Solution Manual for Basic Technical

Mathematics 10th Edition by

Washington ISBN 0133083500
9780133083507
Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankpack.com/download/solution-manual-for-basic-technical-mathematics-
10th-edition-by-washington-isbn-0133083500-9780133083507/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Test Bank for Basic Technical Mathematics 10th Edition

by Washington ISBN 0133083500 9780133083507

https://testbankpack.com/download/test-bank-for-basic-technical-
mathematics-10th-edition-by-washington-
isbn-0133083500-9780133083507/

Solution Manual for Basic Technical Mathematics with

Calculus 10th Edition by Washington ISBN 0133116530
9780133116533

https://testbankpack.com/download/solution-manual-for-basic-
technical-mathematics-with-calculus-10th-edition-by-washington-
isbn-0133116530-9780133116533/

Test Bank for Basic Technical Mathematics with Calculus

10th Edition by Washington ISBN 0133116530
9780133116533

https://testbankpack.com/download/test-bank-for-basic-technical-
mathematics-with-calculus-10th-edition-by-washington-
isbn-0133116530-9780133116533/

Solution Manual for Basic Technical Mathematics with

Calculus SI Version Canadian 10th Edition by Washington
ISBN 0132762838 9780132762830

https://testbankpack.com/download/solution-manual-for-basic-
technical-mathematics-with-calculus-si-version-canadian-10th-
edition-by-washington-isbn-0132762838-9780132762830/
Test Bank for Basic Technical Mathematics with Calculus
SI Version Canadian 10th Edition by Washington ISBN
0132762838 9780132762830

https://testbankpack.com/download/test-bank-for-basic-technical-
mathematics-with-calculus-si-version-canadian-10th-edition-by-
washington-isbn-0132762838-9780132762830/

Solution Manual for Elementary Technical Mathematics

11th Edition by Ewen and Nelson ISBN 1285199197
9781285199191

https://testbankpack.com/download/solution-manual-for-elementary-
technical-mathematics-11th-edition-by-ewen-and-nelson-
isbn-1285199197-9781285199191/

Test Bank for Basic College Mathematics An Applied

Approach 10th Edition by Aufmann Lockwood ISBN
1133365442 9781133365440

https://testbankpack.com/download/test-bank-for-basic-college-
mathematics-an-applied-approach-10th-edition-by-aufmann-lockwood-
isbn-1133365442-9781133365440/

Solution Manual for Basic College Mathematics 12th

Edition by Bittinger Beecher Johnson ISBN 0321931912
9780321931917

https://testbankpack.com/download/solution-manual-for-basic-
college-mathematics-12th-edition-by-bittinger-beecher-johnson-
isbn-0321931912-9780321931917/

Solution Manual for Basic College Mathematics 9th

Edition by Lial Salzman Hestwood ISBN 0321825535
9780321825537

https://testbankpack.com/download/solution-manual-for-basic-
college-mathematics-9th-edition-by-lial-salzman-hestwood-
isbn-0321825535-9780321825537/
 Solution Manual for Basic Technical Mathematics 10th Edition by Washington
ISBN 0133083500 9780133083507

Solution Manual
https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-manual-for-basic-technical-mathematics-10th-edition-by-washington-isbn-
0133083500-9780133083507/

Test Bank
https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-basic-technical-mathematics-10th-edition-by-washington-isbn-
0133083500-9780133083507/

Chapter 2

GEOMETRY
° ° ° °
2.1 Lines and Angles 15. ∠ BOD = 180 − 90 − 50 =40

1. ∠ ABE = 90° 16. ∠ 3 = 180° − 35° =145°

° ° °
2. ∠ QOR = 90° − 32° = 58° 17. ∠1 = 180 −145 = 35 = ∠ 2 = ∠ 4

° ° °
3. 4; ∠ BOC and ∠ COA, 18. ∠ 5 = ∠ 3 =145 19. ∠ 1 = 62
∠ COA and ∠ AOD,

° °
20. ∠ 2 + ∠ 1 = 180 ⇒ ∠ 2 = 180 − ∠ 1
∠ AOD and ∠ DOB, ° ° °

= 180 − 62 = 118
and, ∠ DOB and ∠ BOC.
° ° °
21. ∠ 3 = 90 −62 = 28
7.75 x
4. (a) =
5.65 6.50 ° °
22. ∠ 1 + ∠ 3 = 90 ∠ 3 + ∠ 4 = 180
7.75( 6.50) ° ° °

x= ∠ 3 = 90 −62 ∠ 4 = 180
5.65 ° °
∠ 3 =28 = 180
x = 8.92 ft
°
(b) More vertical ∠ 4 =152

° ° °
5. ∠ EBD and ∠ DBC are acute angles. 23. ∠ BDE = 90 − 44 = 46
° ° °
∠ BDF = 180 − 46 = 134
6. ∠ ABE and ∠ CBE are right angles.
° ° °
24. ∠ BDE = 90 − 44 = 46
° ° °
7. ∠ ABC is a straight angle. ∠ ABE = 90 + 46 = 136

°
8. ∠ ABD is an obtuse angle. 25. ∠ DEB = 44
 ° °
9. The complement of ∠ CBD = 65 is 25 . 26. ∠ DBE = 46°
 ° 27. (DFE = 90 ° − (FDE
10. The supplement of ∠ CBD = 65 is

= 90 ° − 44°
180° −65° = 115°.
°
= 46
11. Sides BD and BC are adjacent to < DBC
°
28. (ADE = (ADB + 90
= (90 − 44 ) + 90°
° °
12. The angle adjacent to ∠ DBC is ∠ DBE
°
= 136
° ° °
13. ∠ AOB = 90 + 50 = 140
29. a 3.05 3.05
° ° ° = ⇒ a = 4.75⋅ = 4.53 m
14. ∠ AOC = 90 − 50 =40 4.75 3.20 3.20
3Section 2.1 Lines and Angles Chapter 2 GEOMETR4Y5

3.20 6.25 2 3
30. = 43. = ⇒ AB = 3.225

3.05 b 2.15 AB

b = 5.96 m AC = 2.15 + 3.23 = 5.38 cm

c 5.50 5.50 x 590

31. = = 44. =

3.05 a 4.53 860 550

4.53c = 15.4025 x = 920 m
c = 3.40 m °

45. (1 + (2 + (3 = 180 ,
32.
4.75
=
6.25 ( (1, (2, and (3 form a straight line )
5.05 d

d = 6.64 m °
46. (4 + (2 + (5 = 180 , ( (1 = (4, (3 = (5 )
°
33. (BHC = (CGD = 25
°
47. The sum of the angles of ABD is 180 .
°
34. (AHC = (CGE = 45
° 48.
35. (BCH = (CHG = (HGC = (GCD = 65
B C

° 1 3 7
2

36. (HAB = (JHA = (FGE = (DEG = 70

6
4 5 7
°
(GHA = (HGE = 110 A D
37.

° °
38. (CGF = (CHJ = 115 (1 + (2 + (3 = 180 , (1 = (4
°
(4 + (2 + (3 = 180
°
° ° (5 + (6 + (7 = 180
39. (A = ( x +10 ) , (B = ( 4x − 5 ) ° °

(a) x +10 = 4x − 5 (4 + ( (2 + (3 ) + ( (5 + (6 ) + (7 = 180 + 180

°

x=5
° = 360
°
(b) x+10 +4x−5 =180 The sum of the angles of ABCD = 360
°
x = 35

° °
40. (A = ( x + 20 ) , (B = ( 3x − 2 )
°
(a) x + 20 + 3x − 2 = 90
°
x = 18
(b) x + 20 = 3x − 2
°
x = 11
° °
41. ∠ BCD = 180 − 47
°
= 133
4Section 2.1 Lines and Angles Chapter 2 GEOMETR4Y5

° °
42. ? = 90 − 28
5Section 2.1 Lines and Angles Chapter 2 GEOMETR4Y5

°
= 62
6Section 2.1 Lines and Angles Chapter 2 GEOMETR4Y5

12. p = 0.862 + 0.235 + 0.684 = 1.781 in.

2.2 Triangles 1.781
s= = 0.8905
° ° 2
1. ∠ 5 = 45 ⇒ ∠ 3 = 45
° ° ° ° A = s ( s −a )( s −b )( s −c )
∠ 2 =180 −70 −45 = 65

= .8905(.8905 − .862)(.8905 − .235)(.8905 − .684)

1 1
2. A = bh = (61.2 )(5.75 ) A = 0.586 in.2
2 2

A = 176 in.2 1 1
13. A = bh = (3.46)(2.55) = 4.41 ft2

2 2
3. AC 2 = AB2 + BC2
= 6.252 + 3.22 1 1
14. A = bh = (234)(342) = 40,000 mm2

AC = 6.252 + 3.22 2 2

AC = 7.02 m
15. Area

h 24 = 1.428(1.428 − 0.9860)(1.428 − 0.986)

4. =
3.0 4.0
h = 18 ft (1.428 − 0.884)

= 0.390 m2
° ° ° °
5. ∠ A =180 −84 − 40 = 56
3(320)
s= = 480
° ° °
16. 2
6. (A = 90 − 48 = 42

3
A = s ( s − a)
7. This is an isosceles triangle, so the base angles
3
are equal. ∠ A = 180 − (66 + 66
° ° °
) = 48° = 480 ( 480 − 320 )

= 44,000 yd2

1
( ° ° °

8. ∠ A =
2
180 −110 ) = 35 17. p = 205+ 322 + 415
p = 942 cm
1 1
9.
A= bh = (7.6)(2.2) = 8.4 ft2
18. p = 23.5 + 86.2 + 68.4

2 2
p = 178 in.
1 1
10. A = bh = (16.0 )(7.62 ) = 61.0 mm2
7Section 2.1 Lines and Angles Chapter 2 GEOMETR4Y5

2 2 19. 3(21.5) =64.5cm

11. Area = 471 (471−205 )(471−415 )(471−322 ) 20. Perimeter = 2 ( 2.45 ) + 3.22 = 8.12 in.

= 32,300 cm2
21. c = 13.82 + 22.72 = 26.6 ft

22. c2 = a2 + b2
8Section 2.1 Lines and Angles Chapter 2 GEOMETR4Y5

= 2.482 +1.452 c = 2.87 m

23. b = 5512 −1752 = 522 cm
S7ection
4 2.2 Triangles Chapter 2 GEOMETR4Y7

24. c2 = a 2 + b 2 31. An equilateral triangle.

0.8362 = a2 + 0.4742
32. Yes, if one of the angles of the triangle is obtuse.
a = 0.689 in.

25. ∠ B = 90° −23° = 67° 33.

B
D
2 2 2
26. c = 90.5 + 38.4
c = 98.3 cm 1
27. Perimeter = 98.3+ 90.5 +38.4 = 227.2 cm A 2
C
1
°
28. A = (90.5)(38.4) = 1740 cm2 (A + (B = 90
2 (1 + (B = 90
°

⇒ (A = (1
29.
B
redraw ΔBDC as
B/2
B
D 2
A' A/2 C'
C 1 D
A/2 C °
A (1 + (2 = 90
°
(1 + (B = 90
ΔADC ∼ ΔA ' DC ' ⇒ (DA 'C ' = A / 2 ⇒ (2 = (B
( between bisectors = (BA ' D
and ΔADC as
B °
ΔBA 'C ', + ( (BA ' D + A / 2 ) = 90 C
2 2

°
−⎛ A B⎞
from which (BA ' D = 90 ⎜ +
⎝ 2 2⎠
1 D
D A
⎛ A +B ⎞ 90
D
°
or (BA ' D = 90 − ⎜ ⎟ = 90 − = 45D ΔBDC and ΔADC are similar.
2
⎝ 2 ⎠

30. 34. Comparing the original triangle

F B
2

B C

1
A C
A D
E
(A = (D since ΔAFD is isosceles. Since AF = FD to the two smaller triangles shows that all three
(ΔAFD is isosceles) and since B and C are mid- are similar.
points, AB = CD which means ΔBAE and ΔCED
35. ∠ LMK and ∠ OMN are vertical angles and thus
are the same size and shape. Therefore, BE = EC
equal ⇒ ∠ KLM = ∠ MON . The corresponding
from which it follows that the inner ΔBCE is
angles are equal and the triangles are similar.
isosceles.
S8ection
4 2.2 Triangles Chapter 2 GEOMETR4Y7

°
36. ∠ ACB = ∠ ADC = 90 ; ∠ A = ∠A; ∠ DCA = ∠ CBA, (18.0
2
− y ) = y2 + 8.0 2
therefore +ACB ∼+ADC
18.02 − 2(18.0) y + y2 = y2 + 8.02

37. Since +MKL ∼+MNO; KN = KM − MN; 15 −9 = 6 y = 7.2 ft (two significant digits)

KM LM 6 LM
= KM; = ; = ; 9LM = 72; LM = 8 3(1600)
MN MO 9 12 44. = 2400
2
3
AB 12 A = 2400 ( 2400 −1600 )
38. =

12 9 A = 1,100, 000 km2

AB =16
1 1 2
39. p = 6 + 25+ 29 = 60 45. A = bh = (8.0)(15) = 60 ft
2 2
A = 30(30 − 6)(30 − 25)(30 − 29 ) = 60

Yes, the triangle is perfect. 46. d = 7502 + 5502 = 930 m

sidewalk
80 .0 in. ramp

40. 4.0 in. curb 47.

80 .0 in.
2.50 ft
street 20.0 L
= ⇒street = 4.0 (20.0 )
4.0 1 x

ramp = ( 4.0 ( 20.0 ) ) + 4.0 2 = 80.09993758, 10.0 ft

calculator 6.00 ft

ramp = 80 in. (two significant digits)

10.02 = x2 + 6.002
180° − 50° = 65° x = 8.00
41. ∠=
2 2
L= (8.00 + 2.50 ) + 6.00 2
° ° °
42. angle between tower and wire = 90 −52 = 38 L = 12.09338662, calculator
L = 12.1 ft (three significant digits)
48. Taking the triangles in clockwise order and using
Pythagorean Theorem together with side opposite
°
30 angle is half the hypotenuse gives side opposite
°
30 angle and third side, respectively.
43. tree

49. d = 182 + 122 + 82 = 23 ft

18.0 ft

x 1
50. = , x = 38 m
break 45.6 1.12
18.0 - y
S0ection
5 2.2 Triangles Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y0

8.0 ft
4S9ection 2.3 Quadrilaterals Chapter 2 GEOMETR4Y9

51. 55. Redraw ΔBCP as

B

6.00

P C
12.0 - PD

4.5 ΔAPD is
= 5.4
A
z 1.2 + z
z = 6.0 m
x2 = z2 + 4.52 10.0
x = 7.5 m
2 P D
y 2 = (1.2 + 6 ) + 5.4 2

y = 9.0 m 6.00 10.0

from which ΔBCP ∼ ΔADP, so =
12.0 − PD PD
52. ⇒ PD = 7.50 and PC = 12.0 − PD = 4.50

l = PB + PA = 4.502 + 6.002 + 7.502 + 10.02

2.5 H d l = 20.0 mi

H 1 1
56. wd + 160 = w( d + 16)
1.25 1.25 2 2
1 1
d 2 = 1.252 + 5.02 wd + 160 = wd + 8w
2 2
d = 5.6 ft
8w = 160
w = 20 cm
53. d = w −12 = 8 cm

d
4.0
2.3 Quadrilaterals
6.0 4.0

d 4.0 4.0 (8.0 ) 1.

= ⇒d =
8.0 6.0 6.0 2
⎛ 4.0 (8.0) ⎞
l 2 = 8.02 + d 2 = 8.02 + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 6.0 ⎠
l = 9.6 ft

2. L = 4s + 2w + 2l
ED 312
54. = = 4 (21) + 2 (21) + 2 (36)
80 50
ED =499 ft = 198 in.
5S9ection 2.3 Quadrilaterals Chapter 2 GEOMETR4Y9

1 1 1
3. A = bh = ( 72 )(55 ) = 2000 ft2 20. A = (392 + 672 )(201 ) = 107,000 cm2
1
2 2 2
A2 = bh = 72(55) = 4000 ft2
1 1 21. p = 2b +4a
A3 = h ( b1 + b2 ) = ( 55)( 72 + 35)
2 2
= 2900 ft2 22. p = a +b+b+a+ ( b −a) + ( b −a) = 4b A =
The total lawn area is about 8900 ft2 .
2 2
23. b × h + a = bh + a
4. 2 ( w + 3.0) + 2w = 26.4
2
2w+6.0+2w = 26.4 24. A = ab + a(b − a) = 2ab − a
4w = 20.4
w = 5.1 mm 25. The parallelogram is a rectangle.
w+ 3.0 = 8.1 mm
26. The triangles are congruent. Corresponding sides
5. p = 4s = 4(65) = 260 m and angles are equal.

6. p = 4(2.46) = 9.84 ft
27.
7. p = 2 (0.920 ) + 2 (0.742 ) =3.324 in.

s
8. p = 2(142) + 2(126) = 536 cm

9. p = 2l + 2w = 2 (3.7 ) + 2 ( 2.7 ) =12.8 m s

10. p = 2 ( 27.3 ) + 2 (14.2) = 83.0 in.
s2 + s2 = 24.02
11. p = 0.362 + 0.730 + 0.440 + 0.612 = 2.144 ft 2s 2 = 24.02
24.02
s2=
12. p = 272 + 392 + 223 + 672 = 1559 cm 2

2 2 2 A = s2 = 288 cm2
13. A = s = 2.7 = 7.3 mm

2 2
14. A = 15.6 = 243 ft 28.
2 B A
A

15. A = 0.920 (0.742 ) = 0.683 in.2

C

B
16. A = 142 (126) =17,900 cm2 2 A B

2 °
17. A = bh = 3.7 ( 2.5 ) = 9.3 m At top 2(B + 2(A = 180
°
(B + (A = 90
18. 19. A = 27.3 (12.6 ) =344 in.2
 S1ection
5 2.3 Quadrilaterals Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y1

In triangle (A + (B
A = (1
+ (C =
/ 2) °
180
(29.8) 90
°

(61.2 +
+73.0) (C
= =
2000 °
180
ft2
(
C
=
9
0
°
S2ection
5 2.3 Quadrilaterals Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y1

29.
23 4 36.
l
1

6 5 w =l - 18

sum of interior angles

p = 2l + 2(l −18) = 180 from which
= (1+ (2 + (3 + (4 + (5 + (6
°
= 180 + 180
° l = 54 in.
° w = l −18 = 54 −18
= 360
w = 36 in.

30. S = 180 (n − 2)
S 37.
(a) n = + 2
180
°
3600
(b) n = °
+2
180
n = 22
w+ 2.5 = 4w −4.7
A = area of left rectangle + area of right rectangle w =2.4 ft
31.
A = ab + ac 4w = 9.6 ft
A = area of entire rectangle
2
A = a ( b + c) which illustrates the distributive 38. A = 1.80 × 3.50 = 6.30 ft
property.

39. A = 2(area of trapezoid − area of window )

⎛1 ⎞
2 = 2 ⎜ ( 28 + 16 ) ⋅ 8 −12 ( 3.5 ) ⎟
32. A = ( a + b )( a + b ) = ( a + b ) ⎝ 2 ⎠

A = ab + ab + a 2 + b 2 = 268 ft2

A = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 which illustrates that the square 1 gal

=
x
ht of trapezoid

of the sum is the square of the first term plus twice 320 ft2 268 ft 2
⎛ 28 −16 ⎞
2
the product of the two terms plus the square of the
x = 0.84 gal = 102 − ⎜ ⎟
second term. ⎝ 2 ⎠

= 8.0 ft
33. The diagonal always divides the rhombus into two
congruent triangles. All outer sides are always l
equal. 40,
w = 70 yd

34. 16 2 +122 = 400 = 20

p 320 outer edge of the walkway:

35. (a) For the courtyard: s = = = 80. For the
4 4 l=
 S3ection
5 2.3 Quadrilaterals Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y1

1302 − 702
S4ection
5 2.3 Quadrilaterals Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y1

p = 4( 80 + 6) = 344 m. p = 2l + 2w
(b) A = 862 − 802 = 996 p = 2 1302 − 702 + 2(70)
A = 1000 m2 (2 significant digits) p = 360 yd
S5ection
5 2.3 Quadrilaterals Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y1

41. 1
A=
2
( 2.27)( 1.86) + s ( s −1.46)( s − d )( s −1.74)
2

h A = 3.04 km
44.
w
w
= 1.60 ⇒ w = 1.60h
h
2
43.32 = h 2 + w2 = h 2 + (1.6h)
h = 22.9 cm
w = 1.60h = 36.7 cm 50 ( 2w ) + 5 ( 2w ) + 5w + 5w = 13, 200
w =110 m
l = 2w = 220 m
42.
30.0
°
45. 360 . A diagonal divides a quadrilateral into two
triangles, and the sum of the interior angles of
30.0 h °
each triangle is 180 .

15.0 60.0
1 ⎛ d2 ⎞ 1 ⎛ d2 ⎞
46. A = d + d
2 1 ⎜2 ⎟ 2 1 ⎜2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
h = 30.02 +15.02 1
A= dd
1 2
2
1
A = 6⋅ (30.0 + 60.0) 30.02 +15.02
⋅
2
A = 9060 in.2
2.4 Circles
°
1. ∠ OAB + OBA + ∠ AOB = 180
43.
° ° °
1.74 ∠ OAB + 90 + 72 = 180
°
∠ OAB = 18
1.46 1.86
d
2
2. A = π r 2 = π ( 2.4 )
A = 18 km2
2.27
2πs πs
3. p = 2s + = 2s +
d = 2.272 +1.86 2 4 2
1 ( )
For right triangle, A = (2.27 )(1.86 ) p = 2 (3.25 ) +
2
1.46 + 1.74 +d p =11.6 in. π 3.25
For obtuse triangle, s = 2

π s2 2
π (3.25)
A= =

and A = s (s −1.46)(s − d )(s −1.74) 4 4

2
S6ection
5 2.3 Quadrilaterals Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y1

A = 8.30 in.
A of quadrilateral = Sumof areas of two triangles,
S3ection
5 2.4 Circles Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y3

°
4. AC = 2⋅ ∠ ABC ∠ ABT = 90
° ° °
= 2(25
°
) ∠ CBT = ∠ ABT − ∠ ABC = 90 − 65 = 25 ;
°
= 50
° ∠ CAB = 25

20. ∠ BTC = 65° ; ∠ CBT = 35° since it is

5. (a) AD is a secant line.
°

(b) AF is a tangent line. complementary to ∠ ABC = 65 .

21. ARC BC = 2 (60 ) = 120°

°
6. (a) EC and BC are chords.
(b) ∠ ECO is an inscribed angle.
p
BC = 2 ( 60 ) = 120
° °
22.
7. (a) AF ⊥ OE. p ° ° °
AB + 80 + 120 = 360
(b) +OCE is isosceles.
p
AB = 160
°

8. (a) EC and p
EC enclose a segment.

(b) radii OE and OB enclose a sector ∠ ABC = (1/ 2 ) ( 80 ) = 40 since the measure of an
23.

° °
with an acute central angle. inscribed angle is one-half its intercepted arc.

1
9. c = 2π r = 2π (275) = 1730 ft
24.
∠ ACB =
2
(160° ) = 80°

10. c = 2π r = 2π (0.563) = 3.54 m ° ⎛ π ⎞

25. 022.5 ⎜ ⎟ = 0.393 rad
⎝ 18⎠0°
11. d = 2r; c = π d = π (23.1 ) = 72.6 mm
° ° π rad
26. 60.0 = 60.0 ⋅ = 1.05 rad
12. c = π d = π (8.2 ) = 26 in. 180
°

13. A = π r 2 = π (0.0952 2 ) = 0.0285 yd2

° °
27. 125.2 = 125.2π rad/180 = 2.185 rad

π rad
2
14. A = π r 2 = π ( 45.8 ) = 6590 cm2 28. 3230 ° = 3230 ° ⋅ = 56.4 rad
180

2 2
15. A = π ( d / 2 ) = π ( 2.33 / 2 ) = 4.26 m2 1 πr
29. P = ( 2π r + 2r = 2r

4 2
1 1 2 2
16. A = π d = π (1256 ) = 1, 239, 000 ft
2

4 4 30. Perimeter = a + b + ⋅ 2π r + r
4
17. ∠ CBT = 90° − ∠ ABC = 90° − 65° = 25°
 1
S4ection
5 2.4 Circles Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y3

1 1
31. Area = πr2− r2

18. ∠B
CT
 S5ection
5 2.4 Circles Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y3

= 90° , 4
any 2
angle 32.
such as
Ar
∠ BCA
inscrib ea
ed in a =
semicir 1
cle is a
right (a
angle r)
and
+
∠ BCT 1
is
π
2
supple r
2
mentar
4
y to
∠ BCA.

19. A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the 33. All are on the same diameter.
radius drawn to the point of contact. Therefore,
S6ection
5 2.4 Circles Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y3

34.
A 39. A

s
45 0
r B r
°
AB = 45
°
s 45
=
2π r 360° O B
r
π
s= ⋅ r

4 Asegment = area of quarter circle − area of triangle

1 1
Asegment = π r 2 − ⋅ r ⋅ r
35.

⋅ 224 2 2
r (π − 2 )
Asegment =
6.00
4

40. A
6.00

A of sector = A of quarter circle − A of triangle 2r h

1 2 1
A = ⋅ π ( 6.00 ) − ( 6.00 ) ( 6.00 ) 2
4 2
A = 10.3 in.2

B
36. ∠ ACB = ∠ DCE (verticalangles) 2 2 2

∠ BAC = ∠ DEC and AB = r + r

∠ ABC = ∠ CDE (alternate interior angles) AB = 2r

Therefore, the triangles are similar since 1 2r
AC = AB = in right triangle OAC
corresponding angles are equal. 2 2
2

2 ⎛ 2r ⎞ 2
r= ⎜ ⎟ + ( r − h) from which
c d
37. c = 2π r ⇒ π = ; d = 2r ⇒ r = from which ⎝2⎠

2r 2
c ( )
π= d h=

2⋅ 2 38.
c
π = ⋅ π is the ratio of the circumference to
d
S7ection
5 2.4 Circles Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y3

dia
me 2−2r
2

ter.

5
d 5 1 5
S8ection
5 2.4 Circles Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y3

4= 41. h
= =
=⋅ 11
.5
k
m
d
c 4 4 4 16
r = 6378 - 11.5 km
16 16
c= d ⇒π = = 3.2 5
5
r = 6378 km
which is incorrect since π = 3.14159⋅ ⋅ ⋅
S9ection
5 2.4 Circles Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y3

( 6378 + 11.5)
2
= d 2 + 63782 πd 2 ,
using A =
d = 383 km 4
2
π (12.0 + 2 ( 0.60 ) ) π (12.0 )
2

A= −
42. 4 4

0.346 km A = 23.8 m2
d
45. C = 2π r = 2π ( 3960) = 24,900 mi
6378km
46. 11( 2π r ) = 109
6378 km
r = 1.58 mm

2 ⎛12.0 ⎞
2
(6378+ 0.346) =d 2 +63782
A π⎜ 2 ⎟ 4
basketball
= ⎝ ⎠ =
47.
d = 66.4 km Ahoop 2 9
π ⎛ 18.0 ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
43. d =
682 + 582
volume π r 2L
1
d = 89> 85 48. flow rate = =
time t
68 km π2 2πr 2
⋅ r
2 1
2 flowrate = =
t t
r22 = 2⋅ 1r 2
r2 = 2r1
58 km
d

49. c = 112; c = π d ; d = c / π = 112 / π = 35.7 in.

Signal cannot be received. π

50. A =
2
( 90 2
− 452 )

π d2 , A = 9500 cm2
44. Using A=
4
2
π (12.0 + 2( 0.60 ) ) 51. Let D = diameter of large conduit, then
π (12.0 )
2

A= − D = 3d where d = diameter of smaller conduit

4 4 π π
A = 23.8 m 2 F= D2 = 7⋅ ⋅ d2
4 4
2
7d 7d 2 7d 2
0.60 m F= = =
D2 ( 3d )2 9d 2
7
F=
9
S10ection
5 2.4 Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y3
Circles
7
The smaller conduits occupy of the larger
d = 12.0 m 9
 S11ection
5 2.4 Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y3
Circles

conduits.
S12ection
5 2.4 Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y3
Circles

3
52. A of room = A of rectangle + A of circle
4
3 2
2.5 Measurement of Irregular Areas
A = 24 ( 35 ) + π ( 9.0 ) = 1030.85174
4 1. The use of smaller intervals improves the approxi-
A = 1000 ft2 , two significant digits mation since the total omitted area or the total
extra area is smaller.
3
53. Length = ( 2 ) ( 2π )( 5.5 ) + ( 4 )( 5.5 ) = 73.8 in.

4 2. Using data from the south end gives five intervals.

Therefore, the trapezoidal rulemust be used since
54. d = 4⋅ 12.52 −2.252 Simpson's rule cannot be used for an odd number
2π

d = 309 km of intervals.
3. Simpson's rule should be more accurate in that it
r plane accounts better for the arcs between points on the
upper curve.
12.5 4. The calculated area would be too high since each
2.25
trapezoid would include more area than that under
ITC the curve.
AP
2.0
5. A = ⎡ 0.0 + 2( 6.4 ) + 2 ( 7.4) + 2 ( 7.0 ) + 2(6.1)
trap
2 ⎣
55. Horizontally and opposite to original direction
⎡ ⎣ +2 ( 5.2 ) + 2( 5.0 ) + 2 ( 5.1) + 0.0⎤ ⎦
2
56. Let A be the left end point at which the dashed Atrap = 84.4 = 84 m to two significant digits
lines intersect and C be the center of the gear.
°
Draw a line from C bisecting the 20 angle. Call 6. Asimp

the intersection of this line and the extension of the h

= ( y + 4y + 2y + 4y +⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 2y + 4y + y)
0 1 2 3 n −2 n −1 n
upper dashed line B, then 3

° ° 20
= (0 + 4 6.4 + 2 7.4 + 4 7.0 + 2 6.1 + 4 5.2 )

360 15 ° ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
= ⇒ ∠ ACB =7.5 3
24 teeth tooth
° + 2( 5.0)+ 4 (5.1 )+ 0) = 88 m 2
° 20 °
∠ ABC = 180 − = 170
2
1.00
A = (0 + 4 0.52 + 2 0.75 + 4 1.05)

1
∠ x + ∠ ABC + ∠ ACB =180
° 7. simp ( ) ( ) (
2 3

1 + 2(1.15) + 4 (1.00 ) + 0.62) = 4.9 ft2

∠ x +170 ° + 7.5° =180°

S13ection
5 2.4 Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y3
Circles

2 1 °
∠ x = 2.5
S0ection
6 2.4 Circles Chapter 2 GEOMETR6Y0
2
x=5
° 1
8. Atrap = (0 + 2( 0.52) + 2( 0.75) + 2(1.05) + 2(1.15)
2
+ 2(1.00) + 0.62) = 4.8 ft2

0.5
9. Atrap = ⎡ 0.6 + 2( 2.2 ) + 2 ( 4.7 ) + 2(3.1) + 2 ( 3.6 )
⎣
2
⎡ ⎣ +2 (1.6 ) + 2 ( 2.2 ) + 2 (1.5 ) + 0.8⎤ ⎦
Atrap = 9.8 m2
S7ection
5 2.5 Measurement of Irregular Areas Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y7

0.5 17. Atrap

10. A = (0.6+ 4( 2.2 ) + 2( 4.7 ) + 4(3.1) + 2 (3.6 )
simp
3 0.500
= ⎡ ⎣ 0.0 + 2(1.732) + 2(2.000) + 2(1.732)
+ 4( 1.6) + 2 ( 2.2 ) + 4( 1.5) + 0.8) 2

= 9.3 mi2 + 0.0] = 2.73 in.2

This value is less than 3.14 in.2 because all of the

10 trapezoids are inscribed.
11. A = (38+ 2 ( 24 ) + 2 ( 25 ) + 2(17) +2 ( 34 )
2

( ) ( )
+ 2 ( 29 ) + 2( 36) + 2 ( 34) + 30) 0.250
18. Atrap = (0.000 + 2 1.323 + 2 1.732
2 2
2 ⎛ 23 km ⎞ 2
A =2330 mm ⎜ 2 2 ⎟
⎝ 10 mm ⎠ + 2(1.936) + 2(2.000) + 2(1.936)
A = 12, 000 km2 + 2(1.732) + 2(1.323) + 0.000)
= 3.00 in.2
4.0 The trapezoids are small so they can get closer

12. A= 2⋅ ⎡ 2 (55.0 ) +2 ( 2 (54.8 )) +2 ( 2 (54.0 ))

2⎣
to the boundary.
+ 2 ( 2 ( 53.6 )) + 2 ( 2 (51.2 )) + 2 ( 2 ( 49.0 ) )
+ 2 ( 2 ( 45.8 ) ) + 2 ( 2 ( 42.0 ) ) + 2 ( 2 ( 37.2 ) ) 0.500
19. A = (0.000 + 4(1.732) + 2 (2.000 )
simp
3
+ 2 ( 2 (31.1)) + 2 ( 2 ( 21.7 ) ) + 2 ( 0.0 )
+ 4(1.732) + 0.000)
A = 7500 m2 2
= 2.98 in.
45 The ends of the areas are curved so they can get

13. Atrap =
2
[170 + 2( 360 ) + 2( 420 ) + 2( 410 ) + 2( 390) closer to the boundary.
+ 2(350) + 2(330) + 2(290) + 230]

A = 120, 000 ft2 0.250

20. A = (0.000 + 4 1.323 + 2 1.732
simp
trap
( ) ( )
45 3
14. (230 + 4 ( 290 ) + 2( 330 ) + 4 ( 340 ) + 4(1.936) + 2(2.000) + 4(1.936)
Asimp = 3
+ 2(1.732) + 4(1.323) + 0.000)
+ 2 ( 390 ) + 4( 410 ) + 2 ( 420 ) + 4 ( 360 ) +170) = 3.08 in.2
= 120, 000 ft2 The areas are smaller so they can get closer
to the boundary.
50
15. Asimp = (5 + 4(12) + 2( 17) + 4( 21) + 2 ( 22 )
3

+ 4(25) + 2(26) + 4(16) + 2(10 )

+ 4(8) + 0)
= 8100 ft2
2.0
S8ection
5 2.5 Measurement of Irregular Areas Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y7

16. Atrap = (3.5 + 2(6.0) + 2(7.6) + 2(10.8) + 2(16.2)

2
+ 2(18.2) + 2(19.0) + 2(17.8) + 2(12.5)
+ 8.2)
= 229 in.2
S9ection
5 2.5 Measurement of Irregular Areas Chapter 2 GEOMETR5Y7

Acircle = π r 2 = π ( d / 2 ) = π ( 2.5 / 2 ) = 4.9in.2

2 2

Atotal = 229 − 2(4.9) = 219 in. 2

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
“Overseers are changed every year; a few remain four or five
years, but the average time they remain on the same plantation
does not exceed two years.”—Southern Agriculturist, vol. iv., p.
351.
[24] “On Monday last, as James Allen (overseer on Prothro’s
plantation at St. Maurice) was punishing a negro boy named Jack,
for stealing hogs, the boy ran off before the overseer had
chastised him sufficiently for the offence. He was immediately
pursued by the overseer, who succeeded in catching him, when
the negro drew a knife and inflicted a terrible gash in his
abdomen. The wounds of the overseer were dressed by Dr.
Stephens, who pronounces it a very critical case, but still
entertains hope of his recovery.”—Nachitoches Chronicle.
[25] Mr. Russell makes an observation to the same effect with
regard to the Cuba plantations, p. 230. On these large cotton
plantations there are frequently more men than women, men
being bought in preference to women for cotton picking.
The contrary is usually the case on the small plantations, where
the profits of breeding negroes are constantly in view.
[26] “A woman, calling herself Violet Ludlow, was arrested a few
days ago, and committed to jail, on the supposition that she was a
runaway slave belonging to A. M. Mobley, of Upshur county,
Texas, who had offered through our columns a reward of fifty
dollars for her apprehension. On being brought before a justice of
the peace, she stated that she was a white woman, and claimed
her liberty. She states that she is a daughter of Jeremiah Ludlow,
of Pike county, Alabama, and was brought from that country in
1853, by George Cope, who emigrated to Texas. After arriving in
Texas, she was sold by George Cope to a Doctor Terry, in Upshur
county, Texas, and was soon after sold by him to a Mrs. Hagen, or
Hagens, of the same county. Violet says that she protested
against each sale made of her, declaring herself a free woman.
She names George Gilmer, Thomas Rogers, John Garret, and
others, residents of Pike county, Alabama, as persons who have
known her from infancy as the daughter of one Jeremiah Ludlow
and Rene Martin, a widow at the time of her birth, and as being a
free white woman, and her father a free white man. Violet is about
instituting legal proceedings for her freedom.”—Shreveport
Southwestern.
“Some days since, a woman named Pelasgie was arrested as a
fugitive slave, who has lived for more than twelve years in this city
as a free woman. She was so nearly white that few could detect
any traces of her African descent. She was arrested at the
instance of a man named Raby, who claimed her as belonging to
an estate of which he is heir-at-law. She was conveyed to the First
District guard-house for safe keeping, and while there she stated
to Acting Recorder Filleul that she was free, had never belonged
to Raby, and had been in the full and unquestioned enjoyment of
her freedom in this city for the above-mentioned period. She also
stated that she had a house, well furnished, which she was in the
habit of letting out in rooms.”—New Orleans Picayune.
[27] “Bishop Polk, of Louisiana, was one of the guests. He
assured me that he had been all over the country on Red River,
the scene of the fictitious sufferings of ‘Uncle Tom,’ and that he
had found the temporal and spiritual welfare of the negroes well
cared for. He had confirmed thirty black persons near the situation
assigned to Legree’s estate. He is himself the owner of four
hundred slaves, whom he endeavours to bring up in a religious
manner. He tolerates no religion on his estate but that of the
Church. He baptizes all the children, and teaches them the
Catechism. All, without exception, attend the Church service, and
the chanting is creditably performed by them, in the opinion of
their owner. Ninety of them are communicants, marriages are
celebrated according to the Church ritual, and the state of morals
is satisfactory. Twenty infants had been baptized by the bishop
just before his departure from home, and he had left his whole
estate, his keys, &c., in the sole charge of one of his slaves,
without the slightest apprehension of loss or damage. In judging
of the position of this Christian prelate as a slave-owner, the
English reader must bear in mind that, by the laws of Louisiana,
emancipation has been rendered all but impracticable, and, that, if
practicable, it would not necessarily be, in all cases, an act of
mercy or of justice.”—The Western World Revisited. By the Rev.
Henry Caswall, M.A., author of “America and the American
Church,” etc. Oxford, John Henry Parker, 1854.
[28] In White’s ‘Statistics of Georgia’ (page 377), the citizens of
Liberty county are characterized as “unsurpassed for the great
attention paid to the duties of religion.”—Dr. Stevens, in his
‘History of Georgia,’ describes them as “worthy of their sires,” who
were, “the moral and intellectual nobility of the province,” “whose
accession was an honour to Georgia, and has ever proved one of
its richest blessings.”—In the biography of General Scrivens the
county of Liberty is designated “proud spot, of Georgia’s soil!”—
Dr. J. M. B. Harden, in a medical report of the county, says: “The
use of intoxicating drinks has been almost entirely given up” by its
people.—White says (‘Statistics,’ p. 373), “The people of Liberty,
from their earliest settlement, have paid much attention to the
subject of education. Excellent schools are found in different
portions of the county, and it is believed a greater number of
young men from Liberty graduate at our colleges than from any
[other] section of Georgia. Indeed, it has been proverbial for
furnishing able ministers and instructors.”
[29] The following newspaper paragraph indicates the wholesale
way in which slaves may be nominally Christianized:—
“Revival among the Slaves.—Rev. J. M. C. Breaker, of Beaufort,
S.C., writes to the Southern Baptist, that within the last three
months he has baptized by immersion three hundred and fifty
persons, all of them, with a few exceptions, negroes. These
conversions were the result of a revival which has been in
progress during the last six months. On the 12th inst., he baptized
two hundred and twenty-three converts—all blacks but three—and
the ceremony, although performed with due deliberation, occupied
only one hour and five minutes. This is nearly four a minute, and
Mr. Breaker considers it a demonstration that the three thousand
converted on the day of Pentecost could easily have been
baptized by the twelve apostles—each taking two hundred and
fifty—in an hour and thirteen minutes.”
[30] “A small farmer,” who “has had control of negroes for thirty
years and has been pursuing his present system with them for
twenty years,” and who “owning but a few slaves is able,” as he
observes, “to do better by them” than large planters, writing to Mr.
De Bow, says: “I have tried faithfully to break up immorality. I have
not known an oath to be sworn for a long time. I know of no
quarrelling, no calling harsh names, and but little stealing. Habits
of amalgamation, I cannot stop. I can only check it in name. I am
willing to be taught, for I have tried everything I know.” He has his
field-negroes attend his own family prayers on Sunday, prayer
meetings at four o’clock Sunday mornings, etc.—De Bow’s
Resources, vol. ii., p. 337.
[31] The “Southern Presbyterian,” in reviewing some observations
made before a South Carolina Bible Society, in which it had been
urged that if slaves were permitted to read the Bible, they would
learn from it to be more submissive to the authority which the
State gives the master over them, says that the speaker “seems
to be uninformed of the fact that the Scriptures are read in our
churches every Sabbath day, and those very passages which
inculcate the relative duties of masters and servants in
consequence of their textual, i. e. legally prescribed connections,
are more frequently read than any other portions of the Bible.”
[32] Organized action for the abolition of slavery in the island of
Java, has since been authentically reported.
[33] Twice it happened to come to my knowledge that sons of a
planter, by whom I was lodged while on this journey—lads of
fourteen or sixteen—who were supposed to have slept in the
same room with me, really spent the night, till after daybreak, in
the negro cabins. A southern merchant, visiting New York, to
whom I expressed the view I had been led to form of the evil of
slavery in this way, replied that he thought I over-estimated the
evil to boys on the plantations, but that it was impossible to over-
estimate it in towns. “I have personal knowledge,” he continued,
“that there are but two lads, sixteen years old, in our town, [a
small market town of Alabama,] who have not already had
occasion to resort to remedies for the penalty of licentiousness.”
“When on my brother’s plantation, just before I came North,” said
another Southern merchant, on his annual visit to New York, “I
was informed that each of his family-servants were suffering from
——, and I ascertained that each of my brother’s children, girls
and boys, had been informed of it, and knew how and from whom
it had been acquired. The negroes being their familiar
companions, I tried to get my brother to send them North with me
to school. I told him he might as well have them educated in a
brothel at once, as in the way they were growing up.”
[34] Jefferson fails to enumerate, among the evils of slavery, one
of its influences which I am inclined to think as distinct and as
baneful to us nationally as any other. How can men retain the
most essential quality of true manhood who daily, without
remonstrance or interference, see men beaten, whose position
renders effective resistance totally impracticable—and not only
men, but women, too! Is it not partially the result of this, that self-
respect seldom seems to suggest to an angry man at the South
that he should use anything like magnanimity? that he should be
careful to secure fair play for his opponent in a quarrel? A
gentleman of veracity, now living in the South, told me that among
his friends he had once numbered two young men, who were
themselves intimate friends, till one of them, taking offence at
some foolish words uttered by the other, challenged him. A large
crowd assembled to see the duel, which took place on a piece of
prairie ground. The combatants came armed with rifles, and at the
first interchange of shots the challenged man fell disabled by a
ball in the thigh. The other, throwing down his rifle, walked toward
him, and kneeling by his side, drew a bowie knife, and deliberately
butchered him. The crowd of bystanders not only permitted this,
but the execrable assassin still lives in the community, has since
married, and, as far as my informant could judge, his social
position has been rather advanced than otherwise, from thus
dealing with his enemy. In what other English—in what other
civilized or half-civilized community would such cowardly atrocity
have been endured?
[35] Richland District contains seven thousand white, and thirteen
thousand slave population. The Report is published in the
Charleston Standard, October 12th, 1854.
[36] “Most persons allow their negroes to cultivate a small crop of
their own. For a number of reasons the practice is a bad one. It is
next to impossible to keep them from working the crop on the
Sabbath. They labour at night when they should be at rest. There
is no saving more than to give them the same amount; for, like all
other animals, the negro is only capable of doing a certain amount
of work without injury. To this point he may be worked at his
regular task, and any labour beyond this is an injury to both
master and slave. They will pilfer to add to what cotton or corn
they have made. If they sell the crop and trade for themselves,
they are apt to be cheated out of a good portion of their labour.
They will have many things in their possession, under colour of
purchases, which we know not whether they have gained
honestly.”—Southern Cultivator.
[37] P. W. Fraser, p. 574, Pub. Doc. VI., 1846.
[38] Among the thousands of applicants for soup, and bread, and
fuel, as charity, I never saw, during “the famine” in New York, one
negro. Five Points Pease said to me, “The negro seems to be
more provident than the Celt. The poor blacks always manage to
keep themselves more decent and comfortable than the poor
whites. They very rarely complain, or ask for charity; and I have
often found them sharing their food with white people, who were
too poor to provide for themselves.” A great deal of falsehood is
circulated and accredited about the sufferings of the free negroes
at the North. Their condition is bad enough, but no worse than
that of any men educated and treated as they are, must be; and it
is, on an average, far better than that of the slave.
[39] In the obscure country papers of Northern Alabama and
Georgia, and Western South Carolina, I have seen many more
descriptions, similar to these, of this famine; but I cannot now lay
my hand on them. These I have by accident, not having taken
pains to collect them for this purpose. In a district of the Slave
States, where it is boasted that more than a hundred bushels of
maize to the acre has been raised, and where not one out of five
hundred of the people is engaged in any other than agricultural
industry, I have myself bought maize, which had been raised by
free labour, in Ohio, at two dollars a bushel.
[40] “North America, its Agriculture and Climate,” by Robert
Russell, Kilwhiss. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1857.
[41] De Bow, vol. iii., p. 342.
[42] See De Bow’s “Resources,” art. Tobacco.
[43] Vol. i., p. 175, “Resources.”
[44] In my Notes on Eastern Virginia, it was mentioned that a
tobacco planter informed me that he could not raise the finer sorts
of tobacco with profit, because he could not make his slaves take
pains enough with it; and in certain localities in Ohio, having a
favourable soil for the production of fine or high-priced tobacco, it
appears that free labour is engaged more profitably in the
cultivation of tobacco than in the cultivation of corn. It is the same
in parts of Connecticut and of Massachusetts. Except in these
limited districts, however, it is found that the labour of Ohio, as of
Connecticut and Massachusetts, is more profitably directed to the
cultivation of Indian corn and other crops than of tobacco.
[45] “Resources,” p. 175.
[46] Virginia, with 10,360,135 acres of improved land, produced,
according to the last census returns,
35,254,319 bushels of corn,
56,803,227 pounds of tobacco.
Ohio, with 9,851,493 acres of improved land, produced
59,078,695 bushels of corn,
10,454,449 pounds of tobacco.
The aggregate value of these two products alone, at present New
York prices, would be
Ohio $5,127,223,565
Virginia $3,564,639,385
Actual crops per acre, on the average, as returned by the
marshals for 1849-50 (Census Compilation, p. 178):
Corn. Tobacco.
Ohio 36 bushels 730 pounds.
Virginia 18 ” 630 ”
[47] “North America, its Climate,” etc., p. 286.
[48] De Bow’s “Resources.” See “Seaboard Slave States,” pp. 463
and 586, for further southern evidence.
[49] A writer in “Household Words,” speaking of the “popular
fallacy that a man cannot do a hard day’s work in the climate of
India,” says:—
“I have seen as hard work, real bone and muscle work, done by
citizens of the United Kingdom in the East, as was ever achieved
in the cold West, and all upon rice and curry—not curry and rice—
in which the rice has formed the real meal, and the curry has
merely helped to give it a relish, as a sort of substantial
Kitchener’s zest, or Harvey’s sauce. I have seen, likewise,
Moormen, Malabars, and others of the Indian labouring classes,
perform a day’s work that would terrify a London porter, or coal-
whipper, or a country navvy, or ploughman; and under the direct
rays of a sun that has made a wooden platform too hot to stand
on in thin shoes, without literally dancing with pain, as I have done
many a day, within six degrees of the line.”
[50] Dr. Barton, of New Orleans, in a paper read before the
Academy of Science of that city, says: “The class of diseases
most fatal in the South are mainly of a ‘preventible nature,’ and
embraces fevers and intestinal diseases, and depends mostly on
conditions under the control of man, as drainage, the removal of
forest growth—of personal exposure and private hygiene. The
climate further north is too rigid the greater part of the year for
personal exposure to the open air, so essential to the enjoyment
of health, and when the extremes are great and rapid, another
class of maladies predominate—the pulmonary, as well as others
arising from crowding, defective ventilation and filth—exacting
preventive measures from the public authorities with as much
urgency as the worst fevers of the South.”
[51] Indian corn has been considered an exception, and there are
probably larger corn fields in Indiana than cotton fields in
Mississippi.
[52] I believe that plantations or agricultural operations devoted to
a single crop are, as a general rule, profitable in proportion to their
size in the Free States, unless, indeed, the market is a small one
and easily overstocked, which is never the case with the cotton
market.
[53] Vol. i., p. 175, “Resources.”
[54] Some one can render a service to civilization by publishing
precisely what feudal rights, so called, were abolished in large
parts of Germany and Hungary in 1848, and what results to the
commerce of the districts affected the greater freedom and
impulse to industry arising therefrom has had. If I am rightly
informed, trade, in many cases, both export and import, has
already much more than quadrupled in value, thousands of
peasants now demanding numerous articles and being able to
pay for them, which before only a few score or hundred
proprietors were expected to buy.
[55] From an “Address on Climatology,” before the Academy of
Science, by Dr. Barton, of New Orleans:—
“The institution of slavery operates by contrast and comparison; it
elevates the tone of the superior, adds to its refinement, allows
more time to cultivate the mind, exalts the standard in morals,
manners, and intellectual endowments; operates as a safety-valve
for the evil disposed, leaving the upper race purer, while it really
preserves from degradation, in the scale of civilization, the inferior,
which we see is their uniform destiny when left to themselves. The
slaves constitute essentially the lowest class, and society is
immeasurably benefitted by having this class, which constitutes
the offensive fungus—the great cancer of civilized life—a vast
burthen and expense to every community, under surveillance and
control; and not only so, but under direction as an efficient agent
to promote the general welfare and increase the wealth of the
community. The history of the world furnishes no institution under
similar management, where so much good actually results to the
governors and the governed as this in the Southern States of
North America.”
“It is by the existence of slavery, exempting so large a portion of
our citizens from labour, that we have leisure for intellectual
pursuits.”—Governor Hammond, in South. Literary Mess.
“Would you do a benefit to the horse or the ox, by giving him a
cultivated understanding, or fine feelings? So far as the mere
labourer has the pride, the knowledge, or the aspirations of a free
man, he is unfitted for his situation, and must doubly feel its
infelicity. If there are sordid, servile, and laborious offices to be
performed, is it not better that there should be sordid, servile, and
laborious beings to perform them?”—Chancellor Harper; Address
to South Carolina Institute.
“The relations between the North and the South are very
analogous to those which subsisted between Greece and the
Roman Empire, after the subjugation of Achaia by the Consul
Mummius. The dignity and energy of the Roman character,
conspicuous in war and in politics, were not easily tamed and
adjusted to the arts of industry and literature. The degenerate and
pliant Greeks, on the contrary, excelled in the handicraft and polite
professions. We learn from the vigorous invective of Juvenal, that
they were the most useful and capable of servants, whether as
pimps or professors of rhetoric. Obsequious, dexterous, and
ready, the versatile Greeks monopolized the business of teaching,
publishing, and manufacturing in the Roman Empire—allowing
their masters ample leisure for the service of the State, in the
Senate or in the field.”—Richmond Enquirer.
[56] The business committee of the South Carolina State
Agricultural Society reported, Aug. 9, 1855:—
“Our old fields are enlarging, our homesteads have been
decreasing fearfully in number. * * * We are not only losing some
of our most energetic and useful citizens to supply the bone and
sinew of other States, but we are losing our slave population,
which is the true wealth of the State, our stocks of hogs, horses,
mules, and cattle are diminishing in size and decreasing in
number, and our purses are strained for the last cent to supply
their places from the North-western States.”
[57] De Bow’s “Review,” vol. xviii. p. 790.
[58] “Georgia Scenes,” by the Rev. and Hon. Judge Longstreet,
now President of the University of Mississippi. Harper’s edition, p.
76.
[59] Address before the South Carolina Institute.
[60] Fifth Annual Report to Directors of Graniteville Company.
[61] Mr. Russell uses the language of England. There are several
collections of houses on this river bank, the inhabitants of which
would consider it an insult if they should hear such a humble term
as “village” applied to their pseudo towns and cities.
[62] “North America; its Agriculture and Climate,” p. 290.
[63] It was not long since estimated in the Legislature of Kentucky
as seven to one in that State.
[64] I fear that it must be confessed that this general rule has now
a multitude of exceptions in our large towns, where, in New York,
especially, we seem taking some pains to form a permanent lower
class. With the present great and apparently permanent falling off
in the European emigration it can hardly last, however.
[65]
The ratio of white illiterate to white population, per cent., as
returned, is,
{Free 3.36
States,
{Slave 8.27
States
of the native population, over twenty years old, it is,
{Free 4.12 (Census Compendium, pp. 152,
States, 153).
{Slave 17.23
States
The ability to merely read and write may itself be of little value, but
the fact of a child’s having had the painstaking necessary to so far
instruct him is in some degree a means of measuring his other
inherited wealth, and thus his breeding.
[66] “Resources,” vol. ii., pp. 197, 198.
[67] The late Mr. Brooks’ character should be honestly
considered, now that personal enmity toward him is impossible.
That he was courteous, accomplished, warm-hearted, and hot-
blooded, dear as a friend and fearful as an enemy, may be
believed by all; but, in the South, his name is yet never mentioned
without the term gallant or courageous, spirited or noble, is also
attached to it; and we are obliged to ask, why insist on this? The
truth is, we include a habit of mind in these terms which slavery
has rendered, in a great degree, obsolete in the South. The man
who has been accustomed from childhood to see men beaten
when they have no chance to defend themselves; to hear men
accused, reproved, vituperated, who dare not open their lips in
self-defence or reply; the man who is accustomed to see other
men whip women without interference, remonstrance, or any
expression of indignation, must have a certain quality, which is an
essential part of personal honour with us, greatly blunted, if not
entirely destroyed. The same quality which we detest in the
assassination of an enemy, is essentially constant in all slavery. It
is found in effecting one’s will with another, when he cannot, if he
would, defend himself. Accustomed to this in every hour of their
lives. Southerners do not feel magnanimity and the “fair-play”
impulse to be a necessary part of the quality of “spirit,” courage,
and nobleness. By spirit they apparently mean only passionate
vindictiveness of character, and by gallantry mere intrepidity.
[68] From the Introduction to “The Englishman in Kansas,” (by the
author of this work).
[69] That slaves have ever been burned alive has been
indignantly denied. The late Judge Jay told me that he had
evidence in his possession of negro burnings every year in the
last twenty.
[70] 2 Devereaux’s North Carolina Reports, 263.
[71] The real object of the systematic mail robbery which is
maintained throughout the South, and of the censorship of the
press which is otherwise attempted, was once betrayed by a
somewhat distinguished Southern editor, Duff Green, in the
United States Telegraph, in the following words:—
“The real danger of this [slave insurrection] is remote. We believe
we have most to fear from the organized action upon the
consciences and fears of the slaveholders themselves; from the
insinuation of their dangerous heresies into our schools, our
pulpits, and our domestic circles. It is only by alarming the
consciences of the weak and feeble, and diffusing among our
people a morbid sensibility on the question of slavery, that the
Abolitionists can accomplish their object.”
[72] Elsewhere the Messrs. Appleton are spoken of as “the great
Abolition publishers of New York.”
[73] Note the argument, I pray you, reader. Why, indeed? Why is
there not a Feejee Iliad? Are not the Feejees heathen, as Homer
was? Why should not the Book of Mormon be as good a thing as
the Psalms of David? Was not Joseph Smith also a polygamist?
[74] From the Columbia (S. C.) Times, quoted without dissent in
the conservative South Carolina paper, the Charleston Mercury:—
“The loss that the South annually sustains by the running of
slaves into Canada, is of sufficient importance to justify her public
men in insisting upon some action of the Government of the
United States in the premises. And we confess our surprise that
Southern statesmen have submitted with so much patience to the
annual robbery of thousands of dollars’ worth of property to which
she has as good a right as the land they cultivate. The time is
propitious for the acquisition of all disputed rights from European
powers. They cannot afford to break just now with the United
States. Let our public men move in the matter, and we question
not but that the President and the American Minister at St.
James’s will give the movement a cordial support. Besides, this is
a golden moment which may never return. Before we get another
sound man in the presidential chair, peace may be made in
Europe, and the European powers be less inclined to look with
favour upon the demands of America.”
[75] “While it is far more obvious that negroes should be slaves
than whites, for they are only fit to labour, not to direct; yet the
principle of slavery is itself right, and does not depend upon
difference of complexion. Difference of race, lineage, of language,
of habits, and customs, all tend to render the institution more
natural and durable; and although slaves have been generally
whites, still the masters and slaves have generally been of
different national descent. Moses and Aristotle, the earliest
historians, are both authorities in favour of this difference of race,
but not of colour.”—Richmond Enquirer.
[76] Abstract of the Seventh Census, and the able work of
Professor Tucker, on the “Progress of the United States in
Population and Wealth.”
[77] The population, following Mr. White, is given in round
numbers, from the State Census of 1845; average personal
estate, per family of citizens, reckoned from an official return,
published in the “Soil of the South” (Columbus, Georgia, 1852, p.
210), the amount given for each county being divided by one-fifth
the number of its population (for families). Observations on
education and the character of the people, from “White’s Statistics
of Georgia” (generally in quotations). School, library, and church
statistics, in figures from official United States Census, 1850.
[78] The presence of these few planters, with their valuable
human property, makes the average nominal wealth of each white
family, at first sight, appear large. If, however, the slaves had been
appraised at only $500 each, which would be low, they would
alone amount in value in some counties to the sum assigned for
the whole personal property of the citizens. This item is not,
therefore, trustworthy, but, in comparing the coast and second tier
counties, it serves to show the great difference in the average
wealth of the citizens of each. A similar division of personal
estate, as officially returned for the city of New York, would give
$4,660 to each family.
[79] “White’s Statistics,” p. 224.
[80] Hewitt, —; “Seaboard Slave States,” p. 528.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE COTTON
KINGDOM, VOLUME 2 (OF 2) ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions

will be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright
in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and
distribute it in the United States without permission and without
paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General
Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and
distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the
PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if
you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the
trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the
Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is
very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such
as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and
printed and given away—you may do practically ANYTHING in
the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright
law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially
commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the

free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this
work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase
“Project Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of
the Full Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or
online at www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand,
agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual
property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to
abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using
and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for
obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™
electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms
of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only

be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by
people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.
There are a few things that you can do with most Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the
full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There
are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™
electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and
help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™
electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright
law in the United States and you are located in the United
States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying,
distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works
based on the work as long as all references to Project
Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will
support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free
access to electronic works by freely sharing Project
Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this
agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms
of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with
its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it
without charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside
the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to
the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying,
displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works
based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The
Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright
status of any work in any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project

Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project
Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed,
viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United

States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it
away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg
License included with this eBook or online at
www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United
States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to
anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges.
If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the
phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of
paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use
of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth
in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is

posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and
distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder.
Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™
License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright
holder found at the beginning of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files
containing a part of this work or any other work associated with
Project Gutenberg™.
 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute
this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the
Project Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if
you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project
Gutenberg™ work in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or
other format used in the official version posted on the official
Project Gutenberg™ website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at
no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a
means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project
Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™
works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or

providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
 about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project

Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different
terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain
permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg™
trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3
below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on,
transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright
law in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite
these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the
medium on which they may be stored, may contain “Defects,”
such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt
data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other