x 9 2x 4 ( y  2) ( y  2) ( y  2)

2 ( y  2) ( y  2) (1)
48. x  4  4( y  2)
3 x
2 2
49. The reciprocal of a 4  3a is 1 because 58. x  1  x  1  x  1  2 x  2
a 4  3a x 2x  2 x x 1
( x 2  1)(2 x  2)
a 4  3a  1  1. 
1 a 4  3a x( x  1)
( x  1)( x  1)2( x  1)

50. a 2  b 2 x( x  1)
x  1 2( x  1)( x  1)
 
51. x  5 x 1 x
4 x 2( x  1) 2
Multiplying by the reciprocal of 
 xx x
4 5 the divisor
 x x 59. a  b  a ba
45 ab ba ab b
2
x a (b  a )
20 
(a  b)(b)
a ( 1) (a  b)
52. 5  x  5  12  602 
x 12 x x x (a  b) (b)
5 2 5  a   a
53. a4  a  a4  b2 b b
b b b a
5 x y yx x y
 a4  b2 60.    3  1  1
b a 6 3 6 y  x 2 2
2 3
 a  3a  b2 2 (n 2  5n  6) (n  3)
bb a 61. (n 2  5n  6)  n  4   2
2 3 n3 1 n 4
 a 2b  a3 2
a b b (n  5n  6)(n  3)
3 
 a3 n2  4
b (n  3) (n  2) (n  3)

(n  2) ( n  2)
5 2 5 y x5  y x 2  x3  y x 2 y x3
54. x 2  x  x 2  2  2 2   2  (n  3)2
y y y x y x y  y  x2 x y y 
3 n2
 x
y

2 2
(v  1)(v  3) (v 2  1) (v 2  9) 68. 2m2  59m  30  2m 2  21m  10
62. (v 2  1)   
2
v 9 1 (v  1)(v  3) m  10m  25 m  m  30
2 2
(v  1) (v  1)(v 2  9)  2m2  59m  30  m2  m  30
 m  10m  25 2m  21m  10
(v  1) (v  3)
(2m  1) (m  30)( m  6) (m  5)
(v  1)(v 2  9) 
 (m  5) (m  5) (2m  1) ( m  10)
v3 (m  30)( m  6)

( m  5)(m  10)
63. a  2  3a  6  a  2  a  5
a 1 a  5 a  1 3a  6
2
( a  2)(a  5) 69. c 2  10c  21  (5c 2  32c  21)

(a  1)(3a  6) c  2c  15
2
(a  2)( a  5)  c 2  10c  21  2 1

(a  1)  3  ( a  2) c  2c  15 5c  32c  21
(a  2) (a  5) (c 2  10c  21)  1
  2
(a  1)  3  ( a  2) (c  2c  15)(5c 2  32c  21)
(c  7)(c  3)
 a5 
3(a  1) (c  5)(c  3)(5c  3)(c  7)
(c  7)(c  3) 1
 
64. t  3  4t  12  t  3  t  1 (c  7)(c  3) (c  5)(5c  3)
t2 t 1 t  2 4t  12 1

(t  3) (t  1) (c  5)(5c  3)
  t 1
(t  2)(4) (t  3) 4(t  2)
2
70. z 2 2 z  1  (4 z 2  z  3)
2 2 z 1
65. (2 x  1)  2 x 211x  5  2 x  1  24 x  1 2
4x  1 1 2 x  11x  5  z 2 2 z  1  2 1
(2 x  1)(4 x 2  1) z 1 4z  z  3
 ( z  1) ( z  1)  1
1  (2 x 2  11x  5) 
(2 x  1)(2 x  1)(2 x  1) ( z  1) ( z  1) (4 z  3) ( z  1)
 1
(2 x  1)( x  5) 
(2 x  1) (2 x  1)(2 x  1) ( z  1)(4 z  3)

(2 x  1) ( x  5)
71. 3  3 x  x  1  3 x  3  5
(2 x  1)(2 x  1) 16 5 16 x  1
 (3 x  3)  5
x5 
16( x  1)
2 2
66. (a  7)  3a 2  14a  49  a  7  a2  8a  7 3( x  1)  5

a  8a  7 1 3a  14a  49 16( x  1)
(a  7) (a  7)(a  1) 3 ( x  1)  5
 
(3a  7) (a  7) 16 ( x  1)
(a  7)( a  1)
  15
3a  7 16
72. 4  2 x  x  2  4  2 x  3
2 2
67. w 2 14w  49  3w2  20 w  7
2 w  3w  14 w  6w  16 15 3 15 x2
2 2 2 ( x  2)  3
 w 2 14 w  49  w 2  6w  16 
2 w  3w  14 3w  20w  7 3  5 ( x  2)
( w2  14 w  49)( w2  6 w  16)  2

(2 w2  3w  14)(3w2  20 w  7) 5
( w  7) ( w  7) ( w  8) ( w  2)

(2 w  7) ( w  2) (3w  1) ( w  7)
( w  7)( w  8)

(2 w  7)(3w  1)

2 80. Graph 3x  2 y  12.

73. x  1  1  x2  x  1  4  x
x2 4 x x  2 1 x
( x  1)(4  x 2 )

( x  2)(1  x)
( x  1) ( x 2  4)

1( x  2) ( x  1)
81. Graph 3( x  1)  4.
2 2
  x  4 or  x  4
x2 x2
74. 12  4 x  6  2 x  12  4 x  6

12 6 12 6  2x
4( x  3)  2  3

4  3  2  1  ( x  3) 82. Graph y  2  ( x  4).
 1
x y x2  y 2
75. 
x 2  2 xy  y 2 x 2  5 xy  4 y 2
x y x 2  5 xy  4 y 2
 2 2

x  2 xy  y x2  y 2 83. Graph 3 y  5 x.
( x  y ) ( x  y )( x  4 y )

( x  y )( x  y )( x  y ) ( x  y )
( x  y )( x  4 y )

( x  y )3
76. a 2  b2 2
 a  3ab  2b
2
84. Graph 1 y  2.
2
a  4ab  4b 2 a  2b 2
2 2
 2 a b  a  2b
a  4ab  4b 2 a 2  3ab  2b 2
(a  b) ( a  b) (a  2b)

(a  2b) ( a  2b) (a  b) (a  2b)
 ab 2 85. Writing Exercise. Yes; consider the product
(a  2b) a  c  ac . The reciprocal of the product is bd .
b d bd ac
77. Writing Exercise. Parentheses are required to ensure
This is equal to the product of the reciprocals of the
that numerators and denominators are multiplied
correctly. That is, the product of ( x  2) and (3 x  1) two original factors: b  d  bd .
a c ac
and the product of (5 x  7) and ( x  4) in the
denominator. 86. Writing Exercise. The quotient is undefined for x  5,
x  1, and x  7 because x  3 is undefined for
78. Writing Exercise. The first step in dividing x by 7 x5
3 x
x  5, x  7 is undefined for x  1, and x  1 (the
is to multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor. That is, x 1 x7
x  7  x  x  x  x  x2 reciprocal of x  7 ). is undefined for x  7. It is
3 x 3 7 3  7 21 x 1
defined for x  3 because the dividend, the divisor,
79. Graph y  1 x  5. and the reciprocal of the divisor are all defined for
2 x  3.
87. The reciprocal of 2 1 x is

3
1  1  1  7 x  1 3  3 .
2 1 x 7x 3 7x 7x
3 3
88. The reciprocal of 7.25x is 1 , or 4 .

7.25x 29x

2 2 4 2 3
89. ( x  2a )  a 2x  4a3  x  2a  a2 x2  2a 4 (t  2)3 t 2  4t  4 t  1
94.  
a x  2a 1 a x  4a (t  1)3 t 2  2t  1 t  2
( x  2a )(a 2 x 2  2a3 ) (t  2)3 t 2  2t  1 t  1
   
( a 2 x 2  4a 4 ) (t  1)3 t 2  4t  4 t  2
( x  2 a ) a 2 ( x  2a ) (t  2)(t  2)(t  2)(t  1)(t  1)(t  1)
 
a 2 ( x  2 a ) ( x  2a ) (t  1)(t  1)(t  1)(t  2)(t  2)(t  2)
1
1
a 4  81b 4 2
 a2  3b 2  a  6ab  29b
2
3x 2  2 xy  y 2 95.
90.  (3 x 2  4 xy  y 2 ) 2 2 2
a c  6abc  9b c a  9b (a  3b)
x2  y2
( a 2  9b 2 )(a  3b)(a  3b) a  3b (a  3b) 2
3 x 2  2 xy  y 2 1   2 
  c( a  3b) 2 a  9b 2 (a  3b) 2
x2  y 2 (3 x 2  4 xy  y 2 ) 2
( a 2  9b 2 ) (a  3b) ( a  3b) a  3b (a  3b) 2
( 3 x  y )( x  y )  1   

( x  y )( x  y )( 3x  y )(3 x  y )( x  y )( x  y ) c (a  3b)2 a 2  9b 2 (a  3b) 2
 1  a  3b
( x  y )3 (3 x  y ) c
2 2 3 y3  6 y 2 y2  y y2  5 y  6
91. 3a  5ab  12b  (3b 2  ab) 2 96.  
3ab  b 2 y 2  y  12 y 2  2 y  8 y2
3 2 2 2
3 a 2
 5ab  12b 2  1 3y  6 y y  2y  8 y  5y  6
  2  
3ab  4b 2 (3b 2  ab) 2 y  y  12 y2  y y2

 3a  4b a  3b  3  y 2 ( y  2) ( y  4) ( y  2) ( y  3) ( y  2)
b(3a  4b)  [b(3b  a)]2 
( y  4) ( y  3) ( y )( y  1) ( y 2 )
(3a  4b)( 1)(3b  a )
 3( y  2)3
b(3a  4b)(b 2 )(3b  a )(3b  a ) 
(3a  4b) (  1) (3b  a) y ( y  1)

b (3a  4b) (b 2 ) (3b  a ) (3b  a ) xy  2 x  y  2 xy  y  4 x  4
97. 
 3 1 ,or 3 1 xy  4 x  y  4 xy  y  2 x  2
b (3b  a ) b ( a  3b ) x( y  2)  ( y  2) y ( x  1)  4( x  1)
 
2 2 2
x( y  4)  1( y  4) y ( x  1)  2( x  1)
92. a2  3b  a 2  2b  a 2  2b 
( y  2)( x  1)( x  1)( y  4)
a  2b a  3b a  3b ( y  4)( x  1)( x  1)( y  2)
2 2
Note that a2  3b  a 2  2b is the product of 
( y  2) ( x  1)( x  1) ( y  4)
a  2b a  3b ( y  4) ( x  1)( x  1) ( y  2)
reciprocals and thus is equal to 1. Then the product in
( x  1) 2
2 
the original exercise is the remaining factor, a 2  2b . ( x  1) 2
a  3b
2 2 2 2
2 ( z  4)5 3 z  12 98. ab  2b  a  2  ab  3b  a  3
93. z 2  8 z  16   ab  a  3b  3 ab  a  2b  2
z  8 z  16 ( z  4)5 z 2  16
b 2 (a  2)  ( a  2) b 2 (a  3)  (a  3)
( z  4) 2 ( z  4)5 ( z  4)( z  4)  
   a(b  1)  3(b  1) a(b  1)  2(b  1)
( z  4) 2 ( z  4)5 3( z  4)
(a  2)(b 2  1)(a  3)(b  1)(b  1)
( z  4 ) 2 ( z  4 )2 ( z  4)3 ( z  4 )( z  4 ) 
 (b  1)(a  3)(b  1)(a  2)
( z  4 ) 2 ( z  4 )2 ( z  4 )( z  4) 2 (3)( z  4 ) 2
 b 1
( z  4)3

3( z  4) 2

2 2
99. 3 x 2  12 x  bx  4b  3bx  b 2  6 x  2b 103. Enter y1  x  1  x 2  1 and
4 x  16 x  bx  4b 4bx  b  8 x  2b x  2 x  1 x2  5x  4
2
3x( x  4)  b( x  4) 4bx  b 2  8 x  2b 2
  y2  x  5 x 3 4 , display the values of y1 and y2 in
4 x( x  4)  b( x  4) 3bx  b 2  6 x  2b ( x  1)
( x  4)(3x  b) b(4 x  b)  2(4 x  b) a table, and compare the values. (See the Technology
 
( x  4)(4 x  b) b(3x  b)  2(3 x  b) Connection in the text.)
( x  4) (3 x  b) (4 x  b)(b  2)
 
( x  4) (4 x  b) (3 x  b)(b  2) Exercise Set 6.3
(3x  b)(4 x  b)(b  2)
 1. To add two rational expressions when the
(4 x  b)(3x  b)(b  2)
denominators are the same, add numerators and keep
(3x  b) (4 x  b) (b  2) the common denominator.

(4 x  b) (3 x  b) (b  2)
2. When a numerator is being subtracted, use
1 parentheses to make sure to subtract every term in that
numerator.
2 x 2 y  xy 2  6 x 2  3 xy 2 x3  x 2 y  8 x 2  4 xy
100. 
3 y 2  xy  9 y  3 x 3 xy  x 2  6 y  2 x 3. The least common multiple of two denominators is
2 2
usually referred to as the least common denominator
x(2 xy  y  6 x  3 y ) 3 xy  x  6 y  2 x and is abbreviated LCD.
 
3 y 2  xy  9 y  3 x x  2 x 2  xy  8 x  4 y 
4. The least common denominator of two rational
x  y (2 x  y )  3(2 x  y ) x(3 y  x)  2(3 y  x) expressions must contain every factor that is in either
 
y (3 y  x)  3(3 y  x) x  x(2 x  y )  4(2 x  y ) denominator.
x(2 x  y )( y  3)(3 y  x)( x  2)
 5. 3  5  8 Adding numerators
(3 y  x)( y  3) x(2 x  y )( x  4) t t t
x (2 x  y ) ( y  3) (3 y  x) ( x  2)

(3 y  x) ( y  3) x (2 x  y ) ( x  4) 6. 102
y
 2
x
x4
7. x  2 x  5  3 x  5 Adding numerators
2 2 2 12 12 12
101. 8n 2  10n  3  6n 2  5n  6  12n 2  17 n  6
4n  4n  3 6 n  7 n  5 6n  7 n  5 4(a  1)
2 2 2
8. 4a  4 
 8n 2  10n  3  6n2  5n  6  6n2  7 n  5 7 7
4n  4n  3 6n  7 n  5 12n  17 n  6
9. 4  5  9
2 2 6n 2  7 n  5
 n 2  10n  3  6n  5n  6 
8 a3 a3 a3
4n  4n  3 6n  7 n  5 12n 2  17 n  6
2
(2n  1)(4n  3)(2n  3)(3n  2) 10. 13

 x2
(2n  3)(2n  1)(4n  3)(3n  2)
(2n  1) (4n  3) (2n  3) (3n  2) 11  3  8
 11. Subtracting numerators
(2n  3) (2n  1) (4n  3) (3n  2) 4x  7 4x  7 4x  7
(2n  1)(3n  2)
 12. 9  5  4
(2n  1)(3n  2) 2x  3 2x  3 2x  3
2 p 2  p  6 12 p 2  13 p  35 12 p 2  43 p  35 3y  8 y  1
102.   13. 
16 p 2  25 4 p 2  12 p  9 2 p2  p  6 2y 2y
3 y  8  ( y  1)
2 p 2  p  6 12 p 2  13 p  35 2 p2  p  6 
   2y
16 p 2  25 4 p 2  12 p  9 12 p 2  43 p  35 3y  8  y  1
(2 p  3)( p  2) (4 p  5)(3 p  7) (2 p  3)( p  2)  Removing parentheses
 2y
(4 p  5)(4 p  5) (2 p  3)(2 p  3) (3 p  7)(4 p  5) 2y  7
( p  2)2 
 2y
(4 p  5) 2
14. 5  3t  2t  1  5  3t  2t  1  t  4
4t 4t 4t 4t

15. 5 x  7  x  11 24.
y 2  6 y 2 y  12 y 2  8 y  12
 
x3 x3 y2 y2 y2
 6 x  18 Adding numerators ( y  6)( y  2 )
x3   y6
6( x  3) y2
 Factoring
x3
6 ( x  3) 25. x6  9  x3
 Removing a factor equal to 1
x3 x2  5x  6 x2  5x  6 x2  5x  6
6  x3
( x  3)( x  2)
5 ( x  1) x3
16. 3x  4  2 x  9  5 x  5  5 
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 ( x  3 )( x  2)
 1
5 x  7  ( x  11) x2
17. 5 x  7  x  11 
x3 x3 x3
x5  2 x3
 5 x  7  x  11 26. 
x2  4 x  3 x2  4 x  3 x2  4 x  3
x3
x3
 4x  4   1
x3 ( x  3) ( x  1) x  1
4( x  1)

x3 3a 2  14  2
27. 2 2
13a  3a 2  14  13a
a  5a  6 a  5a  6 a  5a  6
18. 3x  4  2 x  9  3 x  4  2 x  9  x  13 (3a  7)( a  2)
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 
(a  6)(a  1)
19. a 2  a  20  a 2  a  20
a4 a4 a4 28. 2a 2  15  11a 2
 2a2  15  11a
2 2
( a  5)(a  4) a  7 a  12 a  7 a  12 a  7 a  12

a4 (a  3) (2a  5)

( a  5) (a  4) (a  3) (a  4)

a4  a5
2
 a5 a4
x 2  7 x  10  x 2  7 x  10  ( x  5) ( x  2)  x  2 29. t 2  5t  4t  12  t 2  t  12
20.
x5 x5 x5 x5 t  6t  9 t 2  6t  9 t 2  6t  9
2
(t  4)(t  3)

5 y  14 y   5 y  14 (t  3) 2
2
y2
21.   (t  4) (t  3)
y2 y2 y2 
2
y  5 y  14 (t  3) (t  3)

y2  4
t
 y  7  y  2 t3

y2 y2  7 y 6 y  20 y 2  y  20
 y  7   y  2 30. 2
 2  2
 y  8 y  16 y  8 y  16 y  8 y  16
y2 ( y  5) ( y  4)
 y7 
( y  4) ( y  4)
y 5
22. t 2  8t  15  t 2  8t  15 
t 3 t 3 t 3 y4
(t  3) (t  5)
 2 y2  3y y2  4 y  6
t 3 31. 
 t 5 y 2  7 y  12 y 2  7 y  12
2 y 2  3 y  ( y 2  4 y  6)
2 2 
23. t  5t  5t  t y 2  7 y  12
t 1 t 1
2 y2  3y  y2  4 y  6
Note that the numerators are opposites, so their sum is 
y 2  7 y  12
0. Then we have 0 , or 0.
t 1

y2  y  6 37. 15  3  5
 36  2  2  3  3
y 2  7 y  12
LCM  2  2  3  3  5  180
( y  3)( y  2)

( y  3)( y  4) 38. 18  2  3  3
( y  3 )( y  2) 30  2  3  5
 LCM  2  3  3  5  90
( y  3 )( y  4)
y2 39. 8  2  2  2

y4 9  3 3
LCM  2  2  2  3  3, or 72
32. 3a 2  7  7  3a 2
a  2a  8 a 2  2a  8
2 40. 12  2  2  3
Note that we are subtracting an expression from itself. 15  3  5
Thus the difference is 0. LCM  2  2  3  5, or 60
3  2x  7  3 x 41. 6  2  3
33.
x 2  6x  8 x 2  6 x  8 12  2  2  3
15  3  5
 210  5x
x  6x  8 LCM  2  2  3  5  60
5(2  x)
 42. 8  2  2  2
( x  4)( x  2)
32  2  2  2  2  2
5( 1)( x  2)
 50  2  5  5
( x  4)( x  2) LCM  2  2  2  2  2  5  5  800
5( 1)( x  2 )

( x  4)( x  2 ) 43. 18t 2  2  3  3  t  t
 5 , or  5 , or 5 6t 5  2  3  t  t  t  t  t
x4 x4 4 x
LCM  2  3  3  t  t  t  t  t  18t 5
34. 1  2t  4  3 t  5  5t
t 2  5t  4 t 2  5 t  4 t 2  5t  4 44. 8 x5  2  2  2  x  x  x  x  x
5(  1  t ) 5 (t  1) 24 x 2  2  2  2  3  x  x
 
(t  4)(t  1) (t  4) (t  1) LCM  2  2  2  3  x  x  x  x  x  24 x5
 5 , or  5 , or 5 45. 15a 4b7  3  5  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
t4 t4 4t
10a 2b8  2  5  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
x  9  2x  5 LCM  2  3  5  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b  b,
35.
x 2  3x  4 x 2  3 x  4  30a 4b8
x  9  (2x  5)

x 2  3x  4 46. 6a 2b7  2  3  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b
 2 9  2x  5
x 
9a5b 2  3  3  a  a  a  a  a  b  b
x  3x  4
LCM  2  3  3  a  a  a  a  a  b  b  b  b  b  b  b,
 2 x  4
x  3x  4  18a5b7
 ( x  4)
 47. 2(y  3)  2  (y  3)
( x  4)( x  1)
6(y  3)  2  3  (y  3)
1( x  4) LCM  2  3  (y  3)  6(y  3)

( x  4) (x  1)
48. 4(x  1)  2  2  (x  1)
 1 , or  1 , or 1
x 1 x 1 1 x 8(x  1)  2  2  2  (x  1)
LCM  2  2  2  (x  1)  8(x  1)
36. 5  3x  x  1  5  3x  x  1
x 2  2x  1 x 2  2 x  1 x 2  2x  1 49. x 2  2x  15  ( x  5)( x  3)
4(  1  x)
 24  4x  x 2  9  ( x  3)( x  3)
x  2x  1 ( x  1) 2 LCM  ( x  5)( x  3)( x  3)
4 ( x  1)
  4 , or  4 , or 4
( x  1) ( x  1) x  1 x 1 1 x 50. t 2  4  (t  2)(t  2)
t 2  7t  10  (t  2)(t  5)
LCM  (t  2)(t  2)(t  5)

51. t 3  4t 2  4t  t (t 2  4t  4)  t (t  2)(t  2) 62. 9 x3  9 x 2  18 x  9 x( x 2  x  2)

t 2  4t  t (t  4)  3  3  x( x  2)( x  1)
LCM  t (t  2)(t  2)(t  4)  t (t  2) 2 (t  4) 6 x5  24 x 4  24 x3  6 x3 ( x 2  4 x  4)
 2  3  x  x  x( x  2)( x  2)
52. y 3  y 2  y  y ( y  1) LCM  2  3  3  x  x  x( x  2)( x  2)( x  1)
y 4  y 2  y  y ( y  1)( y  1)  18x3 ( x  2) 2 ( x  1)
LCM  y  y ( y  1)( y  1)  y 2 ( y  1)( y  1)
63. 6t 4  2  3  t  t  t  t
53. 6xz 2  2  3  x  z  z 18t 2  2  3  3  t  t
8x 2 y  2  2  2  x  x  y The LCD is 2  3  3  t  t  t  t , or 18t 4 .
15y 3 z  3  5  y  y  y  z 5  3  15 and
LCM  2  2  2  3  5  x  x  y  y  y  z  z  120 x 2 y 3 z 2 6t 4 3 18t 4
s  t 2  st 2
54. 12s 3t  2  2  3  s  s  s  t 18t 2 t 2 18t 4
15sv 2  3  5  s  v  v
64. 10 y 2  2  5  y  y
6t 4v  2  3  t  t  t  t  v
5y 6  5  y  y  y  y  y  y
LCM  2  2  3  5  s  s  s  t  t  t  t  v  v  60 s 3t 4v 2
The LCD is 2  5  y  y  y  y  y  y, or 10 y 6 .
55. a  1  a  1 4 4
7  y  7y
(a  1) 2  (a  1)(a  1) 2 4
10 y y 10 y 6
a 2  1  (a  1)(a  1) x  2  2x
LCM  (a  1)(a  1)(a  1)  (a  1)(a  1) 2 5 y 6 2 10 y 6
56. x  2  x  2
65. 3x 4 y 2  3  x  x  x  x  y  y
( x  2) 2  ( x  2)( x  2)
9xy 3  3  3  x  y  y  y
x 2  4  ( x  2)( x  2)
The LCD is 3  3  x  x  x  x  y  y  y, or 9x 4 y 3.
LCM  ( x  2)( x  2)( x  2)  ( x  2)( x  2) 2
7 3y 21 y
4 2
  4 3 and
57. 2n  n  1   2n  1 n  1
2 3x y 3 y 9x y
2n 2  3n  2   2n  1 n  2 4  x3  4 x3
LCM   2n  1 n  1 n  2 9 xy 3 x3 9 x 4 y 3
58. m 2  2m  3   m  3 m  1 66. 2a 2b  2  a  a  b

2m2  3m  1   2m  1 m  1 8ab 2  2  2  2  a  b  b
LCM   2m  1 m  1 m  3 The LCD is 2  2  2  a  a  b  b, or 8a 2b 2 .
3  4b  12b and
59. t  3  t  3
t3t 3 2a 2b 4b 8a 2b 2
7  a  7a
t 2  9  (t  3)(t  3) 8ab 2 a 8a 2b 2
LCM  (t  3)(t  3)
67. x 2  4  ( x  2)( x  2)
60. a  5  a  5
x 2  5x  6  ( x  3)( x  2)
a 2  10a  25  (a  5)(a  5)
LCD is ( x  3)( x  2)( x  2)
LCM  (a  5)(a  5)  (a  5) 2
2x  2x  x3
x 2  4 ( x  2)( x  2) x  3
61. 6x3  24x 2  18x  6x( x 2  4x  3) 2 x( x  3)
 2  3  x( x  1)( x  3) 
( x  2)( x  2)( x  3)
4x5  24x 4  20 x3  4x3 ( x 2  6x  5) 4x  4x x2
 2  2  x  x  x( x  1)( x  5) x 2  5 x  6 ( x  3)( x  2) x  2
LCM  2  2  3  x  x  x( x  1)( x  3)( x  5) 4 x( x  2)

 12x3 ( x  1)( x  3)( x  5) ( x  3)( x  2)( x  2)

68. x 2  9  ( x  3)( x  3) 76. 2  3( x  7)  15

2  3 x  21  15
x 2  11x  24  ( x  3)( x  8)
3 x  23  15
LCD is ( x  3)( x  3)( x  8)
3 x  8
5x  5x  x8 x8
x 2  9 ( x  3)( x  3) x  8 3
5 x( x  8)
 77. Writing Exercise. The polynomials contain no
( x  3)( x  3)( x  8)
common factors other than constants.
2x  2x  x3
x 2  11x  24 ( x  3)( x  8) x  3 78. Writing Exercise. The binomial is a factor of the
2 x( x  3) trinomial.

( x  3)( x  8)( x  3) 3(2 x  5) 3(2 x  3)
79. 6 x  1  
69. Writing Exercise. If the numbers have a common x 1 x 1 x 1
 6 x  1  6 x  15  6 x 9
factor, their product contains that factor more than the
x 1
greatest number of times it occurs in any one
factorization. In this case, their product is not their  18 x  5
x 1
least common multiple.
70. Writing Exercise. The numbers have no common 80. 2 x  11  3  1  6 x  3
x3 x4 4 x x3
factors. 3(2 x  11) 1(6 x  3)
 
71. 2 x  7  5 x  3 ( x  3)( x  4) (4  x)( x  3)
7  3 x  3 3(2 x  11)  1(6 x  3)

10  3 x ( x  3)( x  4)
 10  x  6 x  33  6 x  3
3 ( x  3)( x  4)
30
The solution is  10 . 
3 ( x  3)( x  4)
72. 1 x  2 x 1
81. x2  2x  1
3 5 2
3x  5 x  2 3x  1 x  2
  
15 x  15 2 x  1
1
3 5   x2  2x
(3x  1)( x  2) (3 x  1)( x  2)
5 x  6 x  15
 x  15  x2  2 x
x  15 (3x  1)( x  2)
 x x  15 , or 15,   x ( x  2)

(3x  1) ( x  2)
73. x 2  8 x  20  x
x 2  8 x  20  0 3x  1
( x  2)( x  10)  0 x y x y
82.  2  2x
x20 or x  10  0 2
x y 2
x  y 2 x2  y 2
x  2 or x  10 x  y  x  y  2x
The solutions are –2 and 10. 
x2  y2
74.  x  16  x  2 0
2 x  16 x  y2
x  8 0
 x x  8 , or  , 8 83. The smallest number of strands that can be used is the
LCM of 10 and 3.
75. 2 x2  4 x  2  0 10  2  5
2( x 2  2 x  1)  0 33
LCM  2  5  3  30
2( x  1)2  0
The smallest number of strands that can be used is 30.
x 1 0
x  1
The solution is –1.

84. The smallest number of strands that can be used is the 92. The number of years after 2020 in which all three
LCM of 4, 6, and 8. appliances will need to be replaced at once is the
4  22 LCM of the average numbers of years each will last.
6  23 9  33
8  222 12  2  2  3
LCM  2  2  2  3  24 strands 15  3  5
LCM  2  2  3  3  5  180
85. If the number of strands must also be a multiple of 4, All three appliances will need to be replaced
we find the smallest multiple of 30 that is also a 180 years after 2020, or in 2200.
multiple of 4.
1  30  30, not a multiple of 4 93. Writing Exercise. Evaluate both expressions for some
2  30  60  15  4, a multiple of 4 value of the variable for which both are defined. If the
results are the same, we can conclude that the answer
The smallest number of strands that can be used is 60. is probably correct.
86. 80  2  2  2  2  5 94. Writing Exercise. The LCD can be found regardless
96  2  2  2  2  2  3 of the factorization selected, because it will be
108  2  2  3  3  3 multiplied by any factors of the other denominator(s)
LCM  2  2  2  2  2  3  3  3  5  4320 that it lacks. However, if the factorization selected
contains the other factorizations, then no
87. 4 x 2  25  (2 x  5)(2 x  5) multiplication is required to find the LCD.
6 x 2  7 x  20  (3x  4)(2 x  5)
(9 x 2  24 x  16) 2   (3x  4)(3 x  4)
2
Exercise Set 6.4
 (3 x  4)(3 x  4)(3 x  4)(3 x  4)
1. To add or subtract when denominators are different,
LCM  (2 x  5)(2 x  5)(3x  4) 4
first find the LCD.
88. 9n 2  9  32 (n  1)(n  1) 2. Multiply each rational expression by a form of 1 made
(5n 2  10n  5)2  [5(n  1)(n  1)]2  52 ( n  1) 4 up of the factors of the LCD that are missing from
15n  15  3  5(n  1) that expression’s denominator.
LCM  32  52 (n  1)(n  1)4  225(n  1)(n  1) 4 3. Add or subtract the numerators, as indicated. Write
the sum or difference over the LCD.
89. The first printer prints 24 pages per minute, which is
4. Simplify, if possible.
24  2 page per second. The second printer prints
60 5
5. 32  5  3  5 LCD  x  x, or x 2
15 pages per minute, which is 15 , or 1 page per x x x x x
60 4  3  5x
second. The time it takes until the machines begin x x x x
printing a page at exactly the same time again is the   25 x
3
LCM of their copying rates, 5 and 4. x
It takes 20 seconds. 6. LCD  x 2
90. The time it takes to replace both the vitamin D3 and 6  7  6  x  7  6x  7
fish oil bottles is the LCM of the times it takes to x x2 x x x2 x2
empty each bottle. Two vitamin D3 pills are taken
each day, so use 18  2  9. Four fish oil pills are
taken each day, so use 120  4  30.
7.
6r  2  3  r

8r  2  2  2  r
LCD  2  2  2  3  r , or 24r
9  33 1  3  1 4  3 3
30  3  5 6 r 8r 6 r 4 8r 3
LCM  3  3  5  90  9
4
24r
It takes 90 days.
 5 , or  5
91. The number of minutes after 5:00 A.M. when the 24r 24r
shuttles will first leave at the same time again is the 8. LCD  18t
LCM of their departure intervals, 15 minutes and 25 4  7  4  2  7  3  8  21  13 , or  13
minutes. 9t 6t 9t 2 6t 3 18t 18t 18t
15  3  5
25  3  5 9. uv 2  u  v  v  3 2
LCM  3  5  5  75  LCD  u  u  u  v  v, or u v
u 3v  u  u  u  v
Thus, the shuttles will leave at the same time 75
minutes after 5:00 A.M., or at 6:15 A.M. 3  4  3  u 2  4  v  3u 2  4v
uv 2 u 3v uv 2 u 2 u 3v v u 3v 2

10.
cd 2  c  d  d 
 LCD  c  c  d  d , or c d
c 2 d  c  c  d 
2 2 16.
22
4  22 
LCD  4
a2  a4  a22  a4

8  1  8 c  1 d
2 4 2 2 4
cd 2 c 2 d cd 2 c c 2 d d
 2a  4  a  4
 8c2 2d 4 4
c d 2a  4  (a  4)

4
11. 3xy 2  3  x  y  y  LCD  3  x  x  y  y  y, 2 a  4  a4
 
x 2 y 3  x  x  y  y  y  or 3 x 2 y 3 4
2  6  2  xy  6  3  2 xy  18  a8
4
3xy 2 x 2 y 3 3 xy 2 xy x 2 y 3 3 3x 2 y3
2  xy  9  15a  3  5  a  2
 17.  LCD  5  3  a  a, or 15a
3x2 y3 3a 2  3  a  a 
a  3  2 a  1  a  3  a  2a  1  5
9t 3  3  3  t  t  t  3 15a 3a 2 15a a 3a 2 5
12. 2  LCD  2  3  3  t  t  t , or 18t 2
6t  2  3  t  t   a  3a  10 a5
8  5  8  2  5  3t 15a 2
2
9t 3 6t 2 9t 3 2 6t 2 3t  a  13a2  5
 16  15t 15a
18t 3
2 
18. 2a  2  a  a  LCD  2  3  a  a, or 6a 2
13.
8  222
6  23 
LCD  2  2  2  3, or 24 6a  2  3  a 
5a  1  a  2  5a  1  3  a  2  a
x3  x2  x33  x 2 4 2a 2 6a 2a 2 3 6a a
8 6 8 3 6 4 3(5a  1)  a (a  2)
3( x  3)  4( x  2) 
 6a 2
24 2
 15a  3  2a  2a
 3x  9  4 x  8 6a
24 2
a  17 a3
 7x  1 
24 6a 2
14.
9  33
12  2  2  3 
LCD  2  2  3  3, or 36 19.
3z  3  z

4z  2  2  z
LCD  2  2  3  z , or 12 z
x4  x5  x44  x53 4 z  9  3z  8  4 z  9  4  3z  8  3

9 12 9 4 12 3 3z 4z 3z 4 4z 3

4( x  4)  3( x  5)  16 z  36  9 z  24
36 12 z 12 z
16 z  36  (9 z  24)
 4 x  16  3 x  15 
36 12 z
16 z  36  9 z  24
 7x  1 
36 12 z
 7 z  12
15.
6  23
33 
LCD  2  3, or 6
12 z
x  2  x 1  x  2  x 1  2
6 3 6 3 2
20.
xx 
4x  2  2  x
LCD  4x
x  1  2x  3  x  1  2x  3  4
 x  2  2x  2
6 6 4x x 4x x 4

x  2  (2x  2)  x  1  8 x  12
6 4x 4x
x  1  (8 x  12)
 x  2  2x  2 
6 4x
  x  4 , or
 ( x  4)  x  1  8 x  12
6 6 4x
 7 x  13
4x

cd 2  c  d  d  25. The denominators cannot be factored, so the LCD is

2 2
21.  LCD  c  c  d  d , or c d their product, ( x  2)( x  2).
c 2 d  c  c  d 
3  3  3  x2 3  x2
3c  d  c  d  3c  d  c  c  d  d x2 x2 x2 x2 x2 x2
cd 2 c 2d cd 2 c c 2 d d 3( x  2)  3( x  2)
c(3c  d )  d (c  d ) 
 ( x  2)( x  2)
c 2d 2 3 x  6  3x  6
2 2 
 3c  cd2 2cd  d ( x  2)( x  2)
c d  6x
 3c 2
 2 cd  d 2 ( x  2)( x  2)
2 2
c d
(3c  d )(c  d ) 26. The denominators cannot be factored, so the LCD is
 their product, ( x  1)( x  1).
c 2d 2
5  5  5  x 1  5  x 1
u 2v  u  u  v  2 2 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
22.  LCD  u  u  v  v, or u v 5( x  1)  5( x  1)
uv 2  u  v  v  
( x  1)( x  1)
u  v  2u  v  u  v  v  2u  v  u
 5 x  5  5x  5
u 2v uv 2 u 2v v uv 2 u ( x  1)( x  1)
v(u  v)  u (2u  v)
  10 x
u 2v 2 ( x  1)( x  1)
2 2
 uv  v 2 22u  uv
u v 27. t  1 LCD  (t  3)(t  1)
2
 2u  22 uv  v2 t  3 t 1
u v2  t  t 1  1  t  3
t  3 t 1 t 1 t  3
3xt 2  3  x  t  t  2 2  t2  t  t 3
23.  LCD  3  x  x  t  t , or 3 x t (t  3)(t  1) (t  3)(t  1)
x 2t  x  x  t 
t 2  t  (t  3)
4 x  2t  5 x  3t  4 x  2t  x  5 x  3t  3t 
(t  3)(t  1)
3xt 2 x 2t 3 xt 2 x x 2t 3t 2
 4 x 2
 2 tx  15 xt  9t 2  t t 3
t
3x t2 2 2 2
3x t (t  3)(t  1)
2 (t  3)(t  1)

4 x 2  2tx  (15 xt  9t 2 )  t  2t  3 
(t  3)(t  1) (t  3)(t  1)
3x 2t 2
2
 4 x  2tx 215 xt  9t 2 (Although t 2  2t  3 can be factored, doing so will
2 not enable us to simplify the result further.)
3x t
2
 4 x  13 xt  9t 2
2 2 28. The denominators cannot be factored, so the LCD is
3x t their product, ( y  1)( y  1).
(Although 4 x 2  13xt  9t 2 can be factored, doing so y
will not enable us to simplify the result further.)  12 LCD (y  3)(y  4)
y 3 y 4
y y4 y 3
2 x 2 y  2  x  x  y  2 2    12 
24.  LCD  2  x  x  y  y, or 2 x y y 3 y 4 y 4 y 3
xy 2  x  y  y  y (y  4) 12(y  3)
 
5 x  3 y 3x  4 y 5 x  3 y y 3x  4 y 2 x (y  3)(y  4) (y  3)(y  4)
    
2 x2 y xy 2 2x2 y y xy 2 2x y 2  4 y  12 y  36
2 2 
5 xy  3 y 6 x  8 xy (y  3)(y  4)
 
2x2 y2 2 x2 y 2 y 2  16 y  36 ( y  2)( y  18)
 
5 xy  3 y 2  (6 x 2  8 xy ) (y  3)(y  4) ( y  3)( y  4)

2x2 y2 (Although y 2  16 y  36 can be factored, doing so
5 xy  3 y 2  6 x 2  8 xy will not enable us to simplify the result further.)

2x2 y2
3 y 2  3 xy  6 x 2

2 x2 y 2
3( y  2 x)( y  x)

2 x2 y 2

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which I had placed in thy hands for this purpose: leaving thee the
right of being supplied first, and the blessedness of giving rather than
receiving? Wast thou accordingly a general benefactor to mankind?
Feeding the ♦ hungry, cloathing the naked, comforting the sick,
assisting the stranger, relieving the afflicted, according to their
various necessities? Wast thou eyes to the blind, and feet to the
lame? A father to the fatherless, and an husband to the widow? And
didst thou labour to improve all outward works of mercy, as means of
saving souls from death?”
♦ ‘hungery’ replaced with ‘hungry’
6. Thy Lord will ♦ farther enquire, “Hast thou been a wise and
faithful steward, with regard to the talents of a mixt nature which I
lent thee? Didst thou employ thy health and strength, not in folly or
sin, not in the pleasures which perished in the using, not in making
provision for the flesh, to fulfil the desires thereof, but in a vigorous
pursuit of that better part, which none could take away from thee?
Didst thou employ whatever was pleasing in thy person or address,
whatever advantages thou hadst by education, whatever share of
learning, whatever knowledge of things or men was committed to
thee, for the promoting of virtue in the world, for the enlargement of
my kingdom? Didst thou employ whatever share of power thou
hadst, whatever influence over others, by the love or esteem of thee
which they had conceived, for the increase of their wisdom and
holiness? Didst thou employ that inestimable talent of time, with
wariness and circumspection, as duly weighing the value of every
moment, and knowing that all were numbered in eternity? Above all,
wast thou a good steward of my grace, preventing, accompanying,
and following thee? Did thou duly observe and carefully improve all
the influences of my Spirit? Every good desire? Every measure of
light? All his sharp or gentle reproofs? How didst thou profit by the
Spirit of Bondage and fear, which was previous to the Spirit of
Adoption? And when thou wast made a partaker of this Spirit, crying
in thy heart, Abba, Father, didst thou stand fast in the glorious liberty
wherewith I made thee free? Didst thou from thenceforth present thy
soul and body, all thy thoughts, thy words and actions, in one flame
of love, as an holy sacrifice, glorifying me with thy body and thy
spirit? Then well-done, good and faithful servant! Enter thou into the
joy of thy Lord!” And what will remain, either to the faithful or
unfaithful steward? Nothing but the execution of that sentence, which
has been passed by the righteous Judge; fixing thee in a state which
admits of no change, through everlasting ages. It remains only, that
thou be rewarded to all eternity, according to thy works.
♦ ‘faarther’ replaced with ‘farther’
IV. 1. From these plain considerations we may learn, first, How

important is this short, uncertain day of life! How precious, above all
utterance, above all conception, is every portion of it!
“The least of these a serious care demands;
For tho’ they’re little, they are golden sands!”
How deeply does it concern every child of man, to let none of these
run to waste; but to improve them all to the noblest purposes, as
long as the breath of God is in his nostrils!
2. We learn from hence, secondly, that there is no employment of

our time, no action or conversation that is purely indifferent. All is
good or bad, because all our time, as every thing we have, is not our
own. All these are, as our Lord speaks, τὰ ἀλλότρια, the property
of another; of God, our Creator. Now these either are, or are not
employed, according to his will. If they are so employed, all is good;
if they are not, all is evil. Again: it is his will, that we should
continually grow in grace, and in the living knowledge of our Lord
Jesus Christ. Consequently, every thought, word, and work whereby
this knowledge is increased, whereby we grow in grace, is good: and
every one whereby this knowledge is not increased, is truly and
properly evil.
3. We learn from hence, thirdly, that there are no works of
supererogation; that we can never do more than our duty: seeing all
we have is not our own, but God’s, all we can do is due to him. We
have not received this or that, or many things only, but every thing
from him: therefore every thing is his due. He that gives us all, must
needs have a right to all. So that if we pay him any thing less than
all, we cannot be faithful stewards. And considering every man shall
receive his own reward, according to his own labour, we cannot be
wise stewards, unless we labour to the uttermost of our power: not
leaving any thing undone, which we possibly can do, but putting forth
all our strength.
4. Brethren, Who is an understanding man and endued with

knowledge among you? Let him shew the wisdom from above; by
walking suitably to his character. If he so account of himself, as a
steward of the manifold gifts of God, let him see that all his thoughts,
and words, and works be agreeable to the post God has assigned
him. It is no small thing, to lay out for God all which you have
received from God. It requires all your wisdom, all your resolution, all
your patience and constancy: far more than ever you had by nature:
but not more than you may have by grace. For his grace is sufficient
for you, and all things, you know, are possible to him that believeth.
By faith then, put on the Lord Jesus Christ; put on the whole armour
of God, and you shall be enabled to glorify him in all your words and
works, yea, to bring every thought into captivity to the obedience of
Christ.
Edinburgh,
May 14, 1768.

¹
SERMON LII.
¹ Preached before the Society for Reformation of Manners, on
Sunday, January 30, 1763, at the Chappel in West-street,
Seven Dials.
Psalm xciv. 16.
Who will rise up with me against the wicked?
I
1. N all ages, men who neither feared God nor regarded man, have
combined together and formed confederacies, to carry on the
works of darkness. And herein they have shewn themselves wise in
their generation; for by this means they more effectually promoted
the kingdom of their father, the devil, than otherwise they could have
done. On the other hand, men who did fear God and desire the
happiness of their fellow-creatures, have in every age found it
needful to join together, in order to oppose the works of darkness, to
spread the knowledge of God their Saviour, and to promote his
kingdom upon earth. Indeed he himself has instructed them so to do.
From the time that men were upon the earth, he hath taught them to
join together in his service, and has united them in one body by one
spirit. And for this very end he has joined them together, that he
might destroy the works of the devil, first in them that are already
united, and by them in all that are round about them.
2. This is the original design of the church of Christ. It is a body of
men compacted together, in order first, to save each his own soul,
then to assist each other in working out their salvation, and
afterwards as far as in them lies, to save all men from present and
future misery, to overturn the kingdom of Satan, and set up the
kingdom of Christ. And this ought to be the continued care and
endeavour of every member of his church. Otherwise he is not
worthy to be called a member thereof, as he is not a living member
of Christ.
3. Accordingly this ought to be the constant care and endeavour

of all those, who are united together in these kingdoms, and are
commonly called The Church of England. They are united together
for this very end, to oppose the devil and all his works, and to wage
war against the world and the flesh, his constant and faithful allies.
But do they in fact answer the end of their union? Are all who stile
themselves “members of the church of England” heartily engaged in
opposing the works of the devil, and fighting against the world and
the flesh? Alas, we cannot say this. So far from it, that a great part, I
fear, the greater part of them, are themselves the world, the people
that know not God, to any saving purpose: are indulging, day by day,
instead of mortifying the flesh, with its affections and desires; and
doing themselves those works of the devil, which they are peculiarly
engaged to destroy.
4. There is therefore still need, even in this Christian country (as

we courteously stile Great Britain) yea, in this Christian church (if we
may give that title to the bulk of our nation) of some to rise up
against the wicked, and join together against the evil-doers. Nay,
there was never more need than there is at this day, for them that
fear the Lord, to speak often together, on this very head, how they
may lift up a standard against the iniquity which overflows the land.
There is abundant cause for all the servants of God, to join together
against the works of the devil, with united hearts and counsels and
endeavours, to make a stand for God, and to repress, as much as in
them lies, these floods of ungodliness.
5. For this end a few persons in London, towards the close of the
last century, united together, and after awhile were termed, “The
Society for Reformation of Manners.” And incredible good was done
by them, for near forty years. But then most of the original members,
being gone to their reward, those who succeeded them grew faint in
their mind, and departed from the work. So that a few years ago the
society ceased, nor did any of the kind remain in the kingdom.
6. It is a society of the same nature, which has been lately

formed. I purpose to shew, first, The nature of their design, and the
steps they have hitherto taken; 2. The excellency of it, with the
various objections which have been raised against it; 3. What
manner of men they ought to be, who engage in such a design; and
4. With what spirit and in what manner they should proceed in the
prosecution of it. I shall conclude with an application both to them,
and to all that fear God.
I. 1. I am, first, to shew the nature of their design and the steps
they have hitherto taken.
It was on a Lord’s day in August 1757, that in a small company,

who were met for prayer and religious conversation, mention was
made of the gross and open profanation of that sacred day, by
persons buying and selling, keeping open shop, tippling in ale-
houses, and standing or sitting in the streets, roads or fields, vending
their wares as on common days: especially in Moorfields, which was
then full of them every Sunday, from one end to the other. It was
considered, what method could be taken, to redress these
grievances? And it was agreed, that six of them should in the
morning wait upon Sir John Fielding for instruction. They did so. He
approved of the design, and directed them how to carry it into
execution.
2. They first delivered petitions to the Right Honourable the Lord

Mayor and the court of Aldermen, to the Justices sitting at Hick’s-
Hall, and those in Westminster-Hall. And they received from all these
honourable benches much encouragement to proceed.
3. It was next judged proper, to signify their design to many
persons of eminent rank, and to the body of the clergy, as well as the
ministers of other denominations, belonging to the several churches
and meetings, in and about the cities of London and Westminster.
And they had the satisfaction to meet with an hearty consent and
universal approbation from them.
4. They then printed and dispersed, at their own expence, several

thousand books of instruction, to constables and other parish-
officers, explaining and inforcing their several duties. And to prevent,
as far as possible, the necessity of proceeding to an actual execution
of the laws, they likewise printed and dispersed, in all parts of the
town, dissuasives from sabbath-breaking, extracts from acts of
parliament against it, and notices to the offenders.
5. The way being paved by these precautions, it was in the

beginning of the year 1758, that after notices delivered again and
again, which were as often set at nought, actual informations were
made to magistrates, against persons profaning the Lord’s day. By
this means they first cleared the streets and fields, of those notorious
offenders, who without any regard either to God or the King, were
selling their wares from morning to night. They proceeded to a more
difficult attempt, the preventing tippling on the Lord’s day, spending
the time in ale-houses which ought to be spent in the more
immediate worship of God. Herein they were exposed to abundance
of reproach, to insult and abuse of every kind: having not only the
tipplers and those who entertained them, the ale-house-keepers, to
contend with, but rich and honourable men, partly the landlords of
those ale-house-keepers, partly those who furnished them with drink,
and in general all who gained by their sins. Some of these were not
only men of substance, but men of authority; nay, in more instances
than one, they were the very persons before whom the delinquents
were brought. And the treatment they gave those who laid the
informations, naturally encouraged the beasts of the people, to follow
their example, and to use them as fellows not fit to live upon the
earth. Hence they made no scruple, not only to treat them with the
basest language, not only to throw at them mud or stones or
whatever came to hand, but many times to beat them without mercy,
and to drag them over the stones, or through the kennels. And that
they did not murder them, was not for want of will; but the bridle was
in their teeth.
6. Having therefore received help from God, they went on to

restrain Bakers likewise, from spending so great a part of the Lord’s
day, in exercising the works of their calling. But many of these were
more noble than the victuallers. They were so far from resenting this,
or looking upon it as an affront, that several who had been hurried
down the stream of custom, to act contrary to their own conscience,
sincerely thanked them for their labour and acknowledged it as a real
kindness.
7. In clearing the streets, fields and ale-houses of sabbath-

breakers, they fell upon another sort of offenders as mischievous to
society as any, namely, Gamesters of various kinds. Some of these
were of the lowest and vilest class, commonly called gamblers, who
make a trade of seizing on young, and unexperienced men, and
tricking them out of all their money. And after they have beggared
them, they frequently teach them the same mystery of iniquity.
Several nests of these they have rooted out, and constrained not a
few of them, honestly to earn their bread by the sweat of their brow,
and the labour of their hands.
8. Increasing in number and strength, they extended their views,

and began not only to repress profane swearing, but to remove out
of our streets, another public nuisance and scandal of the Christian
name, common prostitutes. Many of these were stopped in their mid
career of audacious wickedness. And in order to go to the root of the
disease, many of the houses that entertained them, have been
detected, prosecuted according to law, and totally suppressed. And
some of the poor, desolate women themselves, tho’ fallen to
“The lowest line of human infamy”
have acknowledged the gracious providence of God, and broke off

their sins by lasting repentance. Several of these have been placed
out, and several received into the Magdalen Hospital.
9. If a little digression may be allowed, who can sufficiently

admire the wisdom of Divine Providence, in the disposal of the times
and seasons, so as to suit one occurrence to another? For instance.
Just at a time when many of these poor creatures, being stopt in
their course of sin, found a desire of leading a better life, as it were in
answer to that sad question, “But if I quit the way I now am in, what
can I do to live? For I am not mistress of any trade; and I have no
friends that will receive me:” I say, just at this time, God has
prepared the Magdalen Hospital. Here those who have no trade, nor
any friends to receive them, are received with all tenderness. Here
they may live, and that with comfort, being provided with all things,
that are needful for life and godliness.
10. But to return. The number of persons brought to justice, from

August 1757, to August 1762 is
9596
From thence to the present time:
For unlawful gaming, and profane ♦swearing, 40
For sabbath-breaking, 400
Lewd women and keepers of ill houses, 550
For offering to sale obscene prints, 2
In all 10,588
♦ ‘swering’ replaced with ‘swearing’
11. In the admission of members into the society, no regard is

had to any particular sect or party. Whoever is found upon enquiry to
be a good man, is readily admitted. And none who has selfish or
pecuniary views, will long continue therein: not only because he can
gain nothing thereby, because he would quickly be a loser: inasmuch
as he must commence subscriber, as soon as he is a member.
Indeed the vulgar cry is “These are all Whitfelites.” But it is a great
mistake. About twenty of the constantly subscribing members, are all
that are in connexion with Mr. Whitefield. About fifty are in connexion
with Mr. Wesley. About twenty, who are of the established Church,
have no connexion with either: and about seventy are dissenters,
who make in all an hundred and sixty. There are indeed many more,
who assist in the work by occasional subscriptions.
II. 1. These are the steps which have been hitherto taken, in
prosecution of this design. I am in the second place, to shew, the
excellency thereof, notwithstanding the objections which have been
raised against it. Now this may appear from several considerations.
And first, from hence: That the making an open stand, against all the
ungodliness and unrighteousness, which overspread our land as a
flood, is one of the noblest ways of confessing Christ in the face of
his enemies. It is giving glory to God, and shewing mankind, that
even in these dregs of time
“There are, who faith prefer,
Tho’ few, and piety to God.”
And what more excellent, than to render to God, the honour due unto
his name? To declare by a stronger proof than words, even by
suffering, and running all hazards, Verily there is a reward for the
righteous; doubtless there is a God that judgeth the earth.
2. How excellent is the design, to prevent in any degree, the

dishonour done to his glorious name, the contempt which is poured
on his authority, and the scandal brought upon our holy religion, by
the gross, flagrant wickedness of those who are still called by the
name of Christ? To stem in any degree the torrent of vice, to repress
the floods of ungodliness, to remove in any measure those
occasions of blaspheming the worthy name whereby we are called,
is one of the noblest designs it can possibly enter into the heart of
man to conceive.
3. And as this design thus evidently tends, to bring glory to God

in the highest, so it no less manifestly conduces, to the establishing
peace upon earth. For as all sin directly tends, both to destroy our
peace with God, by setting him at open defiance, to banish peace
from our own breasts, and to set every man’s sword against his
neighbour: so whatever prevents or removes sin, does in the same
degree promote peace, both peace in our own soul, peace with God,
and peace with one another. Such are the genuine fruits of this
design, even in the present world. But why should we confine our
views to the narrow bounds of time and space? Rather pass over
these into eternity. And what fruit of it shall we find there? Let the
apostle speak: Brethren, if one of you err from the truth, and one
convert him (not to this or that opinion, but to God!) let him know,
that he who converteth a sinner from the error of his way, shall save
a soul from death, and hide a multitude of sins, Jam. v. 19, 20.
4. Nor is it to individuals only, whether those who betray others

into sin, or those that are liable to be betrayed and destroyed by
them, that the benefit of this design redounds, but to the whole
community whereof we are members. For is it not a sure
observation, righteousness exalteth a nation? And is it not as sure
on the other hand, that sin is a reproach to any people? Yea, and
bringeth down the curse of God upon them? So far therefore as
righteousness in any branch is promoted, so far is the national
interest advanced. So far as sin, especially open sin is restrained,
the curse and reproach are removed from us. Whoever therefore
they are that labour herein, they are general benefactors. They are
the truest friends of their king and country. And in the same
proportion as their design takes place, there can be no doubt, but
God will give national prosperity, in accomplishment of his faithful
word, Them that honour me, I will honour.
5. But it is objected, “However excellent a design this is, it does

not concern you. For are there not persons, to whom the repressing
these offences and punishing the offenders properly belong? Are
there not constables and other parish-officers, who are bound by
oath to this very thing?” There are constables and church-wardens in
particular, who are engaged by solemn oaths, to give due
information against profaners of the Lord’s day, and all other
scandalous sinners. But if they leave it undone, if notwithstanding
their oaths, they trouble not themselves about the matter, it concerns
all that fear God, that love mankind, and that wish well to their king
and country, to pursue this design with the very same vigour, as if
there were no officers existing. It being just the same thing, if they
are of no use, as if they had no being.
6. “But this is only a pretence: their real design, is to get money

by giving informations.” So it has frequently and roundly been
affirmed; but without the least shadow of truth. The contrary may be
proved by a thousand instances: no member of the society, takes
any part of the money which is by the law allotted to the informer.
They never did from the beginning: nor does any of them ever
receive any thing, to suppress or withdraw their information. This is
another mistake, if not wilful slander, for which there is not the least
foundation.
♦ 7. “But the design is impracticable. Vice is risen to such an

head, that it is impossible to suppress it: especially by such means.
For what can an handful of poor people, do in opposition to all the
world?” With men this is impossible, but not with God. And they trust,
not in themselves, but him. Be then the patrons of vice ever so
strong, to him they are no more than grasshoppers. And all means
are alike to him. It is the same thing with God to deliver by many or
by few. The small number therefore of those who are on the Lord’s
side is nothing, neither the great number of those that are against
him. Still he doth whatever pleaseth him. And there is no counsel or
strength against the Lord.
♦ ‘9’ replaced with ‘7’
8. “But if the end you aim at, be really to reform sinners, you
chuse the wrong means. It is the word of God must effect this, and
not human laws. And it is the work of ministers, not of magistrates.
Therefore the applying to these, can only produce an outward
reformation. It makes no change in the heart.”
It is true the word of God is the chief, ordinary means, whereby
he changes both the hearts and lives of sinners: and he does this
chiefly by the ministers of the gospel. But it is likewise true, that the
magistrate is the minister of God: and that he is designed of God to
be a terror to evil doers, by executing human laws upon them. If this
does not change the heart, yet to prevent outward sin, is one
valuable point gain’d. There is so much the less dishonour done to
God, less scandal brought on our holy religion, less curse and
reproach upon our nation, less temptation laid in the way of others.
Yea, and less wrath heaped up by the sinners themselves against
the day of wrath.
9. “Nay, rather more: for it makes many of them hypocrites,

pretending to be what they are not. Others, by exposing them to
shame, and putting them to expence, are made impudent and
desperate in wickedness: so that in reality none of them are any
better, if they are not worse than they were before.”
This is a mistake all over. For 1. Where are these hypocrites? We

know none who have pretended to be what they were not. 2. The
exposing obstinate offenders to shame, and putting them to
expence, does not make them desperate in offending, but afraid to
offend. 3. Some of them, far from being worse, are substantially
better, the whole tenor of their lives being changed. Yea 4. Some are
inwardly changed, even from darkness to light, and from the power
of Satan unto God.
10. “But many are not convinced, that buying or selling on the
Lord’s day is a sin.”
If they are not convinced, they ought to be: it is high time they
should. The case is as plain as plain can be. For if an open, wilful
breach both of the law of God and the law of the land, is not sin, pray
what is? And if such a breach both of divine and human laws is not
to be punished, because a man is not convinced it is a sin, there is
an end of all execution of justice, and all men may live as they list.
11. “But mild methods ought to be tried first.” They ought. And so
they are. A mild admonition is given to every offender, before the law
is put in execution against him: nor is any man prosecuted, till he has
express notice, that this will be the case, unless he will prevent that
prosecution, by removing the cause of it. In every case the mildest
method is used, which the nature of the case will bear: nor are
severer means ever applied, but when they are absolutely necessary
to the end.
12. “Well, but after all this stir about reformation, what real good
has been done?” Unspeakable good; and abundantly more, than any
one could have expected, in so short a time, considering the small
number of the instruments, and the difficulties they had to encounter.
Much evil has been already prevented, and much has been
removed. Many sinners have been outwardly reformed; some have
been inwardly changed. The honour of him whose name we bear, so
openly affronted, has been openly defended. And it is not easy to
determine, how many and how great blessings, even this little stand,
made for God and his cause, against his daring enemies, may
already have derived upon our whole nation. On the whole then,
after all the objections that can be made, reasonable men may still
conclude, a more excellent design could scarce ever enter into the
heart of man.
III. 1. But what manner of men ought they to be, who engage in
such a design? Some may imagine, any that are willing to assist
therein, ought readily to be admitted; and that the greater the
number of members, the greater will be their influence. But this is by
no means true: matter of fact undeniably proves the contrary. While
the former society for reformation of manners, consisted of chosen
members only, tho’ neither many, rich, nor powerful, they broke thro’
all opposition, and were eminently successful in every branch of their
undertaking. But when a number of men, less carefully chosen, were
received into that society, they grew less and less useful, till by
insensible degrees, they dwindled into nothing.
2. The number therefore of the members is no more to be
attended to, than the riches or eminence. This is a work of God. It is
undertaken in the name of God, and for his sake. It follows, that men
who neither love nor fear God, have no part or lot in this matter, Why
takest thou my covenant in thy mouth, may God say to any of these,
whereas thou thyself hatest to be reformed, and hast cast my words
behind thee? Whoever therefore lives in any known sin, is not fit to
engage in reforming sinners. More especially if he is guilty in any
instance, or in the least degree, of profaning the name of God, or
buying, selling or doing any unnecessary work on the Lord’s day, or
offending in any other of those instances, which this society is
peculiarly designed to reform. No: let none who stands himself in
need of this reformation, presume to meddle with such an
undertaking. First, let him pull the beam out of his own eye. Let him
be himself unblamable in all things.
3. Not that this will suffice. Every one engaging herein, should be
more than a harmless man. He should be a man of faith: having at
least such a degree of that evidence of things not seen, as to aim not
at the things that are seen, which are temporal, but at those that are
not seen, which are eternal: such a faith, as produces a steady fear
of God, with a lasting resolution, by his grace to abstain from all that
he has forbidden, and to do all that he has commanded. He will more
especially need, that particular branch of faith, confidence in God. It
is this faith which removes mountains, which quenches the violence
of fire, which breaks thro’ all opposition, and enables one to stand
against and chase a thousand, knowing in whom his strength lies,
and even when he has the sentence of death in himself, trusting in
him who raiseth the dead.
4. He that has faith and confidence in God, will of consequence

be a man of courage. And such it is highly needful every man should
be, who engages in this undertaking. For many things will occur in
the prosecution thereof, which are terrible to nature: indeed so
terrible, that all who confer with flesh and blood will be afraid to
incounter them. Here therefore true courage has its proper place,
and is necessary in the highest degree. And this, faith only can
supply. A believer can say,
I fear no denial;
No danger I fear:
Nor start from the trial;
For Jesus is near.
5. To courage, patience is nearly allied: the one regarding future,

the other present evils. And whoever joins in carrying on a design of
this nature, will have great occasion for this. For notwithstanding all
his unblamableness, he will find himself just in Ishmael’s situation,
his hand against every man, and every man’s hand against him. And
no wonder. If it be true, that all who will live godly, shall suffer
persecution, how eminently must this be fulfilled in them, who not
content to live godly themselves, compel the ungodly to do so too, or
at least to refrain from notorious ungodliness? Is not this, declaring
war against all the world? Setting all the children of the devil at
defiance? And will not Satan himself, the prince of this world, the
ruler of the darkness thereof, exert all his subtlety and all his force, in
support of his tottering kingdom? Who can expect, the roaring lion
will tamely submit to have the prey plucked out of his teeth? Ye have
therefore need of patience, that when ye have done the will of God
ye may receive the promise.
6. And ye have need of steddiness, that ye may hold fast this

profession of your faith without wavering. This also should be found
in all that unite in this society; which is not a task for a double-
minded man, for one that is unstable in his ways. He that is as a
reed shaken with the wind, is not fit for this warfare, which demands
a firm purpose of soul, a constant, determined resolution. One that is
wanting in this, may set his hand to the plow: but how soon will he
look back? He may indeed endure for a time. But when persecution
or tribulation, public or private troubles, arise because of the work,
immediately he is offended.
7. Indeed it is hard for any to persevere in so unpleasing a work,
unless love overpowers both pain and fear. And therefore it is highly
expedient that all engaged therein, have the love of God shed
abroad in their hearts: that they should all be able to declare, we love
him, because he first loved us. The presence of him whom their soul
loveth, will then make their labour light. They can then say, not from
the wildness of an heated imagination, but with the utmost truth,
♦and soberness.
♦ duplicate ‘and’ removed
With thee conversing, I forget
All time, and toil, and care:
Labour is rest, and pain is sweet,
While thou, my God, art here.
8. What adds a still greater sweetness even to labour and pain, is

the Christian love of our neighbour. When they love their neighbour,
that is, every soul of man, as themselves, as their own souls; when
the love of Christ constrains them to love one another, even as he
loved us; when, as he tasted death for every man, so they are ready
to lay down their life for their brethren, (including in that number,
every man, every soul for which Christ died:) what prospect of
danger will then be able to fright them from their labour of love?
What suffering will they not be ready to undergo, to save one soul
from everlasting burnings? What continuance of labour,
disappointment, pain, will vanquish their fixt resolution! Will they not
be
“Gainst all repulses steeled, nor ever tired,
With ♦toilsome day, or ill-succeeding night?”
So love both hopeth and endureth all things. So charity never faileth.
♦ ‘toilsom’ replaced with ‘toilsome’
9. Love is necessary for all the members of such a society, on

another account likewise; even because it is not puffed up; it
produces not only courage and patience, but humility. And O! how
needful is this for all who are so employed! What can be of more
importance, than that they should be little, and mean, and base, and
vile in their own eyes? For otherwise, should they think themselves
any thing, should they impute any thing to themselves, should they
admit any thing of a pharisaic spirit, trusting in themselves that they
were righteous, and despising others: nothing could more directly
tend to overthrow the whole design. For then they would not only
have all the world, but also God himself to contend with; seeing he
resisteth the proud, and giveth grace only to the humble. Deeply
conscious therefore should every member of this society be, of his
own foolishness, weakness, helplessness: continually hanging with
his whole soul upon him, who alone hath wisdom and strength, with
an unspeakable conviction, that the help which is done upon earth,
God doth it himself; and that it is he alone who worketh in us, both to
will and to do, of his good pleasure.
10. One point more, whoever engages in this design should have
deeply imprest on his heart, namely, that the wrath of man worketh
not the righteousness of God. Let him therefore learn of him who
was meek as well as lowly. And let him abide in meekness as well as
humility: With all lowliness and meekness, let him walk worthy of the
vocation wherewith he is called. Let him be gentle toward all men,
good or bad, for his own sake, for their sake, for Christ’s sake. Are
any ignorant and out of the way? Let him have compassion upon
them. Do they even oppose the word and the work of God, yea set
themselves in battle array against it? So much the more hath he
need, in meekness to instruct those who thus oppose themselves, if
haply they may awake out of the snare of the devil, and no more be
taken captive at his will.
IV. 1. From the qualifications of those who are proper to engage
in such an undertaking as this, I proceed to shew, fourthly, With what
spirit, and in what manner, it ought to be pursued. First, with what
spirit. Now this first regards the motive which is to be preserved, in
every step that is taken. For if at any time the light which is in thee
be darkness, how great is that darkness? But if thine eye be single,
thy whole body shall be full of light. This is therefore continually to be
remembred, and carried into every word and action. Nothing is to be
spoke or done, either great or small, with a view to any temporal
advantage: nothing with a view to the favour or esteem, the love or
the praise of men. But the intention, the eye of the mind is always to
be fixt on the glory of God and good of man.
2. But the Spirit with which every thing is to be done, regards the
temper, as well as the motive. And this is no other than that, which
has been described above. For the same courage, patience,
steddiness, which qualify a man for the work, are to be exercised
therein. Above all, let him take the shield of faith: this will quench a
thousand fiery darts. Let him exert all the faith which God has given
him, in every trying hour. And let all his doings be done in love: never
let this be wrested from him. Neither must many waters quench this
love, nor the floods of ingratitude drown it. Let likewise that lowly
mind be in him, which was also in Christ Jesus. Yea, and let him be
cloathed with humility, filling his heart, and adorning his whole
behaviour. At the same time, let him put on bowels of mercies,
gentleness, long-suffering: avoiding the least appearance of malice,
bitterness, anger or resentment; knowing, it is our calling, not to be
overcome of evil, but to overcome evil with good. In order to
preserve this humble, gentle love, it is needful to do all things with
recollection of spirit, watching against all hurry, or dissipation of
thought, as well as against pride, wrath, or surliness. But this can be
no otherwise preserved, than by continuing instant in prayer, both
before and after he comes into the field; and during the whole action;
and by doing all in the spirit of sacrifice, offering all to God, thro’ the
Son of his love.
3. As to the outward manner of acting, a general rule is, let it be
expressive of these inward tempers. But to be more particular. 1. Let
every man beware, not to do evil that good may come. Therefore
putting away all lying, let every man speak the truth to his neighbour.
Use no fraud or guile, either in order to detect or to punish any man,
but by simplicity or godly sincerity commend yourself to mens
consciences in the sight of God. It is probable, that by your adhering
to these rules, fewer offenders will be convicted. But so much the
more will the blessing of God accompany the whole undertaking.
4. But let innocence be joined with prudence, properly so called.

Not that offspring of hell, which the world calls prudence, which is
mere craft, cunning, dissimulation: but with that wisdom from above,
which our Lord peculiarly recommends, to all who would promote his
kingdom upon earth. Be ye therefore wise as serpents, while ye are
harmless as doves. This wisdom will instruct you, how to suit your
words and whole behaviour, to the persons with whom you have to
do, to the time, place, and all other circumstances. It will teach you to
cut off occasion of offence, even from those who seek occasion, and
to do things of the most offensive nature, in the least offensive
manner that is possible.
5. Your manner of speaking, particularly to offenders, should be

at all times deeply serious, (lest it appear like insulting or triumphing
over them) rather inclining to sad: shewing that you pity them, for
what they do, and sympathize with them in what they suffer. Let your
air and tone of voice, as well as words, be dispassionate, calm, mild:
yea, where it would not appear like dissimulation, even kind and
friendly. In some cases, where it will probably be received as it is
meant, you may profess the good-will you bear them: but at the
same time, (that it may not be thought to proceed from fear, or any
wrong inclination) professing your intrepidity and inflexible resolution,
to oppose and punish vice to the uttermost.
V. 1. It remains only to make some application of what has been

said, partly to you who are already engaged in this work, partly to all

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Elementary Algebra Concepts and

Applications 10th Edition Bittinger

Elementary Algebra Concepts and Applications 10th

Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Concepts and

Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Concepts and

Intermediate Algebra Concepts and Applications 10th

Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Graphs and Models

Elementary Algebra Graphs and Authentic Applications

Elementary Algebra Graphs and Authentic Applications

Elementary Linear Algebra with Applications 9th Edition

Rational Expressions and Equations

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ab  ab 60. Writing Exercise. The degree of the denominator is at

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2 80. Graph 3x  2 y  12.

74. 12  4 x  6  2 x  12  4 x  6

87. The reciprocal of 2 1 x is

88. The reciprocal of 7.25x is 1 , or 4 .

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(2n  1)(4n  3)(2n  3)(3n  2) 10. 13

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51. t 3  4t 2  4t  t (t 2  4t  4)  t (t  2)(t  2) 62. 9 x3  9 x 2  18 x  9 x( x 2  x  2)

58. m 2  2m  3   m  3 m  1 66. 2a 2b  2  a  a  b

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68. x 2  9  ( x  3)( x  3) 76. 2  3( x  7)  15

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a2  a4  a22  a4

x4  x5  x44  x53 4 z  9  3z  8  4 z  9  4  3z  8  3

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cd 2  c  d  d  25. The denominators cannot be factored, so the LCD is

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♦ ‘hungery’ replaced with ‘hungry’

♦ ‘faarther’ replaced with ‘farther’

IV. 1. From these plain considerations we may learn, first, How

“The least of these a serious care demands;

For tho’ they’re little, they are golden sands!”

2. We learn from hence, secondly, that there is no employment of

4. Brethren, Who is an understanding man and endued with

May 14, 1768.

Psalm xciv. 16.

Who will rise up with me against the wicked?

3. Accordingly this ought to be the constant care and endeavour

4. There is therefore still need, even in this Christian country (as

6. It is a society of the same nature, which has been lately

It was on a Lord’s day in August 1757, that in a small company,

2. They first delivered petitions to the Right Honourable the Lord

4. They then printed and dispersed, at their own expence, several

5. The way being paved by these precautions, it was in the

6. Having therefore received help from God, they went on to

7. In clearing the streets, fields and ale-houses of sabbath-

8. Increasing in number and strength, they extended their views,

“The lowest line of human infamy”