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Animal Welfare
The Universities Federation
• Funding and publishing developments in the science and technology that underpin advances
in animal welfare;
• Promoting education in animal care and welfare;
• Providing information, organising meetings and publishing books, videos, articles, technical
reports and the journal Animal Welfare;
• Providing expert advice to government departments and other bodies and helping to draft and
amend laws and guidelines;
• Enlisting the energies of animal keepers, scientists, veterinarians, lawyers and others who care
about animals.
Improvements in the care of animals are not now likely to come of their own
accord, merely by wishing them: there must be research…and it is in sponsoring
research of this kind, and making its results widely known, that UFAW performs
one of its most valuable services.
UFAW relies on the generosity of the public through legacies and donations to carry out its work,
improving the welfare of animals now and in the future. For further information about UFAW and
how you can help promote and support its work, please contact us at the following address:
UFAW’s aim regarding the UFAW/Wiley‐Blackwell Animal Welfare book series is to promote inter-
est and debate in the subject and to disseminate information relevant to improving the welfare of
kept animals and of those harmed in the wild through human agency. The books in this series are
the works of their authors, and the views they express do not necessarily reflect the views of UFAW.
Animal Welfare
Understanding Sentient Minds
and Why it Matters
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise,
except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available
at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of John Webster to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with
law.
Registered Offices
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK
Editorial Office
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For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit
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Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some content that
appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To a startled mouse, and a serene rat, who gave me the idea.
Contents
Index152
About the Author
John Webster
This is the third Animal Welfare book that I have written in a series published by the
Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW). Each book has been designed to
reflect stages on a journey. The first in the series, ‘A Cool Eye towards Eden’ (1994)
imagined an ideal world for all sentient animals defined by a perfect expression of the
five freedoms, acknowledged that while this was unachievable, it was the right way to
travel and outlined the path. It posed two questions: ‘How is it for them?’ and ‘What
can we do for them?’ It addressed the physiological and psychological (body and mind)
determinants of animal welfare and outlined an approach to promoting their wellbeing
on the farm, in the laboratory and in the home. It closed with a restatement of the view
of Eden in the words of Albert Schweitzer ‘Until he extends his circle of compassion to
all living things, man himself will not find peace.’
My second book, ‘Limping towards Eden’ (2005), was written at a time of intensive
activity in animal welfare science and sought to incorporate this new knowledge into
good practice in regard to our approach to, and treatment of, animals in our care. Its
closing words were more downbeat. We are on an endless journey towards an impos-
sible dream but ‘the path of duty lies in what is near. We may never expect to see our
final destination but, for those who are prepared to open their eyes, the immediate
horizon is full of promise.’
What these first two books had in common is that both were primarily concerned
with practical solutions to problems of animal welfare based on better understanding
of their physical and behavioural needs. While this latest book is based on the same
principles of respect for animals-my views haven’t changed – the subject matter is very
different. It is a very different journey: a voyage of exploration into the animal mind,
the nature and extent of sentience and consciousness in different species and how these
have been shaped by the challenges of their environment. In Part 1, I set out the opera-
tion manual and toolbox of special senses, physical and mental faculties available to all
sentient animals as their instinctive birth-right and explore how animals with the prop-
erties of a sentient mind are able to build on this birth-right and develop survival and
social strategies to promote their wellbeing and perfect their use of the tools available
xivPreface
to them at birth. In Part 2 I review how sentient minds have been shaped through
adaptation to their natural environments. I consider first animals of the waters and the
air; least subject to interference from that most invasive of terrestrial species, mankind.
Terrestrial mammals are considered in two groups, first the herbivores, carnivores and
omnivores of the open plains, then the animals of the forests and jungles, with special
attention to the physical and social skills needed for life in the three dimensions of the
tree canopy. In this section there is some repetition of the themes introduced in Part 1.
This is necessary to put these properties of sentience into their environmental context
and (under pressure) I have tried to keep them as brief as possible. The last chapter in
this section considers how the finely tuned balance between inherited and acquired
senses and skills in different natural environments has been affected by domestication,
giving special concern to those animals whose behaviour has been most affected by
human interference, dogs, pigs and horses. Since my aim is to look at animals through
their eyes, not ours, human attitudes are kept, wherever possible, off the page. However,
in the final chapter, ‘Our duty of care’, I address the second clause in my title. I examine
human attitudes and actions in regard to other animals on the basis that animals with
sentient minds have feelings that matter to them, so they should matter to us too.
I review how we can apply our understanding of the sentient mind to meet our respon-
sibilities and govern our approach to animals in the home, on farms, in sport and enter-
tainment, in laboratories and in the wild. This brief voyage into the animal mind is
based, wherever possible on evidence from science and sound practice. However, it
regularly ventures into uncharted waters so contains almost as much speculation as
hard evidence and makes no claim to be definitive. It has not been my aim to present a
comprehensive, balanced review of existing knowledge and understanding in relation to
animal minds but to stimulate the desire in your mind to learn more. The better we
understand our fellow mortals, the more likely it is that we can be good neighbours.
Acknowledgements and Apologies
the support of written evidence relating to every possible circumstance. Water runs
downhill, wherever one happens to be.
I have spent over 60 years working with animals, thinking about animals, discussing
animals with wise colleagues, writing and teaching about animals. I cannot possibly
acknowledge by name all those who have guided and developed my thoughts: distin-
guished colleagues who have enriched my understanding; razor-sharp students who
have challenged my convictions. I have therefore taken the easy option and never (well,
almost never) named names. Those of you who read this book and recognise that I am
talking about you, please accept my heartfelt thanks. I would make one exception to my
policy of not naming names. I am deeply indebted to Birte Nielsen of UFAW, who has
conscientiously and wisely helped to knock this manuscript into shape, purged me of
repetitions and reined me in whenever my imagination was getting out of hand.
Part 1
I think I could turn and live with animals…I look at them long and long.
They do not sweat and whine about their condition.
They do not lie awake at night and whine about their sins.
Not one is dissatisfied. Not one is demented by the mania of owning things.
Not one is respectable or unhappy over the whole earth.