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Chapter 8—Is Knowledge Possible?
MULTIPLE CHOICE
4. If I urged you to practice skepticism in order to arrive at the truth, I would be urging you to adopt a
position known as
a. common sense skepticism.
b. methodical skepticism.
c. absolute skepticism.
d. metaphysical dualism.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 334
9. Al-Ghazali writes, "They [beliefs based on sense or intellect] are true in respect of your present state;
but it is possible that a state will come upon you whose relation to your waking consciousness is
analogous to the relation of the latter to dreaming." This insight leads him to
a. question beliefs based on prophetic revelation.
b. absolute certainty about beliefs based on sensation.
c. skepticism about knowledge claims based on sense and intellect.
d. the firm conviction that certainty can only be reached by systematic demonstration and
rational argument.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 338
12. Al-Ghazali writes, "Just as intellect is one of the stages of human development in which there is an
'eye' which sees the various types of intelligible objects, which are beyond the ken of the senses, so
prophecy also is the description of a stage in which there is an eye endowed with light such that in that
light the unseen and other supra-intellectual objects become visible." This passage indicates that
al-Ghazali is
a. an empiricist.
b. a rationalist.
c. an absolute skeptic.
d. a mystic.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 341
13. According to al-Ghazali, while mystics attain nearness to God, they also
a. are united with God.
b. inhere in God.
c. become one with God.
d. remain different from God.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 342
14. Al-Ghazali writes, "The proof of the possibility of there being prophecy and the proof that there has
been prophecy is that there is knowledge in the world the attainment of which by reason is
inconceivable." According to al-Ghazali, this argument shows that
a. it is possible for there to be a way of apprehending things that are not apprehended by the
intellect.
b. it is possible to know things that can be known by the intellect alone.
c. the human intellect, unaided by Divine inspiration, can know everything there is to know.
d. it is not possible to know anything beyond the intellect.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 342
15. Descartes is
a. an absolute skeptic.
b. a methodical skeptic.
c. a common sense skeptic.
d. an empiricist.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 343
18. How does Descartes reach the conclusion that he is a "thinking thing"?
a. The fact that we have a body and our body has a brain indicates we think.
b. If we eliminate all beliefs about ourselves except the ones we cannot doubt, then the only
belief we are left with is that we think.
c. If we eliminate all beliefs about ourselves based on sensations, then the only belief we are
left with is that we must have brains.
d. God reveals it to him.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 348
19. Descartes' consideration of how we know a melting piece of wax is the same piece of wax leads to the
conclusion that we know it by
a. our senses.
b. our imagination.
c. our understanding.
d. empirical methods.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 350
20. Consider this passage from Descartes: "Don't I know myself much more truly and certainly, and also
much more distinctly and plainly, than I know the wax? For, if I base my judgment that the wax exists
on the fact that I see it, my seeing it much more obviously implies that I exist. It's possible that what I
see is not really wax, and it's even possible that I don't have eyes with which to see--but it clearly is not
possible that, when I see (or, what now amounts to the same thing, when I think I see), the 'I' which
thinks is not a real thing." Descartes is here claiming
a. that the "I" is less distinctly known than the wax.
b. that it is not possible to doubt that the "I" is a real thing, but it is possible to doubt the wax
is a real thing.
c. It is possible to doubt that the "I" is a real thing.
d. the wax is more distinctly known than the I.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 350-351
22. For Hume, one can test the truth of one's ideas by
a. using a priori and deductive arguments.
b. tracing ideas back to the impressions from which they came.
c. tracing impressions back to the ideas from which they came.
d. finding out what some authority says.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 352
23. Hume argues that a blind person cannot have an idea or conception of color. This argument is intended
to show that
a. all our impressions are copies of ideas.
b. all our ideas are copies of impressions.
c. ideas and impressions are the same.
d. the concept of cause makes no sense.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 354
27. Hume writes, "When I see, for instance, a Billiard-ball moving in a straight line towards another; even
suppose motion in the second ball should by accident be suggested to me, as the result of their contact
or impulse; may I not conceive, that a hundred different events might as well follow from that cause?
May not both these balls remain at absolute rest? May not the first ball return in a straight line, or leap
off from the second in any line or direction? All these suppositions are consistent and conceivable."
Hume goes on to argue that ____.
a. a priori reasoning will never be able to show us any foundation for favoring one of these
possibilities to another.
b. a priori reasoning will be able to show us a foundation for favoring one of these
possibilities to another.
c. we must suppose that the connection between cause and effect consists of a perceived
necessity.
d. only God knows what the second Billiard-ball will do after being struck by the first.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 356
28. Consider this passage from Hume: "We have said that all arguments concerning existence are founded
on the relation of cause and effect; that our knowledge of that relation is derived entirely from
experience; and that all our experimental conclusions proceed upon the supposition that the future will
be conformable to the past. To endeavor, therefore, the proof of this last supposition by probable
arguments, or arguments regarding existence, must be evidently going in a circle and taking that for
granted which is the very point in question." Hume is here
a. stating the so-called "problem of induction."
b. arguing deduction cannot be proved inductively.
c. claiming deductive proofs of the principle that the future will resemble the past beg the
question.
d. arguing the idea of cause and effect is innate.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 358
29. Hume argues that all reasoning concerning matter of fact seem to be founded on the relation of cause
and effect because
a. that is what previous philosophers have taught.
b. no arguments from experience are founded on similarity.
c. by means of this relation alone we can go beyond memory and senses.
d. we can never get beyond memory and senses.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 358
31. The difference between epistemic and practical standards of evidence is this:
a. epistemic standards demand objective evidence apart from how useful a belief may be for
us.
b. practical standards demand objective evidence apart from how useful a belief may be for
us.
c. there is no difference between practical and epistemic standards.
d. "believing makes it so" is the motto of someone who supports the necessity of epistemic
standards.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 359
35. In which of the following situations is belief without sufficient evidence justified according to James?
a. when confronted with a genuine option
b. in most cases of scientific investigation
c. whenever we feel like it
d. when we own ships and send them out to sea
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 363
39. According to James, the religious hypothesis differs from the moral and the scientific in that
a. science tells us some things are better than others, but religion does not.
b. science tells us what things are, religions tells us the best things are eternal and we are
better off now believing that to be true, and morality tells us some things are better than
others.
c. morality tells us some things are better than others, but religion tells us the way things are.
d. it supports the Christian idea of heaven, but science does not.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 365
40. According to James, in which of the following situations is the decision not to believe as much a
decision based on passion as the decision to believe?
a. genuine options that cannot be decided by the evidence
b. genuine options that can be decided by the evidence
c. questions about matters of empirical fact
d. all issues of science
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 366
41. James writes, "I cannot do so for this plain reason, that a rule of thinking which would absolutely
prevent me from acknowledging certain kinds of truth if those kinds of truth were really there, would
be an irrational rule." This rule allows James
a. to accept the agnostic rules for truth-seeking.
b. to risk loss of truth rather than chance of error.
c. to keep his "willing nature out of the game."
d. to reject the agnostic rules for truth-seeking.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 366
44. According to Nyaya, by what standard are mistaken knowledge claims ultimately detected?
a. successfulness in practice
b. appeal to further knowledge
c. valid argumentation
d. more determinate perceptions
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 369
46. A ____ is defined as that which appears to be a valid reason for inference but really is not.
a. howler
b. fallacy
c. segue
d. metaphor
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 371
51. The view that all knowing substantially involves the social and historical context of the knowers is
called what?
a. biased epistemology.
b. objective epistemology
c. standpoint epistemology
d. scientific epistemology.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 373
52. Which of the following is NOT an objection raised against some versions of standpoint feminism?
a. It does not pay enough attention to the similarities in women's experiences.
b. It does not pay enough attention to the differences in women's experiences.
c. It says that marginality makes people victims of oppression, rather than marginality being
a locus of resistance.
d. It presupposes that there is some female nature or essence.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 377-381
53. The crucial difference between the standpoint epistemology proposed by Harding as compared to the
standpoint epistemology proposed by Rose and Hartsock is that
a. Rose and Hartsock rely on objective evaluation of the lives of women instead of subjective
experience.
b. Harding relies on objective evaluation of the lives of women instead of subjective
experience.
c. Rose and Hartsock believe that all women have a shared female experience.
d. Harding believes that all women have a shared female experience.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 381-382
TRUE/FALSE
1. Al-Ghazali's quest for knowledge is religious and therefore, he never questions or doubts.
a. True
b. False
2. The difference between knowledge and immediate experience, according to al-Ghazali, is that
knowledge involves actual acquaintance, but immediate experience does not.
a. True
b. False
3. If a person does miracles, according to al-Ghazali, this is sufficient to prove that such a person is a
prophet sent by God.
a. True
b. False
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: p. 342
4. Descartes, because he is a skeptic, would answer the question, "Is knowledge possible?" with a
resounding "NO."
a. True
b. False
5. Representational realism is a theory that claims we are in direct touch with our sensations of physical
reality, but not physical reality itself.
a. True
b. False
7. "My blind cat is Descartes' evil demon." This statement is an example of what Hume means by
relations of ideas (analytic statements).
a. True
b. False
9. While Hume rejects Descartes' arguments for a priori knowledge of the world, he accepts al-Ghazali's
arguments for the existence of prophetic revelations that do give us such knowledge.
a. True
b. False
10. If from past experience, I infer that drinking water will quench my thirst, my reasoning is based on the
principle that the future will resemble the past.
a. True
b. False
11. Evidentialism is the position that no statement should be accepted as true without good supporting
evidence.
a. True
b. False
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: p. 359
12. James, unlike the rationalists, believes that if an idea is true, it is always true whether anyone verifies it
or not.
a. True
b. False
14. Clifford would support the proposition that the more useful a belief is, the better off we are if we
believe it.
a. True
b. False
15. James' "Will to Believe" argument boils down to claiming you have a right to believe anything you
want to.
a. True
b. False
16. James' attitude, unlike Clifford's attitude, is "We should play it safe and avoid falling into error at all
costs."
a. True
b. False
17. In personal and social relationships, according to James, "believing can make it so."
a. True
b. False
19. Perceptual knowledge is acquired though our sensory contact with objects in the world.
a. True
b. False
21. The reliability of testimony has nothing to do with honesty of the person speaking.
a. True
b. False
22. Standpoint epistemology has two constitutive elements. First, the notion of a standpoint or perspective;
second, the notion that all of these perspectives are equally valid.
a. True
b. False
23. Rose and Hartsock think that women have a distinctive cognitive style based on the emotional
involvement in knowing that women have.
a. True
b. False
24. Patricia Hill Collins claims that a particular standpoint can give a complete account of social
oppressive relations.
a. True
b. False
25. For Code, emotions play absolutely no role in the knowledge process.
a. True
b. False
Moni tyttö häntä mielien katsoisi, kun uskaltaisi, mutta hän on niin
yksinäinen ja ylpeä, ettei kukaan uskalla häntä lähestyä.
Niin nuorisoseurako?
— Mitä?
— Älä.
— Se on tosi.
— Kenen se on?
Hän aukaisi oven. Mutta hän ei tahtonut uskoa todeksi, mitä näki.
Kirjoja pitkät hyllyt yhdellä seinällä ihan täynnä ja niin hyvässä
järjestyksessä. Tämähän on harvinaista, mietti Lauri Saha. Mihin
olen tullutkaan.
— Saanko luvan kysyä, miksi ette anna? kysyi Lauri Saha, sillä
hän päätteli mielessään: sittenkin ahdasmielinen, ehkä
uskonnollisten seikkain tähden vastustaa nuorisoseuraliikettä. Hän
varustautui odotettuun taisteluun.
— Kuinka?
— En, puhukaa!
— Kyllä tavallaan. Niin, ja jos sitten tuo joukko nyt vihdoinkin jotain
vaatii, vaikkapa vain saada osansa sivistyksestä nuorisoseuratyön
muodossa, niin tuota liikettä tuomitaan sen vuoksi, koska se vielä
maistuu raa'alle, koska siinä on vielä seassa todellakin raakuutta ja
tietämättömyyttä, sen vuoksi, koska se liike on tietämättömien liike,
jotka juuri silmänsä ovat auki saaneet ja vaativat ihmishengen
tuloksista osansa. Lauri Saha pysähtyi hiukan ja näytti miettivän.