Shepherding a Childs Heart Burmesefull

oli,fpdwfraem xdef;ausmif;jcif;
qGD;qGD;ausmf
SHEPHERDING
A CHILD’S HEART
Revised and Updated
TEDD TRIPP
1
2
þtaMumif;t&mudk zwf½IavhvmNyD;
a&;om;&ef wkdufwGef;tm;ay;aom
Margy odkY *kPfjyKvsuf ...
3
4
rmwdum
'kwd,tBudrf xkwfa0jcif;rdwfquf 11
yxrtBudrf xkwfa0jcif;rdwfquf 15
trSmpum; 17
rdwfquf 19
trdefYtmPm 22
xdef;ausmif;jcif; 23
owif;aumif;udk A[kdjyKjcif; 24
owif;aumif;\ twGif;o½kyfxJodkY 0ifa&mufESHYpyfa&; 26
bk&m;&Sifawmfatmuf&Sd vlrsm; tjyeftvSef
trSDo[J jyKMua&; 26
tykdif; 1 or®musrf;pmvm uav;oli,frsm; ysKd;axmifa&;

twGuf tkwfjrpfrsm;
1 trltusifh\ oabm&if;&&Sda&; 31
2 uav;oli,f\ zGHUNzdK;a&;? MoZmvTrf;rkd;a&; 37
MoZmvTrf;rkd;a&; 38
t,ltqvGJrSm;rI od&Sdem;vnf&ef MoZmvTrf;rkd;a&; 44
3 uav;oli,f\ zGHUNzdK;a&;? bk&m;&Sifudk OD;wnfa&; 47
bk&m;&Sifudk OD;wnfa&; 48
uav;oli,f t"duxm;a&; 52
5
bk&m;&Sifudk OD;wnfa&S;½Ia&; ta&;BuD;yHk 54
tusOf;csKyf 55
4 OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrI 57
trdefYMoZm½IyfaxG;rI 58
acgif;aqmifjzpf&ef qifhac:jcif; 59
emcHwwf&ef qifhac:jcif; 61
xdef;ausmif;jcif;teuf 63
tusOf;csKyf 67
5 yef;wkdifrsm;udk ppfaq;ae 72
or®musrf;pmESifhrnDaom yef;wkdifrsm; 73
,Ofaus;rIvTrf;rkd;jcif;r&Sd&ef usrf;pmvm owday;csuf 78
a&maxG;aom tcsufjycsufrsm; 80
6 yef;wkdiftwkdif; vkyfaqmifjcif; 83
usrf;pmESifhrnDaom yef;wkdifrsm;udk jyefawG;Munfh 83
&nfrSef;csuf\ tajzpum; 90
7 usrf;pmESifhrnDaom enf;vrf;rsm; pGefYypfa&; 93
usrf;pmESifhrnDaom enf;vrf;rsm; 94
usrf;pmESifhrnDaom enf;vrf;rsm; tuJjzwfjcif; 102
8 usrf;pmvmenf;vrf;rsm; zufwG,fjcif;? aygif;pnf;jcif; 107
aygif;zufajymqkdjcif;onf qlnHjcif;r[kwf? n§dEIdif;wkdifyifjcif; 110
em;vnfrIa&S;½Ia&; 111
9 usrf;pmvmenf;vrf;rsm; zufwG,fjcif;? aygif;zufjcif;yHkpHrsm; 118
aygif;zufjcif;yHkpHrsm; 119
tusOf;csKyf 126
10 usrf;pmvmenf;vrf;rsm; zufwG,fjcif;? aygif;oif;
qufqHa&; toufwm 128
6
aygif;oif;qufqHa&; toufwm 128
pdwfESvHk;xdef;ausmif;jcif; 129
tzkd;tcwGufcsufjcif; 129
ay;qyfaom tzkd;tc\ aumif;csD;r*Fvm 131
ay;qyfc BuD;rm;ygovm; 137
11 usrf;pmvmenf;vrf;rsm; zufwG,fjcif;? Budrfwkwf 139
BudrfwkwfaemufuG,f&Sd qifjcifwHkw&m; 141
BudrfwkwfqkdonfrSm 145
BudrfwkwfyHkysufjcif;rsm; 148
Budrfwkwfudk uefYuGufcsufrsm; 150
Budrfwkwf\ toD;tyGifh 153
ESpfbufpvHk; taumif;qHk; 155
12 usrf;pmvmenf;vrf;rsm; zufwG,fjcif;? todw&m;ygvmjcif; 157
todw&m;ygvmjcif; 158
a&G;EIwfjcif;udk t"dua&S;½Ií trSm;jyifqifjcif; 162
13 pdwfESvHk;ysKd;axmifjcif; tusOf;csKyf 165
tykdif; 2 uav;oli,fb0 tqifhqifhtm; xdef;ausmif;jcif;
14 arG;uif;prS uav;oli,fb0? avhusifhjcif;&nf&G,fcsufrsm; 171

rlvtrltusifh - ajymif;vJjcif; 172
MoZmtmPm em;vnfjcif; 174
aumif;csD;r*Fvmtjzmjzm 175
av;pm;jcif;oabmobm0 177
emcHjcif;oabmobm0 179
pOfqufrjywfac:,ljcif; 180
qGJaqmifpnf;½Hk;jcif;jzpfpOfrsm; 182
Oyrmay;jcif; ta&;BuD;yHk 184
7
bk&m;&Sif\ *kPfawmfxJü uav;oli,frsm; xdef;ausmif;jcif; 184
trdefYtmPm emcHjcif;tusKd; 185
tcsdefudk wefbkd;xm; - ,ckvkyf 187
15 arG;uif;prS uav;oli,fb0? oifwef;ay;jcif;enf;em 189
b,fcsdefwifyg;ykwf&ygY 191
b,fvkdwifyg;ykwf&ygY 193
tb,faMumifh wifyg;ykwf&ygY 197
ar;csif&mar; 198
16 uav;oli,fb0? oifwef;ay;jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm; 209
uav;oli,fb0 210
udkifwG,f&m wefqmyvmoHk;rsKd; 214
17 uav;oli,fb0? avhusifha&; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf; 221
pdwfESvHk;ta&muf ajymqkdjcif; 222
oabmaygufatmif pnf;½Hk;ajymqkdjcif; 223
tusifhpm&dwåzGHUNzdK;jcif; 226
trltusifhrsm;jzifh ajymjyjcif; 231
a&&Sn½f yl g½Hk 232
18 q,fausmfouf? oGefoifjcif; &nf&G,fcsufrsm; 234
tcsdef\ trSwftom;rsm; 235
ykefuefjcif; 236
toufwmta&; tkwfjrpfoHk;ck 238
19 q,fausmfouf? avhusifhjcif;enf;emrsm; 249
owif;aumif;ü arGUavsmfa&; 250
owif;aumif;ü arGUavsmfa&; xdef;ausmif;jcif; 252
q,fausmfouftm; aygif;oif;xdef;ausmif;rI zGHUNzdK;a&; 253
8
9
10
'kwd,tBudrf xkwfa0jcif;rdwfquf
þuav;oli,f\ pdwfESvHk;xdef;ausmif;yJhjyifa&; pmtkyfudk q,fESpf

twGi;f wGif &maygif;rsm;pGm oifMum;ay;cJo h nf/ uav;oli,frsm; xde;f ausmif;
aom vli,faygif;rsm;pGmudkvnf; todÓPfyGifhvif;oGm;atmif aqG;aEG;cJhyg
onf/ xkdtcg uav;oli,frsm; xdef;ausmif;zGHUNzdK;ap&mwGif or®musrf;pm
pum;udk ykdrkdod&Sdem;vnfapa&;onf wefbkd;BuD;rm;aMumif; av;eufpGm od&Sd
vmonf/
bk&m;&Siu f kd ESv;kH om;&if;jzifh ud;k uG,jf cif;onf touf&iS o f efBu;D xGm;
&mjzpfonf(ok 4;23)/ rdbrsm;onf omreftm;jzifh om;orD;rsm;\ pdwo f abm
xuf tjyifyef;tjyKtrludkom *½kpkdufawGUjrifwwfMuonf/ trSefrSm tb,f
aMumifh þodkYaom tusifhvu©Pm&Sdonfudk od&Sd*½kpkduftyfonf/ xkdoabm
t& tjyKtrl? trltusifhrsm;tm; xdef;ausmif;wwf&efESifh vGJrSm;pGm tm;tif
xkwo f ;kH jcif;udk od&edS m;vnfay;&ef vkt d yfonf/ xkt d cgrsK;d wGif tjyKtrlrsm;om
MunfhjrifMuNyD; pdwfESvHk;cHpm;csufudkrl arhavsmhwwfMuonf/
xkdodkY pdwfESvHk;cHpm;csufudk arhavsmhjcif;onf pdwfESvHk;tm; OD;pm;ay;
&ef owdarhjcif;jzpfonf/ a&m 1 wGif vlrsm;onf pdwt f m;oef&m? ,HMk unf&mudk
ud;k uG,w f wfMuaMumif;? zefqif;&Sib f &k m;&Siaf wmftpm; xif&mjrif&m ud;k uG,f
wwfMuaMumif; owday;xm;onf(a&m 1;18-25)/ trlt&mtm; jzwfvrf;
enf;jzifh xde;f ausmif;yJjh yifjcif;onf uav;oli,f\ pdwEf v S ;kH axGjym;jcif;tm;
rsuu f ,G jf yK *½krpku d &f ma&mufonf/ xkt d cgrsK;d wGif uav;oli,frsm;onf pdwf
ESv;kH xJ&dS bk&m;&Siaf wmftpm; bk&m;&Sio f aYkd om wpHw k &mudk &SmazGu;kd uG,o f mG ;
wwfMuonf/
11
xkdodkY b0ifESvHk;ta&; vrf;vGJonfhtcg wqufwnf;wGif owif;

aumif;ta&; aoGzv D rf;vGo J mG ;onf/ tu,fí rdbrsm;\ tav;teufxm;
a&S;½I&monf trltusifhxuf eufeJjcif;r&SdvQif uav;oli,frsm;\ pdwfESvHk;
todpw d "f gwftm; r,fr,f&& ulnv D rf;ñTeEf idk rf nfr[kw/f trltusirhf sm;onf
pdwEf v S ;kH xJoYkd 0ifa&muf? ay:xGuaf om taMumif;t&mrsm;jzpfonf/ vlUtwGi;f
pdwo f abmonf rdru d ,
kd u
f kd cspcf ifjrwfE;dk jcif;? ykeu f efjcif;? pdwq
f ;dk jcif;? cg;oD;
rkef;wD;jcif;? remvkdjcif;? rmefrmewufjcif;&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh uav;oli,f
t&G,b f 0uwnf;uyif aus;Zl;awmfo&d adS &wGuw f wf&ef vkt d yfonf/ tu,f
í uav;oli,f\ pdwfoabmxuf cH,lcsuf ykdrkdeufeJvQif4if;? tu,fí
pdwfxJ&Sd cHpm;csufrsm; tjyifbufodkY vQHxGufvmvQif4if;? xkdoli,fonf aus;
Zl;awmfw&m; cH,w l wf&ef vkt d yfonf/ vlUavmuodYk ocifa,½I <uvmawmf
rljcif;onf pHv k ifaom toufwmjyo&ef? Ny;D jynfph v kH ifaom ,Zfyal Zmfjcif;jzifh
rdbrsm;u &ifaoG;i,frsm; tjypfciG v hf wT &f yHk od&edS m;vnfapMu&ef? vlUor½k;d us
pdwfoabmxm;tm; ajymif;vJopfvGifap&ef? bk&m;&Sifawmfudk4if;? tjcm;ol
rsm;udk4if; cspfcifjrwfEkd;wwf&efjzpfonf/
pdwftvkdqE´ vGJacsmfvQif bk&m;bkef;awmf xif&Sm;apa&;udkvnf;
vGaJ csmo f mG ;ayrnf/ uav;oli,f(t&G,af &muforl sm;tygt0if) yk*K¾d vaf &;&mü
½kyfwkomru ewfbk&m;odkYaom wvGJwacsmfrsm; trsKd;rsKd;udk;uG,fOD;pm;ay;
apjcif;onf bk&m;&Si\ f yv’iaf wmftm; jypfrmS ;apjcif;jzpfonf/ uav;oli,f
rsm;onf ppfreS af om bk&m;&Sit f m; rSeu f efpmG ud;k uG,w f wfa&; ta&;Bu;D onf/
bk&m;&Sifu qifhac:&mü ta&;BuD;qHk;onf zefqif;&Sifbk&m;ocif\ BuD;jrwf
jcif;? aumif;jrwfjcif;ESifh bkef;wefckd;awmfukd rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;odkY vuf
qifu h rf;oifjya&;jzpfonf/ rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; usr;f pmvm bk&m;
&Sifawmfudk ESvHk;om;&if;jzifh udk;uG,fí tjyKtrl? tajymtqkd rnfodkY&Sd&rnfh
taMumif; oGefoif&ef wm0ef0wå&m;&SdMuonf/ zefqif;awmfrlaom bk&m;
&Siuf kd 0rf;ajrmuf&iT v f ef;pGm om;orD;rsm;u &Scd ;dk uk;d uG,jf cif;tm; awGUjrifaom
rdbrsm;xuf yDwd0rf;ajrmufolr&SdEkdif/
þpmtkyfyg taMumif;t&mtm; Budrfzefrsm;pGm oGefoif&mü ]]q&mh
oGefoifcsufawGu uav;oli,fawGudk oGefoifjcif;rQomr[kwfbJ rdbrsm;
udyk g oGeo f ifjcif;jzpfw,f}}[k vma&mufajymqkad vh&MdS uonf/ þoGeo f ifcsuf
12
onf rdbrsm;uvnf; om;orD;&if;aoGrsm;odkY oGefoifp&m or®mw&m;rsm;

jzpfonf/
xkaYd Mumifh þuav;oli,f\ pdwEf v S ;kH jyKpyk sK;d axmifjcif;pmtkyf 'kw, d
tBurd f yHEk ydS jf cif;u BuKd qadk eygonf/ þpmtkyyf g taMumif;t&mrsm;udk rouFm
pdwrf &Sb
d J vufawGUusio hf ;kH vQif pmzwfo\
l toufwmü rSn0hf if;aom toD;
aumif;rsm; ay:xGef;vmNyD; oifhuav;oli,frsm;\ toufwmüvnf; toD;
tyGifhaumif;rsm; a0qmvmrnf/
qm 78 yg 'g0d'frif;\ qkawmif;csuftwkdif; qkawmif;ay;ygonf/
þoifcef;pmonf om;orD;rsm;odkY pHerlemor®mw&m; oGefoifonfomru
rarG;ao;aom tem*wfuav;oli,frsm;? aemufrsK;d qufrsm;u qifu h oJ eG o
f if
vsuf bk&m;&SifxHodkY b0arQmfvifhcsuf xm;&SdMu&efjzpfonf/
Tedd Tripp
July, 2005
13
14
yxrtBudrf xkwfa0jcif;rdwfquf
þpmtkyfa&;om;&ef pdwfESvHk;xJü EId;aqmfrI w&G&Gjzpfaeonf/

taMumif;aomf c&pf,mefrsm;\ jyKrlyHk,Ofaus;rIonf toif;awmftwGuf
jzpf&aomaMumifh om;orD; vli,fvl&G,frsm; xdef;ausmif;&mü or®musrf;pm
vmtwkdif;jzpf&onf/
bk&m;ay;b0vufaqmif toD;tyGifhrsm;ESifh oif;tkyftrIawmfxrf;
aqmifpOf tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk oDuHk;um ed,mrOya'o ykwD;ukH;tjzpf oDuHk;
í pmwapmiftjzpf a&;om;ygonf/
pmtkyfjzpfajrmufatmif tzufzufrS tm;ay;ulnDolrsm;tm;vHk;odkY
aus;Zl;wifygonf/ txl;ojzifh rdom;pk\ 0kdif;0ef;ulnDyHhyl;rItwGuf aus;Zl;
wifrqH;k yg/ w&m;a[mq&mtjzpfrS pma&;olwa,mufjzpfvm&ef rvG,u f yl g/
xkdokdYaom tawGUtBuHKaMumifh c&pf,mefpma&;q&mrsm;udkvnf; ykdrkdem;vnf
av;pm;rdygonf/ cspfZeD; rma*su pmtkyfygtaMumif;t&mtm;vHk; rSwfrd
avmufatmif zwf½IaxmufjyulnDay;onf/ xkdodkYaom tBudrfBudrfzwf½Ijcif;
aMumifh acsmarGUajyjypfatmif jyifqifjznfph uG Ef idk o
f nf/ xkt
Yd jyif t&G,af &muf
vmNyD;aom om;orD; wuf'? [DomESifh tm½kefwkdYuvnf; pdwf0ifwpm; zwf½I
tm;ay;Muygonf/ wuf'\ ZeD; [Domu yHkESdyfjcif;rjyKcif aemufqHk;tBudrf
tacsmowfzwf½aI y;onf/ xko d aYkd om tm;ay;rIrsm;aMumifh bk&m;&Siuf kd cspcf if
olrsm;odkY tm;ay;a0rQcGifh&&Sdí txl;0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omrdonf/
þpmtkyyf g taMumif;t&mrsm;onf bk&m;&Siaf wmftaMumif; (21)ESpf
ausmf tjrwfwEkd; oif,lcJhonfh Grace Fellowship Church rS tawGUtBuKH
jzpfonf/ xkdtoif;awmfom;rsm;uvnf; oGefoifjcif;tawGUtBuHK &ifhusuf
15
yxrtBudrf xkwfa0jcif;rdwfquf
atmif ulnDtm;ay;Muonf/ vkyfazmfaqmifbuf oif;tkyfrsm;? oif;axmuf

vlBu;D rsm;uvnf; tawGUtBuKH ukd odr;f rxm;bJ tjcm;olrsm;odYk rQa0&ef wku
d f
wGef;cGeftm;ay;Muonf/
,HkMunfjcif;&Sd&Sd zwf½Iaom pmzwfy&dowfrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/ Daniel
Boehret, Gene Cannon, Marcia Ciszek, Jon and Jose Hueni, Kelly
Knowlden, Jean Neel, Ted Vinatieri, and Jay and Ruth Younts / xkd
rdwfaqGrsm;\ tm;ay;axmufcHcsufESifh tawG;tjrifrsm;taMumifh þodYk a&;
om;0Hhonfh cGeftm;owdå&Sdvmonf/
txl;ojzifh David Powlison ESifh Christian Counseling and
Educational rS Jay E. Adams wkdYudk aus;Zl;Oyum,wif&Sdygonf/ David
\ oGefoifcsufrsm;onf 0dnmOfa&;&m wu,fhoifcef;pmjzpfonf/ uav;
oli,frsm; oGefoif&mü qufvuftoHk;jyKonf/ Jay Adams u oHukd oHjzifh
ydkrkdxufjrufap&aMumif; oGefoifojzifh txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/
bk&m;&Siu
f olUtoif;awmfü oef&Y iS ;f aomrsK;d aphtjzpf toH;k jyKygap/
Tedd Tripp
July, 1995
16
trSmpum;
þpmtkyfonf wu,fhpHerlempmtkyfjzpfonf/ pma&;ol wufx&pf

onf od&o dS nft h wkid ;f ajymqkí d od&adS &;om;onft h wkid ;f wu,fvyk af qmifol
jzpfonf/ uav;oli,frsm;tm; cspfcifí rdbrsm;udkvnf; em;vnfay;aom
aMumifh bk&m;&Sif\ vrf;awmfokdY avQmufvSrf;apvkdonf/
om;orD;rsm; jyKpyk sK;d axmifa&;pmtkyf trsm;tjym;wGif olwu Ydk ,kd w f idk f
bk&m;&Siu f kd od&cdS , H al &;taMumif; a&;om;Muonf/ trSerf mS rdbrsm;ud, k w f idk f
u OD;pGm rdru d ,
kd uf kd xde;f odr;f a&;(od)Yk yef;wkid t
f a&muf armif;ESiw f wfa&;onf
t"dujzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh yxrwGif rdbrsm;\ta&;? 'kwd,wGif om;orD;
rsm;ta&; *½kpkdufjcif;jzpfonf/
uav;oli,frsm;\ pdwfESvHk; xdawGUysKd;axmif&mü enf;vrf;rsKd;pHk&Sd
onf/ þpmtkyfwGif rdbrsm;u yef;wkdifta&muf om;orD;rsm; oGefoifa&;?
qH;k cef;wkid af tmif vufawGUvkyaf qmifapa&;taMumif;rsm; awGU&onf/ uav;
oli,frsm; qufq&H mü b0ifEv S ;kH xJoYkd a&muf&adS tmif rnfoYdk ajymqkv d yk uf ikd f
jy&rnfhtaMumif; oifjyxm;onf/ rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;tm; aygif;oif;
qufqH&mü arwåmESifh yg;eyfrIaygif;zuf&yHk a&;xm;onf/ vlrr,ft&G,frS
uav;oli,f/ uav;oli,ft&G,frS q,fausmfouft&G,fodkY ysKd;axmifjyKpk
&yHkrsm; ajymjyxm;onf/ þpmtkyfu rdbrsm; rnfodkY atmufusKdU½kdusKd;&rnfh
taMumif;vnf; oGefoifxm;onf/ rdbrsm;odkY wrsKd;ajymqkdvkdonfrSm uav;
rsm;tm; oGefoifa&;ESifh yHkOyrmjyoa&;jzpfonf/
þodkYaom pmtkyftrsm;pkonf om;orD;rsm;ta&;? rdbrsm;ta&;
trSefwu,f od&Sdjcif;r&SdMuaomaMumifh usrf;pmoGefoifcsufrsm;ESifh rnD/
17
trSmpum;
vlUavmurdom;pkta&;üvnf; vufawGUtoH;k r0if/ aumif;aom tBuÓ H Pf

rsm;ay;xmonf[k qkMd uaomfvnf; qGr;f qefxüJ <uufacs;wwH;k yg0ifouJo h Ydk
raumif;aomtBuHjyKcsuf wcsKdUwav ygwwfonf/ taMumif;aomf wwf
a,mifum;vkyjf cif;aMumifh or®mw&m;ESihf aoGzND y;D vGrJ mS ;Muonf/ aumif;aom
tBuÓ H PfjyKra,mif&adS omfvnf; rdbrsm;\ ÓPfynm&Sad &; arhavsmMh uonf/
xkaYd Mumifh þwufx&pf\ pmtkyEf iS hf jcm;em;Muonf/ t"duvkt d yfcsuf vrf;vGJ
Muonf/ þpmtkyu f toifpm½Iol rdbESihf oif&h ifaoG;i,frsm;tm; qufqaH &;
ajzmifhjzL;ap&ef ÓPfynmc&D;vrf;twkdif; avQmufvSrf;aprnf/ ½lyg½Hkaumif;
&Sdonfhtwkdif; vufawGUazmfaqmif&mrsm; ajymjyrnf/
þpmtkyfa&;om;olonf rdb? oif;tkyfq&m? tBuHaumif;ÓPf
aumif;ay;olESifh ausmif;tkyfBuD;jzpfonf/ xkdYtjyif bk&m;pum;awmfudk ajr
0,frus em;axmifol? uav;oli,frsm; jzpfxGef;atmifjrifa&; wcsdefvHk; pdwf
0ifpm;oljzpfonf/ olUpum;oHrsm;udk em;axmifMunfyh g/ oif&h ifaoG;i,frsm;\
b0ifESvHk;a&mufatmif rnfokdY ajymqkdxdef;ausmif;rnfhtaMumif; oGefoif
ygonf/
David Powlison
Christian Counseling and
Educational Foundation
Laverock, PA
18
rdwfquf
r*sifeDzmonf tdrfpmvkyfonf/ olUq&mu jyifytultnDrsm; vkd

tyfvQif &,lcidk ;f onf/ odaYk omf olUrdbrsm;u tultnDray;Ekid Mf u/ xkaYd Mumifh
touf 12 ESpft&G,f *sifeDzmonf rdbrsm;\ pum;udkvnf; em;raxmif?
rdbwkdY\ tkyfcsKyfrIudkvnf; *½krpkduf/ rdbrsm;u olwkdYvrf;udk rxdef;ausmif;
EkdifMuojzifh pmoifausmif;\ pDrHtkyfcsKyfrIom tm;udk;Mu&awmhonf/
þZmwfvrf;onf txl;tqef;r[kw/f 10-12 ESpt f &G,u f mv oli,f
rsm;onf aetdrrf S pGecYf mG &ef tqifoif&h adS eMuonf/ xko d q
Ydk &dk mwGif e,l;a,muf
NrdKU? NrdKUBuD;jyBuD;rsm;\ vlaerIpepfudk xkwfazmfjyovkdjcif;r[kwfyg/ 10-12
ESpft&G,f vli,fvl&G,frsm;u rdbtdrfrS xGufajy;MuNyD; avvGifhMuyHkudk owd
xm;p&mtjzpf ajymjyjcif;jzpfonf/
rdbrsm;udk ½kdaoav;pm;&aumif;rSef; rodaom ,ckacwfumv ,Of
aus;rIü b0vrf;c&D;aysmuf&ef vG,u f vl o S nf/ xkt d cg oHvu dk t
f rd af jrm§ ifryg
bJ yifv,fa&jyifxJü vGifharsmaeaom oabFmuJhodkY jzpfMuonf/ OD;wnf&m
t&yfr&SdouJhodkY rdrdudk,fudkvnf; xdef;csKyf&rSef; rodEkdif/
þodkYaom tjzpftysufonf tb,frQ ta&;BuD;oenf;/ ,ckacwf
umvcsdefcg ,Ofaus;rIavmuü jyóemaygif;pHku trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHk 0ifa&muf
onf/
rdbrsm;u uav;oli,ftrsm;tjym; arG;zGm;Muaomfvnf; rdbwm0ef
raus>yefvMdk u/ acwfumv,Ofaus;rI tajctaet& yk*K¾d vaf &;&m qmavmif
iwfrw G rf rI sm; &SMd uonf/ OD;pGm rdbud,
k wf idk f ckid rf mrSomvQif vdrm® a&;jcm;aom
om;orD;rsm; &SdEkdifonf/
19
rdwfquf
xkaYd Mumifh rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;ESihf wwfEidk o f rQ xdawGUtcsed af y;

&onf/ a&S;tawG;a[mif;uJo h Ydk ta&twGux f üJ yg0if&ef rvHak vmuf/ tcsed f
udk tusKd;&Sd&Sd toHk;cswwfaom t&nftcsif;&Sdoljzpf&ef vkdtyfonf/
,ckacwfumv rdbrsm;onf bk;d ab;rsm;\ aemufNr;D qGo J nfah cwfvl
rsm; r[kwfMuawmhyg/ txl;ojzifh 1960 ESpfvGefrsm;rSpí vlrsKd;a&;? ppfqefY
usifa&;rsm; ay:xGef;vmonf/ xkdodkYaom qefYusifa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;vnf;
ay:aygufvmonf/ xko d aYdk om qefu Y siaf &;vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;aMumifh wOD;wa,muf
csif;\ trdefYtmPmESifh tcGifhta&;rsm; pOf;pm;a&; ajymif;vJvmonf/
xko d abmt& zcifonf rdom;pktwGi;f ü t&Sio f ciftjzpfrS a0;vGihf
oGm;onf/ rdcifu zcif\ pum;udk remcHjcif;? rMum;csifa,mifaqmifjcif;rsm;
&Sv
d monf/ zcifuvnf; aMumuf&UHG wkev f yI jf cif;r&Sb
d J tdraf xmifO;D pD;wm0efukd
qufvufOD;aqmifonf/ odkYaomf umvcsdefcgtvkduf ajymif;vJrI&SdonfrSm
vkyif ef;&Sio
f al X;onf raeYü trdet Yf mPmjzifh &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wkid af &mufatmif
azmfaqmifonf/ ,ckacwfumvürl tvkyw f m0efNy;D pD;&ef rufv;kH pepfjzpfvm
onf/
qkv d odk nfum; þodw Yk nf;/ uav;oli,frsm;onf pmoifausmif;rsm;
wGif oyf,yfaom xkdifcHkrsm;ü xkdifvmMuonf/ rdbrsm;\ pum;tusKd;quf
tm; aMumufvefYp&mr&Sdawmhyg/ toufwmü cH,lusifhoHk;p&m rvkdawmhyg/
xkt d aMumif;udk tb,foYkd cH,el m;vnfMu&rnfenf;/ a&S;xH;k enf;vrf;
rsm; cH,lusifhoHk;&ef rjzpfEkdifyg/ a&S;a[mif;a&;&m trdefYtmPmonfvnf;
tusKd;oufa&mufrIr&Sdyg/ xkdtcg acwfopfumvü enf;vrf;opfrsm;jzifh ajz
&Sif;p&m r&Sdyg/
toif;awmfu a&S;½kd;pum;twkdif; ]]igYom;? igYpum;udk em;axmifyg?
odkYr[kwfvQif em;&if;tkyfrnf}}[k qkd&rnfvm;/ xkdokdY ajymrSomvQif om;orD;
rsm;u em;axmifMurnf[k rSw, f Ml uonf/ xko d abmxm;udk tjyifyef;oabm
t& 0efcHaumif; 0efcHMurnf/ xkdokdYaom qufqHa&;onf ,cktcg csKyfNidrf;
oGm;NyD/ taMumif;aomf vGefcJhaom rsKd;qufumvrS trdefYtmPmonf ,ck
acwfumvü ,Ofaus;rIw&yftjzpf r&yfwnfEkdifawmhyg/ xkdacwfumv vGef
ajrmufaom uav;oli,frsm;taMumif; jyefawG;vQif vG,v f ifw
h ul arhavsmh
20
rdwfquf
Muonf/ xkdYaMumifh usrf;pmvm enf;vrf;? &nf&G,fcsufyef;wkdifESifh rnDaom

xHk;enf;emrsm;udk pGefYypf&onf/
,aeYacwfumvrS rdbrsm;onf t&m&mü ½IyfaxG;ayGvDMuonf/
uav;oli,frsm;u rdbrsm;\ oabmrwl cGirhf jyKonft h csurf sm;tm; oabm
raygufem;rvnfEidk Mf u/ rajz&Si;f Ekid o f nfh udp&ö yfrsm;jzpfonf/ tcsKUd u ½Iyaf xG;
rIr&Sdatmif a&SmifMuOfMuonf/ wjcm;vlrsm;u 1950 ESpfumvrS *Ref0def;\
enf;vrf;twkid ;f vku d v
f yk Mf uonf/ xku d mvrS rsK;d qufwqufonf tcsn;f ES;D
jzpfoGm;Muonf/
{0Ha*vd,Ofaus;rIonf ykdrkdus,fjyefYrnfhtpm; aysmufqHk;vkrwwf
jzpfaeygonf/ om;orD;rsm; qHk;½IH;rnfhta&; BuHKae&onf/ rdbrsm;u om;
orD;i,frsm;\ pdwf"gwfa&;&m ½kdaocspfaMumufa&; qHk;½HI;awmhrnfhta&;
jzpfae&onf/ q,fausmo f ufrb d rsm;\ pk;d aMumufb, G &f macwfumv &ifqidk f
ae&onf/ q,fausmfoufom;orD;(3)a,mufrQ &SdvmvQif rajz&Sif;Ekdifonfh
jyóemrsKd;pHk ay:aygufvmonf/
þpmtkyfwGif arQmfvifhcsufa&mifjcnf awGUjrifvmEkdifonf/ 21-&mpk
ESpftpykdif;rSyif om;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;w&m;ü udkif;½Idif;a&; oGefoifMuyfrwf
&onf/ rvkyfr½IyfrjyKwf[laom tEIwfvu©Pmtjrif&SdvmvQif ykef;ckdp&m
ae&mr&Sad om ae&mjzpfomG ;Ekid o f nf/ tawGUtBuKH u tm;rvkt d m;r&jzpfaevQif
ab;uif;vHkNcHKaom vrf;ñTefcsuf&&SdEkdifrnfr[kwf/
vHNk cKH pw
d cf saom vrf;ñTecf suu f kd or®musr;f pmwGio f m awGU&SEd idk o
f nf/
usr;f pmonf tvH;k pHak om todÓPfynm jynfph akH om bk&m;&Si\ f Asm'dwaf wmf
jzpfonf/ t<uif;rJh or®mopömw&m;jzpfonf/ usrf;pmawmfjrwfonf bk&m;
&Sif\ pHkvifaom Asm'dwfawmfjzpfonf/ uav;oli,frsm;\ rdbrsm;? rdom;pk
a&;&m? wefbkd;? oifwef;? jyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;? pnf;urf;rsm;onf rdbrsm;u
vdr®myg;eyfpGm udkifwG,f&mjzpfonf/
or®musrf;pm½Iaxmifhtjrifjzifh rdb0wå&m;udk qufvufavhvmMu
rnf/ rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tay:ü bufaygif;pHkwGif wm0ef&SdMuonf/
apckdif;&mwGif arwåmu½kPmyg&Sd&í xdef;ausmif;&mwGif bk&m;&Sif\ urÇmajr
ay:ü &Sad e&aMumif; pmemod&&dS onf/ om;orD;rsm;xHoYkd owif;aumif;a&muf
21
rdwfquf
&Sda&; tav;teufxm;í bk&m;&Sif\ aus;Zl;awmfw&m;atmufü cH,lwwf

Mu&ef tcsdefESifh wajy;nD owday;oGefoif&onf/
trdefYtmPm
bk&m;&Siuf zefqif;awmfral om a0ae,sowå0gtaygif;wkt Yd m; trdeYf
tmPmatmufü wnfaponf/ vlrsm;udkvnf; aetdrf? toif;awmf? vkyfief;
cGifü &SdaeMupOfwGifyif EkdifiHawmfxJü &SdaeMuaMumif; od&Sdaponf/ xkdYaMumifh
toifpm½Iolonfvnf; rdrdom;orD;rsm;tay:odkY trdefYtmPmoufa&muf
&onf/
toifpm½Iol ,HkMunfolonf bk&m;&Sif\ MoZmtmPmudk us,fjyefY
apaom udk,fpm;vS,fawmfjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh om;orD;rsm;tay:odkY rdrd
oabmjzifh tmPmroufa&mufapbJ aumif;rGef,Ofyg;vmMuap&ef bk&m;
trdefYawmfudk oufa&mufap&onf/
vlU,Ofaus;rIonf tpGef;ESpfzufra&muf&/ trdefYtmPmoHk;&mwGif
wpHw k &m epfemqH;k ½H;I jcif;? rauseyfjcif;rjzpfap&/ bk&m;&Siu
f toifpm½Iou l kd
ac:aejcif;onf oem;MuifemrIudk jyo&efjzpfonf/ rdrdjzpfcsifonfhtwkdif;
jzpfMu&ef om;orD;rsm;udk tMuyfuikd &f efr[kw/f toufwmwGif trdeaYf wmfukd
emcHaom tapcHaumif;jyo&efjzpfonf/ om;orD;rsm;udk trdefYtmPmjzifh
xdef;csKyf&ef r[kwf/ bk&m;&Sif\ trdefYtmPmatmufü &SifoefwwfMu&ef rdrd
udk,fudk xdef;odrf;a&; oifjy&onf/
ocifa,½Iudk pHerlem,l&onf/ xkdocifonf toifhudk trdefYay;ol?
ykid q
f idk o
f jl zpfouJoh Ydk tapcH,ol v
l nf;jzpfonf/ olonf tapcH,0l efco H rl sm;
tay:ü t&Sio f cifjzpfonfeh nf;wl tapcH,o l v
l nf;jzpfonf/ trdet Yf mPm
udkvnf; oufa&mufjzefYusufapoljzpfonf/ a,m 13 wGif ocifa,½Iu
crnf;awmfonf t&mcyford ;f tm; olUxHoYkd tyfEiS ;f awmfro l nf[
h k 0efcNH y;D aomf
wynfhawmfrsm;\ ajcaxmufrsm;udk aq;aMumay;NyD;aemuf wbufjzifh okwf
ay;awmfrlonf/ xkduJhokdYyif ,HkMunfolwkdif;odkY vGwfvyfpGm owif;aumif;
a[majym&ef trdefYtmPm tyfESif;xm;onf/
rdbjzpfoo l nf MoZmtmPm&S&d onf/ odaYk omf om;orD;rsm;\ pum;
22
rdwfquf
em;axmifemcH&onfhtcsdefvnf; &Sd&onf/ om;orD;rsm;onf rdbwkdYpum;udk

em;axmif½kdao&ef bk&m;&Sifu ay;xm;aomolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ odkYaomf om;
orD;rsm;tm; tMurf;zufí emcHckdif;jcif;rsKd;rjzpf&/ cspfjcif;arwåmzufí emcH
ap&onf/
rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; aetdrrf S armif;xkwaf om ewfq;dk rsm;
r[kwfMu/ om;orD;rsm;onf vkdcsif&mr&onfhtcg tdrfrS xGufajy;wwfMu
onf/ vlwidk ;f onf cspo f cl ifoEl iS o
hf m aygif;oif;oGm;vm&pNrjJ zpfonf/ xko
d yYdk if
uav;oli,frsm;onf olUudk rcifwG,folrsm;xHrS xGufcGmoGm;wwfMuonf/
bk&m;&Sifudk od&Sdí b0c&D;em;vnfolrsm;onf bk&m;&Sifjyawmfrlaom vrf;
twkdif; avQmufvSrf;Muonf/
pma&;olonf ESpfaygif;(35)ESpfausmf ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0ef xrf;
aqmifNyD;aomtcg tawGUtBuHKt& vkyfapcsifonfrsm;udkvnf; trdefYjzifh
apckid ;f jcif;rjyKbJ tBuÓH Pfay;onfyh pkH jH zifh ajymqkad omtcg auseyfpmG vufcH
oGm;Muonf/
xdef;ausmif;jcif;
rdbrsm;ESihf om;orD;rsm;qufq&H mwGif rdbrsm;\ taumif;qH;k trdeYf
tmPm oufa&mufa&;onf taumif;qHk;aom jyKpkysKd;axmifenf;jzpfonf/
rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;\ b0a&SUaqmif rD;½SL;a&mifjzpfMuonf/ xko d aYdk om
xde;f ausmif;jcif;u om;orD;tm; vlUavmuü tb,foYkd taumif;qH;k aeenf;
od&edS m;vnfaponf/ rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;tm; xde;f ausmif;&mü om;orD;
rsm;u vkdufemwHkYjyefjcif;onf rdbrsm;udk ulnD&mjzpfonf/ uav;oli,fu
tb,faMumifh xko d Ydk tvkyv f yk &f onft
h aMumif;&if;tm; em;vnfoabmayguf
&ef vktd yfonf/ olu, kd w
f idk uf yg0ifvyk af qmifvpdk w
d &f adS tmif zefw;D ay;&onf/
bk&m;&Sifu xkdodkY rdrdywf0ef;usiftm; vSyap&ef zefqif;aMumif; todw&m;
0ifap&onf/ xkdtaMumif;udk oGefoifñTefMum;½Hkjzifh rvHkavmufEkdifyg/ udk,f
wkdifudk,fus awGUjrifatmif enf;ay;vrf;jy&onf/ tawG;tjrif rSefuefvm
ap&ef vufawGUwGJjyjcif;jzifh ÓPfynmxGef;um;vmonf/
jyKpyk sK;d axmifjcif;onf tawG;tjriftm; ajymjyapckid ;f jcif;xuf uav;
23
rdwfquf
oli,f\ tawG;tjrif yg0ifvmap&ef qGJaqmif&onf/ uav;oli,ftm;

qufqH&mwGif ½kd;pif;aom aygif;oif;qufqHa&; vkdtyfonf/ xkdodkY yGifhvif;
nifomjcif;onf uav;udkom oGefoifjyojcif;r[kwf/ &if;ESD;cifrifjcif;udk
jyojcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ pdwf0dnmOfa&;&mESifh tjyKtrl wefbkd;onf vG,fvifh
wul cH,l&&SdEkdifonfr[kwf/ trdt& vkdufzrf;jcif;jzpfonf/
ok 13;20 wGif ]]ÓPfynm&Sod El iS hf avQmufvrS ;f olonf ynm&Sjd zpf\}}
[k qkx d m;ygonf/ ynm&Sad om rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; wcsed v f ;kH aqG;
aEG;jcif;rjyKMuyg/ toufwmopfviG v f ef;qef;yHu k kd jyoMuonf/ xku d m; bk&m;
&Siu
f kd tpOfa&S;½Iaom rdom;pkval erIpepfjzpfonf/ rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;\
pdwEf vS ;kH tm; bk&m;&Si\
f ÓPfynmawmfvrf;rodYk ykñ Yd eT jf cif;onf tBu;D rm;qH;k
&wemtarGjzpfonf/
owif;aumif;udk A[kdjyKjcif;
vlrsm;u olwo Ydk m;orD;rsm;tm; ,HMk unfocl &pf,mefjzpfvm&ef rnfoYkd
vkyf&rnfenf;[k vG,fvifhwul ajymqkdar;jref;wwfMuonf/ xkdtcgrsKd;wGif
owif;aumif;\ wefb;dk udk odem;vnfapyg[k pma&;olu jyefajzavh&o dS nf/
xkdum; vlrsm; aeYpOfBuHKawGUaeygvsuf owdrxm; *½krpkdufrdaom tcsuf
jzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh pma&;olonf om;orD;rsm;tm; EIwu f ywfawmfwefc;dk jzifh
u,fwifjcif;&&SdrnfhtaMumif; tNrJwrf; ajymjyavh&Sdonf/ odkYaomf owif;
aumif;\ wefckd;üom tajcjyKarQmfvifh&onfr[kwf/ vlUb0\ vkdtyfcsuf
jzpfaMumif; rSefuefpGm od&Sdem;vnf&onf/
rdbrsm;onf owif;aumif;ukd t"duxm;í oGefoif&avh&Sdonf/
uav;rsm;\ tjyKtrludk MunfhNyD; oGefoifa[majym&onfr[kwf/ ESvHk;oJpkdif
okYd 0ifa&mufatmif ajymjyvQif tjyKtrljzifh jyefvnfwjYkH yefvmMurnf/ uav;
oli,frsm;\ tjypfukd axmufjyonft h cg trSm;udok m axmufjy&onfr[kw/f
tb,faMumifh rSm;,Gi;f aMumif;udo k m ajymjy&onf/ uav;oli,frsm;\ &ifxJ
wGif rSm;,Gi;f onft h aMumif;omru tb,faMumifh rSm;,Gi;f aMumif; od&rdS o S m
vQif pGJrSwfoGm;Ekdifonf/ xkdodkY odpdwf\ rSm;,Gif;csufaMumifh tjypfvkyfrdjcif;
jzpfaMumif;ESifh xkduJhokdYyif bk&m;&Sifudk rodvQif tvkyfrSm;aMumif; b0ifus
24
rdwfquf
atmif ajymjy&onf/ xkdtcg uav;oli,frsm;u tvGJtrSm;jyKvkyf&jcif;

taMumif;&if; od&Sdem;vnfvmNyD; pdwfESvHk;ajymif;vJvmMurnf/
owif;aumif;udk tNrJtm½HkpGJvrf;apyg/ a,½Ic&pfawmfu olwkdY\
trSm;rsm;tm; aemifw&Mu&ef tjypfcGifhvTwfa&; jyKawmfrlapyHkudk od&Sdapyg/
c&pf0ifusr;f rsm;wGif pdwEf v
S ;kH rSpí b0wckv;kH ajymif;vJMu&ef rderYf mS xm;onf/
a,Z 36;25-27 wGif owif;aumif;tjynft h pHk a&;xm;onf/ ]]oifwt Ydk ay:
rSm oefY&Sif;aom a&udk zsef;ojzifh oifwkdYudk cyfodrf;aom ½kyfwkwkdYESifh uif;pif
aprnf/ pdwfESvHk;opfudk igay;rnf/ oabmopfudk oGif;xm;rnf/ oifwkdYcE¨m
xJu ausmufESvHk;udk EIwfí tom;ESvHk;udk ay;rnf/ igY0dnmOfudkvnf; oifwkdY
txJodkY oGif;ay;ojzifh oifwkdYonf ig\ w&m;vrf;odkY vkdufí igpD&ifawmfrl
csufwkdYudk apmifha&SmufMuvdrfhrnf}}/ xkad us;Zl;awmfwefc;dk onf owif;aumif;
xJü &Sifoefaeygonf/ xkdowif;aumif;u toifpm½IolESifhwuG om;orD;
rsm;tm; tjypf? qkd;npfrI? tm;eJcsufrsm;udk &ifqkdifausmfvTm;Ekdifrnfh arQmfvifh
csufay;xm;onf/ bk&m;&Sif\ aus;Zl;awmfonf wefckd;xufjrufonfhtwkdif;
trSefatmifjrifayrnf/
rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;udk rsupf ad tmufrS rvGwu f if;atmif apmifh
xdef;Muonf/ tu,fí pdwfESvHk;jzifh bk&m;&Sifukd emcHjcif;r[kwfvQif c&pf
,mefr[kwfbJ avvGifhoGm;MurnfhtaMumif; awG;ylMuonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh
oifhudk jypfrSm;oltay:odkY aumif;aomtusifh jyKavmh[k qkdonf/ om;orD;
rsm; ausmif;0if;xJü &efjzpfaeMuvQif xkdokdY &efrjzpf&ef qHk;rajymjy&onf/
xkdokdYr[kwfbJ OD;aqmif&ef jyKrlckdif;vQif ykdqkd;oGm;rnf/
usrf;pmESifhrnDaom tBuHÓPfjyKcsufrsm;onf um;wkdifrS a0;uGm
onf/ aus;Zl;awmfEiS hf oufqidk jf cif;r&Sv d Qif zdp;D ESyd pf ufrjI zpfonf/ xktd jzpfrsK;d
onf vludk vrf;rSefurf;rSefa&mufatmif vrf;jyjcif;r[kwf/ rdrdudk zdpD;ESdyfpuf
olodkY aumif;rIukokdvfjyK&onf/ raumif;rIjyKoltwGuf qkawmif;ay;&onf/
w&m;rQwpGm vkyaf qmifaewwf&ef rdru d ,kd uf kd qifjcif&onf/ pdwq f if;&Jaom
uav;oli,f\ vkdtyfcsuftm; owif;aumif;\ wefckd;jzifh ajymif;vJap
&onf/
bk&m;&Si\ f w&m;awmfonf vlUZmwdoabmjzifh emcH&efrvG,/f jrifrh m;
ojzifh aus;Zl;awmfrcHpm;wwfvQif vkdufrrDEkdif/ bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfu
25
rdwfquf
aus;Zl;awmfcpH m;wwf&ef oGeo

f ifonf/ bk&m;&Si\
f pHawmfraD tmif om;orD;
rsm;tm; roifay;jcif;onf om;orD;rsm; &&Sdtyfxkdufaom u½kPmawmf
owif;aumif;tm; "g;jywkdufzsufqD;jcif;jzpfonf/
owif;aumif;\ twGif;o½kyfxJodkY 0ifa&mufESHYpyfa&;

uav;oli,f om;orD;rsm;onf owif;aumif;\ twGif;o½kyfxJodkY
0ifa&mufESHUpyf&onf/ uav;oli,fwkdif;onf rdom;pktwGif;wGif owif;
aumif;udk cH,lem;vnfEkdifNyD; or®mw&m;udk yDjyifpGm od&Sdem;vnfEkdif&onf/
uav;oli,frsm;onf owif;aumif;udk pGu J ikd af e&onf/ owif;aumif;pum;
ESifh rnDñGwfonfrsm;udk a0;wae&modkY vTifhypf&onf/
rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;\ ,HMk unfjcif;qkid &f m ar;cGe;f rsm;udk ½k;d pif;
pGm em;vnfcH,lEkdif&ef ulnD&onf/ bk&m;pum;awmfonf awmifhwif;ckdifrm
onf? c&pf,mef,MkH unfjcif;üom wnf&onf? ½k;d om;wnfMunfonf/ vlwidk ;f
onf ar;cGef;wkdif;udk ajzMum;Ekdifrnfr[kwfaomfvnf; xkdar;cGef;wkdif;tm;
vlwkdif;u od&Sdem;vnfEkdif&ef wm0ef&Sdonf/
bk&m;&Sifawmfatmuf&Sd vlrsm; tjyeftvSef

trSDo[JjyKMua&;
rsm;rMumcifwiG f pma&;olonf om;ESihf pum;tjyeftvSef ajymqkjd zpf
cJMh uonf/ bk&m;&Siu f olUtm; oGeo f ifawmfryl u
kH kd ajymjyonf/ oabmw&m;
rQomr[kwfbJ vufawGUusus bk&m;&SifxHrS owif;pum;em,lyHkrsm;udkvnf;
ajymjyonf/
om;tzESpfa,mufom ajymqkdaeMuojzifh wjcm;ol wpHkwa,muf
taMumif; ryg&Sdyg/ om;udk oGefoifjcif;rjyKyg/ om;tzESpfa,muftMum;ü
bk&m;&Sif\ aumif;jrwfjcif;taMumif; a0iSjcif;jzpfonf/ tHhMobG,f&m
taMumif;t&mjzpfonf/ (wcsdefu uav;oli,ftm; pnf;urf;&Sd&ef oGefoif
cJhyHkudk jyefvnfowd&rdonf)/ aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;ygonf/
26
27
28
tykdif; 1
or®musrf;pmvm
uav;oli,frsm;
ysKd;axmifa&;twGuf
tkwfjrpfrsm;
29
30
tcef; 1
trltusifh\ oabm&if;&&Sda&;
or®musrf;pmwGif toJESvHk;onf touf\ tcsKyftjcm[k qkdonf/

vlUtouf&iS jf cif;onf pdwEf v S ;kH rS a&mifjyef[yfonfth wkid ;f jzpfonf/ ok 4;23
wGif ]]ESvHk;onf touf\ tcsKyftjcmjzpfaomaMumifh vHkNcHKpGm apmifha&Smuf
avmh}}[k qkdxm;onf/
xkdpum;vHk;onf yDjyifvSonf/ pdwfESvHk;rS ay:xGufvmonfhtwkdif;
vkyfaqmif&pNrJjzpfonf/ þum; touf&Sifjcif;\ taMumif;&if;jzpfaom
aMumifh usrf;pmpmrsufESmwkdif;ü awGUae&onf/ vlwOD;wa,muf\ tusifh
pm&dwåonf olUpdwfoabmxm;tm; xkwfazmfjyojcif;jzpfonf/
xkdtaMumif;udk oabmaygufjrifa,mifMuayrnf/ pdwfESvHk;onf
tusifhoGifjyifvu©Pm jyXmef;&m t&if;tjrpfjzpfonf/ pdwfESvHk;rSvmonfh
twkid ;f ajymqkjd yKrMl uonfth aMumif;udk rm 7;21-22 wGif ]]vltwGi;f ESv;kH xJu
raumif;aom BuHpnfjcif;? olUr,m;udkjypfrSm;jcif;? rdef;rvGwfESifh rSm;,Gif;jcif;?
vltoufuo kd wfjcif;? olUOpömudk ck;d jcif;? avmbvGeu
f sL;jcif;? remvkjd cif;? vSnhf
pm;jcif;? npfnL;jcif;? jiLpljcif;? olUtoa&udzk sujf cif;? axmifvmT ;apmfum;jcif;?
vQyfay:jcif;}}[kqkdonf/ xkdodkYaom tjypfygaom ajymqkdjyKrlrIrsm;onf pdwf
ESvHk;xJü tjrpfwnfMuonf/
uav;oli,frsm;onfvnf; pdwfxJwGif&Sdonfhtwkdif; ajymqkdjyKrlMu
onf/ vk 6;45 wGifvnf; þodkY qkdxm;onf/
31
or®musrf;pmvm uav;oli,frsm;ysKd;axmifa&;twGuf tkwfjrpfrsm;
aumif;aomolonf aumif;aom rdrdpdwfESvHk;b@mwkdufxJu raumif;aom

t&mudk xkwfazmfwwf\/ taMumif;rlum; pdwfESvHk;tjynfh&Sdonftwkdif; EIwf
>rufwwf\/
þusr;f yk'd rf sm;onf uav;oli,frsm; jyKpyk sK;d axmifa&; vrf;ñTecf suf

jzpfonf/ vlUtjyKtrlonf yifu, dk t
f &if;tjrpfr[kwyf g/ jyKral jymqkd vkyu f idk f
orQonf pdwfESvHk;\ yJhwifoHjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh pdwfESvHk;onf touf\
tcsKyftjcmjzpfaMumif; od&Sdae&onf/
rdbrsm;onf rMumcPyif ab;xGuftjyKtrlrsm; jyKrlwwfMuonf/
txl;ojzifh pnf;urf;ajymif;vJjyKrlapvkdvQif tb,faMumifh xkdodkY ajymif;vJ
&aMumif; vG,fulpGm od&Sdem;vnfEkdifonf/ tvefYwMum;jzpfpOfrsm;u om;
orD;rsm;\ udk,fusifhtjyKtrl jyKjyifay;&ef owday;onf/ tjyKtrlrsm;onf
owdxm;p&mrsm;udk oGeo f ifonf/ tjyKtrlrsm;u a&SUa&;udk tm½Hjk yKaponf/
rdrdjyKrlvkyfaqmifcsufrsm; rSefuefonf[k xifaecsdefwGifyif vlolwumu
vufrcHEkdifvQif vlrsm;vufcHEkdifonfh tjyKtrlodkY ajymif;vJ&csdef&Sdonf/
]]bmjyóemvJ}}[k ar;csifayrnf/ xkdjyóemum; þodkYwnf;/ oifh
uav;oli,f\ vkt d yfcsuof nf olUtjyKtrlxuf vGeu f aJ eayrnf/ oluvnf;
olUtjyKtrlukd owdvufvw T jf zpfayrnf/ xko d aYdk omol\ jyKrv
l yk af qmifyo
kH nf
olUpdwfESvHk;\ a&mifjyef[yfcsufjzpfonf/ xkdokdYaom oli,fudk ulnDvkdvQif
xkdokdY jyKrl&onhftaMumif;&if;cH pdwfESvHk;rSpí jyKjyifay;&onf/
xkdokdY trlt&majymif;vJ&mü pdwfESvHk;udk csufjcif;ajymif;vJap&ef
rvG,fulyg/ Oayu©mjyKívnf; r&yg/ ocifa,½Iu zm&d&SJrsm;odkY tay:,H
[efaqmifolrsm;[k rdefYawmfrlyHkudk owd&yg/ r 15 wGif pdwfESvHk;rygbJ EIwf
zsm;jzifoh m bk&m;w&m;MunfnKd aom zm&d&rJS sm;tm; jypfwif½w I cf sawmfro
l nf/
xkdodkYaomolrsm;tm; tjyifbufpifMu,fatmif aq;aMumNyD; twGif;ykdif;wGif
npfywfaeaom cGufzvm;jzifh EIdif;jyxm;awmfrlonf/ uav;oli,frsm; jyKpk
ysK;d axmif&ef xko d Ykd rjzpftyfyg/ trltusiw hf ckwnf; ajymif;vJjcif;jzifh rajymif;
vJapEkid yf g/ pdwo f abmxm; ajymif;vJro S mvQif tjyKtrl ajymif;vJEidk yf gonf/
xkod aYdk om pnf;urf;ESihf trSm;jyifqifa&;udk rnfoYdk jyKvyk &f rnfenf;/
yk*d¾Kvfa&;t& tjyKtrlajymif;vJ&ef vkdtyfonf/ bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmf vkd
32
pm 5 yHk
pdwfESvHk;rS
trlt&mtjzpf ajymif;vJ
(ajymqkdjyKrl)
um;csyf 1? pdwfESvHk;u tjyKtrljyXmef;
tyfonf/ tb,forl Q þtrltusiu hf kd vufcaH useyfEidk rf nfr[kw/f þokaYd om

ar;cGef;tm; om;orD;rsm;udk ar;Munfhyg/ vGJrSm;apaom pdwfESvHk;\ tusKd;
qufjzpfaMumif; ajymqkMd uygrnf/ pdwEf v S ;kH xJü þodaYk om trltusihf rnfoYkd
&Sdaeygoenf;/ bk&m;&Sifudk emcHod&Sd&ef vufrcHaom tajymtqkdtjyKtrl
rsm;onf tvGt J rSm;jzpfonf/ omreftm;jzifh tdraf xmifro d m;pkwidk ;f wGif om;
orD; ESpfOD;ÊSpfOD;xuf &SdMuygonf/ xkduav;oli,frsm;onf uav;upm;
p&mrsm;jzifh upm;jcif;? &efjzpfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfwwfMuonf/ rnfolu ]]yxr
vkyo f enf;}}[k ar;vQif pdwEf v S ;kH \ apckid ;f csuaf Mumifjh zpfonf/ uav;oli,f
rsm;u uav;upm;p&mrsm;jzifh apmhupm;jcif;onf pdwfESvHk;\ aphaqmfcsuf
t&jzpfonf/
,cktcg t[efYtwm;ESpfck&Sdvmonf/ uav;oli,frsm;onf tjcm;
olrsm;\ pdwEf vS ;kH cufxefaponf/ ud, k u f sK;d twåta&;vnf; jzpfonf/ uav;
oli,frsm;u ]]oif\ta&;ESifh aysmf&TifrIudk *½krpkdufyg? igYta&;om igpdwf0if
pm;onf? þupm;p&mt½kyfrsm;om BudKufonf? igYaysmf&TifrIonf ykdifqkdifjcif;
jzpfonf? oifhta&;t&mudk *½krpkdufbl;? igYaysmf&Tifa&;omvQif t"du}}[k ajz
aumif;ajzMuygrnf/d
xktd cg pdwEf vS ;kH xJü xku
d av;oli,ftay:odYk tjypfjyKrmS ;csiaf yrnf/
33
uav;ESpfa,mufu tjcm;olrsm;xuf rdrdta&; a&SUwef;wifMuonf/ xkd

uav;ESpfa,mufESpfa,mufonf bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfudk ypfy,f&ma&muf
onf/ wck&o dS nfrmS tajctae rwlnjD cm;em;ygonf/ wckonf tjcm;olrsm;
u uav;upm;p&mrJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh ]]igYaysmf&Tifa&;udk igESpfouf
onfESifh wefbkd;xm;onf}}[laom pum;ESpf&yfonf jcm;em;onf/
xkdtjcif;t&monf þusrf;apmif\ taMumif;&if;wckjzpfonf/ pdwf
ESv;kH onf touf&iS o f ef&m prf;a&xGujf zpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh tkyxf ed ;f jcif;onf
pdwfESvHk;jyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;ESifh qufpyfonf/ vlUtrltusifhonf pdwfESvHk;rS
aygufzGm;onfhtwkdif; om;orD;rsm;odkYvnf; ul;pufEkdifonf/ vkd&if;wkd&Sif;qkd
&vQif xkdokdYaom taMumif;t&mjzpfpOfudk od&Sdxm;&ef vkdtyfonf/ xkdodkY jyK
vkyfjcif;jzifh vlwkdY\ pdwf0dnmOftm; auseyfapEkdifrnfr[kwf/ uav;oli,f
rsm;tm; c&pfawmf\ um;wkdifudk &Sif;vif;pGm od&SdaprSomvQif ulnDrp&m
a&mufygonf/
þae&mwGif t&m&mü rdbrsm;\ tcef;u@ ta&;ygyHk od&SdMuay
rnf/ rdbrsm;\ yef;wkdifenf;vrf;rsm;udk owif;ay;&onf/ enf;vrf;aumif;
rGefxufjrufonfESifhtrQ uav;oli,frsm;onf zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufvmayrnf/
þpmtkyw f iG f rsuEf mS pmt&yf&yfü uav;oli,frsm; jyKpyk sK;d axmifa&;
a&;om;xm;onf/ or®musrf;pmvmtwkdif; rdb0wå&m;aus>yefMu&onf/
uav;oli,frsm;\ zGHUNzdK;a&;udk ppfaq;ae&onf/ rdbrsm;\ yef;wkdifrsm;udk
rsufajcrjywftyf/ oifwef;ay; avhusifhae&onf/ taMumif;t&mtm;vHk;\
taMumif;&if;onf uav;oli,frsm;tm; jyKpkysKd;axmifa&;udk pdwfESvHk;xJü
oaE¨wnf&Sdaea&;jzpfonf/k
þae&mwGif pHerlemrsm; jyojcif;rQomr[kwb f J yg;eyfaom ÓPfynm
enf;emudk jyojcif;jzpfonf/ uav;oli,frsm; ab;&efjzpfapEkid o f nfh enf;vrf;
opfrsm;tm; t"duxm; rD;armif;xk;d jyjcif;jzpfonf/ uav;oli,frsm;\ vkt d yf
csurf sm;tm; jznfq h nf;ay;&efrQom ajymqkjd cif;r[kw/f xkaYd Mumifh þae&mwGif
bk&m;ay;enf;vrf;opfrsm; cH,l&ygrnf/ topftqef;r[kwfaom rdbrsm;\
tkyfxdef;vrf;jya&;udk axmufjyygonf/ þta&;t&monf topftqef;
r[kwf/ bk&m;&Sifudk tjynfht0 arQmfvifhcsufxm;vsuf rdom;pkESifh toif;
awmfudk oefY&Sif;aom rsKd;aphBuJ&mtjzpf od&SdcH,l&onf/
34
þae&mwGif rdom;pk\ ed,mrOya'ota&; tav;ay;xm;onf/

rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm; ysKd;axmifa&;wGif aysmf&TifMuonf/ om;orD;rsm;
aumif;pm;a&;onf rdbrsm;\ *kPu f suof a&jzpfonf/ pma&;olonf ,HMk unf
olrsm;\ aetdrfwGif oGm;a&mufvnfywfavh&Sd&m q,fausmfoufvli,frsm;
onf rdom;pkudk pdwfvIyf&Sm;apolrsm;jzpfMuaMumif; awGU&onf/ rdbrsm;onf
om;orD;rsm;tm; tBuHÓPfay;olrsm;jzpfMuonf/ usrf;pmESifh usrf;pmvm
oGeof ifcsurf sm;onf pdwEf v S ;kH udk tylay;jcif;rQomru pdwEf v
S ;kH &Tiv
f ef;ap&m
jzpfonf/ rdom;pkwiG f aqGpOfrsK;d quf(5)qufonf ,HMk unfojl zpfvQif (6)quf
ajrmufonf tvkdvkdjzifh ,HkMunfolrdom;pkjzpfvmonf/
þtcsuu f kd OD;xdyyf efqiftyfonf/ jrifjh rwfaom ,Zfyal Zmfjcif;vnf;
jzpfonf/
om;orD;ta&;wGif pdw½f yI af xG;ylyefvQif usr;f pmwGif tajz&Smvku d yf g/
usrf;pmu oifh,HkMunfjcif;rS ya[Vdjyóemrsm;udk tajzay;ygrnf/ toif;
awmfu rdbrsm;\ xdef;ausmif;rItm; usrf;pmESifh nDrnD yJhjyifay;ygonf/
usrf;pmvmoabmudk od&Sdem;vnfMu&ef vkdtyfonf/
oifh&ifaoG;i,fonf ywf0ef;usifESpfck\ vTrf;rkd;jcif;cHae&aMumif;
od&Sdxm;yg/
1/ uav;i,fonf taygif;toif;rsm;\ Bu;D pk;d vTr;f rk;d rI cHae&onf/

2/ uav;oli,fonf bk&m;&SifESifh aygif;oif;xdawGUae&onf/
vmrnfhtcef;(2)ckwGif uav;oli,f zGHUNzdK;a&;taMumif; qufvuf

aqG;aEG;ygrnf/
tcef; 1 rS toHk;csp&m ar;cGef;rsm;

1/ uav;oli,frsm; pnf;urf;udkifwG,fí trSm;jyifay;&mü pdwfESvHk;yg&Sda&;
ta&;BuD;yHk &Sif;jyyg/
2/ trltusifhonf pdwfESvHk;ü tajcjyKaMumif; &Sif;jyyg/
35
3/ trlt&m ab;acsmfvGJroGm;&ef pdwfESvHk;ykdrkdta&;BuD;yHk &Sif;jyyg/

4/ pdwfESvHk;rygaom trlt&majymif;vJjcif;onf rnfodkYaom trSm;jyKrljcif;
enf;/
5/ tu,fí pnf;urf;onf pdwfESvHk;odkY oufa&mufvQif pnf;urf;ESifh trSm;
jyifqifjcif;tm; rnfodkY taxmuftuljyKoenf;/
36
tcef; 2
uav;oli,f\ zGHUNzdK;a&;
MoZmvTrf;rkd;a&;
pma&;ol\ om; 11 ESpft&G,fonf 0wfarG;jrLa&;jzifh tvkyf½Iyfae

onf/ xk0d ufrsm;onf 0ufuefwiG f a&vl;vsuf aysmjf rL;Muonf/ oef&Y iS ;f vwf
qwfaom a&r[kwv f Qif a&rul;csiMf u/ xkaYd Mumifh bdvyfajrjzifh 0ufa&ul;uef
jyKvkyf&onf/ yxrwGif jyKvkyfonfh opfom;a&uefonf tqifrajyaom
aMumifh uGefu&ufa&uefjyKvkyf&onf/
xkdokdY pwifaqmufvkyfaomtcg om;orD;rsm;tm; rnfonfhyHkpH ESpf
oufMuaMumif; ar;jref;NyD; olwkdYpdwfBudKuf aqmufvkyfMuonf/ aqmufvkyf
Ny;D aom aeYwiG f a&TUo,fMuNy;D aysmjf rL;pGm oH;k Muonf/ uav;oli,frsm;twGuf
tqifajyaomfvnf; t&G,fa&mufvlvm;ajrmufNyD;olrsm;twGuf tcuftcJ
&Sdonf/ odkYaomf pma&;ol\ pum;udk ,Ofaus;odrfarGUpGm em;axmifMuonf/
oufjyif;csNyD; oGm;upm;cGifhjyKaomtcg uav;oli,frsm;? 0ufrsm;ESifh a&ul;
upm;Muonf/
uav;oli,frsm;onf xkdodkY aysmf&TifpGm upm;&rnfhtaMumif; rpOf;
pm;bl;Mu/ pma&;oluvnf; tjypfrqko d myg/ uav;oli,frsm;\ b0vTr;f rd;k
a&;onf vG,fulaom udpö&yfr[kwf/ acwfumvtajctaet& ajymif;vJ
37
aeMuonf/ ,ckrl rdom;pkü aysmf&TifpGm aexkdifwwfvmMuonf/ rdom;pkaysmf

&Tifa&;onf om;orD;rsm;\ aysmf&Tifa&;ü tajcwnfonf/
MoZmvTrf;rkd;a&;
þtcef ; yg uav;ol i ,f r sm;od k Y MoZmvT r f ; rk d ; a&;taMumif ; ü
taxmuftuljyKp&m yHkwckjyxm;ygonf/ MoZmvTrf;rkd;a&;[k qkdonfhtcg
txl;tqef;ozG,fjzpfayrnf/ vlUZmwdpdwfyHka[mif;udk jyoxm;onf/ tjzpf
tysurf sm;ESihf taMumif;t&mrsm;t& uav;oli,f\ ywf0ef;usif ESpv f Mum
&Snf ajymif;vJvmonfESifhtrQ ywf0ef;usiftjzpftysufrsKd;pHk BuHKawGU&onf/
xkaYd Mumifh tvkt d avsmuf MoZmvTr;f rk;d oufa&mufonfr[kw/f tajctaeESihf
tjzpftysufudk wHkYjyefonfhtwkdif; ywf0ef;usifodkY jyefvnfoufa&mufonf/
xkdYaMumifh or®musrf;pmu uav;oli,f\ ueOD;tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk
tav;xm;ckdif;onf/ t"duusrf;ykd'frsm;jzpfMuaom w&m; 6? { 6? aum 3
wkwYd iG f rdom;pkta&; &Si;f jyxm;onf/ or®musr;f pmu rdom;pktay: rSeu f efpmG
MoZmtmPmvTrf;rkd;a&; oGefoifxm;onf/
oifu h av;oli,fwiG f BuKH awGUp&m tcsu(f 2)ck&o dS nf/ yxronf b0
tawGUtBuKH jzpfí 'kw, d onf xkt
d awGUtBuKH ukd rnfoYkd wHjYk yef&rnft
h aMumif;
jzpfonf/ yxrtcsufjzpfaom MoZmvTrf;rkd;a&;onf toufwmc&D;ESifh ouf
qkdifonf/ vmrnfhtcef;wGif ywf0ef;usif\ vTrf;rkd;rItm; uav;oli,fu
wHkYjyefyHkudk avhvmMurnf/ uav;oli,fonf toufwmta&; pOf;pm;NyD;
wHkYjyef&onfr[kwf/ vlUpdwfESvHk;rSm &Sdonfhtwkdif; wHkYjyefonf/ ay;xm;aom
½kyfyHkudkMunfhvQif om;orD;rsm; wnfaqmuf&efvkdtyfcsufESifh xdef;ausmif;
p&mrsm; od&Sdem;vnfoGm;rnf/
yHkxJrS jr§m;rsm;onf MoZmvTrf;rkd;csufjzpfonf/ xkdMoZmvTrf;rkd;rIonf
rdom;pktwGi;f ^tjyifrsm;rS oufa&mufí oli,f\ toufwmodYk tusK;d ouf
a&mufonf/
38
uav;oli,f\ zGHUNzdK;a&;? MoZmvTrf;rkd;a&;
pm 11 yHk
rdom;pkzGJUpnf;yHk rdom;pkwm0efysufuGufrI
rdom;pkwefbkd; rdom;pkorkdif;aMumif;
rdom;pkzGJUpnf;yHk rdom;pkjyóem ajz&Sif;jcif;
um;csyf 2? vTrf;rkd;jcif;cH&yHk
rdom;pkb0 wnfaqmufyHk
jrm§ ;wcsuof nf rdom;pkta&; oufa&mufyu kH kd jyoonf/ rdom;pkonf

a&S;½k;d pOfvmtwkid ;f [kwyf govm;/ rdbaygif;rnfrQu xko d Ydk jyKygoenf;/ rdb
rsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; rdom;pkta&;wGifvnf; ae&may;Muygovm;/
rdom;pkrsm;u rnfodkY tav;xm;ta&;ay;Muoenf;/ ywf0ef;usif&Sd uav;
oli,frsm;? rdom;pkrS tjcm;uav;rsm;ESifh rnfodkY aygif;oif;&if;ESD;Muoenf;/
om;orD;rsm;\ arG;&myg tcGit hf a&; &&SMd uovm;/ tjcm;uav;rsm;ESihf rnfoYkd
aygif;oif;qufqMH uoenf;/ oufw&l , G w f rl sm;ESihf t&nftcsi;f pdw0f ifpm;rI?
yk*K¾d vaf &;&m eD;pyfMuovm;? uGmjcm;Muovm;/ tdraf xmifpx k &J dS tjcm;uav;
rsm;ESifh rnfokdY qufqHMuoenf;/
qmvDESifh olUcifyGef;onf qkd;wkdifyif aumif;wkdifyif jyKMuonf/ tdrf
axmifjyKcgpjzpfaomaMumifh BuHKawGU&aom jyóemrsKd;pHkudk n§dEIdif;ajz&Sif;Mu
onf/ tcufcJqHk; jyóemwck &Sdvmonf/ qmvDajymqkdcsufrsm;tm;
39
olUcifyeG ;f u rdom;pkta&;tjzpf *½krpku

d /f olUrdbrsm;uvnf; olr\ rauseyf
csufrsm;udk em;rvnfay;Mu/ olr\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk Oayu©mjyKMuonf/
olUcifyeG ;f uvnf; vktd ifqE´rjznfq
h nf;ay;aomaMumifh arwåmiwfrw G o
f nf/
xkdYaMumifh olUtdrfaxmifonfb0onf uav;qkd;BuD;yrm cifyGef;onfxHrS
vufjzefYcHí atmf[pf&mom &Sdonf/
rdom;pkwefbkd;
tjcm;jr§m;wckonf rdom;pkwefbkd;udk jyoonf/ rdbrsm;odkY jyK&ef
rnfonfh0wå&m;onf ta&;BuD;oenf;/ rnfodkYaom tcsufrsm;udk tav;
teufxm;í rnfonft h csuuf kd earmferJjh yKoenf;/ rdbrsm;u ausmif;0wfpu kH kd
tayguftNyJ 0wfqifapygovm;? ausmif;om;azmfrsm;ESihf &efjzpfapygovm;/
uav;oli,frsm; &ifrmS pGNJ iad tmif rnfonft h awG;tac:rsm; xnfah y;oenf;/
uav;oli,frsm;onf tdrfwGif rMum;odbl;onfrsm;udk awGUjrifMuygovm;/
rdom;pkxw J iG f rnfoaYdk ompum; ajymqkí d rnfoaYkd ompum; rajymtyfoenf;/
rdom;pkta&;wGif bk&m;&Sit f m; rnfoYkd OD;pm;ay;Muoenf;/ rdom;pk0ifrsm;xuf
bk&m;&Sifudk OD;pm;ay;&onfh tawG;tjrif&Sdygovm;(aum 2;8)/ rdrdudk,fudk
þodkY jyefar;Munfhyg/ rdom;pkta&;t&monf vwfwavmBuHKawGUae&onfh
avmua&;&mtjzmjzmjzifh qHk;jzwfovm;? c&pfawmf\ ta&;jzifh qHk;jzwf
ovm;/
rsm;rMumcifu q,fESpft&G,fcefY&Sd vli,fwOD;tm; pdwfysuftm;i,f
ae&jcif;onf rdbpum; em;raxmifjcif;aMumifv h m;? tjcm;wefb;dk Bu;D rm;aom
t&mudk qH;k ½I;H ysupf ;D jcif;aMumifvh m;[k ar;jref;onf/ cPMumpOf;pm;Ny;D rS ajym
jyaomtcg ydrk q dk ;dk 0g;aom tajzpum; Mum;odonf/ xku d m; rdom;pkta&;udpö
jzpfonf/ olBudKufESpfoufaom vkyfp&mudk rdbrsm;u cGifhrjyKaomaMumifh
t&GJUwkdufNyD; rdbpum;udk remcHjiif;qefonf/ xkdum; tcGHAvm tcsnf;ESD;
tBuHtpnfjzpfonf/
rdom;pkta&;wGif tjcm;wefbkd;BuD;rm;&mrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ rdom;pk
rsm;wGif rnfonft h csurf sm; e,ferd w d u
f efo Y wfxm;Muoenf;/ rnfonfph um;
rsm;udk vQKdU0Sufí rnfokdYaompum;udk yGifhvif;pGm ajym&rnfenf;/ tdrfeD;em;
40
csif;rsm;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqH&mwGif &if;ESD;azmfa&Gtyfovm;? zmodzmom

tvkdufoifh jyKrlqufqH&rvm;/ rdom;pkta&; NcHpnf;½kd;udk rnfrQjrifhatmif
NccH wfxm;rnfenf;/ xkNd cpH nf;½k;d rsK;d udk rnfonfah e&mrsK;d rS xk;d azmuf&rnfenf;/
tcsKdUrdom;pkrsm;onf tdrfwGif;a&;jyóemrsm;udk tjyifokdY rajymMubJ tdrfeD;
em;csi;f rsm;ESihf yGiv
hf if;pGm qufqw H wfMuonf/ tcsKUd vlrsm;url tdref ;D em;csi;f
rsm;udk cifrif&if;ES;D Muonf/ qk;d wkid yf if aumif;wkid yf if jyKwwfMuonf/ tdref ;D
em;csif;aumif;onf &yfa0;&Sd aqGrsKd;xuf ykdrkd&if;ESD;onf/ tcsKdUaom uav;
oli,frsm;onf rdbrsm;\ aiG&ayguf toufarG;0rf;aMumif;udk rodMu/ tcsKUd
rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; aiGaMu;tajctae rajymjywwfMu/ tcsKdUu
uav;oli,frsm;ukd vQKUd 0Suw f wfMuaomfvnf; rdbrsm;odYk yGiv hf if;pGm ajymwwf
Muonf/ wcgw&H rdcifrsm;onf zcifrodatmif om;orD;rsm;ESifh aiGa&;aMu;
a&; oH;k pGMJ uonf/ wcgw&H xked nf;wl rdcifrodatmif zcifu om;orD;rsm;tm;
aiGaMu;ay;wwfMuonf/ rdom;pkwidk ;f wGif rdom;pke,ferd w d u f , kd pf D &SMd uonf/
rajymrqkdaomfvnf; pdwfxJü BuHpnfvQKdU0Sufxm;csufrsm;&Sdonf/
rdom;pktcef; u@
rdom;pktokid ;f t0kid ;f wGif rdom;pk0ifwidk ;f ud,
k pf t D cef;u@&SMd uonf/
tcsKdUrdom;pkwGif t&m&mudk zcif\ tkyfpkd;rIatmufü &Sdonf/ tcsKdUzcifrsm;
onf rdom;pkEiS hf a0;&mwGif tvky½f yI Mf uonf/ rdom;pktwGuf aiGa&;aMu;a&;
om yHt k yfí pDrcH efcY aJG &;wGif ryg0ifEidk o
f nfh tajctaevnf;&So d nf/ om;orD;
rsm;onf tdrfaxmifrdom;pkwGif vlrsm;pkjzpfwwfMuonf/ wcgwGif om;orD;
rsm;u tvkyf½Iyfaeaom zcif\ ajctdwf avQmfzGyfay;MuNyD; tjyifoGm;cgeD;
wGiv f nf; ajctdwpf yG af y;Muonf/ xku d m; rdru
d ,
kd w
f idk f vkypf &m? tdraf zmfrsm;\
wm0efrSefaomfvnf; om;orD;rsm;u vkyfay;Muaomtcg rdom;pkykdrkdyDjyif
NrdKifqkdifonf/
rdom;pk y#dyu©ajz&Sif;jcif;
tdrfaxmif&Sifonf rdom;pkjyóem tBuD;ti,f tcsdefra&G; BuHKawGU
41
avh&Sdonfhtwkdif; ajz&Sif;EkdifpGrf;&Sdonf/ xkdokdYaom rdom;pkjyóemudk rnfodkY

ajymqkdajz&Sif;&rnfhtaMumif;vnf; od&Sdonf/ toifpm½Iol\ tdrfaxmif
rdom;pkta&;udk pum;tajymtqkdrQjzifh ajz&Sif;avh&Sdygovm;/ xkdokdY ajz&Sif;
&mwGif or®musrf;pmESifh nDygovm;/ tmPm&Siftpkd;&uJhodkY trdefYjzifh ajz&Sif;
ygovm;/ rdom;pka&;&m tjzmjzmudk pdwq f ;dk jcif;r&Sb
d J at;aq;pGm ajz&Si;f avh
&Sdygovm;/ ok 12;15? 16 wGif ]]rkdufaomolonf rdrdjyKaomtrIudk rSefonf
[k xifwwf\/ tBuHay;aom pum;udk em;axmifolrlum; ynm&Sd\/ rkduf
aomol\ trsufa'goonf csufjcif;xif&Sm;wwf\/ ynmowd&Sdaomolrl
um; &Sufp&mtrIudk zHk;wwf\}}[k qkdxm;onf/ odkYaomf evydef;wHk; vlrkduf
onf olUtrSm;udk csufjcif;axmufjyrS owdxm;rdonf/ om;orD;rsm;ukd qHk;r
&mü ynmvrf;odkY qHk;r&ef MoZmvTrf;jcif;jzifh qHk;r&\/ qHk;rjcif; usifhom;r&Sd
oludk qHk;rvQif &efrlwHkYjyefwwf\/
rku
d u
f ef;aom uav;rsm;onf qH;k rjcif;udk remcHwwf/ xGuaf jy;wwf
Muonf/ xkdodkYaom uav;udk oGefoifaom q&monf uav;\ rdbrsm;ESifh
aqG;aEG;wkdifyif&onf/ xkdum; ausmif;pmoifcef;ü emcHjcif; todynmoif,l
jcif;enf;emaumif;jzpfonf/
rdom;pku uav;\ tm;eJcsuf az;ula&;

rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;\ tm;eJcsufudk od&Sdxm;&onf/ vlvwf
t&G,fonf twkjriftwwfoifvG,faom csdefcgaumif;jzpfonf/ r&ifhusuf
ao;aom t&G,fwGifrl tqkd;taumif; rcGJjcm;wwfao;aomaMumifh pdwf\
ap&m? rsufpdjrif&mtwkdif; jyKrlwwfMuonf/
xkdumvü ta&;BuD;tcsufrSm uav;oli,f\ vGJrSm;csufudk rnfodkY
jyKjyifrnfenf;[laom tcsufjzpfonf/ xkdoli,frsm;onf rkdufrJaeMuovm;?
olwkdYrkdufrJrIudk tjypfwif jyKjyif&aumif;rSef; odMuovm;/ rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESifh
twl aysmfaysmfyg;yg; aewwfygovm;/ tcsKdUrdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm;
raumif;rI\ tusKd;qufudk jyowwfMuonf/ om;orD;rsm;udk yJhjyifcGeftm;
ay;wwfMuonf/ xufjrufoefpGrf;onfh enf;vrf;udk jyoMuonf/ xkdokdY
42
oifjyjcif;cH,laom uav;oli,frsm;onf trSm;trSef? tqkd;taumif; a0cGJ

&aumif;rSef; rqHk;jzwfwwfMuao;aomfvnf; ynmoif,l&aumif;rSef; od&Sd
em;vnfMuonf/
rdom;pkorkdif;
rdom;pkwidk ;f ud, k pf o
D rkid ;f aMumif; &SMd uonf/ rdom;pk0ifrsm;onf rdom;
pkxJodkY arG;zGm;vmNyD; wa,mufwayguf aovGefMuonf/ tdrfaxmifjyKvkduf?
uGm&Sif;vkduf jyKvkyfwwfMuonf/ rdom;pkvlrIa&; tawGUtBuHK twnfwus
&SMd uouJoh Ydk aygufvyJT pJ m; aygufu&vlrsm;vnf; &SMd uonf/ use;f rma&; a'gif
a'gifjrnfolrsm;&SdouJhokdY b0wavQmufvHk; zsm;emí usef;rma&;csKdUwJholrsm;
vnf; &SMd uonf/ tcsKUd vlrsm;onf tdref ;D em;csi;f rsm;udk av;eufpmG cifrifMuí
tcsKdUu tay:,HaMumom od&Sdac:ajymMuonf/
wcgwGif olUuav;oli,frsm;udk jyKpkapmifha&Smufaeaom trsKd;orD;
wOD;ESifh þodkY pum;ajymqkdjzpfcJhMuonf/
ar;/ uav;oli,frsm;udk b,fESpfBudrf a&SUa&;oGefoifovJ/

ajz/ tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm/
ar;/ ig;Budrfvm;? q,fBudrfvm;/
ajz/ tJ'Davmuf b,furvJ/
ar;/ tBudrfESpfq,fjynfhvm;/(xkdtcg cPMumrQ vufcsKd;a&wGuf
onf)
ajz/ tBudrfESpfq,frubl;/
8)ESprf jynfh
aemifwiG f olUnDrESihf jyefa&wGuMf unfah omtcg touf(18)ES
cif tBudrfaygif; 46 Budrf oGefoifonf[k qkdonf/
rSefygayonf/ rdom;pkta&;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;onf ta&;ygt&m
a&mufonfh tcef;u@rS yg0ifMuonf/ tusKd;oufa&mufrIonfvnf; a&
wGufrukefEkdif/
43
t,ltqvGJrSm;rI od&Sdem;vnf&ef MoZmvTrf;rkd;a&;

rdom;pkü MoZmvTrf;rkd;&mwGif trSm;(2)rsKd; vGJrSm;wwfMuonf/ yxr
qHk;MoZmvTrf;rkd;a&;onf pdwfoabmxm;tay:ü rlwnfonf/ tazmfrJh'ku©
onftm; u,fwifulnDa&;onf MoZmvTrf;rkd&m r[kwfyg/ 'kwd,trSm;onf
vufrcHjiif;y,fjcif;jzpfonf/ xkduav;oli,fonf i,f&G,fpOfwGif tawGU
tBuKH rjhJ zpfaumif; jzpfaeayrnf/ xkaYd Mumifh uav;oli,f\ i,f&, G pf Of tawGU
tBuHKonf &moufyef vTrf;rkd;EkdifaomaMumifh ta&;BuD;aMumif; qkdxm;onf/
i,f&, G pf Ofü olwyg;\ tapcHoo l nf woufv;kH tapcHuRepf w d x f m;&So d nf/
jiif;y,fjcif;r&Sd? cH,ljcif;r&Sdjcif;vnf; &SdEkdifygonf/ xkdokdY vlUtusifh
jiif;y,fjcif;? em,lpGJrSwfjcif;r&Sdolonf usrf;pm\ MoZmvTrf;rkd;&ef ydkrkdvG,ful
onf/ xkduJhodkYyif rdbrsm;udk emcH&onf/
uav;oli,frsm;tm; MoZmvTrf;rkd;&mü wpHkw&m ay;urf;jcif;jzifh
vTr;f rk;d jcif;xuf pum;udk cH,jl cif;onf ykad umif;onf/ c&pf,mefrb d rsm;onf
om;orD;rsm;tm; c&pf,mef,HkMunfjcif;&Sd&ef ½kdufoGif;jyXmef;Muonf/ xkdokdY
ab;&efuG,fumjcif;udk vHkavmufonf[k ,lqMuonf/ c&pf,mefpmoif
ausmif;? aetdrpf moifausmif;? i,f&, G pf Of aumif;rGepf mG xde;f ausmif;oGeo f if
jcif;wkdYudk auseyfESpfoufMuonf/
xkdokdYaom rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; ywf0ef;usifaumif;ü usif
vnfBuD;xGm;apMuonf/ om;orD;rsm;uvnf; wHkYjyefMuonf/ c&pf,mef
ausmif;om;rsm; 0wfpHkqifjref;apjcif;jzifh Munfhaysmf½IaysmfMuonf/
pma&;olwiG f ajrtk;d zkwo f l rdwaf qG&o dS nf/ olu ajrtk;d zkwv f yk f xkwf
vkyfyHktaMumif; ajymjyonf/ vufxJrSm&Sdaom &THUajrwkdif;onf tusKd;r&Sd/
aysmhvGef;vQif tkd;ruyfouJhodkY rmvGef;vQifvnf; yHkoGif;ír&/
olUpum;onf wefbkd;&Sdaom yHkOyrmjzpfonf/ om;orD;rsm;udk MoZm
vTrf;rkd;&onfrSefaomfvnf; xdef;csKyfvGef;vQif udk,fykdiftBuHÓPf tpGrf;tp
xkwfoHk;cGifhr&/ &THUap;\ tajctaerSeftwkdif; vkd&myHkoGif;EkdifouJhokdY ajym
pum;rsm;onfvnf; tajctaeESifh tH0if*Gifusjzpf&onf/ ,ckacwfuav;
oli,frsm;onf emcH½Hkom emcHwwfonfh a&S;acwfuav;oli,frsm;r[kwfMu
awmhyg/ wHkYjyefEkdifpGrf; t&nftcsif;&SdMuonf/
44
toifpm½Iol\ om;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;&SifawmfxHodkY toufwm

tyfESHapyg/ bk&m;&Sifudk oduRrf;í cspfcifjrwfEkd;wwfMuvQif vlUavmu ab;
&efp, G t f aygif;wko Yd nf rIp&mr[kw/f pdwb f 0ifNird o
f ufcsr;f ajrUMuonft h wkid ;f
rdbaus;Zl;udk em;vnfoduRrf;wwfolrsm; jzpfoGm;Murnf/ tu,fí bk&m;
w&m;rodorl sm; jzpfaeMuvQif a&r&&SEd idk af om uEÅm&awmxJü aomufa&&Sm
aeolyrmjzpfoGm;Murnf(a, 2;13 Munfh)/ xkdtcg taumif;qHk; BudK;pm;tm;
xkwv f pdk w
d f &SMd urnfr[kw/f bk&m;&Si\ f qifah c:&mtwkid ;f vkyaf qmifjyKrv l Qif
ay:xGufvmaom tusKd;aus;Zl;onf trSeftuefjzpfoGm;ayrnf/ om;orD;
rsm;onfvnf; rdbt&dyfatmufü aygufaom tyifi,frsm;tjzpf &SifoefBuD;
xGm;Muayrnf/
rdbrsm;\ t&dyMf oZmvTr;f rk;d jcif;onf aumif;rGeaf om &ifEpS o f nf;csm
om;orD;&wem ay:xGef;&mjzpfonf/ xkdokdYr[kwfvQif Mumvmaomtcg cg;
aomtoD;rsm; oD;Muonf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; ysKdjrpfEke,fcsdefü jyóemrsm;udk
ajyvnfpGm rausmfjzwfEkdifvQif cg;oD;aomtoD;rsm; oD;Murnf/ tdrfaumif;
,maumif;rsm; ykid q f idk v
f mMuvQiv f nf; *½kpu dk w
f efb;dk xm;&rSe;f rodMu/ om;
orD;rsm;tm; rdbrsm;t&dyfatmufü vHkNcHKyHkudk rod&SdMu/ ok 4;23 wGif pdwf
ESvHk;onf touf\ prf;a&xGuf[k qkdxm;onfudk rarhtyf/ om;orD;rsm;
onf rdbrsm;\ jyKrl*½kpkdufonfhtwkdif; wHkYjyefonfh "avhobm0&SdMuonf/
OD;aomfEiS hf a':aomfww Ydk iG f ykeuf efwwfonfh 15 ESpt f &G,f om;&So d nf/
xkdom;tm; qufqHjyKrl&mü tvGJtrSm;rsm;pGm jyKvkyfMuonf/ xkdtrSm;jyKcsuf
rsm;udkvnf; *½krpkdufMu/ xkdom;\ tjyKtrlqkd;jcif;onf rdbwkdY\ *½krpkduf
rIjzpfaMumif; oabmaygufvmMuonf/ xkdom;\ tjypfrsm;jyKvkyfvGefusL;yHk
udvk nf; *½krpku d rf Md u/ bk&m;pum;awmf emcH&ef ypfy,fjcif;udv k nf; rod&MdS u/
xkdrdbrsm;onf rdbwm0ef raus>yefolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ trSefrSm xkdom;onf
yifu, kd tf m;jzifh aumif;aomfvnf; xde;f ausmif;rInzhH si;f rIaMumifh ysupf ;D onf/
ouf&o dS wå0gwkid ;f onf pdw\ f ap&mtwkid ;f jyKrw l wfMuonf/ uav;
oli,fonf i,f&G,fpOfwGif ywf0ef;usiftajctaet& jyKrlonf/ om;orD;
rsm;onf vufOD;q&m rdbrsm;\ oGefoifjyocsuftwkdif;jzpfonf/ xkd
taMumif;pHkudk vmrnfhtcef;wGif um;csyfESifhwuG tus,fw0ifh qufpyfavh
vmMurnf/
45

1/ oifhom;orD;rsm; a&SUa&;udk rnfonfhtcsufrsm;u vTrf;rkd;oenf;/
2/ oifhrdom;pk rnfodkY &Sdoenf;/ om;orD;rsm;odkY rnfolu tusKd;oufa&muf
oenf;/
3/ oifrh o
d m;pkwiG f om;orD;rsm;\ wefb;dk ajymjyyg/ oift
h wGuf wefb;dk tBu;D
rm;qHk;onf tb,fenf;/
4/ oifrh o
d m;pk\ vQKUd 0Sucf surf sm;onf tb,frmS enf;/ om;orD;rsm;\ 0efxyk f
0efykd;xrf;&yHk ajymjyygovm;/ toufwmwGif bk&m;&Sifudk rSDckd&aMumif;
ajymjyygovm;/
5/ oifhrdom;pkwGif tBuD;tuJonf rnfolenf;/ rnfodkY qHk;jzwfcsufjzifh vkyf
oenf;/ rdom;pk\ oabmwlnDcsufjzifh [kwfygovm;/
6/ jyóemudk ajz&Sif;enf; t"dutcsufonf tb,fenf;/ xkdtaMumif;udk
om;orD;rsm;odkY ajymjyygovm;/ ajymif;vJvQif ydkaumif;rvm;? rnfodkY
ajymif;vJrnfenf;/
7/ oifhrdom;pk atmifjrifa&;(odkY) ratmifjrifjcif;taMumif;&if;onf tb,f
enf;/
8/ oifhrdom;pk orkdif;aMumif;\ tlwkdifonf tb,fenf;/ xkdtlwkdifu oifh
tay:odkY4if;? om;orD;rsm;odkY4if; rnfodkY tusKd;oufa&mufoenf;/
9/ oifhom;orD;rsm;udk rnfodkYaom toufwmc&D;vrf;odkY avQmufvSrf;apvkd
oenf;/ xkdom;orD;rsm;onf rdbrsm;\ oGefoifrItwkdif; BuD;xGm;Muyg
ovm;/ rdbudk rnfodkY wHkYjyefMuonf[k jrifygoenf;/
46
tcef; 3
uav;oli,f\ zGHUNzdK;a&;
bk&m;&Sifudk OD;wnfa&;
aumvdyfausmif;om;b0wGif yxrqHk;tBudrf avSavSmf&GufvTifhbl;

onf/ OD;wnf&mt&yfoYkd roGm;bJ yifv,favajyavn§i;f wku d cf wf&modYk &Guf
vTifhonf/ xkduJhokdYyif bk&m;ocifudk a&S;½Ionfh uav;oli,fonfvnf; av
n§if;aoGU&modkY ,drf;EGJUygoGm;wwfonf/ uav;oli,fonf bk&m;&SifxHodkY
OD;wnfae&aomfvnf; ywf0ef;usifu vTrf;rkd;wdrf;yg;apEkdifonf/
ok 9;7-10 wGif ynm&SdESifh oa&mfapmfum;wwfoltaMumif; þodkY
qkdxm;onf/ ]]rxDrJhjrifjyKaomoludk qHk;raomolonf t&SufuGJjcif;udk4if;?
vlq;dk udk tjypfjyaomolonf uJ&h UJ jcif;ud4k if; cH&vdrrhf nf/ rxDrjhJ rifjyKaomolukd
rqHk;rESifh/ oifhudk rkef;vdrfhrnf/ ynm&Sdudk tjypfjyavmh/ olonf oifhudk cspf
vdrrhf nf/ ynm&Sad omolukd qH;k rvQif olonf omí ynm&Sv d rd rhf nf/ ajzmifrh wf
aomoludk oGefoifvQif olonf odyÜHtwwf wkd;yGm;vdrfhrnf/ xm0&bk&m;udk
cspfaMumufaomoabmonf ynm\ rlvjrpfjzpf\}}/ i,f 10 wGif oa&mf
apmfum;wwfaom vlrkdufESifh ynm&Sdtm; cGJjcm;wwf&ef oGefoifxm;onf/
ocifb&k m;u ynm&Su d kd cspaf MumufMu&efEiS hf ynm&S\ d trSm;axmufjycsuu f kd
auseyfpGm vufcH&ef oGefoifonf/
47
bk&m;&Sifudk OD;wnfa&;
atmufygyHkwGif vli,fwOD;taMumif; o½kyfazmfxm;onf/ vlonf
bk&m;ocifudk a&S;½Itm½HkjyK&onfh owå0gjzpfonf/ vlwkdif;onf yifukd,ftm;
jzifh bmoma&;owå0gjzpfMuonf/ uav;oli,frsm;onf a,a[m0gbk&m;
(odkY) ½kyfwkudk &Sdckd;udk;uG,fMuonf/ bk&m;w&m;rJholrsm;r[kwfMu/ xkdoabm
twkdif;yif toifpm½Iol\ om;orD;rsm;onfvnf; bmoma&;todw&m;
tcH&SdMuonf/
a&m 1;18-19 wGif ]]or®mw&m;udk t"r®jzifh qD;wm;ESyd pf ufaomolwYdk
jyKwwfaom bk&m;rJah ejcif;trI? w&m;udk vGeu f sL;jcif;trItrsK;d rsK;d wkw
Yd bufü
bk&m;ocif\ trsuaf wmfonf aumif;uifrS xif&mS ;vsu&f \ dS / tb,faMumifh
enf;[lrlum;? odtyfaom bk&m;ocif\ taMumif;t&mwkdYonf olwkdYwGif
xif&Sm;vsuf&Sd\/ bk&m;ocifonf olwkdYtm; jyawmfrlNyD}}[k qkdxm;onf/
vlwkdif;onf bk&m;&Sif\ &Sif;vif;aocsmaom Asm'dwfawmfor®mw&m;udk od&Sd
Muaomfvnf; qkd;npfolrsm;u or®mw&m;udk or®mw&m;rSef; rod&SdMu/ ½kd;pif;
pGm jyKawmfrlaom bk&m;&Sif\ vufawmf&mrsm;udk jiif;y,fwGef;vSefMuonf/
xkdtaMumif;udk &Sifaygvku vlrkdufrsm;onf bk&m;&Sifudk od&SdMuvifhupm;
bkef;awmfxif&Sm;ap&aumif;rSef; rodMu[k qkdonf/ odyifodMuaomfvnf;
bk&m; pm 19 yHk
½kyf
0wåK
rsm;
um;csyf 3? bk&m;&Sifudk a&S;½Ia&;
48
uav;oli,f\ zGHUNzdK;a&;? bk&m;&Sifudk OD;wnfa&;
pdwfESvHk;xJwGif ywf0ef;usif&Sd tkwfcJ&THUap;jzifh udk,fwkdifjyKvkyfonfh tkwfyHk

bk&m;udk qkawmif;jynfhbk&m;[k emrnfwyf&Sdckd;Muonf/
a&m 1 wGif oif\ om;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;&SifxHodkY ,HkMunfjcif;wHkY
jyefapavmh/ xko d rYdk [kwvf Qif or®mw&m;udk ajzmifrh wfjcif;ü rwnfaomt&m
rsm;u BuD;pkd;vTrf;rkd;oGm;rnf[k qkdonf/ ,HkMunfjcif;w&m;jzifh bk&m;&SifodkY
wHkYjyefvQif bk&m;&Sifudk oduRrf;í tapcH,lvmMurnf/ tu,fí trSm;udk
trSefxif? rrSef&mudk rSef&m[k t[kwfxifrSwfvQif zefqif;&Sifudk arhavsmhNyD;
rdrdvuf&mrsm;udkyif jyefvnfudk;uG,fMurnf/ xkdYaMumifh bk&m;&Sifudkom a&S;½I
OD;wnfyg[k ajymyg&ap/
vrf;ESpfoG,frS a&G;cs,fp&m
txufyHk ½kyfyHkrS b,fbuf&Sd rwfwyf&yfaeolonf bk&m;ppfbk&m;
rSeu
f kd &Scd ;dk ud;k uG,of jl zpfonf/ bk&m;&Six
f rH S jrm§ ;u vlrS jrm§ ;odYk qufjyjcif;onf
aumif;jrwfjcif;? oem;Muifemjcif;ESifh oefY&Sif;jcif;wkdYudk jyoonf/ jyKawmfrl
aom t&mcyford ;f onf bke;f awmfxif&mS ;ap&efjzpfonf/ zefqif;awmfral om
owå0grsm;ESiw hf uG t&mcyford ;f onf ud,k af wmfxrH S tpjyKMuonf/ xko d cifukd
od&Sdjcif;onf touf&Sif&mjzpfonf/ bk&m;&Sifudk ñTef;aom jr§m;onf bk&m;
&Sifawmfuvnf; vlUpdwfESvHk;udk t"duxm;aMumif; jyoonf/ vlu bk&m;
&Sif\ aumif;jrwfjcif;ESifh u½kPmawmftm; cspfjcif;arwåm? 0rf;ajrmufjcif;?
0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;wkdYjzifh wHkYjyef&onf/ bk&m;&Sifudk oduRrf;pdwfjzifh ykdrkdwHkYjyef
Mu&ef tvk&d adS wmfro l nf/ nmb,faemufem;rS 0rf;vsm;arSmufí 0wfjyKu;kd uG,f
[efaqmifolonf zefqif;&Sifbk&m;ocifxuf awGUu&m t&mcyfodrf;udk ukd;
uG,fjcif;jzpfonf/ pdwf½l;ayguf&m ½kyf0wåKudk ukd;uG,fonf/ bk&m;&Sif tppf
trSefr[kwfaom vlUvufvkyfESifh pdwf½l;ayguf&mrsm;tm; &Sdckd;ukd;uG,faom
aMumifh wif;wdrfauseyfjcif;r&SdEkdif/
uav;oli,frsm;onf bmomw&m;udk b0ifESvHk;aygufatmif rod
wwfMu/ odkYaomf wpHkw&mrS rudk;uG,fbJ raeMu/ bk&m;ocif\ o@mef
awmfEiS t hf nD zefqif;xm;oljzpfaomaMumifh 0wfjyKu;kd uG,jf cif;taMumif; od&dS
onf/ i,f&G,fEkysKdpOfuyif bk&m;&Sif(odkY) ½kyfwkbk&m;wkudk udk;uG,fonf/
49
xkt
d aMumif;ESihf ywfoufí 'g0d'rf if;u qm 58;3 wGif ]]rw&m;aom
olwkdYonf trd0rf;xJrSpí ½kdif;aomoabm&SdMu\/ arG;uwnf;u vrf;vGJí
rkompum;udk ajymwwfMu\}}[k owday;xm;onf/ xkdenf;wl qm 51;5
wGiv f nf; ]]tuREyfk of nf arG;puyif tjypfygvsu&f ydS g\/ trd0rf;xJrmS y#doaE¨
pGJ,lpOfyif tjypfpGJyg\}}[k qkdonf/ þusrf;csufrsm;onf txl;oGefoifcsuf
rsm;jzpfonf/ þusrf;ydk'frsm;onf txl;owdxm;p&mjzpfonf/ trd0rf;wGif;
xJ&Sd oli,fwGif4if;? xkdae&mrS jyifyodkY xGufvmpOfwGif4if; tjypfyg&SdMuonf
[kqkdonf/ tjypfjyKaomolonf xkdtcsdefuwnf;uyif tjypf&SdaMumif; od&Sd
&onf/ or®musrf;pmurl vlonf tjypfom;jzpfaomaMumifh tjypfjyKonf[k
qkdonf/ xkdYaMumifh oifhom;orD;rsm;onf obm0w&m;t& tjypfuif;pifol
r[kwfMu/ trd0rf;xJuyif tjypf&Sdonf/
uav;oli,fwYdk ajzmifrh wf&mokYd a&muf&o dS nft
h aMumif;ESihf ywfouf
í ok 22;15 wGif ]]rkdufaomoabmonf oli,f\ pdwfESvHk;xJrSm xkyfxm;
vsu&f \ dS / odaYk omfvnf; qH;k raom Burd v
f ;kH onf xkod abmudk a0;pGm ESiw
f wf
\}}[kqkdonf/ þokwåHusrf;csufu uav;oli,f\ pdwfESvHk;xJrSm wpHkw&m
vGJrSm;csufudk jyKjyifay;&onf[k qkdonf/ xkdjyKjyifjcif;onf rdom;pku ukpm;
jcif;r[kwfbJ pdwfESvHk;yJhjyifajymif;vJay;jcif;jzpfonf/
pdwfESvHk;onf vGwfvyfav[me,fr[kwf
uav;oli,frsm;\ pdwEf v S ;kH onf bmrSr&Sad om vGwv f yfav[me,f
r[kwfaomaMumifh oifhom;orD;rsm;\ pdwfESvHk;wGifvnf; bk&m;ocif(odkY)
½kyw
f bk &k m;wk ud;k uG,af eonf/ xk½d yk wf b
k &k m;wkw Yd iG f opfom;½kyw f (k od)Yk tkwf
cJb&k m;(od)Yk ausmufqpf pojzifh wpHw k &mjzpfEidk o
f nf/ pdwEf v S ;kH xJwiG f pGvJ ef;
orQonf ½kyfwkbk&m;jzpfonf/ usrf;pmuajymaom ½kyfwkbk&m;rsm;wGif
raumif;rIudk wyfrufjcif;? avmb&r®uf? rmefrmersm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ xkd
½kyfwkrsm;onf vlUavmuodkY vG,fvifhwul ysHUESHUudk;uG,fMuonf/ taMumif;
aomf or®mw&m;onf tjyifxu G &f ef bdeyfBuKd ;csnaf epOf rkompum;u urÇm
wywf ywfNyD;oGm;onf/ rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsuf? qE´? vkdtyfcsuf? yef;wkdif?
50
arQmfvifhcsufrsm;tm; uav;oli,frsm;\ pdwfESvHk;xJodkY xnfhay;vkdufMu

oenf;/ rSwfom;p&mrSm vlUavmut&monf tNrJwrf; wnfNrJonf[lír&Sd/
xkdYaMumifh oifhuav;i,frsm;tm; i,f&G,fpOfcguyif bk&m;&Sifawmf
tm; a&S;½Itm½Hjk yKapyg/ odrYk o S mvQif rnfoUl tay:odYk ,HMk unfjcif;opöm&S&d rnfh
taMumif; em;vnfvmMurnf/ odkYr[kwfvQif rkdufrJrI? r,HkMunfrI? rnfolUudk
,HMk unfu;kd pm;&rSe;f rodaom a,mifcsmcsmvljzpfomG ;Murnf/ od&x dS m;ae&rnfh
tcsurf mS olw\ Ydk pdwEf vS ;kH e,fy,fonf vGwv f yfav[mjyifr[kw/f oGeo f if
ay;xm;onft h wkid ;f cH,Ml uonfvnf;r[kw/f ,HMk unfjcif;y#dnmOf(od)Yk ½kyw f k
bk&m;wk udk;uG,fonfh pdwfaemufodkY rSm;ygoGm;EkdifMuaomaMumifh tusKd;oifh
taMumif;oifh &Sif;jy&onf/
uav;onf rnfolUudk udk;uG,f&tHh

þae&mwGif EIdif;,SOfa&G;cs,fp&m&Sdonf/ rdbtkyfxdef;jcif;onf vHk
avmufjynfph akH om xde;f ausmif;jcif;[k rqkyd g/ rdom;pkywf0ef;usiEf iS 4hf if;? om;
orD;ESihf rdbtMum;wGi4f if;? taygif;vu©Pm tjyKtrl&rdS nf[4k if; tmrcHcsuf
r&Syd g/ tjcm;odxm;tyf&mwckrmS bk&m;&SiEf iS hf aumif;rGeaf om qufqaH &;jzpf
onf/ bk&m;&Sifudk 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;jzifh bk&m;&Sifonf tb,fokdYaomol
jzpfaMumif; ykrd edk m;vnfvmEkid o
f nf/ bk&m;&SiEf iS hf uif;uGmaomb0onf teuf
t"dyÜg,fr&Sd/
Oyrmtm;jzifh ol½;l onf bk&m;&Sit f m; qmavmifrw G o
f yd &f aumif;rSe;f
rod/ 0wfjyKu;kd uG,jf cif;vnf; rjyK/ rdbrsm;u rnfoUl udk tb,faMumifh rnfoYkd
udk;uG,f&rnfhtaMumif; oGefoif&onf/ &Sdckd;udk;uG,fxkdufol bk&m;&Sifwyg;
wnf;om&SdaMumif; oGefoif&onf/ xkdYaMumifh rdbrsm;u ]]om;orD;rsm;tm;
bk&m;&Sdckd;NyD;NyDvm;}}[k ar;&onfr[kwf/ rnfolUudk &Sdckd;udk;uG,foenf;[k
ar;&onf/
51
uav;oli,f t"duxm;a&;
bk&m;&Siu f kd t"duOD;wnfa&;onf uav;oli,fxed ;f ausmif;a&;wGif
tjcm;pmtkyfrsm;xuf ta&;BuD;qHk;jzpfonf/ yHkESdyfpmtkyfrsm;wGif xkdokdYaom
pmtkyfonf uav;i,frsm;tm; xdef;ausmif;&mü trsm;qHk; MoZmvTrf;rkd;Ekdif
aom pmtkyfjzpfonf/ wDxGifBuHqjcif;vrf;ñTefonfh pmtkyfrsm;onf uav;
oli,frsm;twGuf pOf;pm;ÓPfaumif;apygaomfvnf; or®musrf;pmudk tajc
cHaom tawG;tjrifpmtkyfrsm;onf uav;oli,frsm; a&SUa&;twGuf
taumif;qH;k jzpfonf/ uav;oli,frsm;tm; xko d Ydk xde;f ausmif;oGeof if&mwGif
usrf;csufrsm;jzifh xdef;csKyf&rnf[k rqkdvkdyg/ uav;oli,frsm;\ pdwfESvHk;
xJwGif usrf;pmtmabmf udef;0yfae&ef qkdvkdygonf/
ok 4;23 tm; oli,frsm;\ pdwfb0ifwGif pD;qif;aeapyg/ rdbrsm;\
xdef;ausmif;vrf;ñTefcsufonf oli,frsm;\ &ifxJwGif tNrJrwnfEkdifyg/
taygif;vu©Pmomjzpfapygonf/ xkdYaMumifh usrf;ydk'fudk tvGwfr&EkdifvQif
vnf; pdwfESvHk;xJü Xmyemtjzpf jr§Kyfxm;ay;&onf/
rdbrsm;\ oGefoifcsufonf uav;oli,f\ pdwfESvHk;xJü tusOf;
ajrmif;qHk; ppfajrjyifjzpfonf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; i,f&G,fpOfuyif bk&m;&Sif\
o@mefawmfESifhtnD zefqif;&mjzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;ap&onf/ bk&m;&Sifudk
oduRrf;vQif b0wouf usef;rm&Tifvef;pGm trIawmfjrwfü yg0ifonf/
þae&mwGif uav;oli,f apmifx h ed ;f &mü txufygum;csyEf pS cf syu f kd
owdxm;ae&onf/ xkt d csuuf kd od&adS eaom rdbonf om;orD;udk taumif;
qHk;vTrf;rkd;EkdifNyD; ESpfoufonfhyHkpHtwkdif; yHkoGif;Ekdifayrnf/ xkdtcg rdom;pka&;
&mwGifvnf; tajcwuswnfNidrfNyD; uav;i,frsm;\ vkdtyfcsufudkvnf;
ab;uif;vHkNcHKpGm jznfhqnf;Ekdifayrnf/ rdom;pktwGif; qufqHa&;acsmarGUajy
vnfjcif;onf aus;Zl;awmfESifh u½kPmawmftm; tjypfom;rsm;tay:odkY
o½kyaf zmfjyojcif;jzpfonf/ oGeo f ifynmay;í r&awmhonft h qH;k wGif bk&m;
ocifu ta&;,ltjypfay; w&m;pD&ifonfhtaMumif;? tjypftay:ü bk&m;
&Si\f tjriftaMumif; ajymjy&onf/ xkt d aMumif;tm; rdom;pku od&edS m;vnf
cH,l&ef vkdtyfonf/ xkdYaMumifh ta&;t&m jyóemjzpfvmvQif ta&;,lqHk;r
52
jcif;xuf taumif;jrif0g'jzifh qHk;ryJhjyif&onf/ om;orD;rsm;\ usef;rm

aysmf&Tifaom ywf0ef;usifwnfaqmufay;&onf/
uav;oli,frsm;tm; ajymqkq d ;kH ronft h cg ta&;Bu;D tcsurf sm;tm;
em;csifhbG,f&m Zmwfvrf;yrmrjzpfap&/ xkdodkYaom Zmwfvrf;yHkjyifrsm;onf
uav;oli,frsm;udk trSefwu,f MoZmvTrf;rkd;&mr[kwfyg/ uav;oli,frsm;
onf t&m&mudk wHkYjyefwwfMu&pNrJjzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh pdwf0ifpm;&mrsm;udk
wHkYjyefwwfavh&Sdonf/ bk&m;&Sif\ aumif;jrwfjcif;ESifh u½kPmawmfudk wHkYjyef
wwfouJhokdY ,HkMunfrIr&SdvQif r&Sdonfhtwkdif; wrsKd;wzHk wHkYjyefwwfonf/
bk&m;&Sifudk cspfcifjrwfEkd;? ,HkMunfudk;pm;vQif ½kyf0wåKypönf;rsm;ESifh udk,fa&;
ud,
k w f mwnfrjDS cif;udv
k nf; avsmu h somG ;ygrnf/ Zmwfvrf;yHjk yifonf xko d aYdk om
tusKd;rjyKaomfvnf; tESpfom&udk pGJvrf;wwfMuonf/
om;orD;rsm;\ pdwEf v S ;kH xJü bk&m;&Siu f kd a&S;½Iapjcif;jzifh toufwm
wavQmufü bk&m;&Six f oH Ykd wHjYk yefomG ;Muonf/ rnfoaYkd om jyóemrsm; &ifqidk f
BuKH awGUvQiv
f nf; toufwm&ifu h surf uI atmifEidk Bf u;D pk;d onf/ xkt d cg uk, d f
usKd;twåpdwf rBuD;xGm;vmEkdif/ trdefYMoZm remcHvkdonfh ykefuefjcif;pdwfxm;
vnf; rBu;D xGm;Ekid /f xkod aYdk om jyóemrsm;onf uav;oli,fjzpfaomaMumifh
ay:aygufBuD;xGm;vmjcif;r[kwf/ pdwfESvHk;xJü omoemyvlwkdY\ ½kyfwkudk;
uG,fonfh pdwfxm;aMumifhjzpfonf/
uav;oli,f tmbmonf vdrn f mwwfojl zpfonf/ zcif\ rjrifu, G f
&mwGif aygufu&rsKd;pHk jyKvkyfonf/ vdrfnmajymqkdwwfonf/ rdbrsm;\ ykduf
qHrsm;udk ckd;,lavh&Sdonf/ zcifu i,f&G,fao;aomaMumifh[k ,lqonf/
i,f&G,fao;onfrSm rSefygonf/ odkYaomf rodem;rvnfwwfao;onfh t&G,f
jzpfaomaMumifh xkdokdY tusifhysufonfr[kwf/ olUukd,foltm; tjypfom;rSef;
rodaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ bk&m;&Sifudk rod? bk&m;&SifESifh ywfouf&mudk rod&Sd
jcif;onf ½kww f \ k om;aumif? bk&m;&Siu f kd tmcHqefu Y sijf cif;jzpfonf/ pdwu f ;l
xif&m pdwf½l;ayguf&mom vkyfaqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ xkdokdYaom tajctae
a&mufaeonfh tmbmudk zcifu ulnDjyKjyifay;EkdifpGrf; r&Sdyg/ xkdtusifhqkd;
onf ESvHk;om;\ a&mifjyef[yfjcif;jzpfonf/
53
bk&m;&Sifudk OD;wnfa&S;½Ia&; ta&;BuD;yHk

usrf;pmvm Zmwfvrf;rsm;onf tm;vHk; cH,lEkdifMurnfr[kwf/ a,m
oyf\ toufwmudk pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ olUuav;oli,fb0onf pHerlem cH,l
p&mr[kwfyg/ i,f&G,fpOfcgwGif rdcifqHk;oGm;onf/ zcif\ rsufESmomay;cH&
onf/ olUtdrrf ufrsm;aMumifh tpfuw kd \Ydk rke;f wD;jcif;cH&onf/ zcifu 0,fay;
aom tusÐaMumifh remvkdrkef;wD;rI jyif;xefvmonf/ xkdYaMumifh tpfukdrsm;\
ypfy,frcI &H Ny;D usi;f xJoYkd ypfcsjcif;cH&onf/ uHtm;avsmpf mG jzifh aus;uReaf &mif;
0,folrsm;u 0,f,loGm;NyD; xyfqifha&mif;pm;Muonf/ aygwdzm\ tdrfwGif
tusiphf m&dwaå umif;rGepf mG ae&aomfvnf; ajymif;jyeftjypfpyG pf jJG cif; cH&onf/
axmifusonf/ wcsed u f ulnrD pcJo h u l vnf; arhavsmyh pfonf/ xkt d csed t f cg
wGif tb,frQ cg;oD;emusifí ckdukd;&mrJhb0jzifh pdwfESvHk;yifyef;aernfenf;/
vlonf rdrdBuJonfhtwkdif; jyef&dwf&onf[k qkdpum;&Sdonfr[kwfvm;/ ,ck
tb,fodkY &Sdoenf;/ olUtpfukdrsm;u a&wGif;ysufxJodkY ypfcsrnfjyKMupOf
toem;cH awmif;yefcJhonf/ ,ckrl a,moyfu olUtpfukdrsm;odkY ]]rpkd;&drfMu
ESi/hf tuREyfk of nf bk&m;ocifu, kd pf m; jzpfoavmh/ oifwo Ydk nf uREykf u
f kd n§O;f
qJrnfBuHMuaomfvnf; bk&m;ocifonf ,aeYjzpfonftwkdif; vlrsm;touf
csrf;omapjcif;iSg aus;Zl;jyKrnf BuHawmfrl\/ xkdYaMumifh rpkd;&drfMuESifh/ oifwkdY
\ oli,frsm;udk uREkfyfauR;arG;rnf[k qkdvsuf olwkdYudk ESpfodrfhapí arwåm
pum;udk ajymav\}}(u 50;19-21)[k jyefajymcJhonf/
a,moyftaMumif;udk rnfodkY em;vnfMurnfenf;/ olUb0c&D;
wavQmufudk jyefvnfarQmfMunfhonf/ tcuftcJMum;xJwGif bk&m;&Sifudk
wnfrSDa&; olUudk,fol cGeftm;ay;onf/ bk&m;&Sifonf olUudk ,HkMunfwnfrSD
ol\ toufwmwGif aus;Zl;awmfxif&Sm;pGm jyoawmfrlonf/ a,moyfonf
olUtoufwmwGif bk&m;ocif pkd;rkd;aeaMumif;om od&Sdonfr[kwf/ rukefcef;
Ekdifaom arwåmawmfESifh y#dnmOfyg uwdawmfcHpm;aeaMumif; cH,lonf/
Akvd cf sKyaf ereftrd rf S tdraf zmfaus;uRerf taMumif; od&MdS uayrnf/ &efol
rsm;u £oa&vaetdrfrsm; odrf;ykdufNyD; xkdrdef;uav;udk tdrfazmfaus;uRefr
tjzpf odr;f qnf;xm;onf/ xkrd ed ;f uav;onf a,a[m0gbk&m;&Siu f kd ud;k uG,f
oljzpfonf/ olUocif\ tema&m*guse;f rm&ef vkt d yfaMumif; odjrifaomtcg
54
olrudk aus;uRefjyKoltjzpf olUocifudk rjrifawmhbJ tultnDvkdtyf vuf

urf;arQmfaeol[k jrifonf/ xkdYaMumifh tema&m*g uif;Nidrf;apEkdifol[k od&Sd
xm;aom £oa&vya&mzufxo H Ykd vrf;ñTeo
f nf/ £oa&vbk&ifu, kd w
f idk u
f
xkyd a&mzufukd rod&o
dS uJo
h Ydk bk&m;bke;f awmf xif&mS ;&m[kvnf; rodbJ tlww l l
tww vkyfaeonf(4&m 5;6? 7 Munfh)/ xkdrdef;uav;u rnfodkY jyKrloenf;/
a,a[m0gbk&m;ocifudk ,HkMunfaom xkdrdef;uav;onf olcHpm;ae&aom
tjcm;vlrsKd;\ aus;uRefjzpfaeaMumif;udk ab;z,fNyD; tjcm;vlrsKd; tdrf&Siftm;
toufwm vl&m0ifusef;rmrnfhta&; *½kpkdufonf/
tusOf;csKyf
om;orD;rsm;tm; *½kpkdufoGefoif&mü tcsuf(2)csuf&Sdonf/ (1)
toufwmvTrf;rkd;a&;ESifh (2) bk&m;&Sifukd a&S;½IOD;wnfapa&;wkdYjzpfonf/ xkdY
aMumifh rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm; oGefoiftkyfxdef;&mü þtcsuf(2)csufudk
pGu
J ikd &f onf/ rdbrsm;onf om;orD;wk\ Yd woufwmta&; yJu h idk v
f rf;ñTe;f ol
rsm;jzpfMuonf/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm om;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;&Sifudk tpOf a&S;½I
OD;wnfMu&ef wnfhrwfay;&onf/ rdrdudk,fwkdif bk&m;w&m;ü trSefarGUavsmf
vQif om;orD;rsm;onf bk&m;&Sifudk od&SdMunfndKMuayrnf/
yHk 2^3 wkdYwGif rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;tm; rnfodkY oGefoifa&S;½IMu
&aMumif; awGUMu&ygonf/ or®musr;f pmvmtwkid ;f MoZmvTr;f rk;d vQif om;orD;
rsm;\ ESvHk;pdwf0Sef;onf vm;&mt&yfudk od&Sdí bk&m;&Sif\ tapudk cH,lMu
ayrnf/
vmrnft h cef;wGif rdbrsm;ta&; avhvmMurnf/ bk&m;&Siaf wmftpm;
rdbrsm;u rnfodkY teD;uyfjyKrlMurnfenf;/ oifh&nfrSef;csufu tb,fenf;/
pnf;urf;ESifh yJhjyifjcif;udk rnfodkY udkifwG,fcH,lrnfenf;/
55

1/ uav;oli,frsm;ESihf qufq&H mwGif oifo h abmxm;udk jyoygovm;/ om;
orD;rsm;u olwt
Ydk oufwmjzifh rdbpum; aumif;rGepf mG wHjYk yefapygovm;/
om;orD;rsm;\ wHkYjyefyHkudk rnfokdY awGUjrifygovJ/
2/ om;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;&Siaf wmf a&S;½Iapa&;udk rnfoYkd em;vnfc, H yl govJ/
bk&m;&Sit
f m; crnf;awmf? od;k xde;f ? t&Sio
f cif? tcsKyt
f jcm? &Sib
f &k iftjzpf
toufwmjzifh wHkYjyefaMumif; awGUjrifygovm;/ xkdokdY r[kwfbJ aysmf&Tif
om,m&m? 0goemyg&m? eD;pyf&mrsm;udk ½kyfwkbk&m;tjzpf udk;uG,fMuyg
ovm;/
3/ oifo
h m;orD;toufwmwGif ½kyw f bk &k m;wk vTr;f rk;d vmaMumif; awGUjrifvQif
rnfodkY yJhjyifxdef;ausmif;rnfenf;/
4/ oifhom;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;&Sifudk tav;teufxm; tm½Hkpl;pkdufvmMuap
&ef rnfodkY xdef;ausmif;rnfenf;/ rdrdudk,fudk bk&m;w&m;a&;&mü pdwfcs
aocsmrIr&Sdaom om;orD;rsm;tm; rnfodkY ulyHhxdef;ausmif;rnfenf;/
5/ oifwv Ydk ifr,m;onf om;orD;wkt
Yd wGuf bk&m;&Sixf o H Ykd qkawmif;ay;avh
&Syd govm;/ bk&m;&Siu
f oifo
h m;orD;rsm;\ pdwEf v
S ;kH xJü pk;d pHawmfral Mumif;
odrSwfxm;yg/
56
tcef; 4
OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrI
om;rsm;u jyifywGif upm;aeMuonf/ orD;i,fu npmpm;&ef

olUtpfudkrsm;udk oGm;ac:aeonf/
]]rdbrsm;u vufaq;Ny;D xrif;pm;&ef tqifoifah pmifah eMuw,f}}[k
oGm;ajymonf/
]]om;rsm; a&mufvmMuovm;}}[k rdcifu wa,mufwnf;jyefvmaom
orD;udk ar;onf/
]]ac:awmhac:wmbJ}}[k rausreyfjzifh ajymonf/
xkdom;av;rsm;onf tb,faMumifh a&mufrvmMuoenf;/ olwkdY
nDrav;\ pum;udk Mum;odMuaomfvnf; trdefYtmPmtjzpf odrSwfemcHjcif;
r&SdMu/
aemufwacgufjyefoGm;NyD; ]]tarac:aew,f ----}[k wzef oGm;
ajymonf/
xkdorD;i,fonf rdom;pktwGif;wGif MoZmtmPmr&Sdyg/ xkdYaMumifh
'kwd,tacgufwGif rdcif\ MoZmtmPmoHk;vsuf xyfac:onf/ xkdtcg om;
rsm;onf oabmaygufNyD; 0ifa&mufvmMuonf/
57
trdefYMoZm ½IyfaxG;rI
,Ofaus;rItpOftvmonf trdefYtmPmr[kwfyg/ odkYaomf MoZm
tmPmr&Sd? MoZmtmPmuJhokdYr[kwfaMumif; jiif;y,fjcif;r[kwfyg/ rdom;pk
twGif;ü odomxif&Sm;onfh trdefYtmPmozG,fwnfaMumif; od&SdMuonf/
or®musrf;pmvm pum;awmfudk trdefYtmPmozG,f cH,lMuonf/ xkd
taMumif;ESifh qufpyfí ar;cGef;aygif;pHk&Sdvmonf/ rdbrsm;\ trdefYtmPm
onf om;orD;tay:odkY tvkdvkdoufa&mufygovm;/ t<uif;rJh oufa&muf
ovm;? qufpyfywfoufovm;? rdbrsm;ESifh om;orD;rsm; tjyeftvSef quf
qHa&;onf rnfoYdk uGmjcm;oenf;/ pepfwus&í dS tawGUtBuKH &ifu h sujf cif;u
OD;pD;OD;aqmifol jzpfapygovm;/ rdrw d iG f tjypfr&Sad omaMumifh tjcm;olrsm;udk
tjypfom;[k ac:qkdjcif;vm;/ jzpfapcsifonfhtwkdif; jzpfajrmufvm&ef om;
orD;rsm;udk ajymqkdí &ygovm;/
tu,fí txufygar;cGef;rsm;udk rajzMum;vkdvQifvnf; om;orD;
rsm;\ bk&m;&SifxHodkY vkyfaqmifbG,f&mwm0efrsm;udk ajymjyEkdifpGrf;&Sd&onf/
rdrdudk,fudk ,HkMunfpdwfcsrIr&SdvQif oif\ om;orD;rsm;onf ykdrkdqif;&J'ku©
a&muf&mom&Sdonf/ om;orD;rsm;onf rdbxHrSom arQmfvifhcsuf&SdMuonf/
taMumif;aomf ywf0ef;usifajymif;vJaeyHkudk rod&SdMu/ bk&m;ocif\ pum;
awmfomvQif ÓPfynm\ tESpfcsKyfjzpfaMumif; rdbrsm;xHrSom Mum;odem;
vnfEkdifMuonf/
oif\ vlrI0ef;usif,Ofaus;rIonf usrf;pmuJhodkY trdefYtmPmwnf
wHhjcif;r&Sdyg/ trdefYtmPmonf twif;tMuyf vkyfukdifp&m cH,lp&mtjzpf
od&SdMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh emcHolu ½kdusKd;pGm emcHjcif;(odkY) remcHykefuefjcif;ay:
xGef;vmonf/ olU,Ofaus;rIobm0onf todÓPfynm? vlUpOf;pm;ÓPf
tay:üom wnfaomaMumifh trdefYMoZmtmPm r[kwfyg/ xkdYaMumifh om;
orD;rsm;tm; pdwful;ay:&mtwkdif; xif&mjrif&mvkyfckdif;vQif trSm;t,Gif;
jzpfomG ;rnf/ vGwv f yfjcif;udk wvGw
J acsmf cH,o l mG ;Murnf/ vGwv f yfjcif;onf
pdwful;ayguf&mudk vkyfcsifonfhtwkdif; vkyfaqmifjcif;r[kwfyg/ pepfwus
emcHjcif;jzpfonf(qm 119;44-45)/
58
OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrI
rdbrsm;u ,Ofaus;rIxHk;pHaemufodkY vkduf&ef rMumcP MuyfrwfMu

jcif;rSm usr;f pmvmuav;oli,frsm; xde;f ausmif;a&;udk rodem;rvnfMuaom
aMumifjh zpfonf/ xde;f ausmif;jcif;\ &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wkid o
f nf Nird o
f ufcsr;f ajrU
jcif;ESifh oufomacsmifcsda&;xuf ydkvGefjcif;r&Sdyg/ rdbrsm;onf emcHbG,f&m
vlrsm;jzpfMuonf/ om;orD;rsm;\ rdbpum;emcHjcif;onf rdbrsm; pdwfcsrf;
om&mESifh rdbESifh om;orD;tMum; qufqHa&;acsmarGUajyvnf&mjzpfonf/
c&pf,mefrdbrsm;onf bk&m;w&m;0wfü usifvnf&ef om;orD;rsm;udk tNrJ
qifhac:&avh&Sdonf/
acgif;aqmifjzpf&ef qifhac:jcif;
rdbrsm;onf MoZmtmPm&SdMuonf/ taMumif;rSm bk&m;&Sifu om;
orD;i,frsm;tay:odkY MoZmoufa&muf&ef pD&ifcefYtyfxm;onf/ bk&m;&Sif\
udk,fpm; rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tay:odkY MoZmtmPm oufa&mufMu
onf/ rdbwkid ;f onf om;orD;tay:odYk MoZmtmPmoufa&muf&aomfvnf;
tvkad wmftwkid ;f jzpf&onf/ ajymqkv d yk u f idk &f ef rdeMYf um;Ekid of nf/ xku d m; bk&m;
ay;tcGit hf mPmjzpfonf/ odaYk omf rdrpd w d wf idk ;f us rjzpfap&/ tvkad wmftwkid ;f
jzpf&onf/
þae&mwGif rdb0wå&m;rsm;udv k nf; od&edS m;vnf&onf/ rdbrsm;onf
bk&m;ay;wm0eftwkid ;f rdro d m;orD;rsm;tm; *½kwpku d f jyKpyk sK;d axmifjcif;? yJjh yif
vrf;ñTejf cif;? pnf;urf;ao0yfa&; MuyfrwfoeG o f if&onf/ rdbrsm;onf bk&m;
&Siaf wmfu, kd pf m; om;orD;rsm;tm; xde;f ausmif;vrf;ñTeo f rl sm;jzpfMuonf/ u
18;19 wGif ]]olwkdYonfvnf; xm0&bk&m;\ w&m;vrf;odkY vkdufí [kwfrSef
ajzmifhrwfpGm usifhMuvdrfhrnf/ odkYjzpfí uwdawmf&Sdonftwkdif; xm0&bk&m;
onf tmjA[HüjyK&aom tcGifh&Sdvdrfhrnf[k tBuHawmf&Sd\}}[k qkdxm;onf/
tmjA[Honf bk&m;&Si\ f pum;awmftwkid ;f jyKvyk o f nf/ bk&m;&Si\ f tpDtpOf
twkdif; vkyfaqmifonf/ bk&m;&Sifu tmjA[Htm; vkyfcsifonfrsm; rvkyf
aqmifapyg/ bk&m;&Sif\udk,fpm; jyKrlvkyfaqmifaponf/
w&m; 6 wGif rdb0wå&m;rsm; pD&ifjyXmef;xm;onf/ i,f 2 wGif bk&m;
ocifu £oa&vvlwkdYtm; om;pOfajr;quf bk&m;&Sifudk cspfaMumufemcH
59
Mu&ef rdefYawmfrlonf/ xkdpum;awmfudk emcHolrsm;onf aetdrfwGif om;orD;

rsm;tm; teD;uyfoGefoifMuyfrwfMuí avQmufvSrf;? vJavsmif;? xavQmuf
MupOfwiG v f nf; tvkad wmftwkid ;f jyKrMl uonf/ om;pOfajr;qufrsm;onfvnf;
xktd wkid ;f jyKvyk af pcsio
f nf/ bk&m;ocifu olUud, k pf m; rdbrsm;tm; teD;uyf
wm0efxrf;aqmifMu&ef cefYtyfonf/
{ 6;4 wGif om;orD;rsm;tm; ocifbk&m;\ pum;awmfudk emcHckdif;
onf/ þrdefYawmfrlcsufonf ocifbk&m;\ oGefoifcsufü avhusifhom;&&SdMu
ap&ef jzpfonf/ ocifbk&m;udk,fpm; rdbrsm;u ocifhpum;awmftwkdif; om;
orD;rsm;udk avhusifhysKd;axmif&onf/
xkdusrf;csufonf vli,fvl&G,fb0uyif cH,lp&mjzpfonf/ rdbrsm;
onf bk&m;pum;awmftwkdif; om;orD;rsm;tm; oGefoif&ef wm0eftyfESif;
awmfrljcif; cH&olrsm;jzpfMuonf/ rdbESifh om;orD;rsm;onf wavSwnf;pD;í
wc&D;wnf; twlwuGoGm;Muolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; teD;uyf
BuD;Muyfaom bk&m;&Sif\ udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;jzpfMuonf/
tu,fí rpifMu,faom trsuaf 'gooifv h Qif &TUH AGwt
f idk x
f oJ Ykd a&muf
oGm;rnf/ om;orD;rsm;udk rdrdpdwful;xif&moufoufodkY ac:aqmif&onf
r[kwf/ bk&m;&Sifu qifhac:awmfrlonfhvrf;odkY qifhac:jyñTef&onf/ om;
orD;tay:odkY trsufa'gooifhjcif;onf pnf;urf;udkifwG,fjcif;r[kwf/ rdb
ESihf om;orD;tMum;üomru om;orD;ESihf bk&m;&Siaf wmftMum;wGiv f nf; &efr;D
arT;jcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;&Siftm; remcH&ef oGefoifvrf;jyjcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;
&Siuf kd rcspaf Mumufaom rdbudk om;orD;rsm;uvnf; cspaf MumufMurnfr[kw/f
bk&m;&Sifonf aumif;jrwfrSefuefonfjzpfí uav;oli,fb0rSpí tusifh
ygatmif emcHjcif;oGefoif&onf/
ajzmifrh wfaom *kPo f u
d m© taMumif; od&MdS uonf/ xkaYd jzmifrh wfaom
*kPfodu©monf vlvlcsif;xuf bk&m;&SifawmfESifh oufqkdifonf/ rdbrsm;u
]]igrSefuefvkdY igYa'govnf; rSefuefw,f? igYa'gou ajzmifhrwfaoma'go
jzpfw,f}}[k ajymqkdwwfMuonf/ trSefrSm trsufa'goxGufjcif;onf pdwf
wkdif;rus? rdrdqEúdk avQmhcsjcif;rjyKaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
60
OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrI
emcHwwf&ef qifhac:jcif;
uav;oli,frsm;udk rdrjd zpfapcsio
f nft
h wkid ;f twif;uma&m apckid ;f
&onfr[kwf/ twif;tMuyf rvkyfckdif;&/ trSm;yJhjyifay;&mü touf&Sif&m
vrf;aMumif;odkY jzpfap&onf(ok 6;23)/ bk&m;ocifESifh OD;pGm xdawGUoljzpf
aomaMumifh rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; wqifch yH *k K¾d vf ausmif;q&modaYk om
'kwd,vlwef;pm;jzpfMuonf/
rdbESifh om;orD; tjyeftvSef pum;ajymqkdyHkudk Oyrmjyoygrnf/
zcif/ tazhpum;udk em;raxmifbl;[kwfvm;/

om;/ r[kwfbl;/
zcif/ remcH&if zcifu b,fvkdvkyfrnfhtaMumif; bk&m;pum;awmf
odw,fr[kwfvm;/
om;/ qHk;r&w,f/
zcif/ rSefw,f? om;udkqHk;r&r,f/ wu,fvkdY rqHk;r&if tazuvnf;
bk&m;pum;awmf remcH&ma&mufoGm;rnf/ om;tzESpfa,muf
pvHk; rSm;oGm;r,f/ tazvnf;raumif;? om;vnf;raumif;
jzpfoGm;rnf/
þae&mrS om;i,f\ pum;udk rnfokdY oabm&MuygovJ/ olUudk

rnfodkY qHk;r&rnfenf;/ olUudk twif;tMuyf t"r®tjypf0efcHckdif;í r&yg/
uav;udk aemufajymifjcif;vnf; r[kwfyg/ olUudk cspfygonf/ odkYaomf bk&m;
&Sif\ w&m;awmftwkdif; jzpfapcsifonf/ bk&m;&Sifu oifrwwfpGrf;Ekdifonf
rsm;udk rapckdif;yg/ bk&m;&Sif\ tkyfpkd;rIatmufüom aeapvkdonf/ xkdYaMumifh
bk&m;pum;awmfudkom emcH&onf/
pdwfcspGm jyKvkyfyg
þae&mwGif rdbt&dyfrS vGwfuif;onfhtaMumif; ajymygrnf/ ñTef
Mum;? jyKjyif? pnf;urf;udik w
f ,
G jf cif;onf rdro
d abmtwkid ;f jyKvyk jf cif;r[kw&f /
61
bk&m;&Sifudk,fpm; rdbu tkyfxdef;jcif;jzpfonf/ vkyfief;aqmifwm vkyfudkif

&mwGif acgif;aqmifjzpfMu&jcif;onf tHhMobG,f&mr[kwf/ bk&m;ay;tcGifh
ta&;jzpfonf/ xkdenf;wl om;orD;rsm;udkvnf; vGwfvyfpGm vkyfaqmifEkdif
Mu&ef tcGifhta&;ay;yg/ wBudrfwcg enf;ay;vrf;jyNyD;vQif vkyf&Judkif0Hh&dSvm
Muap&ef om;orD;rsm;okdY &Jaq;auR;yg/
owfrSwfonfhtwkdif; vkyfaqmifjcif;
rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tay:odkY bk&m;&Sif\ udk,fpm;vS,fawmf
tjzpf xdef;ausmif;olrsm;jzpfMuaomaMumifh pepfwus vkyfaqmifwwfMuap
&ef tcGifhta&;ay;&onf/ rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;ESifh xdawGUae&onf/
xkdum; a&SmifvTJír&aom 0efwmjzpfonf/ bk&m;&Sifawmfudk emcHjcif;onf
rdbwm0efjzpfí om;orD;rsm;odkY vufqifhurf;&onf/ xkdum; rdbrsm;\
0wå&m;jzpfonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh pma&;olaexkid af om yifeqD vmAm;eD;,m;jynfe,fwiG f
uav;i,frsm;\ vlrqef tMurf;ywrf;jyKrlrIrsm;udk pmoifausmif;rsm;odkY
tpD&ifcHckdif;onf/ xkdOya'onf xkdokdY w&m;0iftpD&ifcH owif;ykdYp&mr[kwf
yg/ tMurf;zufrrI sm;onf ausmif;ESihf rtyfpyfyg/ ausmif;q&mBu;D rsm;uvnf;
xkdokdYaom tMurf;ywrf;jyKrlolrsm;udk w&m;Oya't& ta&;,lp&m r&Sdyg/
xkdenf;wlyif rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; vdr®ma&;jcm;&SdMuap&ef oGefoif
bkYd bk&m;&Siuf wm0ef0wå&m;ay;tyforl sm;jzpfMuonf/ om;orD;rsm;udk tjypf
ay;ta&;,l&ef rdbrsm;udk bk&m;&Sifu pD&ifcefYtyfonfr[kwf/ oGefoifyJhjyif
vrf;ñTefjyo&ef pD&ifcefYtyfjcif;jzpfonf/
rdbtrsm;pkonf om;orD;rsm;\ toufwmudk rnfoYdk udik w f ,G v f rf;
ñTefrnfhtaMumif; owdrxm;rdMu/ pifppfwGif tBuHaumif;ÓPfaumif;ay;
olrsm;jzpfMu&onf/ tcsKUd rdbrsm;u ]]rempmaumif;aumif; csuaf y;xm;w,f?
tm[m&vnf;&Sd? t&omvnf;&Sdawmh pdwfBudKufavT;ayawmh? aemufaeYqkd&if
wrsKd;csufay;OD;r,f}}[k ajymwwfMuonf/ tcsKdUu ]]reufpm bmBudKufvJ?
csux f m;wm rBuKd ubf ;l vm;? bmpm;csio
f vJ}}[k ajymwwfMuonf/ xko d aYdk om
pum;oHrsm;onf em;0ifcsKNd red af omfvnf; rnfonft h usK;d &v'f jzpfapoenf;/
62
OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrI
uav;oli,ftm; emcHolr[kwfbJ qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfol jzpfaponf/ rdbrsm;

u om;orD;rsm;\ tvkdvkduftBudKufaqmif azmfvHzm;rsm;jzpfoGm;Muonf/
þtaMumif;udk uav;oli,frsm;\ t0wftpm; a&G;cs,fjcif;? tm;
vyfcsdef toHk;jyKjcif;wGif xyfrHavhvmMurnf/ touf 6? 8? 10 ESpft&G,f&Sd
vmvQif olUud, k o f t
l m; olUt&Sio f ciftjzpf oabmxm;vmMuonf/ touf
13 ESpjf ynfv h mvQif tkyx f ed ;f rIatmufrS uif;vGwMf uonf/ rdbrsm;u a&SUa&;
*½kpu dk af y;í ylyefaomua&mufaomaMumifh Ncrd ;f ajcmufarmif;rJMuaomfvnf;
uav;rsm;u *½krpku d /f olwu Ydk ,
kd of w
l o
Ydk mvQif olwb Ydk 0\ t&Siof ciftjzpf
cH,Ml uonf/ rdbrsm;u pD&ifq;kH jzwfay;cJo h rQ rnfoYdk jzpfuek o
f enf;/ i,f&,
G f
pOfcgwGif rdbrsm;\ qHk;jzwfvrf;ñTefcsufudk vkdufemMu&aomfvnf; t&G,f&
vmonfESifhtrQ rdrdoabmtwkdif; qHk;jzwfvmMuonf/
trSew f u,f cGjJ cm;odjrifem;vnfjcif;r&Scd ifwiG f uav;oli,frsm;onf
trdefYMoZm emcHwwfonfh tusifh&Sd&ef vkdtyfonf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;
&Siuf tb,frQ cspcf ifjrwfE;dk wefb;dk xm;aMumif; em;0ifatmif ajymjy&onf/
xkdokdYaom arwåmt&dyfatmufü rdbrsm;u teD;uyfoGefoifvrf;jyaMumif;
oGefoif&onf/ om;orD;rsm;\ taumif;qHk;q&morm; t&if;acgufacguf
onf rdbrsm;jzpfMuonf/
rdbrsm;\ OD;aqmifrIudk om;orD;rsm;u vkdvm;pGm 0efcHMu&onf/
om;orD;rsm;udk udkifwG,f&mwGif arwåmu½kPmzufonfrSefaomfvnf; tvkd
vkud v f eG ;f Ny;D csp&f mra&muf ESp&f ma&mufaponfh pdwo f abmxm;rsK;d rjzpfap&/
xdef;ausmif;jcif;teuf
rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; teD;uyfxed ;f ausmif;Mu&ef bk&m;&Siu
f
pD&ifcefYtyfaom udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;jzpfMuonf/ vlU,Ofaus;rIt& rdb
rsm;onf om;orD;rsm;udk auR;arG;apmifha&Smuf&onf/ rdbrsm;onf xkd
taMumif;udk cyfaygYaygYom oabmxm;wwfMuonf/ tpm;taomuf? t0wf
tpm;? tdyf,mESifh awmufwkdr,f&rsm;udkom jrifwwfMuonf/
xkdum; tm;eJcsuftjynfhjzpfonf/ bk&m;&Sifu rdbrsm;tm; xkdrQru
BuD;rm;aom wm0ef0wå&m;rsm; ay;xm;onf/ bk&m;ocifudk,fpm; okd;uav;
63
rsm;udk *½kpu
dk af pmifah &Smufaom ok;d xde;f wm0ef&odS nf/ om;orD;rsm;\ oufom
acsmifcsad &;twGurf Qom ruyg/ xkx Yd uf Bu;D av;jrifrh m;onf/ tcsed w
f idk ;f wGif
om;orD;rsm;tm; xdef;ausmif;oGefoifavhusifh&onf/ vrf;avQmufaepOf
jzpfap? em;aepOfjzpfap? pum;ajymqkdaepOfwGifjzpfap vl&nfvnfvmap&ef
Muyfrwfae&onf/ or®musrf;pmvmtwkdif; xdef;ausmif;ae&onf(w&m; 6;6
-7)/
om;orD;rsm;tm; xde;f ausmif;&mwGif om;orD;rsm;\ t"duvkt d yfcsuf
udk od&Sdxm;&onf/ u 18 twkdif; ocifbk&m;xHawmfodkY vm;&mvrf;udk jyo
OD;aqmifEkdif&onf/ xkdum; pm;0wfaea&;xuf t"duusaom tajccHvdktyf
csufjzpfonf/
&Sif;vif;aom &nfrSef;csuf
rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; oGefoifxdef;ausmif;&mü jzpfapcsif
onfq h E´ &nfreS ;f csux f m;&S&d onf/ rdbtrsm;pkonf om;orD;rsm;\ tm;om
csufESifh tm;eJcsufudk taqmwvsif qHk;jzwfwwfMuonf/ om;orD;\ tm;eJ
csufudk t&if;&Smí jznfhqnf;ulnD&aumif;rSef; owdrxm;rdMu/ rdbtrsm;pk
onf om;orD;rsm;\ a&SUa&;twGuf om;orD;rsm;ESifh tcgtm;avsmfpGm 0kdif;zGJU
wkdifyifjcif;r&SdMu/ a&wdkâ&&Snfta&; rwkdifyifMu/ rdbrsm;u jyKpkysKd;axmif
ay;rnfh enf;AsL[mrsm; rpOf;pm;Mu/ bk&m;&Sifu om;orD;rsm;\ vkdtyfcsuf?
tm;eJcsufrsm; jznfhqnf;ay;&ef wm0efay;xm;yHkudk owdrrlMu/ vwfwavm
awGUjrif&aom tay:,HtjyKtrlrQom xde;f ausmif;wwfMuonf/ pdwEf v S ;kH xJ
a&mifatmif oGeo f ifyjhJ yif&ef ysuu
f u
G Mf uonf/ txl;0rf;enf;bG,&f maumif;
onfrSm xkduJhodkY tm;eJcsKdU,Gif;jcif;taMumif;&if;udk &SmazGjyifqif&aumif;rSef;
rodMu/
tb,faMumifh xkdokdY jzpfMu&oenf;/ rdbrsm;\ pdwfESvHk;xJü xdef;
ausmif;jcif; todtjrif tm;eJjcif;jzpfonf/ ywf0ef;usiftajctaet& rdb
rsm;onf vlBuD;olBuD;rsm;ESifhom aygif;zuf&aMumif; odjrifMuonf/ xkdokdYjzifh
wefb;dk &Sad om tcsed t f cgonf rodrom ukeq f ;kH oGm;Muonf/ om;orD;rsm;tm;
bk&m;&Six f oH Ykd ykaYd qmifonfh csed cf gaumif;rsm; owdvufvw T f qH;k ½I;H oGm;Muonf/
64
OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrI
xkdodkY jyKrljcif;onf u 18 yg om;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;&SifxHodkY vrf;jy

ykaYd qmifa&;ESihf qefu Y sio
f nf/ vrf;ñTeOf ;D aqmifoo
l nf t"duyk*K¾d vjf zpfonf/
xkdYaMumifh rdbtkyfxdef;olonf om;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;&Sif\ pHawmfESifhtnD
jyKrlaexkdifwwf&ef oGefoifae&onf/ tb,faMumifh oGefoif&onfqkdaomf
yifudk,fobm0t& vlonf tjypfom;jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh tjypfom;rsm;
twGuf bk&m;&Sifu om;awmfudk toufpGefYaponfh aus;Zl;awmfESifh u½kPm
awmfudk odrSwfap&onf/
&nfrSef;csufxJ&Sd atmufusKdU½kdusKd;jcif;
bk&m;&Sif\udk,fpm; vkyfaqmifaeaom rdbrsm;onf rdrdudk,fudk
atmufusKdU½kdusKd;onfh pdwfoabmxm;&SdMu&onf/ bk&m;&Sif\ trdefYawmf
twkdif; om;orD;rsm;tm; rSefuefpGm yJhjyifvrf;ñTef&onf/ tjypfvGefusL;onfh
tcgwGifvnf; om;orD;ESifh bk&m;&SiftMum;ü Mum;cHvltjzpf &yfwnf&onf/
bk&m;&Si\ f wrefawmfjzpfaom rdbrsm;onf om;orD;wk\ Yd ta&;t&mrsm;udk
wm0ef,&l onf/ xku d m; pdw&f n
S o
f nf;cHvsuf atmufusKUd ½ku d sK;d pGm vkyaf qmif
&mjzpfonf/
pma&;olonfvnf; tBurd Bf urd f tjypfjyKrmS ;aom om;orD;rsm;tay:
odkY trsufa'goxGufaomfvnf; olwkdYtrSm;udk od&Sdoabmaygufatmif ajym
jy&ef pdwx f ed ;f xm;avh&o
dS nf/ xktd cgrsK;d wGif ]]om;? om;&JU tjypftrSm;ay:rSm
azazpdwfqkd;NyD; ajymqkdqHk;rrdw,f/ azaz rSm;oGm;w,f? 'gayrJh oefY&Sif;aom
pdwfqkd;jcif;jzpfvkdY om;tzwkdY&JUtjypfudk bk&m;&SifcGifhvTwfrSmyg}}[k jyefvnf
ajymjyavh&Sdonf/
om;orD;wkdYtay: pdwfqkd;jcif;onf trsufa'gooufoufr[kwfbJ
aemufaemif xyfrrH rSm;ap&ef jyKjyifjcif;jzpf&onf/ om;orD;rsm;tay:odYk xko d Ykd
jyKrjl cif;onf bk&m;ay;wm0efjzpfonf/ bk&m;&Si\ f trdeuYf kd zDqeftmcHjcif;onf
b,fcgrS pdwfaysmf&TifauseyfrI r&SdEkdif/
65
trsufa'go ae&mray;&
rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;qH;k r&mwGif tjypfruif;onfh trsuaf 'go

oufoufr&S&d aMumif; Burd zf efrsm;pGm ajymqkx d m;Ny;D jzpfonf/ trsuaf 'gojzifh
ta&;,ltjypfay;jcif;onf aemufwzef xkdtrSm;rsKd; rusL;vGef&ef ynmay;
jcif;r[kwf/ emusifjcif;taMumufw&m; ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh rdbrsm;
onf om;orD;rsm;tm; tkyx f ed ;f &mwGif taMumufw&m;xuf todÓPfynm
enf;jzifh tkyxf ed ;f &onf/ vlukd aMumufjcif;onf bk&m;ocifukd cspaf Mumuf&ef
enf;vrf;r[kwf/
&Sif,mukyfu rdbrsm; vGJrSm;pGm om;orD;rsm; qHk;rwwfMuyHkudk þodkY
owday;xm;onf/
odkYjzpfí igcspfaom nDtpfudkwkdY? cyfodrf;aomolwkdYonf em;Mum;jcif;iSg vsifjref
Muap/ pum;ajymjcif;iSg4if;? trsux f uG jf cif;iSg4if; aES;Muap/ vl\ a'gotrsuf
onf bk&m;ocif\ ajzmifhrwfjcif;w&m;udk rjyKpkwwf/
(,m 1;19-20)
þusrf;csufudk oabmaygufcsifrS aygufMurnf/ ajzmifhrwfolonf

xdef;rEkdifodrf;r& trsufa'gorxGuf&ef bk&m;&Sifu tvkdawmf&Sdonf/ rpif
Mu,faom vlUtrsuaf 'goonf vluo kd m aMumufapí todynmray;wwf/
cPwjzKwf od&SdemcH[ef&SdMuvQifvnf; pdwfESvHk;xJü or®mw&m;rwnfaom
aMumifh a&&SnfrcH/
rnfoaYkd om trsuaf 'gourQ om;orD;tm; bk&m;&Six f o
H Ykd rydaYk qmif
Ekid yf g/ bk&m;&Sixf rH S ykad 0;aponf/ ½kyw
f o k aYkd om vluo
kd m wcPwm aMumuf
aponf/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; &Sif,mukyfu ]]nDtpfudkwkdY}}[k tpcsDí owday;
qHk;ronf/
xyfcgwvJvJ rjypfa[mif;vGeu f sL;olonf pmwef\ om;orD;jzpfaom
aMumifh olUvrf;odkYom oGm;ygap/ bk&m;&Sifu om;orD;rsm;tm; xdef;ausmif;
&mwGif trsufa'gorygbJ arwåmjzifh xdef;ausmif;apvkdonf/ trSm;jyKjyif&ef
oGefoifaomfvnf; remcHtmcHolonf bk&m;&Siftm; qefYusifykefuefjcif;
jzpfonf/ xkdolonf bk&ifwumwkdY\ bk&ifu qHk;rygrnf/
66
OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrI
om;orD;rsm;odkY tusKd;aus;Zl;
rdbrsm;u &&Sdaom om;orD;onf bk&m;&Sif\ emrawmf? bk&m;ay;
vufaqmifjzpfonf/ rdbrsm;jzpfMuonft h wkid ;f om;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;&Siu f kd
oduRr;f Mua&; todÓPfynmay;&ef wm0ef&MdS uonf/ om;orD;rsm;onf rdb
rsm;xHrS w&m;rSefcsnf; tNrJwrf; &&SdMuonfr[kwf/ bk&m;pum;awmfrSom
&&Sod nf/ xkaYd Mumifh rSm;rSe;f odonfEiS hf wNyKd ief uf usr;f pmESit
hf nD jyKjyif&onf
(ok 15;5? 29;15)/
or®mw&m;udk vufcHaom oli,fonf cH,lrdaom trSm;udk jyefvnf
jyKjyif&ef 0efrav;/ pma&;ol\ om;orD;rsm;onf touf(20)eD;yg;&SdvmMu
onft h csed w
f iG f pma&;ol\ trSm;pum;udk vufcNH y;D rS tusK;d taMumif;ESiw hf uG
usrf;pmaxmufjyMuonf/ b,fcgrS rdbudk EIwfvSeftmcHajymqkdjcif;rjyKMu/
pma&;oluvnf; xkdodkYaom trSefaxmufjycsufrsm;udk ½kdusKd;pGm 0efcHonf/
]]qHk;rpum;udk y,folonf rdrdtouf0dnmOfudk rxDrJhjrifjyK\/ em;axmifol
onf ÓPf&\}}(ok 15;32)/ zcifonf bk&m;&Sif\ udk,fpm;jzpfaMumif; od&Sd
ojzifh 0efcHMuonf/ xkdtcg zcifjzpfoluvnf; igYpum;EGm;&[laomoabm
jzifh ajymqkdjcif;rjyK/ tusKd;taMumif;jzifh trSm;udk jyifqifMu&ef qHk;ronf/
tusOf;csKyf
bk&m;&Sifu oifhudk qifhac:onfhtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí cGeftm;
owd&å &Srd nf[k ,HMk unfonf/ rdbonf bk&m;&Siu f om;orD;rsm;tm; oGeo f if
&ef bk&m;&Sifudk,fpm; wm0efay;tyfxm;olrsm;jzpfMuaomaMumifh(u 18;19)
om;orD;rsm;tay:odYk MoZmtmPm&SMd uonf/ odaYk omf bk&m;&Si\ f tvkad wmf
twkid ;f jzpf&onf/ bk&m;&Siu
f urÇmajray:wGif rdrod m;orD;rsm;tm; wifw h ,f
vSyap&ef wm0efvnf;&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh om;orD;rsm;odkY ta<u;yHkBuD; tarG
xm;cJhaom zcifESifh vifi,faeaom rdcifonf om;ajr;rsm;\ urÇmh&efoljzpf
Muonf/ rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tay:odkY aus;Zl;jyKjcif;ESifh cGifhvTwfjcif;
jyKEkdifMu&onf/ bk&m;&Sifu oifhxHodkY cGeftm;tpGrf;ay;jcif;onf xkdokdY vkyf
aqmifEkdif&efjzpfonf/
67
om;orD;rsm;tm; pnf;urf;wus aexkdifjyKrlMua&;onf rdbrsm;\

wm0ef0wå&m;jzpfonf/ taMumif;aomf rdbrsm;onf bk&m;&Sif\ udk,fpm;
vS,fawmfrsm;jzpfMuonf/
pnf;urf;? yJhjyifjcif;? 'Pfay;jcif;r[kwf

rdbrsm;\ jyKjyifq;kH rjcif;udk remcH tmcHorl sm;onf trsuaf 'gooifh
&pNrJjzpfonf/ xkdtcgrsKd;wGif tjypfwifqHk;rjcif; cH&wwfonf/ rnfodYkjzpfap
bk&m;w&m;od&Sdolonf rdrdtjypfudk od&SdaomaMumifh jyefvnfevHxlonf/
xkdum; trsufa'goukpm;&menf;jzpfonf/ rdbpum;udk remcHolonf bk&m;
pum;awmfudk remcHoljzpfonf/ odkYaomf bk&m;om;orD;rSefvQif txufyg
temudk tjrefqHk; ukoonf/
pnf;urf;? arwåmjyojcif;
oif;tkyq f &mu oifwef;ay;í cPwef;jzKwf vÇu&f nfaomufcsed w f iG f
tpkvkduf pum;ajymqkdMuonf/ ab;em;&Sd vltkyf\ pum;udk em;axmifMunfh
&m zcifESpfa,mufonf olwkdYom;orD;rsm;taMumif; ajymaeMuonf/
]]igawmh olwt Ydk wGuf awmfawmf&ifav;w,f? wcsed v f ;kH qH;k rae&w,f?
igYZeD;uawmh cspfvGef;vkdY tvkdvkdufaew,f}}[k yxrvlu qkdonf/
'kwd,vlu ]]cifAsm;wkdYvifr,m;rSm tay;t,lnDzkdY vkdw,f}}[k
qkdonf/
yxrvlu ]][kww f ,f? pnf;urf;eJY cspjf cif;arwåm rQwpGm oH;k zkvYd w
dk ,f}}
[k 0efcHonf/
Mum;vkdufonfhpum;u cspfjcif;arwåmESifh pnf;urf;rQwbkdY/ xkdtcg
ok 3;12 yg ]]xm0&bk&m;onf cspfawmfrlaomoludk qHk;rawmfrlí ESpfouf
awmfrlaomoludk 'Pfcwfwwf\}}[laom usrf;pum;? ok 13;24 yg ]]BudrfvHk;
udk roHk;olonf rdrdom;udk rkef;&ma&muf\}}[laom usrf;csuf? Asm 3;19 yg
]]igcspforQaomolwkdY\ tjypfudk igppfaq;í olwkdYudk qHk;rwwf\}}[laom
usrf;ydk'frsm;udk qifjcifowdjyKrdonf/ pn;furf;[lonf cspfolcifoltwGufyg
wum;/
68
OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrI
Mum;&aom pum;oHrsm;onf tm;&ESpo f ufp&mr&S/d rdbrsm;pGmwko

Yd nf
om;orD;rsm;tm; usrf;pmESifhtnD xdef;ausmif;jcif;r&SdMu/ pnf;urf;udk uvJh
pm;acsenf;[k xifrw S Mf uonf/ uav;rsm;\ trSm;rsm;udk tjypf'Pfay;&m[k
rSwf,lMuonf/ a[NAJ 12 wGif pnf;urf;onf tjypfwifta&;,l&mr[kwfbJ
trSm;jyifqifjcif;[k qkdonf/ a[NAJ 12 wGif pnf;urf;onf om;orD;rsm;tm;
cGet f m;owdjå ri§ w hf ifay;jcif;[k qko
d nf/ xkaYd Mumifh pnf;urf;[lonf crnf;awmf
ESifh twl&Sdaejcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;&Sif\ pnf;urf;onf ,HkMunfolrsm; oefY&Sif;
pifMu,fae&efjzpfonf/ pnf;urf;[lonf ajzmifhrwfjcif;ESifh Nidrfoufcsrf;ajrU
jcif;cHpm;&mjzpfonf/ cspfjcif;arwåmESifhtNydKif xm;&SdcH,ljcif;onf tav;euf
qHk;jzpfonf/
bk&m;&Siu f pnf;urf;wus&adS pvko d nf/ pnf;urf;onf ta&;,ltjypf
ay;&efr[kwyf g/ yJjh yifxed ;f ausmif;jcif;jzpfonf/ pnf;urf;onf uvJph m;acs&ef
r[kwfbJ vrf;aMumif;wnfhrwfay;jcif;jzpfonf/ pnf;urf;rvkdufemjcif;onf
ao&GmoGm;vrf; &SmazGjcif;jzpfonf(ok 19;18)/
pnf;urf;udk rnfokdY oabm&Muoenf;/ txufwGif aqG;aEG;cJhonfh
twkdif; cufcJyifyef;onf/ rdbrsm;onf bk&m;&Sif\ udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;
jzpfMuaMumif; owdrxm;rdMu/ xkdYaMumifh om;orD;rsm;u tmcHzDqefwwfMu
onf/ trlt&m rSefuefvQif ajymqkdp&mr&Sdyg/ xkdYaMumifh yJhjyifvrf;ñTefjcif;
onf ab;&efa&SmifMuOfap&ef? jyóemt½IyftaxG;rS uif;vGwf&efjzpfonf/
pnf;urf;taMumif; rajymbJ tjypf'Pfay;í rjzpfyg/ tu,fí xkd
odkYjyKvQif uav;oli,ftm; rawmfrw&m; jyKrl&ma&mufonf/ ajzmifhrwfjcif;
ESihf Nird o
f ufcsr;f ajrUjcif;tpm; om;orD;tm; temw&trsuaf 'go oufa&muf
aponf/ uav;oli,frsm;u tmcHzDqefjyKrljcif;onf trSm;t,Gif; vGefusL;
jcif;[kwfygovm;/
pnf;urf;[lonf trltusirhf aumif;jcif;tm; tjypf'Pfay;&efr[kwf
yg/ pnf;urf;wus&Sdap&ef trSm;awmxJodkY vrf;racsmfa&; ab;&efumqD;ay;
jcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifu olUvlrsm;tm; tjypf'Pfay;p&mrvkdatmif oGm;
&mvrf;c&D; jyojcif;jzpfonf/ or®musrf;pmu emcHjcif;onf aumif;csD;r*Fvm
jzpfxGef;apí remcHjcif;onf ysufpD;jcif;odkY vm;aponf[k qkdonf/ xkd
taMumif;udk a&SUwGif qufvufavhvmMuOD;rnf/
69
pnf;urf;ao0yfaom om;orD;rsm;onf rdbrsm;\ pdwfESvHk;csrf;ajrU

apolrsm;jzpfMuonf(ok 23;15-16? 24)/ bk&m;&Sif\ udk,fpm;vS,fawmf rdb
rsm;onf rdrdta&;udk *½kpkduf&mwGif om;orD;rsm;ta&;vnf; yg0ifonf/ xkdY
aMumifh om;orD;rsm;tm; qHk;r&mü bk&m;pum;awmftwkdif;jzpf&onf/ pnf;
urf;xkwfjyefjcif;onf udk,fusifhw&m;zGHUNzdK;í bk&m;&Sifudk emcH&efjzpfonf/
pum;awmfemcH&mü pnf;urf;ESifh trSm;jyifqifa&;onf r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyfcsuf
jzpfonf/
om;orD;tm; pnf;urf;udik w f ,
G jf cif;onf rdbudk tmcHjcif;rjyK&efrQom
r[kwb f J &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wkid o
f Ykd acsmarGUpGm a&muf&adS p&efjzpfonf/ om;orD;
rsm;tm; vlwvHk; olwvHk;jzpfvmMuap&ef vrf;aMumif;ay;jcif;jzpfonf/
pnf;urf;onf rSefuefaom OD;wnfcsuf&Sdonf/ tjypf'PfESifh roufqkdifyg/
&SifoefBuD;xGm;a&;om a&S;½Ií tjypf'Pfemusifjcif;ESifh rqkdif/
tkyfxdef;jcif;taMumif;onf vGefpGm us,fjyefYonfjzpfí bk&m;&Sif\
udk,fpm;vS,fawmfjzpfonfESifhtnD od&Sdxm;tyfonf/ pnf;urf;\ oabm
obm0udv k nf; us,jf yefpY mG od&&dS onf/ rdbrsm;onf yef;wkid u f kd ñTejf yolrsm;
jzpfMuonf/ vmrnfhtcef;wGif rdbrsm;\ yef;wkdiftaMumif; avhvmMurnf/
usr;f pmu rnfoYkd qkx d m;oenf;/ rdryd wf0ef;usiEf iS hf vku d af vsmnDaxGpmG rnfoYkd
cH,lusifhoHk;Murnfenf;/

1/ rdbrsm;\ trdet
Yf mPmudk rnfoYkd em;vnfc,
H o
l enf;/ usr;f pm\ tjrifukd
rnfokdY oabm&oenf;/
2/ oif\ om;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;ocif\ trdet Yf mPmtwkid ;f &Sad pjcif;xuf
yk*d¾Kvfa&;t& ykdrkdrSefuefjrifhjrwfatmif rnfodkY jyKjyifrnfenf;/
3/ oifhom;orD;rsm;tm; b0vrf;c&D; ajzmifhjzL;atmif rnfodkY pnf;urf;udkif
wG,frnfenf;/
70
OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrI
4/ om;orD;tay:odkY MoZmvTrf;rkd;atmif rnfodkY jyKvkyfrnfenf;/ oifudk,f

wkdifu oifhom;orD;rsm;tm; ]]igu oifwkdYudk rdbjzpfvkdY trdefYtmPm
emcH&rnf}}[k ajymqkdbl;ygovm;/
5/ bk&m;ocif\ ud, k pf m;vS,jf zpfaMumif; oifw
h m0efudk rnfoYkd jyornfenf;/
bk&m;ocif\ udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf &yfwnfcsdefwGif pnf;urf;udk rnfodkY
udkifwG,fcH,lygoenf;/
6/ oifo
h m;orD;rsm;ta&;twGuf oifwef;ay;avhusiahf &;? uav;rsm;\ tm;
omcsufESifh tm;eJcsuf? a&wkda&&Snf &nfrSef;csuf? tkyfxdef;a&;enf;AsL[m
rsm; csrSwfbkdY &Sdygovm;/
71
tcef; 5
yef;wkdifrsm;udk ppfaq;ae
qD;ESi;f rsm;&GmaomaeYjzpfaomfvnf; csed ;f csuxf m;aom aeY&ufjzpfonfh

twkdif; yifeDqvmAm;eD,m;jynfe,f taemufykdif;a'owGif yGJusif;yonf/
acwfay:aw;*DwtzGJUrsm;u tzGJUvkduf azsmfajzMuonf/ ppfjyefppfrIxrf;
a[mif;rsm;\ tem*wf tar&duefv,form;rsm;vkyfief;cGif zGifhyGJjzpfonf/
tkyfpkvkdufcsDwufMuonfrSm ½IrNiD;Munfhr0Ekdif/ &moDOwkaMumifh xD;ukd,fpD
aqmif;MunfMh uonf/ tkypf v k udk cf sw
D ufaeaom ppfrx I rf;a[mif;rsm;tm; Munfh
½Itm;ay;Muonf/ ppfa&;jytrf;tem; Ny;D qH;k aomtcg touf 3-5 ESpu f av;
wokduf csDwufMuonf/ rsufpdrS rcGmEkdifatmif Munfh½Ijzpfonf/ uav;r
wa,mufu touf 3 ESpfcefYom &Sdrnf/ uav;i,fyDyD rpkdYrykdY 0wfqifxm;
onf/ xkduav;ru ikdaeonf/ xkdokdY csDwufaepOf &moDOwk'Pf rcHEkdifaom
aMumifh twef;xJrS xGufNyD; olUrdcifxHokdY ajy;oGm;onf/ rdcifu ae&ma[mif;
odkY jyefoGm;ckdif;onf/ xkdom;trdwkdY\ jyKrlMuyHkonf ,aeYwkdif rsufpdxJu
rxGufEkdif/
xkdrdcifonf olUuav;udk rcspfcifaomaMumifhr[kwf/ olUorD;tm;
vl&m0ifapvkad om apwemarwåmjzpfonf/ rdro d m;orD;rsm;\ tpGr;f tprsm;udk
rdcifrsm;u od&SdMuonf/ uav;oli,ft&G,frSyif txl;*½kpkduf avhusifhay;
&onf/ uav;oli,fu vkyfwwfvkyfEkdifonfudkom vkyfckdif;&onfr[kwf/
ÓPfynmtpGrf;owdå qefYxkwfEkdif&ef rwwfwwwf rrSDwrSDudpö&yfrsm;udk
vkyfckdif;&onf/
72
xkdrdcif\ vkyfaqmifyHkudk tpOfowdrxm; em;rvnfrdcJhyg/ tb,f

aMumifh xkdrQ pGefYpm;vkyfaqmifapvkdonfukd rodcJhyg/ olUuav;tm; owfrSwf
xm;onfhpnf;twkdif; csDwufwwf&ef xdef;ausmif;onf/ aemufrS pOf;pm;od&Sd
&onfrSm xkdrdcifonf olUuav;tm; yef;wkdifta&muf csDwufwwf&ef b0
oifcef;pm tpjyKay;jcif;jzpfonf/ xkdenf;wl pmzwfy&dowfrsm;onfvnf;
om;orD;rsm;tm; i,fpOfawmifaus;t&G,frSyif b0yef;wkdifxm;&SdwwfMu&ef
oGeo
f ifvrf;jyMu&onf/ owdjyKp&mrSm rdbrsm;u jzpfapcsio f nft
h wkid ;f ZGwf
twif; yHkoGif;&efr[kwf/ uav;\ 0goemyg&m? pdwf0ifpm;&mrsm;ü xl;cRef
atmif yHhyl;ulnDjcif;u ykdaumif;onf/
or®musrf;pmESifhrnDaom yef;wkdifrsm;
rdbwkid ;f u om;orD;rsm;tm; atmifjrifx;l cReo f ?l aysm&f iT o
f ?l touf
arG;0rf;aMumif;Ekdifol jzpfapcsifMuonf/ xkdodkYaom atmifjrifapvkdonfhqE´
onf trsKd;rsKd;&SdEkdifonf/ aocsmonfrSm rdbwkdif;u om;orD;rsm;tm; atmif
jrifaysmf&TifapcsifMuonf/t &G,fa&mufvlvm;ajrmufvmonfhtcg jyóem
taxGtxl;r&SdbJ wkd;wufa&; tcGifhtvrf;om BuHKawGUapcsifMuonf/ rdrd
atmifjrifouJhokdY om;orD;rsm;udk atmifjrifapcsifMuonf/ rdbwkdif;u om;
orD;rsm;\ tem*wfta&; atmifjrifapvkdonfrSm aocsmonf/
rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm; atmifjrif&ef BudK;yrf;apcsifMuonf/ rdb
rsm;u om;orD;rsm; jzpfxeG ;f atmifjrif&ef puf½t kH vky½f ükH usiv f nfapMuonf/
pmtkyfpmayrsm;jzifh atmifjrifjcif;enf;vrf; jyMuonf/ tpDtpOfrsm; a&;qGJ
jr§ifhwifNyD; aps;uGufcsJUxGifMuonf/ rdrdudk,fwkdif pdwfynm? "r®aA'? ynma&;?
tm;upm;xl;cReaf tmif jyKvyk Mf uouJo h Ydk tjcm;olrsm;vnf; BuKd ;yrf;vQif xko d Ydk
jzpfEidk Mf urnf[k xifMuonf/ om;orD;rsm; atmifjrif&ef rdbrsm;u enf;vrf;
aygif;pHkjzifh tm;ay;&SmBuHMuonf/
73
0daoot&nftcsif;rsm; zGHUNzdK;a&;
tcsKdUom;orD;rsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; bufpHkaxmifhpHkü wGifus,f
apcsifMuonf/ bwfpuufabm? abmvHk;? a[mfuD? *Rrf;bm;? a&ul;? tu?
pE´,m;aw;*Dw pojzifh rsKd;pHkü uRrf;usifapvkdMuonf/ xkdodkYaom twwf
ynmrsm;onf raumif;aom twwfynmrsm; r[kwfyg/ rdbrsm;u om;orD;
rsm;tm; rnfonfhtwkdif;twmxd ulnDaxmufyHhEkdifMuoenf;/ uav;oli,f
rsm;\ zGHUNzdK;a&; b,frQvkyfaqmifay;EkdifMuoenf;/
om;orD;rsm;twGuf vlrIywf0ef;usifwGif enf;jyq&mrsm;jzpfatmif
yif oGeo
f ifyyhH ;dk Ekid v
f Qiv
f nf; c&pf,meftoufwmü r&ifu h suaf pEkid v
f Qif rnf
onfhwefbkd;&Sdrnfenf;/
xkdodkYaom vIyf&Sm;jyKrl zGHUNzdK;rIonf or®musrf;pmESifh tb,frQ ywf
ouftusKH;0ifygoenf;/ oifhom;orD;rsm;onf tm;upm;? ukd,fusifhopöm
w&m;? pdwf&Snfonf;cHjcif;? ZGJvHkYvxufoefjcif;? taygif;toif;qefYjcif;? *kPf
odu©mtcGifhta&;? t&nftcsif;? trdefYtmPm&SdvQifvnf; or®musrf;pmoGef
oifcsuEf iS hf vku
d af vsmnDaxGjcif;r&Sv d Qif rnfoaYkd om vlUb0wefb;dk &Srd nfenf;/
aocsmonfrmS atmifjrifaom vlUb0toufwmudk od&edS m;vnfjcif;
jzpfonf/ vlUavmuatmifjrifjcif;onf oif,laom vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ü uRrf;usif
jcif;tay:wGif rlwnfovm;/ vlUb0atmifjrifjcif;udk usrf;pmu rnfodkY
wkdif;wmjyoenf;/
pdwfykdif;qkdif&m nDñGwfrQwapjcif;
tcsKdUrdbrsm;u pdwf"gwfaumif;rGefjcif;udk tav;xm;Muonf/ i,f
&G,fpOfuyif pdwfxm;aumif;rGefa&; oGefoifqHk;rMuonf/ om;ESifh orD;wGif
vnf; a,mufsm;? rde;f r[lí taxGtxl; cGjJ cm;rIr&S&d ef oGeo
f ifonf/ taxmuf
tuljzpfaponfh pmtkyfpmayrsm; zwfckdif;Muonf/ aemufqHk;wGif pdwfynm
pmtkyfrsm; 0,fay;Muonf/ *k½kq&mBuD;rsm;u enf;vrf;aumif;rsm;jzifh oGef
oifEkdifonf[k ,lqMuonf/ rnfodkYaom pmtkyfpmayaumif;urQ om;orD;
rsm;\ tem*wfaumif;pm;a&; tmrrcHay;EkdifaMumif; owdxm;rdygovm;/
74
bk&m;ocif\ Ekid if aH wmfxüJ oifo h m;orD;rsm; rnfonfu h @wGif yg0if

oenf;/ rnfonfhae&mü tapcH,lMuoenf;/ tu,fí vlrsm;udk rnfodkY
qufqH&aMumif; ajymjyvQif ywf0ef;usifodkY rnfrQ toHk;jyKvkyfaqmifEkdifMu
rnfenf;/
uav;oli,fpdwfynm&SiftcsKdUu rdrdtpGrf;tpudk xkwfazmfjyojcif;
jzifh uav;oli,frsm;udk qGJaqmifoGefoifyg[k qkdMuonf/ xkdenf;vrf;onf
omreftm;jzifh aumif;ygonf/ tcsKdUpdwfynm&Sifrsm;u om;orD;tay: ay;
xm;aom uwdpum;udk b,fcgrS rysufuGufeJY[k qkdMuonf/ tcsKdUu vpOf
xkwf pdwyf nmpmapmifrsm;udk rjywfrvyf zwf½aI vhvmckid ;f Muonf/ rdbrsm;u
om;orD;rsm; aumif;pm;a&;twGufqkdvQif uefYowfabmifrJh tukeftuscHMu
onf/ xkdodkYqkdaomtcg c&pf,mefrsm;twGuf pdwfynmu toHk;r0ifbl;vm;?
b0yef;wkid af tmifEidk &f ef usr;f pmu rnfoYkd oGeo
f ifoenf;[k ar;csiMf uayrnf/
om;orD;rsm;udk u,fwifjcif;
rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;tm; u,fwifjcif;pdwfcsrI &&SdapcsifMuonf/
u,fwifjcif;trSef &&SMd u&efvnf; wpdu k rf wfrwf qkawmif;ay;Muonf/ olwYdk
pdwfESvHk;xJü udef;0yfawmfrlyg&ef ocifa,½IxHawmfokdY qkawmif;Muonf/
uav;oli,f {0Ha*vdoifwef;? owif;aumif;oifwef;? aEG&moDoifwef;?
c&pfawmftaMumif; pojzifh oifwef;rsKd;pHkodkY wufa&mufckdif;Muonf/
u,fwifjcif;&&Sad om xko d m;orD;onf avmua&;&m jyóem[lorQrS
uif;&Si;f rnf[k rSw, f Ml uonf/ rdbrsm;onf u,fwifjcif;&&Sí d pdwEf vS ;kH jzLpif
oGm;onft h wkid ;f om;orD;rsm;onfvnf; pdwcf sr;f ajrUoGm;rnf[k ,lqMuonf/
xkdokdYaom t,ltqonf a&&maocsmrIr&Sd/ (1) om;orD;\ u,f
wifjcif;&&Srd u
I kd &mEIe;f jynfh pdwrf csEidk /f r 7;21-23 yg awmifay:a'oemwGif
ocif? ocif[k igYudk ac:olwkdif; EkdifiHawmfxJodkY r0if&[k qkdxm;onf/ qkdvkd
onfrmS ESv;kH om;&if;ESiw hf uG toufwmwckv;kH jzifh ,HMk unfjcif;opöm&S&d onf/
taMumif;aomf vlUpdwfESvHk;onf olUudk,foltm; jyefvnfvSnfhpm;wwfonf/
xkaYd Mumifh or®musr;f pmu ,HMk unfjcif;ESihf ywfoufí rdru d ,kd uf kd vSnphf m;jcif;
rjyKMu&ef txl;owday;xm;onf/ (2) uav;oli,f\ c&pfawmftay:odkY
75
,HkMunfudk;pm;jcif;onf vG,fvifhwul rajymif;vJEkdif/ rdbrsm;ESifh wyHkpHwnf;

jzpfMuonf/ ,cifu od&Sd,HkMunfonfhtwkdif; &SdNrJ&Sdwwfonf/ rdbrsm;udk,f
wkdifü 0dnmOfa&;&mwGif at;wdat;pufjyKaevQif ½Iyf&Sm;Ekd;Mum;rIr&SdEkdif/ xkdY
aMumifh rdbrsm;\ vkdvm;csuftwkdif; om;orD;rsm; ,HkMunfjcif;ckdifrmMuonf
[k rqkdEkdif/
usr;f csut f rsm;tjym;wGif om;orD;rsm; oGeo
f iftyk x
f ed ;f a&;? avhusihf
a&;? enf;vrf;jyoa&;? pnf;urf;udkifwG,fenf;rsm;&Sdonf/ tjypfom;\ qk
awmif;jcif;rsKd;udk ausmfvGefí u,fwifjcif;&&Sdol\ aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;jcif;rsKd;
oGefoif&onf/
rdom;pk0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;
tcsKUd rdbrsm;onf tdraf xmifro d m;pk0iftm;vH;k tm; npOf twlwuG
pk½Hk;í usrf;pmtwlwlzwfjcif;? qkawmif;jcif; jyKvkyfwwfMuonf/ tdrfaxmif
rdom;pk0ifwkdif; rysufruGuf wufa&mufavh&SdMuonf/ xkdtcg npOfrdom;pk
0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;tm; jyKbG,ftief;twm[k cH,lvmMuonf/ rdom;pk twl
wuG 0wfjyKqak wmif;jcif;tm; tpm;xk;d Ekid of nfh tjcm;0dnmOfa&;&m vkyaf qmif
bG,f&mr&Sdyg/
rdom;pktwlwuG qkawmif;jcif;udk rysufuGuftyf/ aeYpOf usrf;pm
zwfí qkawmif;Mu&onf/ rdom;pkwGif; qufqHa&;wGif twlwuG qkawmif;
jcif;? wOD;tay:wOD; qkawmif;ay;jcif;xuf ckid rf maom oHa,mZOforH PdBuKd ;
r&S/d
rdom;pkqak wmif;jcif;udk wefb;dk xm;jcif;onf ,HMk unfjcif;\ oufao
jzpfí rdom;pkqkawmif;rI ysufuGufjcif;onf awmif;xJwGif ozef;oD;ykyfrsm;
xnfhxm;jcif;ESifh wlonf/
uav;oli,frsm; tusihfaumif;&SdMuapa&;
zGHUNzdK;BuD;xGm;jcif;onf uav;oli,frsm;\ tusifh"avhaumif;jzpf
onf/ xkdYaMumifh xkdodkY zGHUNzdK;&ef ulnDtm;ay;&onf/ toufwmajymif;vJa&;
76
ulnDay;&onf/ om;orD;rsm;\ vlawmolawmwkd;Ekdifa&;onf rdbrsm;\

awGUjrifcsif&m r*Fvmusufoa&jzpfonf/ zdpD;ESdyfpufrIcH&vQifvnf; aus;Zl;
awmfjzifh wHkYjyefwwfapcsifMuonf/ xkdum; vlUavmutv,fü b0aeenf;
atmifjrif&mjzpfonf/ om;orD;rsm; aysmf&Tifa&;onf rdbrsm;\ auseyf&m
jzpfonf/
uav;oli,frsm;\ vkdcsif&mwkdif;udk rdbrsm;u rwHkYjyefEkdifyg/ ra&
wGufEkdifaom pHkprf;jcif;rsKd;pHk BuHKawGUMuonf/ rdbrsm;onf rdrdxuf om;orD;
ta&;udk OD;pm;ay;olrsm;jzpfMuaomaMumifh om;orD;rsm;\ zdpD;rI'Pfudk ajz
&Sif;ay;aecsifolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ vli,fwkdY\ ajymqkdnnf;wGm;oH Mum;bl;ay
rnf/ xkdokdYaom toHonf NiD;aiGUp&mr[kwf/ tjcm;olrsm;\ tjrifrSm;rIrsm;
udkvnf; pdwfqkd;p&mr[kwf/ jyKjyiftm;jznfhp&mjzpfonf/ olwyg;\ t½Idufudk
xkd;ESufjcif;xuf trSm;jyKjyiftm;jznfh&mudk &SmBuH&onf/ xkdokdY olwyg;udk
tm;jznfhulnDjcif;onf rdbrsm;tm; *kPfwifhapjcif;jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh rdrd
xuf i,f&G,folrsm;ESifh qufqHonfhtcg usrf;pmygtwkdif; jyKrlwwf&onf/
olwyg;tusKd;jyKa&; pdwfESvHk;avmifuRrf;jcif;onf bk&m;ay;pdwfoabmjzpf
onf/ vQyw f jyuftawGUü BuKH awGU&aom zdp;D rIrsm;udyk if pdw&f n
S o
f nf;cHwwf
&ef vkt d yfonf/ uav;oli,frsm;\ aumif;pm;a&; ESpo f ufjcif;onf &maygif;
rsm;pGmaom pHkprf;jcif;rsm; atmifEkdifa&;jzpfonf/
uav;oli,ftm; avhusifhoifwef;ay;jcif;udk rnfodkY cH,loenf;/
,Ofaus;odrfarGUaom trlt&monf usrf;pmvm tapcHtwkdif;jzpf&onf/
oifhom;orD;rsm;udk xkdodkY ,Ofaus;odrfarGUoljzpf&ef usrf;pmvmtwkdif; oGef
oif&onf/ tcsKdUuav;oli,frsm;onf wrifuvmr[kwfaomfvnf; usif
vnf&mywf0ef;usif tajctaet& ,Ofaus;odrfarGUrIr&SdMu/ t&Suf&p&m?
0g<um;axmifvTm;jcif; jyKrlMuonf/ vlrsm;enf;wl raecsif/ olwyg;\ tBuH
jyKjcif;udk vufrcHMu/ 1960 jynfhESpfESifh 1970 jynfhvGef tapmykdif;ESpfrsm;wGif
vli,fvl&G,frsm; [efaqmifjcif;rjyKbJ t&Sdudkt&Sdtwkdif; xkwfazmfjyoMu&ef
wacwfpm;cJhonf/ ,Ofaus;odrfarGU½kd;pif;pGm wHkYjyefonfh ESpfvkdbG,f&m trl
t,mrsm;udk usrf;pmoGefoifcsufrS &&SdEkdifonf/
77
aumif;aom ynma&;
pma&;ol\ ausmif;tkyfBuD;tawGUtBuHKt& rdbrsm;onf om;orD;
rsm;tm; vdr®ma&;jcm;&SdapcsifMuonf/ xkdodkY vdr®ma&;jcm;Mu&efvnf; armif;
ESifMuonf/ nwkdif; tcsdefem&D tuefYtowfjzifh ynmay;oGefoifMuonf/
cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;jcif;? owday;jcif; jyKvkyfMuonf/ xkdokdY jyKvkyf&jcif;rSm
ausmif;ynmxl;cRefaMumif; ywf0ef;usif\ todtrSwfjyKjcif; cH&&efjzpfonf/
ynma&;jzifh atmifjrifr&I &S&d ef qGaJ qmifpnf;½H;k Muonf/ uHtaMumif;rvSojzifh
tcsKUd uav;oli,frsm;onf xkrd Q rdbrsm;\ *½kpu kd jf cif;cHMu&aomfvnf; ynm
wwfajrmufjcif;r&SdMu/ ausmif;ynmü awmfwkdif;vnf; acwfynmwwfrjzpf
ajrmufEkdif/ pmawmfjcif;r[kwfbJ ynmwwfjzpf&ef vkdtyfonf/
xdef;odrf;jcif;
tcsKUd rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; txl;*½kpu dk jf cif;r[kwb f J trsm;
oligodkYES,f vTwfxm;Muonf/ odkYaomf pdwfESvHk;xJwGifrl vdr®ma&;jcm;&Sdaom
om;aumif;orD;aumif; vkdcsifMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh i,f&G,fpOfwGif rnfodkY *½k
pkdufcJhyHkrsm;tm; jyefvnfajymjywwfMuonf/ pnf;urf;aumif;&Sd&ef enf;vrf;
rsm; &SmBuHay;Muonf/ om;orD;rsm; aumif;pm;a&;udk vkdcsifMuonf/ rSefrSef
uefuef aexkid Bf u;D jyif;apcsiMf uonf/ atmufajcodr;f rSpí *½kpu kd af y;Muonf/
odkYaomf ae&mwumü om;orD;rsm;tm; xdef;csKyfjcif;onf &nfrSef;csufodkY
raygufajrmufEkdif/ om;orD;rsm;tm; vl&nfvnfap&ef vlawmolawmxJodkY
vnf; vTwfxm;&onf/
,Ofaus;rIvTrf;rkd;jcif;r&Sd&ef usrf;pmvm owday;csuf

"r®opfusrf;udk avhvmolwkdif;u bk&m;ocifonf £oa&vvlrsm;
tm; a'ocHcgeefvlrsm;\ ,Ofaus;rIrcH,lMu&ef wm;jrpfyHkudk od&SdMuonf/
bk&m;&Siu
f a'ocHvrl sm;tm; roem;rn§mwmbJ wa,mufrusef armif;xkwf
ckdif;onf/ tu,fí a'ocHvlrsm;ESifh a&maESmaexkdifvQif £oa&vvlwkdY
78
tusifhysufukefMurnfhta&; bk&m;&Sifu odjrifxm;onf/ odkYaomf £oa&v

vlrsm;onf twdtus emcHjcif;r&SdMu/
xk"d r®a[mif;umvrS £oa&vvlrsm;uJo h yYdk if ywf0ef;usi\ f vTr;f rk;d rI
cH&ovm;/ £oa&vvlrsm;uJo h Ykd a,a[m0gbk&m;ocifukd rdrt d &Sio f ciftjzpf
rSw, f Nl y;D trdeaYf wmftwkid ;f ywf0ef;usi,f Ofaus;rIukd w0ufwjywf cH,q l uf
pyfaeovm;/
vlUavmuwGif r,HkMunfonfhtwkdif; remcHjcif;onf uk&mew¬d aq;
r&Sdaom a&m*gqkd;jzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh usrf;pmoGefoifcsufudk remcHjcif;
jzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh uav;oli,frsm;onf rnfonft h &yfoYkd a&S;½I&rnfth a&;
rsufpdvnfaeMuonf/ uav;oli,frsm; zGHUNzdK;wkd;wuf&ef rnfonfhyef;wkdif
OD;wnfaprnfenf;/
oifEiS whf uG oif\ omorD;rsm;tm; a&SUa&;BuKd jrifwwf&ef usr;f pmu
rnfodkYaom &nfrSef;csufxm;&Sdckdif;oenf;/ usrf;pmvm b0yef;wkdifonf
tb,fodkYenf;/ OD;pGm atmufyg"r®a[mif; tar;tajzMunfhyg/
ar;/ vlUb0\ tqHk;onf tb,fenf;/

ajz/ bk&m;bkef;awmf xif&Sm;apí aovGefonfhtcg udk,fawmfESifh
edpöxm0&&Sdaea&;jzpfonf/
xkdokdYaom aumif;rGefonfh tjcm;vlUb0yef;wkdif &Sdygao;ovm;/

oif\ om;orD;rsm;ESit hf wl xkod Ydk xm0&aysmpf aH &; pOf;pm;bl;ygovm;/ bk&m;
&Sifu oifESifh oifhrdom;pktm; txHawmfodkY xkdodkY aysmfpHMu&ef tvkdawmf
&Sdonf/ tu,fí rdrdÓPfynm? tpGrf;tp? todÓPfynmjzifh xkdodkY aysmfpH
a&;BudK;yrf;vQif tcsnf;ESD;vrf;qHk;oGm;rnf/ bk&m;&SifESifh uif;a0;oGm;rnf/
vlUb0onf bk&m;bkef;awmfxif&Sm;apvsuf txHawmfü aysmfpHa&; OD;wnf
&onf/ xkdtaMumif;udk om;orD;rsm;tm; pGJrSwfapyg/
okqYd v
dk Qif tb,foYkd jyK&tHeh nf;/ vlUtvkq d E´rsm; ab;z,fvsuf pdwf
0dnmOfaysmf&Tifom,ma&;udk OD;pm;ay;&onf/ vlUtvkdqEónf wif;wdrfaus
eyfjcif;[lí r&Sdyg/ xkdodkY vlUtvkdaemufodkY vkdufvsuf bk&m;&SifESifh a0;uGm
oxuf a0;oGm;wwfMuonf/ vlonf Opömypönf;ay;vQif tm;&auseyfESpf
79
oufwwfMuonf/ trSefrSm vlUtxiftjrifxuf bk&m;&Sifawmfudk oduRrf;í

tvkdawmftwkdif; tapcH,ljcif;omvQif rysufjy,fEkdifaom wefbkd;&Sdonf/
bk&m;&Sifudk a&S;½Iolonf vlUavmu½kyf0wåKypönf;rsm;udk jrifrufjcif;
r&Sd/ ½kyf0wåKudk jrifrufjcif;onf ½kyf0wåKudk vkyfauR;jcif;jzpfonf/ ESpfaygif;
rsm;pGm MumvmonfESifhtrQ or®musrf;pmvm or®mw&m;udk jiif;y,foGm;Mu
onf/ xkdYaMumifh uav;oli,fb0rSyif bk&m;&Sif\ aus;Zl;awmfudk em;vnf
cH,ltyfonf/
uav;oli,frsm; b0ysu&f jcif;onf txl;tqef;r[kw/f taMumif;
aomf rdbrsm;ud, k wf idk u
f uav;oli,frsm;udk avmuDtjrifjzifh Munf½h MI uonf/
vlUb0\ tBu;D qH;k wefb;dk onf touf&iS af epOf bk&m;bke;f awmfxif&mS ;apí
aovGefonfhtcg txHawmfü xm0&aysmfpHa&;jzpfonf/ odkYaMumifh om;orD;
rsm;\ ta&;udk usrf;pmoGefoifcsufESifhtnD apmifha&Smuf&onf/ bk&m;ocif
u txHawmfü xm0&&Sad eMu&ef o@mefawmfEiS t hf nD zefqif;jcif;jzpfaMumif;
½kd;wGif;jcifqDta&muf pGJrSwfod&SdMuap&ef uav;oli,ft&G,füyif oGefoif
&onf/ rdrdb0taMumif;udk od&Sdem;vnfMuap&ef taotcsm ajymjy&onf/
bk&m;pum;awmfukd yDopGm odrw S rf o
S mvQif a&SUawmfü &yfEidk of nf/ ]]ud,
k af wmf
rSwyg; aumif;uifbHKrSm tuREkfyfü tb,fol&Sdygoenf;/ udk,fawmfudk tvkd
&SdonfESifhtrQ ajrBuD;ay:rSm tuREkfyfonf tb,ftvkd&Sdygoenf;}}(qm
73;25)/ þusr;f csuu f kd om;orD;rsm;tm; odrwS af pEkid v
f Qif om;orD;arG;&usK;d
eyfaomoljzpfoGm;rnf/
a&maxG;aom tcsufjycsufrsm;
qm 36 onf vlwkdYodjrifEkdifonfh wckwnf;aom tvif;jzpfonf/
odaYk omf om;orD;rsm;tay:odYk *½kpu dk yf jkH cif; rwlnMD uyg/ ½k;d &m,Ofaus;rItwkid ;f
*½kpkdufapmifha&Smufjcif;onf bk&m;&Sifudk rod&SdapEkdifojzifh a&&SnftwGuf
jyóemaygif;pHak wmodYk oGm;ckid ;f jcif;jzpfonf/ usr;f pmESirhf nDaom oGeo f ifjcif;
onf bk&m;bkef;awmf xif&Sm;ap&m um;wkdifxrf;onfh ajcvSrf;udk rSm;,Gif;
aponf/
80
Oyrmtm;jzifh om;orD;rsm;tm; rdbu oGefoifjcif;r&Sd? tjcm;olrsm;

xHrS usr;f pmESirhf nDaom oGeo f ifcsurf sK;d onf vrf;vGo J Ykd oGm;apjcif;jzpfonf/
bk&m;&Sifu jyKrlajymqkdorQonf bkef;awmfxif&Sm;ap&m jzpfapvkdonf/
taMumif;aomf vlwkdif;tm; txuf,HrS iHkYMunfhaeNyD; usifhBuHvkyfaqmifonfh
twkid ;f qkcsrnf/ vlonf emcHaomom;orD;rsm;udk emcHonft h wkid ;f qkcsonf/
bk&m;&SifwGifrl 'kwd,tBudrf tcGifhta&;[lí r&Sd/
cGet
f m;,l&m tjcm;Oyrmwck MunfMh urnf/ ausmif;bwfpum;ay:wGif
pum;rsm;&efjzpfaeaom oifhtm; rnfodkY tBuHÓPfay;rnfenf;/ tcsKdUrdb
rsm;u temrcHbJ wkwu f w
kd w
k ?f 0g;vH;k udk 0g;vH;k jzifh wHjYk yefajymqkw d wfMuonf/
tcsKdUrdbrsm;u tcGifhta&;&vQif aqmfxJhvkduf[k ajymjywwfMuonf/ or®m
usrf;pmu rnfodkY qkdoenf;/ xkdoabmrsKd; vHk;0rajymyg/ tqkd;udk taumif;
jzifh wHjYk yeftEkid ,
f cl idk ;f onf/ bk&m;&Siu f uvJph m;acs&efrmS olUwm0efjzpfaMumif;
ajymjyxm;onf(a&m 12;19)/
om;orD;rsm;udk,fwkdif or®musrf;pmoGefoifcsufudk odrSwfap&onf/
&efvyk o f ul kd tvsO;f vufwjYkH yefp&m rvk/d ]]qmiwfaeaom oif&h efot l m; pm;
p&mauR;avmh}}(a&m 12;20)/ xkdusrf;csufu usdefqJcsifvsuf rusdefqJoltm;
bk&m;&Sifu aumif;csD;ay;rnf[k qkdonf/ bk&m;&Sif\ om;orD;onf pdwf½kdif;
aygufonfhtwkdif; olwyg;odkY rvkyf&/
vmrnfhtcef;wGif vlUb0tqHk; yef;wkdiftaMumif; avhvmMurnf/

1/ atmifjrifjcif;udk rnfodkY teufzGifhrnfenf;/ oifhom;orD;udk rnfodkY &Sif;jy
rnfenf;/ tazESifh taru &ifaoG;udk rnfodkY jzpfapcsifMuoenf;/
2/ oifonf usrf;pmESifhrnDaom ta&;wGif a&SUwkd;aemufiif jzpfaeonf/
tb,faMumifh xkdokdY t"dujzpf&oenf;/
3/ rdbonf om;orD;tay: vTrf;rkd;aMumif; rSwfxm;yg/ om;orD;udk aeYwkdif;
rnfonfhtaMumif; oGefoifoenf;/ cspfjcif;arwåmESifh pkd;&drfjcif;wGif rnf
81
onft
h csuf ydrk Bdk uKH awGUoenf;/ oifrh o
d m;pkwiG f rnfonft
h aMumif; oGeo
f if
aeoenf;/
4/ oifhywf0ef;usifwGif "r®a[mif;yg £oa&vvlrsm;uJhokYd &Sdcsif&Sdaeayrnf/
oifhom;orD;rsm;ta&;? a&SUtem*wfta&; rnfokdY vkyfrnfenf;/
5/ bk&m;bke;f awmfxif&mS ;ap&ef b0&Sio
f efa&; rnfoYkd cH,o
l enf;/ taumif;
jrifygovm;? bmoma&;usifhpOf[k jrifovm;/
6/ vlryI wf0ef;usit f okid ;f t0kid ;f xJü oifo
h m;orD;rsm; pHpk rf;jcif;cHaeMu&vQif
rnfodkY wHkYjyefoGefoifrnfenf;/
7/ þodkYaom trSwftom;BuHKvQif oifhom;orD;rsm;udk rnfodkY oGefoifrnf
enf;/
(u) oifhvkyfaqmifcsuftaumif;qHk;onf oifhtwGuf jzpfaprvm;^
oifhtaMumif;udk aemufwzef rMum;csifbl;[k ajymrvm;/
(c) vlUb0onf Opöm"eayg<u,f0jcif;jzifh wkdif;wm&onfr[kwfôifh
twGuf igvkyfay;rnfht&mudk MunfhOD;/
8/ ppfreS af om pdw0f n
d mOfxed ;f ausmif;jcif;onf &ifu
h suaf pjcif;jzpfonf/ om;
orD;rsm; u,fwifjcif;&&SMd uap&ef cGet f m;pku
d x
f wk jf cif;r[kwyf g/ xko
d aYdk om
tajctaeudk rnfodkY cH,ludkifwG,frnfenf;/
9/ oifhrdom;pk\ 0dnmOfa&;&mtoufwmtm; bk&m;bkef;awmfxif&Sm;ap&ef
rnfodkY &Sifoefapygoenf;/
82
tcef; 6
yef;wkdiftwkdif; vkyfaqmifjcif;
aetdrfaqmufvkyf&mwGif yxrvkyfaqmifbG,f&monf ukefusp&dwf

cefYrSef;wGufcsufjcif;jzpfí xkdrSwqifh vkdtyfaom ypönf;rsm; pkaqmif;jyifqif
xm;&onf/ xkdYaemuf rvkdtyfaom trIdufo½kdufrsm;udk z,f&Sm;&onf/ vm
rnfah emufq;kH cef;wGif aqmufvyk jf cif; vufpowfytkH aMumif; avhvmMurnf/
þtcef;wGifrl BudKwifjyifqifjcif;taMumif; aqG;aEG;Murnf/
usrf;pmESifhrnDaom yef;wkdifrsm;udk jyefawG;Munfh

tu,fí aemufqHk;tcef;\ &nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifrsm; rauseyfvQif
vlUb0tqH;k \ t"duonf bk&m;bke;f awmf xif&mS ;apí ud, k af wmfEiS hf xm0&
aysmpf rH nft
h aMumif;tm; jyefvnfpOf;pm;Murnf/ xko
d aYdk om &nf&,G cf suo f nf
c&pf,mefrsm;\ b0yef;wkdif[kwfovm;^r[kwfbl;vm; aqG;aEG;Murnf/
tb,fodkYaom tEÅdr&nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifrsm; xm;&Sd&rnfenf;/
0daoot&nftcsif;rsm; zGHUNzdK;a&;
toifpm½Iol\ om;orD;rsm; vIyf&Sm;rI ykdrkdus,fjyefYap&ef rnfonfh

twm;tqD;rsm;u [efw
Y m;Muoenf;/ rdbtrsm;pkonf tpk;d &pmoifausmif;ü
83
wufa&mufaeaom om;orD;rsm;tm; uyGJ½HkokdY oGm;cGifhrjyKMu/ pmoifausmif;

xJwiG f jyifyywf0ef;usif vlaerIpepf r0ifa&mufrvTr;f rk;d apvkMd u/ twef;xJü
usrf;pmESifhrnDaom uckefjcif;rsm; vufrcH jiif;y,fMuonf/
tb,faMumifh xkdokdY jyKMuoenf;[k rdbrsm;tm; ar;jref;Munfhaom
tcg om;orD;rsm;\ tpGr;f tp zGUH NzKd ;wk;d wufap&ef[k ajzMuonf/ or®musr;f
pmwGif rnfonfhusrf;csufrsm;ü vltrsm;ESifh ra&maESmbJ udk,f&nfaoG;zGHUNzdK;
apaMumif; awGU&Syd goenf;/ vlonf tjcm;jyifyvlrygbJ rdru d , kd &f nfu, kd af oG;
jrifhrm;atmif jyKvkyfEkdifygovm;/ or®musrf;pmwGif uav;oli,f\ ½kyfcE¨m
udk,fzGHUNzdK;a&; oGefoifcsuf&Sdygovm;/ jynfhpHkvHkavmufatmif jyKvkyfEkdifpGrf;
onf 0g<um;p&m [kwyf govm;/ enf;jyq&mtrsm;pkonf tcsed t f ueft Y owf
jzifh yef;wkdif0if&ef oGefoifMuonfjzpfí xkdenf;wl ,HkMunfolc&pf,mefrsm;
onf tcsdefrSD txHawmfodkY rnfodkY 0ifa&mufMu&rnfenf;/
tcsKdUu om;orD;rsm;tm; rdrdudk,fudk ,HkMunfrI&Sd&ef oGefoifonf/
or®musrf;pmurl bk&m;&SifxHrS a0;uGmí rdrdudk,fudk tm;ukd;olonf ol½l;jzpf
onf[k qkdxm;onf/ rdrdudk,fudk ,HkMunfpdwfcstm;udk;olonf bk&m;&SifESifh
uGma0;oljzpfonf/
aeYpOf avhusiohf if,jl cif;onf tb,frQ wefb;dk Bu;D rm;oenf;/ rdom;
pktrsm;tjym;onf vlrIa&;ywf0ef;usifwGif vIyf&Sm;rIü yg0ifMuaomfvnf;
usr;f pmzwfjcif;? qkawmif;jcif;wGirf l yg0ifjcif;r&SMd u/ tb,fojYdk zpfMuoenf;/
a&ul;jcif;? abmfvDabmykwfjcif;ü yg0ifEkdifMuygvsuf rdom;pkusrf;pmzwfjcif;?
qkawmif;jcif;ü tb,faMumifh rdom;pkvu dk f ryg0ifEidk Mf uoenf;/ rdom;pkvu dk f
½kyfjrifoHMum; Zmwfvrf;udk tcsdefukefcH 0kdif;MunfhEkdifoavmuf tb,faMumifh
usr;f pmzwfjcif;? qkawmif;jcif;? aus;Zl;awmfcs;D rGr;f jcif; rjyKEidk Mf uoenf;/ xko d Ykd
ysufuGufjcif;onf om;orD;i,frsm;\ pdwf0dnmOfcH,lcsuf aygYysufapjcif;
jzpfonf/
usr;f pmoifcef;pmt& rdbonf om;orD;rsm;\ cE¨mud, k uf se;f rmzGUH NzKd ;
wm0ef&o dS nfyh rm bk&m;ay;0dnmOfvufaqmifrsm;udv k nf; tapcH,&l mü xif
&Sm;pGm toH;k jyK&onf/ odrYk oS m t&nftcsi;f tpGr;f tprsm;vnf; zGUH NzKd ;wk;d wuf
onf/ ADZtpGrf;owdå ADZ0dnmOfrsm;onf txl;tapcH,l&m bk&m;ay;vuf
aqmifjzpfonf/ xkdokdY ykdrkdvkyfaqmifvmaomaMumifh wkd;wufvmaom t&nf
84
tcsif;rsm;onf om;orD;rsm;xHodkY qufvufpD;qif;&efESifh tjcm;vlrsm;tm;

cGeftm;ay;&efjzpfonf/
ajy;ckefypftm;upm;jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh pnf;vHk;ñGwfrI &&Sdaponf/ xkduJh
okyYd if rdom;pktcsi;f csi;f wku d w f eG ;f cGet
f m;ay;jcif;onf tm;upm;xuf tjyef
tvSef &if;ESD;cspfMunfrI &&Sdaponf/
yHrk eS u
f , kd v f ufvyI &f mS ; tm;upm;jyKvyk jf cif;u cE¨mud, k u
f se;f rmBuUH ckid f
aponf/ xku d ohJ yYdk if &&Sx d m;aom 0dnmOfvufaqmifukd toH;k jyKygrsm;vmaom
tcg ykdrkdzGHUNzdK;vmonf/ bk&m;ocif\ EkdifiHawmfxJü vIyf&Sm;oGm;vmjcif;jzifh
0dnmOfa&;&m ykdrkdBuHUckdif oefpGrf;vmrnf/
pma&;olwrYdk o d m;pkonf rkid af ygif; 650 &Snaf om vrf;c&D;udk armfawmf
qkid uf ,fu, kd pf jD zifh oGm;vmavh&MdS uonf/ xkt d cg cE¨mud, k ?f pdwEf v
S ;kH ? 0dnmOf
a&;&m tm[m&oifcef;pm &&Sdwkd;rsm;Muonf/ om;wuf'Donf rdom;pk\
cspjf cif;arwåm odraf rGUyHu k kd ykrd o
dk abmaygufvmonf/ tu,fí wrifoufouf
avQmufp;D vQif tarmom tzwfwifrnf/ qkid u f ,fp;D enf;vnf; oabmayguf
vmrnfr[kw/f xko d jYdk zifh olUtwGuf wefb;dk &Sad om tm;upm;enf;jzpfvmonf/
pdwfykdif;qkdif&m nDñGwfrQwapjcif;
pdwfykdif;qkdif&m rnfokdY nDñGwfrQwrnfenf;/ vlrIa&;&mESifh EIdif;,SOf
yHkOyrm,lMurnf/ eyef;vHk;jcif;cH&aom om;ukd rnfodkY 0kdif;vkyfMurnfenf;/
rdbrsm;u udk,fcHynmwwfapcsifMurnf/ rdrdudk,fudk umuG,fapcsifMurnf/
tjcm;om;rsm;udv k nf; eyef;vH;k enf; wwfajrmufapcsiMf urnf/ wcgwGif c&pf
,mefrb d ESpyf g;udk þodYk tBuÓ H Pfay;bl;onf/ ]]ud, k u
f &efrpapESi/hf 'gayrJh
wbufu &efpvmvQif yGJodrf;Ekdifatmif vkyf&r,f}}/ wenf;tm;jzifh ]]&efrp
ESifh/ odkYaomf &efpol&Sdvm&ifawmh ½IH;xGufapyg}}[k qkd&ayrnf/ xkdpum;udk
em;vnfrrI vGaJ pvkyd g/ bk&mf ;&Six f H tultnDawmif;cHvQif bk&m;&Siu f oifu h kd
tEkdifay;rSmyg/
or®musr;f pmwGif rw&m;cH&rIrsm;udv k nf; vufwrYkH jyefbJ bk&m;&Siu f
ta&;,laqmif&Gufay;&ef csefxm;ckdif;onf/ jzpfEkdifvQif or®musrf;pum;udk
ajymjyyg/ a&m 12;17-21 wGif tqk;d udk taumif;jzifh wHjYk yeftEkid , f cl idk ;f onf/
85
bk&m;&Sifu uvJhpm;acsay;ygrnf/ w&m;rQwpGm pD&ifay;ygrnf/ vk 6;27-

36 wGif &efolESifh rdrdudk rkef;eD;oltm; tb,fodkY jyefcspf&rnfhtaMumif; oGef
oifxm;onf/ 1ay 2;23 wGif rw&m;rIudk &efwHkYrjyefbJ &ifqkdifckdif;onf/
xkdtcgrsKd;ü bk&m;&Sifudkom tm;udk;ckdif;onf/ xkdokdYyif ab;&efywfvnf0kdif;
aeaom om;orD;rsm;odkYvnf; cGeftm;owdåay;yg/ Nidrfoufcsrf;ajrUrI wnf
aqmufa&;enf;vrf; oGefoifyg/ trsufudk a0;vGifhapenf;tm; nifompGm
oGefoifyg/ bk&m;ociftm; tb,frQ cspfcifjrwfEkd; wefbkd;xm;wwf&rnfh
taMumif; om;orD;rsm; pOfqufrjywf oGefoifowday;aeyg/
om;orD;rsm;udk u,fwifjcif;
om;orD;rsm;tm; u,fwifrnft h aMumif; jyefvnfpOf;pm;MunfMh urnf/
rajymyavmufaom jyóemwpHkw&maMumifh 0dnmOfa&;&mu,fwifjcif;ESifh
0dnmOfa&;&m BuD;xGm;jcif; rysufpD;ygapESifh/ xkdum; ,HkMunfjcif;opöm&Sd&Sd om;
orD;rsm;udk bk&m;&Six f aH wmfoYkd ykaYd qmifjyñTeaf ejcif;jzpfonf/ xkod Ydk jzpfajrmuf
ae&ef oef&Y iS ;f 0dnmOfawmfu bk&m;pum;awmfrsm;jzifh yJjh yifE;dI aqmfaeygonf/
toufwmwGif oefY&Sif;0dnmOfawmf vIyf&Sm;BuD;xGm;aeonfESifhtrQ touf
wmonfvnf; xif&Sm;pGm wkd;wufvmrnf/
om;orD;rsm;\ pdw0f n d mOfukd Ek;d Mum;Bu;D &ifah p&onf/ xko d jYdk zpfae&ef
bk&m;&Sif\ vrf;awmfrsm;udk oGefoifjyoae&onf/ bk&m;&Sif\ Mueftif
vu©Pmrsm;udk ajymjyaerSomvQif bk&m;&Sifudk cspfaMumuf&aumif;rSef; od&Sd
Muonf/ bk&m;a&SUawmfoYkd a&muf&adS omtcg rnfoYdk rsuEf mS &Murnft h aMumif;
tNroJ wd&apyg/ xkt d cg tjcm;vlrsm;\ armufrmapmfum;rIrsm;onf rIavmuf
p&mr[kwfaMumif; oabmaygufvmMurnf/ atmufusKdU½kdusKd;aom pdwfxm;
&SdwwfvmMurnf/ rdrdudk,fudk ,HkMunfudk;pm;jcif;\ ab;&efrsm; em;vnfvm
Murnf/ vlUb0wckvHk;\ tBuD;rm;qHk; jyóemudk od&SdvmMurnf/ tawG;
tjrifESifh vufawGUavmujcm;em;yHk oabmaygufvmMurnf/ vkd&if;wkd&Sif;
qkd&vQif vli,frsm;onf jyKpkysKd;axmifjcif; vkdtyfaeolrsm;jzpfaeMuonf/
vli,frsm;udk jyKpyk sK;d axmifyg/ bk&m;&Siu f kd ud;k pm;wwfMu&ef wku d wf eG ;f
cGeftm;ay;yg/ vludk tm;ukd;jcif;jzifh u,fwifjcif;tuRwfw&m; r&Ekdifyg/
86
pmoifausmif;ü usifvnfaepOfuyif bk&m;&Sifudk od&Sdem;vnfEkdif&ef ulnD

vrf;jyay;yg/ xkt d cg vlUavmuü ½I;H edrjhf cif;ESihf atmifjrifjcif;wku Yd kd cGjJ cm;wwf
vmMurnf/ bk&m;ocifukd trSew f u,f oduRr;f olonf pk;d &drjf cif;? trsuaf 'go
xGufjcif;? emusifjcif;? tjypfvGefusL;jcif;? tjypfvmjyKoludk &efwHkYjyefjcif;r&Sd/
txl;ojzifh pHpk rf;jcif;cH&pOfwiG f bk&m;&Sit f ay:odYk ,HMk unfjcif;opöm&Syd g/ bk&m;
&Sifu a&&Snf&nfrSef;csuf&Sdapcsifonf/ xkdYaMumif; om;orD;rsm;rSpí a,½I
&Sifudk ,HkMunfpdwfcswnfrDSapcsifonf/
om;orD;rsm;tm; a&G;EIwfjcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfaMumif;udk4if;? rdrdtjypf
trSm;rsm;udk aemifw&í ocifa,½Itm; ,HkMunfudk;pm;Mu&ef4if; tNrJwrf;
oGefoifowday;yg/ aemifw&jcif;ESifh ,HkMunfjcif;onf c&pf,mef,HkMunfjcif;
wGif ESpzf ufnjD zpfMuonf/ xkEd pS cf jk ynfph rkH S c&pf,mefjzpfvm&onfr[kw/f pdwf
ESvHk;xJrS ,HkMunfjcif;opöm&SdvmonfESifhtrQ odjrifatmif ay:xGef;vmonf/
c&pf,meftoufwmwGif ,HMk unfjcif;onf a&SUbD;? toufwmonf aemufb;D
odkYaom pufbD;wpD;\ bD;rsm;jzpfMuonf/
om;orD;rsm;tm; aemifwtaMumif; em;vnfapyg/ pdwEf v S ;kH xJrS ½kyw
f k
udk;uG,fjcif;tjypfudkvnf; pifMu,fap&aMumif; odapyg/ bk&m;&Sif\ tjypf
cGivhf w
T jf cif;cH&olonf tjypf[o l rQrS uif;pifojzifh pdwEf v S ;kH &Tiv
f ef;oGm;onf/
odkYaomf xkdu,fwifjcif;onf acwfopfypönf;uJhodkY wcgoHk;r[kwf/ xm0&
tpOftNrJ wnfonf/ c&pf,meftoufwmonf usr;f pmudk zwf½eI m;vnfjcif;
rQomr[kwf/ woufvHk; wajrmufocifa,½I&SifxJü &Sifoefjcif;jzpfonf/
rdom;pk0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;
rdom;pk0wfjyKu;kd uG,jf cif;tm; vkyu
f v
kd yk &f rnft
h aMumif; txufwiG f
txl;wvnf qkdxm;cJhNyD;jzpfonf/ wcsKdUu rdom;pk0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;udk aygY
aygYwefwef oabmxm;Muonf/ trSefrSm b,fcgrS ysufuGuf½kd;r&Sdtyfaom
aeYpOfvkyfaqmifbG,f&m tief;twmjzpfonf/ tqHk;rSm bk&m;emrawmfudk
wkdifwnf&onf/ xkdum; rdom;pk0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;\ y"getaMumif;tcsuf
aywnf;/
87
xkdodkY rdom;pk0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;onf om;orD;rsm;ESifh qufpyfae&

ojzifh olwt Ydk oufwmodv Yk nf; vTr;f rk;d oGm;onf/ txufwiG f qkcd ohJ nft h wkid ;f
om;orD;rsm;tm; xde;f ausmif;ysK;d axmif&mwGif rdom;pk0wfjyKu;kd uG,jf cif;onf
taumif;qHk;aom pGrf;tm;jzpfonf/
okwåHusrf;udk aeYpOfzwf½IvQif vli,frsm;omru vlBuD;rsm;vnf;
tusK;d aus;Zl; ykx d ;l onf/ uav;rsm;tm; ausmif;roGm;rSD eHeufwidk ;f okwu Hå sr;f
tcef;BuD;wck\ oHk;yHkwyHkudk zwfckdif;yg/ uav;oli,frsm; ÓPfynmt&if;
tjrpf ckid rf mNy;D cGetf m;owdå wk;d rsm;vmrnf/ awGUzefrsm;aomtcg bk&m;pum;
awmftm; tvkdvkd rSwfrdaemaMuvmMurnf/ okwåHusrf;onf b0c&D;vrf;udk
xdef;ausmif;aom rsOf;wHjzpfonf/ uav;oli,frsm;\ 0dnmOfa&;&mtouf
wmudk xdef;ausmif;wnfhrwfay;onf/
om;orD;rsm; i,f&G,fpOfcg "r®a[mif;usrf;ykd'frsm;udk zwf½IMu&aomf
vnf; vufawGUoifcef;pm enf;yg;Muonf/ a*gvd,taMumif; zwf½NI y;D ukvm;
xkdifay:wGif xkdifMuonf/ 'g0d'ftaMumif; zwf½INyD; pm;yGJatmufwGuf ykef;Mu
onf/ a&Smvkab;&efrS vGwfatmif ykef;wrf;upm;cJhMuonf/ qmvHusrf;rS
'g0d'\f 'kua© &mufcyhJ rkH sm;udk uav;oli,frsm;u aqmhp&mZmwfvrf;rsm;tjzpf
zwf½u I pm;cJMh uonf/ waeYaomtcg O&NrKd UrS tmjA[Hxu G cf mG yHk zwf½MI uonf/
tmjA[Hu bk&m;&Sif\ vrf;ñTef&modkY oGm;onf/ xkdYtwl tdrfrS ra&mufbl;
aomae&modYk xGuo f mG ;Muonf/ b,fa&mufí b,faygufreS ;f rod/ tcsed w f ef
tdrfjyefra&mufMuojzifh rdbrsm;u wyifwyef; vkduf&SmMuonf/
tb,fokdYjzpf&oenf;/ or®musrf;pmonf uav;oli,frsm;twGuf
wu,fph eH rlemjzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh rdom;pk0wfjyKu;kd uG,jf cif;onf bk&m;&Siu f kd
oduRrf;a&;jzpfonf/ tu,fí xkdokdYaom &nfrSef;csufr&SdvQif rdom;pk0wfjyK
ud;k uG,jf cif;onf tcsn;f ES;D jzpfomG ;rnf/ a[&Sm 1 udk zwfMunfv h Qif bk&m;&Siu f
½kd;&mpOfvmtay: wnfrSDjcif;tm; tcsnf;ESD;jzpfaMumif; qkdxm;yHkawGUMurnf/
uav;oli,frsm; tusifhaumif;&SdMuapa&;
txufyg uav;oli,frsm;\ trItusifhudk od&SdMuNyD;jzpfonf/
trsKd;orD;wOD;wa,mufxHodkY csOf;uyfwkdif; tjypf&Sdonf[k r,lqEkdifyg/
88
um,uH&iS \ f pdwo f abmxm;tay:wGio f m rlwnfonf/ or®musr;f pmwGirf l

ud, k Ef iS o
hf ufqidk o
f ?l ud,
k t hf rd ef ;D em;csi;f rsm;udk ud,
k Ef iS t
hf rQ cspcf if&ef oGeo
f if
xm;onf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; i,f&G,fcsdefcgrSpí ocifa,½Iudk,fwkdifu rdrd
ud, k uf kd ay;tyfonft h aMumif; zd 2 yg taMumif;t&mtm; oGeo f ifay;&onf/
tjcm;vlrsm;ESihf pum;ajymqk&d mü ]]aus;Zl;jyKí}}[laom pum;jzifh tp
ysKd;í ]]aus;Zl;wifygw,f}}[laom pum;jzifh tqHk;owf&ef 0efrav;tyfyg/
xkdpum;&yfrsm;onf usrf;pmvm cspfjcif;arwåmtm; azmfaqmifjcif;jzpfonf/
pm;yGJ0kdif;ü tjcm;vlrsm;tm; apmifhNyD;rS pm;oHk;jcif;onf vlrIa&;em;vnfjcif;?
,Ofaus;jcif;jzpfonf/ xko d Ydk jyKvyk jf cif;onf tcsn;f ES;D jyKvyk o f nfr[kw/f ywf
0ef;usifu b0oifcef;pmtjzpf ½IrSwfMuonf/ &Sifaygvku wdarmaoodkY
ajymaom pum;udk em;axmifMunhfyg/ ]]xkdolonf oifwkdYtusKd;udk Munfh½Icsif
aom apwempdwf&SdouJhodkY pdwfoabmwlaomolwa,mufrQ igwkdYü r&Sd/
vlcyfodrf;wkdYonf a,½Ic&pf\ tusKd;udkr&Sm? udk,ftusKd;udkom &SmMu\}}(zd
2;20? 21)/
aumif;aomynma&;
ynma&;&m &nfreS ;f csuf rnfoYkd xm;Muoenf;/ rdbwkid ;f u om;orD;
rsm;tm; acwfynmwwfrsm; jzpfapcsiMf uonf/ xko d Ydk ynm&nfjrifrh m;jcif;onf
usrf;pm&nf&G,fcsuftwkdif; rSefygovm;/ usrf;pmu rnfokYd qkdygoenf;/
tcsKUd rdbrsm;u usr;f pmrygaom ynma&;onf tcsn;f ES;D [k wzufpeG ;f a&muf
ajymqkw d wfMuonf/ usr;f pmESirhf nDaom rufv;kH rsm; ay;wwfMuonf/ Oyrm
tm;jzifh om;orD;rsm;tm; BudK;pm;yrf;pm; tvkyfvkyfvQif ykdufqHrsm;rsm;&rnf
[k vG,fvifhwul ajymqkdwwfMuonf/ usrf;pmu rnfodkY qkdygoenf;/ ok
23;4 wGif txufyg rdbpum;ESihf qefu Y siaf jymqkx
d m;onf/ ]]aiG&wwfjcif;iSg
rBudK;pm;ESifh/ udk,fÓPfudk trSDrjyKESifh}}[kqkdonf/
BudK;pm;yrf;pm; vkyfudkifolonf ½kd;om;BudK;pm;onfh yrmPtwkdif;
tusKd;vufaqmif jyefvnf&&Sdrnf aocsmonf/ xkdoabm& or®mtmZD0jzifh
BudK;yrf;&SmazGolonf wef&mwefaMu; qkvufaqmif&&Sdrnf aocsmonf/
89
tjcm;wbufwGif tqifhaumif;&&Sd&ef zdtm;ray;&/ tqifhaumif;

&&Sdjcif;onf ta&;BuD;onfr[kwf/ tcsKdUuav;oli,frsm;onf ÓPf&nf
aumif;MuaomaMumifh txl;wvnf rBudK;pm;vQifvnf; tqifhaumif;&&SdMu
onf/ tcsKdUonf BudK;pm;oavmuf tqifhaumif;r&Mu/ tcsKdUonf ZGJvHkYv
xkwo f nft h wkid ;f tqifah umif;Muonf/ xkaYd Mumifh uav;oli,frsm;u bk&m;
&Siu f kd oduRr;f atmif oGeo f ifjcif;onfomvQif ta&;Bu;D onf/ opöm&So d rl sm;odYk
vufaqmifay;rnft h aMumif; bk&m;&Siu f uwdawmfay;xm;ygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh
tpGrf;tpESifh 0dnmOfvufaqmifrsm;onf ocifbk&m;\ tapcH,ljcif;jzifh &&Sd
Ekdifonfjzpfí om;orD;rsm;tm; ,HkMunfjcif;opöm&SdMua&; OD;pm;ay;oGefoif
&onf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; c&pfawmfudk awGU&SdaprSomvQif bk&m;bkef;awmf
zl;ajrmfawGUjrifEidk of nf/ usr;f pmESirhf nDaom awG;ac:oGeo
f ifjcif;onf tcsn;f
ESD;jzpfonf/
&nfrSef;csuf\ tajzpum;
wcgwGif ]]igYom;orD;awGu r,HMk unforl sm;jzpfaeMuvQif bmjzpfrnf
enf;}}[laom rMum;csifbG,f&m tar;pum; Mum;od&onf/ xkdtaMumif;udk
aemufyidk ;f wGif ajymqkMd urnf/ vwfwavmajymqkcd sio f nfrmS rdro d m;orD;rsm;
tm; ,HkMunfoljzpf&ef oGefoifjcif;rjyKbl;vm;? bk&m;&Sifudk ,HkMunfjcif;\
wefb;dk udk todtrSwrf jyKb;l vm;[k jyefar;csio f nf/ tm&SEidk if rH sm;wGif rnfoYkd
aom bmomw&m;&Sdolrsm;u urÇmhtqif;&JqHk;EkdifiHrsm;tjzpf atmufajcwGif
acG0yfaeoenf;/ c&pfawmfudk od&Sdem;vnf&aumif;rSef; rodolrsm;onf vlU
avmutv,fü vlvHk;rvS aemifvmaemufom;rsm;odkY tarGaumif;ay;p&m
r&Sdolrsm;jzpfMuonf/
bk&m;ocif\ pHcsdefpHñTef;udk pGJukdifolonf bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfudk
pGJudkifonf/ c&pfawmfudk OD;wnfa&S;½Ionf/ wpHkwOD;u EkdifxufpD;eif;jyKvm
vQif ajy;p&majrr&S[ d k tm;ri,fygESi/hf bk&m;&Sixf H ajy;ckv
d u
dk yf g/ arwåmawmf
jzifh BudKqkdaxG;ykdufygrnf/ &efoludk uvJhpm;acscsifolonf xkd&efoludk cspfcif
vkdufyg/ bk&m;&Sifu vlUodpdwfxuf ykdaumif;aom tcsufjzifh wHkYjyefygrnf/
oGm;p&majrr&Sd? ykef;p&mae&mr&Sdcsdefü um;wkdifodkY ajy;ckdvkdufyg/ c&pfawmf\
90
arwåmawmfu BuKd qadk xG;yku d af eygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh c&pfawmf\ jyKawmfrcl su?f
wefckd;awmfESifh aus;Zl;awmfudk tNrJa&S;½Iae&onf/
c&pfawmfxHrS tultr&&SdawmfrlyHkudk pma&;ol\orD;toufwmü
awGUBuKH &onf/ ud;k wef;t&G,o f m&Sí d olUq&m pydev f rl sK;d tay: tjrifrMunf
vifyg/ aemufxyf(4)ESpf ynmqufoif&mwGiv f nf; xkq d &mudk taumif;rjrif
qefuY siof nf/ xkad Mumifh rnfoYkd wHjYk yefoifah Mumif; rdbrsm;ESihf aqG;aEG;wkid yf if
Muonf/ bk&m;&Sif\ aus;Zl;awmfudk odjrifEkdif&ef aqG;aEG;wkdifyifMuonf/
c&pfawmfxHü arQmfvifhcsufcGeftm;? ,HkMunfjcif;xm;&Sd&ef aqG;aEG;Muonf/
waeYaomtcg ZeD;onfu Heather Bible rS a&m 12 rSwfcsuftm; xkdpydef
q&mESihf aqG;aEG;ajymqkjd zpfMuonf/ xko d jYdk zifh olUorD;tm; c&pfawmfukd oduRr;f
apjcif;jzifh aeYpOftoufwmü xif&Sm;ap&ef ajymjyjzpfonf/
om;orD;rsm;tm; oGeo f if&mü bk&m;bke;f awmfxif&mS ;apa&; &nfreS ;f
csufxm;&Sd&onf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; vlUta&;t&m oGefoif&mü ppfrSefaom
bk&m;&SifawmftaMumif; od&Sda&;udk cGeftm;ay;wkdufwGef;&onf/ vlUavmuü
touf&Sifjcif;onf bk&m;bkef;awmfxif&Sm;ap&efESifh vlUavmuvGefajrmuf
onfhtcg txHawmfü xm0&pkd;pHa&;jzpfonf/
xkod aYdk om &nfreS ;f csujf zifh BuKd ;yrf;aevQif b0yef;wkid f &Sio f efatmif
jrifayrnf/ xkdtaMumif;pHkudk vmrnfhtcef;wGif qufvufaqG;aEG;Murnf/

þar;cGef;rsm;onf tcef; 5 yg ar;cGef;rsm;ESifh woabmwnf;jzpf
onf/ bk&m;&Sif\ pum;awmfu rnfodkY tajymif;tvJjzpfapEkdifonfh
taMumif; aqG;aEG;Murnf/
1/ atmifjrifruI kd rnfoYkd teufziG q
hf ydk goenf;/ oifo
h m;orD;rsm;tm; rdbrsm;
u rnfoYkd jzpfapcsiaf Mumif; od&edS m;vnfMuap&ef rnfoYkd jyKvyk rf nfenf;/
2/ or®musr;f pmESirhf nDaom &nfreS ;f csuaf tmufwiG f a&SUwk;d aemufqw
k jf zpfae
ovm;/ rnfodkYaom usrf;pmESifhrnDonfhtcsufrsm;u rdbrsm; tkyfxdef;
rIudk vTrf;rkd;ygoenf;/
91
3/ rdbonf om;orD;rsm;tay:odkY MoZmvTrf;rkd;olrsm;jzpfaMumif; odxm;yg/

rnfonfhtcsufü vTrf;rkd;oenf;/ aeYpOfaeYwkdif; ajymqkdcsufrsm;udk om;
orD;rsm;u em;axmifMuygovm;/ cspfjcif;arwåm? pkd;&drfjcif;rsm;ü aomu
Asmyg' &Sdygovm;/ rdom;pkwGif rnfonfhtcsuftm; wefbkd;xm;oGef
oifoenf;/
4/ "r®a[mif;umvrS £oa&vvlrsm;uJhokdY ½kd;&m,Ofaus;rItokdif;t0kdif;ü
usivf nfaevQif oifo
h m;orD;rsm;\ tem*wfta&; rnfoYkd pOf;pm;oenf;/
5/ bk&m;&Sif\ bkef;awmfxif&Sm;apa&;twGuf touf&Sif&ef rnfokdY tBuH&Sd
oenf;/ vlrsm;a,mifí vkdufa,mifjcif;vm;? bmoma&;tjzpf cH,ljcif;
vm;/
6/ oifhom;orD;rsm;tm; vlrIa&;ywf0ef;usifü pHkprf;jcif;rcH&Muap&ef rnfodkY
oGefoifxm;oenf;/
7/ oifo
h m;orD;rsm;odYk pdw½f yI af xG;p&mrsm; ay;ygovm;/ atmufygOyrmwkuYd kd
Munfhyg/
(u) oifhtaumif;qHk; vkyfaqmifcsufu rdbtwGufbJ[k ajymqkdovm;/
oifhpmar;yGJtqifh aemufwcgrjrifcsifbl;[k ajymwwfygovm;/
(c) vlUb0qkdwm Opöm"eydkifqkdifjcif;ESifh rqkdifbl;? oifhtwGuf igbmvkyf
ay;rnfqkdwm Munfhxm;[k ajymqkdygovm;/
8/ ppfrSefaom 0dnmOfa&;&m xdef;ausmif;jcif;onf vlUoabmobm0jzpfí
uav;oli,frsm; u,fwifjcif;&&Sd&ef cGeftm;pkdufxkwfp&mrvkdqdkaom
pum;u oifhrdom;pkodkY rnfodkY tusKd;oufa&mufoenf;/
9/ bk&m;bkef;awmfxif&Sm;apaom toufwm&Sd&ef ajymqkdaejcif;ESifh rajym
rqkdbJ vufawGUjyojcif;wGif rnfonfhtcsufu ykdrkdxda&mufoenf;/
92
tcef; 7
usrf;pmESifhrnDaom enf;vrf;rsm;
pGefYypfa&;
uav;rav; rsufvHk;\ zrf;pm;jcif;cH&onf/ xkduav;ronf ajym

p&mr&Sdatmif vSyonf/ 0wfpm;qif,ifrIrSpí ajymqkdaexkdifrIrsm;vnf; qGJ
aqmifrI&Sdonf/ olUtarESifhtwl av,mOfysHapmifhaeMuonf/ pma&;olESifh
c&D;pOfwlaeMuonf/
xkod il ,fronf tay:,HaMumom vSyonf/ qGaJ qmifrt I rSe&f odS nf/
olUawmif;qkdcsufaMumifh ,cktcg taru c&D;vkdufyg&onf/
orD;u olUrdciftm; r&ru awmif;qkdwwfonf/ rdcifu at;at;
aq;aq;ae&ef awmif;qkdaomfvnf; ylnHqlnHvkyfaeonf/
rwwfomonfhtqHk;wGif rdcifu ]]igawmh eifhaMumifh aoawmhrnf}}
[k qkad omtcg orD;u ]]eifu h rkd ek ;f w,f? a0;a0;oGm;? bmrS vmrajymeJ?Y eifu
h kd
rvkdcsifbl;? twlraeEkdifbl;? tem;vmruyfeJY}}[k Budrf;armif;onf/
rdcifuvnf; pdwfqkd;NyD; txkyftykd;rsm; udkifaqmifum olUrD;ESifh cyf
vSrf;vSrf;wGif aeonf/
avqdyfodkY a&mufMuaomtcg xkdoli,fronf ,cifuJhodkY pGmus,f
raeawmhyg/ ra&mufbl;aom a'ojzpfaomaMumifh ywf0ef;usifudk pkd;&drf
aMumufvefYonf/
93
olUrdcifxHodkY jyefoGmNyD; ]]aqm&D;aemf arar? tarhudk cspfygw,f}}[k

wrsKd;ajymjyefonf/
]]oGm;prf;? eifhudk igrodbl; ---- }}
]]aqm&D;yg arar}}? avoHu aysmhaysmif;vmonf/
]]oGm;ygqkd? eifhudk igrkef;w,f ----}}/
pma&;olonf udk,hfc&D;pOfESifhudk,fjzpfí wae&modkY xGufoGm;onf/

aemufq;kH jrifonfth csed xf d xku
d av;ronf rdcifuadk csmo h nf/ rdcifu
qlylBudrf;armif;vsuf oGefoifonf/
wcsKdUu þtjzpftysufudk atmifjrifaom tkyfxdef;jcif;[k qkdcsifMu
ayrnf/ rdcifu olUorD;\ awmif;qkdcsuftm; tusKd;taMumif; r&Sif;jybJ
qlylBudrf;armif;onf/ rdepfykdif;twGif;wGif olUorD;\ tjyKtrludk ajymif;vJap
Ekid o
f nf/ tjcm;wbufrS Munfv h Qif olUorD;tm; oGeo f ifyo
kH nf rSm;,Gi;f aom
yHkpHjzpfonf/ olUorD;\ trltusifhtm; oabmaygufatmif ajymjyNyD;rS yJhjyif
oifhonf/ ,ckrlum; uko&menf;vrf;r&Sdaom a&m*gqkd;rsKd;jzifh qufqHonf/
pmzwfy&dowfrsm;\ taumif;qH;k aomenf;vrf; aq;0g;enf;rSm or®m
usr;f pmvmtwkid ;f oGeo f ifjcif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;&Siu f aumif;aomta&;t&m
ajymjyonfomru rnfodkYrnfyHk vkyfaqmif&rnfhenf;vrf;rsm;udkvnf; ajymjy
xm;onf/
,HkMunfolrsm;\ tjyKtrlrsm;onf or®musrf;pmudk pHxm;ae&onf/
usr;f pmESirhf nDaom enf;vrf;rsm;udk rdr&d nfreS ;f csuaf tmifjrif&ef toH;k rjyK&/
or®musrf;pmu ,HkMunfolrsm;\ jyKrlcsuf[lorQonf bk&m;bkef;awmfxif&Sm;
ap&eftwGufjzpf&onf[k pHxm;ckdif;xm;onf/
usrf;pmESifhrnDaom enf;vrf;rsm;
enf;vrf;aygif;pHkjzifh usrf;pmESifhrnD xHk;enf;emrsm; jyKwwfMuonf/
uv;oli,frsm;twGuf pmtkypf mayrsK;d pHük awGUjrifae&onf/ aps;uGurf sm;wGif
atmifjrifjzpfxGef;rnfh uwdpum;rsKd;pHkjzifh arQmfvifhcsufay;Muonf/ wDAGDtpD
tpOfrsm;wGivf nf; rpm;&0cref; ajymqkad MumfjimMuonf/ rodem;rvnf r&ifh
94
usrf;pmESifhrnDaom enf;vrf;rsm; pGefYypfa&;
usuo f rl sm;u t[kwx f ifvu

dk v
f yk Mf uonf/ jcxGurf S bk&m;r[kwf awmifyu
Ydk kd
udk;uG,faerSef; od&SdMuonf/
wpHkw&mudk enf;vrf;w&mjzifh csOf;uyfMuonf/ vlUpdwfudk pHerlem
xm;Muonf/ wcgw&H ]]igYtazu ajymjywm}}[k qkdwwfMuonf/ tcsKdUu
]]oifhom;b,folu ½kyfjrifoHMum;tpDtpOfrSm ajymwm? igYtwGufawmh uGuf
wdbJ}}[k qkdwwfMuonf/ vlUpdwfoabmwGif ,HkMunfpdwfcsjcif;udk taumif;
qHk;[k ,lqwwfMuonf/
atmufwGif yHkOyrmMunfhMurnf/
igawmh rnfodkYjzpfap aemufjyefrvSnfhbl;

0rf;enf;bG,f&maumif;onfrSm tcsKdUrdbrsm;onf vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;
rsm;udk avhvmem;vnfjcif;r&SdMu/ t½l;trl; wZGwfxkd;vkyfMuonf/ vkyfvuf
pjzifh qufvyk rf nf[k qku d m a&SUqufqifuef;awmwk;d Muojzifh olwo Ydk m;orD;
rsm;onf t½IyftaxG;awmeufxJodkY a&muf&SdoGm;Muonf/ wcgw&H or®m
usrf;pmvm pnf;urf;[k trnfwyfum jyKvkyfwwfMuonf/ xkdYaemuf om;
orD;rsm;tm; rdbrsm;tay:odkY taumif;tjrifxm;&Sd&ef oGefoifjcif;r&SdMu/
xkdYaMumifh om;orD;rsm;ESifh rMumcP pdefac:jcif;awGUqHkMuonf/ xkdtcg ]]igY
tazu igYudk rmefrJw,f? &p&mr&Sdatmifajymw,f? rBudKufbl;? 'gaMumifh a0;
avaumif;avbJ}}[k cH,lajymqkdvmMuonf/
rdbrsm;u rnfoYkd jyKrMl uoenf;/ om;orD;rsm;u rdbrsm;udk jyefvnf
ar;cGe;f rxkwEf idk af tmif Ekid if aH wmftmPmodr;f onfh ppfwyftpk;d &uJo h Ykd jyKrMl u
onf/ or®musr;f pmESihf udu k n f ^D rudu k nf oD nft
h aMumif;vnf; pOf;pm;jcif;r&S/d
olUtay:odkY aumif;aomwefjyefwHkYjyefrI ra&mufEkdifaMumif;udkvnf; pOf;pm;
jcif;rjyK/ olUvkyfaqmifcsuf rSm;,Gif;qkd;0g;yHkudkvnf; pOf;pm;&aumif;rSef;rod/
txufyg Oyrmtwkdif;yif ]]bmbJjzpfjzpf aemufrvSnfhbl;}}[laom
enf;vrf;onf xdyfwkduf&ifqkdifp&m? tEkdiftxufjyKusifhjcif;jzpfonf/ xkdokdY
aom tMurf;rzuf? xdyw f u dk &f ifqidk jf cif;enf;vrf;r[kwaf om tjcm;enf;vrf;
rsm; &Syd gonf/ xko d jYdk yKrjl cif;onf rdbrsm;\ raumif;jrif0g' tusiq hf ;dk aMumifh
vnf;jzpfEkdifonf/ rsufpdxJ jrif&mom pGJrSwfajymqkdjcif; jzpfEkdifonf/ trSefrSm
95
jzpfpOftusKd;taMumif;utp od&Sdtyfonf/ rdbtrsm;tjym;onf om;orD;

rsm;\ ajymjycsufudk em;raxmifbJ wbufowfqHk;jzwfMuonf/ trSefrSm
tusK;d taMumif;udk OD;pGm od&t
dS yfonf/ rdbrsm;\ qH;k roHonf om;orD;rsm;\
em;xJwGifomru toufwmwGif ay:vGifxif&Sm;&mjzpfonf/
acwfopfvrf;ab;tawG;tac:
rMumao;cifu ½kyfoHtpDtpOfwckwGif uav;oli,frsm; pdwf"gwf
jr§ifhwifjcif;taMumif; aqG;aEG;Muonf/ taMumif;t&mrSm wHpkd;vufaqmif
vmbfay;vmbf,jl cif;taMumif;jzpfonf/ aqG;aEG;olu vlBu;D olBu;D rsm;onf
rdrdwkdYtcGifhtmPmudk wHpkd;vufaqmif&,l&ef cGeftm;owdåtjzpf oHk;Muonf
[kqkdonf/
wOD;u xkt d aMumif; OD;aqmifaqG;aEG;oloYkd oif&h UJ om;u olUtcef;udk
oefY&Sif;a&;rvkyfvQif rkefYzkd;ay; vmbfxkd;í ckdif;ovm;[k qkdonf/ a':vm
50 wef wDA*DG rd ;f 0,fay;vku d o f nfEiS hf olUtcef;udk oef&Y iS ;f atmif jyKvyk o f nf/
xkdum; uav;oli,f om;orD;rsm;tay:odkY qkcsjcif;r[kwfbJ vmbfxkd;jcif;
jzpfonf/
tjcm;Oyrm trsm;tjym;vnf; &Sdonf/ orD;ESifh tay;t,lvkyfí
oabmwlncD suf jyKvyk w f wfMuonf/ wm0efaus>yefonft h wkid ;f olvcdk si&f mudk
0,fay;onf/ xkdum; tay;t,luefx½kdufoabmjzpfonf/ om;orD;\
atmifjrifru I kd odrw
S q f ck sjcif;r[kwo f uJoh Ykd om;orD;rsm;uvnf; rdbrsm;xHrS
a>cpm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xkdokYdaom tay;t,loabmrsKd;udk tjrefqHk; azsmufypf
Mu&onf/
xkod aYdk om vmbfay;vmbf,o l abm? rsuEf mS vkrd suEf mS &vkyjf cif;onf
rdrdudk,fudk zsufqD;jcif;jzpfonf/ uav;oli,f\ pdwfESvHk;xJodkY vmbfay;
vmbf,jl cif;tusiq hf ;dk pku
d yf sK;d jcif;jzpfonf/ uav;oli,frsm;onf ywf0ef;usif
vlrsm;\ jyKrlyHkudk pdwf0ifpm;wwfMuonf/ uav;rsm;onf trdefYtmPm
taMumif; od&MdS uolrsm;r[kw/f taMumif;aomf bk&m;&Siu f vlUtrdet Yf mPmudk
rdbrsm;rSwqifh om;orD;rsm;xHoYkd oufa&mufaponf/ uav;oli,frsm;onf
oGefoifolr&SdvQif rdbxHodkY rnfodkY wHkYjyef&aMumif; od&Sdolrsm;r[kwfMu/
96
rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;\ aumif;aomaus;Zl;wHkYjyefrIudk pdwfESvHk;

jzifh odrSwf0efcHolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ xkdum; usrf;pmvm 0dxHk;enf;emjzpfonf/
om;orD;rsm;onfvnf; xkdenf;wljzpfMu&onf/ uHtaMumif;rvSojzifh pdwf
ESvHk;ü avhusifhom;&&Sdaomfvnf; usrf;pmvmtwkdif;r[kwfaomaMumifh 0rf;
enf;bG,f&m tvGJtrSm;jyKwwfMuonf/
tjyKtrl jyKjyifrGrf;rHjcif;
tcsKdUaom acwfopfpdwfynm&Sifrsm;u tjyKtrlonf jyKjyifrGrf;rH&
aMumif; ajymqkdMuonf/ xkdt,ltqonf ½kd;pif;ygonf/ aumif;aomtrl
tusifhonf wHkYjyefvufaqmifaumif; &&Sdí rdrdtjyKtrludk *½krpkduf? ajymjy
csufrsm;udkvnf; tav;rxm; em;axmifolonf tusifhp½kdufqkd;awmxJü
usifvnfonf/ aumif;aomuav;oli,ftm; todtrSwfjyK csD;rGrf;jcif;onf
aumif;rGefygonf/ odkYaomf yHkrSefuav;oli,ftm; ajrmufxkd;yifhaumfjyKvkyf
jcif;udk qefYusifonf/
tjyKtrljyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;onf aumif;aomvu©Pmjzpfí wHkYjyef
vufaqmif&&S&d mjzpfonf/ uav;oli,frsm;u tdrrf aI &;&mrsm; yg0ifun l v D m
MuvQif a&cJrkefY&&Sdjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ tu,fí ysufuGufcJhygu a&cJrkefYESifh vGJ
oGm;rnf/ odaYk omf aemufaemifwm0efrysuu f uG &f ef owday;Ny;D rS a&cJrek aYf uR;
Ekdifonf/ uav;oli,frsm;onf qkvufaqmifarQmfvifhcsufjzifh vkyfudkifMu
&avh&Sdonf/
pdwfESvHk;ESifh trltusifhonf eD;uyfpGm csdwfqufMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh
tjyKtrlaumif;rGefap&ef pdwfESvHk;jzLpifMunfvifatmif jyKvkyf&onf/ pdwf
ESvHk;udk rdrdudk,fwkdif pdwfyg0ifpm;rSomvQif jyKjyifxyfjznfhEkdifonf/ uav;ol
i,frsm;url a&cJrkefYrsufESmudk MunfhNyD; tusifhaumif;jyKwwfMuonf/ tvkyf
vkyfcsifMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh pdwfESvHk;jzLpifpGm vkyfukdifa&; ta&;BuD;onf/
taMumif;aomf trltusifhonf pdwfESvHk;\ aemufqufwGJjzpfonf/
pma&;olEiS hf cifrif&if;ES;D aom rdom;pk\ tjyKtrlrsm;onf ESpv f b dk , G f
&mjzpfonf/ uav;oli,fwkdif;\ aumif;rGefpGm vkyfaqmifyHkudk todtrSwfjyK
onfhtaejzifh pm&Gufay:wGif emrnfa&;xkd;xm;Muonf/
97
tu,fí uav;oli,fwa,mufu oGm;wku d ?f yef;uefaq;Ny;D xrif;

pm;cef;? olUtcef;wku Yd kd aumif;rGepf mG vkyaf qmifvQif olUemrnfukd Al;xJü xnhf
onf/ tu,fí wm0efraus>yefvQif olUemrnftm; Al;xJrS qGJxkwfvTifhypf
Muonf/ wywfMumaomtcg emrnftrsm;qHk; yg&Sdoltm; rdbrsm;u qkcs
Muonf/
uav;oli,frsm;onf upm;enf;udk odvG,fwwfvG,fMuonf/ xkdY
aMumifh Al;xJü emrnfodyfrsm;rsm;&Sd&ef owdxm;*½kpkdufMuonf/ emrnfrsm;pGm
yg&Sdolu qktrsm;qHk;&&SdaMumif;udk od&Sdem;vnfMuonf/
xkdodkYaom jyKrlyHkonf aumif;aomtusifhjzpfonf/ vkyfief;BuD;pwif
vkyu f idk jf cif;jzpfonf/ uav;oli,frsm;tm; oGeo f if&mü xufjrwfaom enf;
vrf;aumif;jzpfonf/ rdbrsm;\ todtrSwfjyKjcif;wefbkd;udk vG,fvifhwul
od&edS m;vnfvmMuonf/ Al;xJü emrnfvyd rf sm; a&mxnfx h m;jcif;u pnf;pepf
udk jyñTefonf/ rdcifu om;orD;rsm;\ tusifhaumif;udk owdrjyK *½krpkduf
vQif om;orD;rsm; tusifhaumif;&SdvmMu&ef rvG,f/ usrf;pmoGefoifcsufESifh
uGma0;aom rdom;pkjyKrlcsufudk usrf;pmvm rdom;pkjzpfap&ef raES;tjref jyK
jyif&onf/
usr;f pmvm rufv;kH ESihf vufaqmifonf ud, k o hf abmESiu hf ,
kd f qH;k cef;
a&mufonfr[kw/f bk&m;&Sit f m; emcH&modYk OD;aqmifonf/ xkaYd Mumifh emcHjcif;
onf ,m,Daumif;csD;r*Fvm cHpm;&m[k qdkEkdifonf/ vlUpdwfoabmudk od&Sd
em;vnfaom bk&m;ocifu rSefuefaom trltusifhjzifh olUudk MunfndKMu&ef
zdwfac:aeonf/ udk,fawmfudk od&Sdolrsm;onf udk,fawmftm; MunfndKMu
onf(1&m 2;30)/
pdwfvIyf&Sm;jcif;0g'
pdwfvIyf&Sm;jcif; tjcm;enf;vrf;taMumif; avhvmMurnf/ þ
taMumif;udk tcef;tpü qkdcJhonfh om;trdtaMumif;ü jyefaumufMurnf/
xkrd cd ifonf aMumufpw d 0f ifaeaom olUorD;i,ftm; rusiv f nfb;l aom av
qdyfü xm;ypfcJhonf/ olUorD;\ pdwfoabmxm; rnfodkY&Sdrnfudkvnf; &dyfrd
xm;onf/ Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;jzifh pdwfESvHk;ajymif;vJvmrnf[kvnf; pdwfrcsEkdif/
98
wcsKdUu þodkYaom pdwfvIyf&Sm;rIaMumifh ykdrkdoem;vmMuonf/ wcg

wGifvnf; ]]tJ'Dvkd igYudkajymwkef;u b,favmufcHpm;w,fqkdwm odvm;? igY
toJESvHk;ukd "g;ESifh rTrf;vkdufovkdbJ}}[k ajymqkdoHrsKd; Mum;bl;onf/ ,ckwzef
pdwfcHpm;csuf jyefvnfusef;rmaumif;rGefvmyHk avhvmMurnf/
pdwfvIyf&Sm;rItrsKd;rsKd;xJrS uav;oli,f\ t&Suf&jcif; tjcm;tjyK
trlwckudk ajymjyygrnf/ olUzcifuGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifwOD;aMumifh olUorD;\
pdwfESvHk;emusif t&Suf&yHkudk ajymjyrnf/ rdbpum;udk em;raxmifjcif;onf
bk&m;&Sifudkvnf; remcHjcif;jzpfonf/ em;raxmifjcif;qkd&mwGif vkdufemvkyf
aqmifjcif; ysufuGufonfomru trlt&mtm;jzifh vufrcH racsriHjyKrljcif;
rSpí yg0ifonf/
rdom;pkwpk\ rdom;pktwGif; qufqHa&;taMumif; ajymjyrnf/ xkd
rdom;pkonf udk,fxdvufa&muf tMurf;ywrf; jyKrljcif;r&Sdyg/ orD;wa,muf
wnf; {nfhcef;tv,fü aigifawmifawmifxkdifaeonf/ rdom;pk0ifwOD;
ra,mufurS pum;ajymqkd qufqHjcif;rjyKMu/ rdom;pk0ifjzpfaomfvnf;
wa,mufwnf; txD;useo f nf/ tusK;d taMumif; ar;jref;Munfah omtcg (7)
ESpft&G,f xkdorD;av;u ]]orD;t&rf;0rf;enf;w,f? {nfhcef;ukvm;xkdifrSm
wa,mufwnf;xkdifae&w,f? taz&Sdaomfvnf; pum;wcGef;rS rajymbl;}}[k
qkdonf/
xktd jzpftysuo f nf ud, k x
f vd ufa&muf tMurf;zufjcif;xuf emusif
onf/ xkdoli,fr\ tjyKtrlonf or®musrf;pmESifh rnDñGwfaom tjyKtrl
aMumifjh zpfonf/ pdwEf v S ;kH xJrS cHpm;csurf sm;udk xkwaf zmfjyojcif;r&S/d pdwcf pH m;
csuu f kd ukvm;xkid af y:wGif xkid í f tajz&Smonf/ olUpdwEf v S ;kH udk avhusiaf omf
vnf; bk&m;&Siu f kd od&cdS spaf Mumuf&efr[kw/f aMumufpw d u f kd wud, k af wmfcpH m;
csufjzifh wHkYjyef&efom oif,lonf/
xkdokdY pdwfckdifrmaevQif a&&Snfumvü pdwfESvHk;xdyg;Ekdifonf/ rdb
rsm;ESifh aysmf&Tifa&; r&&SdbJ pdwf'ku©om cHpm;oGm;rnf/ rdbrsm;ESifh a0;uGm;
jcif;aMumifh pdwfqif;&J'ku© &&SdEkdifonf/ xkdoli,fronf rdbrsm;tm; tmcH
apm'uwufjcif;? ykefuefjcif;jyKaeoa&GU bk&m;&Sifudk od&Sda&;? tapcH,la&;
pdwfqE´&Sdrnfr[kwf/
99
qkd;&Gmaom qHk;ryJhjyifjcif;
tcsKUd rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;udk jyif;xefpmG qH;k ryJjh yifMuonf/ om;
orD;rsm;udk tjypf'Pfjzifh Ncdrf;ajcmufxdef;odrf;Muonf/ xkdokdY jyKvkyfMu&mü
&nf&, G cf sut f rsK;d rsK;d &SMd uonf/ qH;k raom tjypf'Pfonf ud, k x
f vd ufa&muf
qHk;rjcif;vnf;jzpfEkdifonf/ wcgw&H cE¨momru pdwfESvHk;emusifrI jzpfapEkdif
onf/ xkdokdY tjypfay;qHk;rjcif;onf cg;oD;aom aemufqufwGJ&v'f jzpfvm
Ekdifonf/ xkdokdYqkd&mwGif usrf;pmvm BudrfwkwfoHk;pGJjcif;tm; uefYuGufjcif;
r[kwyf g/ rD;avmif&mavyifrh jzpf&avatmif trsuaf 'goudk wkwjf zifh rEI;d qG
&efjzpfonf/
rsufarSmufumvü uav;oli,frsm;tMum;wGif pufbD;? zkef;? wDAGD?
tjcm;uav;oli,f? tjcm;rdom;pkxrH S enf;vrf;trsK;d rsK;d jzifh twkjrif twwf
oifMuonf/ txufwGif qkdcJhonfhtwkdif; 10-ESpft&G,f rdef;uav;onf
oDwif;ywfaygif;rsm;pGm tcef;atmif;aeonf/ olUvIy&f mS ;rIonf ausmif;? xrif;
pm;cef;? a&csKd;cef;ESifh tdyf,m0ifjcif;rsm;om &Sdonf/
olUtjyKtrl taetxkdifonf nHhzsif;onf[lí rqkdomyg/ wjcm;vl
rsm;udk ar;Munfhaomtcg ulnDrprnfholrsm; &SdMuonf/ odkYaomf txD;usef
aeonf/ uav;oli,ft&G,fwGif tjcm;uav;rsm;ESifh aygif;oif;jcif;onf
aysmf&TifbG,f&m taumif;qHk;jzpfonf/ xkdrdef;uav;onf xkdodkYaom tcGifh
ta&;r&&Sd/
Burd wf wk o f ;kH jcif;onf jyKjyifjcif;r[kw/f jyif;xefpmG acsrjT cif;jzpfonf/
or®musrf;pmü uav;oli,f\ pdwfESvHk;jyKpkysKd;axmifa&;wGif xkdpum;vHk;
oHk;EIef;jcif;r&Sd/ tcsdefwkdumvtwGuf tjypf'Pfay;jcif;üom oHk;EIef;onf/
pma&;ol\ todrdwfaqG vli,fwOD;onf xkdtjzpfoepfudk aocsmpGm rod&Sd
aomaMumifh vk&d modrYk a&muf/ xkaYd Mumifh rdrpd w d Ef v
S ;kH udk jyefvnfvrd nf mouJo
h Ydk
jzpfonf/ taMumif;aomf bk&m;&Sif\ enf;vrf;awmfrsm;udk em;rvnf/ c&pf
awmfxJü wnfrSDaeolr[kwf/ 10-ESpft&G,f uav;tm; rnfokYd xdef;ausmif;
&rnfhtaMumif; em;rvnf/
vlUavmuü trIefYBudwfjcif;onf tb,faMumifh a&yef;pm;aMumif;
tHMh ordonf/ vG,u f al omaMumifjh zpfrnf[k xifonf/ xkt d aMumif;t&monf
100
taxGtxl; qufvufaqG;aEG;p&mr&Sd/ uav;oli,f\ pdwfESvHk;tm; xkdodkY

jyKvkyf&ef rvkd/
trIeBYf uw
d jf cif;onf vsijf refv,G u
f o
l nf/ wvcefY trIeb Yf 0odYk a&muf
vkdvQif tcef;xJü wa,mufwnf; atmif;aeyg/
rdbrsm;u rnfodkY vkyfaqmifay;&aumif;rSef; rodMuaomtcg pdwf
½Iyaf xG;ukerf nf/ olwo Ydk m;orD; wpHw
k &mjzpfomG ;aMumif; od&jdS cif;rSwyg; tjcm;
vkypf &mr&SMd u/ rnfoYkd jyefvnfxal xmifay;&aumif;rSe;f rodMu/ wpHw k &mjzifh
wHkYjyefcsifpdwfom &SdMurnf/
wck&SdonfrSm pdwfESvHk;trIefYacsjcif;onf or®musrf;pmoGefoifjcif;
enf;vrf;r[kwf/ xkdodkY pdwfESvHk;acsrTjcif;onf vGJrSm;aom enf;vrf;jzpfonf/
bk&m;w&m;odaom rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;\ pdwfESvHk;udk xkdodkY trIefYacs
jcif;rjyKMu/ txufu 10-ESpt f &G,f uav;\ tawG;tjrifukd jyefvnfpOf;pm;
Munfhyg/
olu ]]rqk;d ygbl;? igYtcef;xJrmS wDAEDG iS hf ESpyf g;oGm;Ekid w
f ,f? rqk;d ygbl;}}
[k jyefvnfajymjyonf/ xkduav;onf tdrfaetus,fcsKyfpepfudk em;vnf
od&SdoGm;onf/
BuHK&mqHk&m jyKvkyfjcif;trSm;
þodkYaom trSm;onf emrnfESifh xkdufwefonf/ ,ckwrsKd; awmfMum
wrsKd; jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfí pdwfuqifhuvsm;a&m*g[kvnf; qkdEkdifonf/ twnf
wus jyKrljcif;r&Sd/ taMumif;&if;aygif;pHkrS pkaygif;pyfaygif;jzpfvmonf/ rdb
rsm;uvnf; [kdpyfpyfonfpyfpyfjzifh enf;vrf;aygif;pHk aygif;xnfhMuonf/
Reader Digest okdYaom vpOfxkwf pmapmifrsm;rS enf;vrf;opfaygif;pHkwkdYudk
prf;w0g;jzifh toif;awmfxJü toHk;jyKMuonf/ qD;ESif;vGifjyifü ESif;cJvHk;vSdrfh
wrf;upm;&ouJhokdY upm;NyD; tcsdefMumvmonfESifhtrQ xkdt,ltqrsm;
t&nfaysmfa0;vGifhukefonf/
&ufowåywf tenf;i,fMumvmaomf xko d aYdk om vli,fukd rdbrsm;u
oabmwlvmMuonf/ rdbESifha0;&mt&yfwGif r&SdapcsifMu/ xkdYaMumifh pum;
ajymqkdNyD;rS rSefuefaom qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfapcsifMuonf/ xkdodkYaom tajc
101
taeodkY jyefa&muf&ef rdbrsm;u tcsdefMum apmifhaumif;apmifhEkdifonf/ &uf
aygif;tenf;i,frQ apmifhaumif;apmifh&Ekdifonf/ aocsmonfrSm xkdumv
tawmtwGif;ü pdwf½IyfaxG;p&m? awG;p&m tajrmuftjrm; BuHKawGUEkdifonf/
rdbrsm;\ pdwq f E´twkid ;f jzpfrnf[k raocsmyg/ uav;oli,frsm;\
&ifxJwGifvnf; ½IyfaxG;aeEkdifonf/ pdwfcsaocsmaom enf;vrf;[lívnf;
rawGUbl;Mu/ tqHk;wGif rdbrsm;u xifxm;onfxuf ykdqkdoGm;wwfMuonf/
uav;oli,frsm; xdef;ausmif;yJhjyif&mwGif tjcm;enf;vrf;aygif;rsm;
pGm&Sd&mü wckwnf;aom tBuHjyKcsufrSm or®musrf;pmvm enf;vrf;udkom
cH,lusifhoHk;jcif;jzpfonf/
usrf;pmESifhrnDaom enf;vrf;rsm; tuJjzwfjcif;

usrf;pmESifhrnDaom enf;vrf;rsm;u rnfonfhae&modkY ykdYaqmifrnf
enf;/ rnfokdYaom toD;rsKd; oD;rnfenf;/ ½IaxmifhtzHkzHkjzifh taMumif;t&m
trsKd;rsKd;udk aqG;aEG;Muaomfvnf; wlnDaom jyóemrsm;okdYcsnf; a&muf&SdMu
onf/ uav;oli,frsm;\ b0ifEv S ;kH &TiNf yKH ;jcif;xuf tay:,H[efaqmifpum;
ajymqkda&;om ajymjyMuonf/ vljrifuGif; tay:,HaMumom ajymjyMuí
usrf;pmvm pnf;urf;ESifhrl vGJacsmfMuonf/
usr;f pmvm pnf;urf;rsm;onf pdwEf v S ;kH udk ypfrw S x
f m;onf/ pdwEf v
S ;kH
onf trltusifh\ a&cHajrcHjzpfaMumif; rSwfxm;yg/ pdwfESvHk;xJü usrf;pm
tajcwnfvQif tjyKtrlonfvnf; ckdifrmjynfhpHkonf/
pdwfESvHk;xuf trlt&mudk OD;pm;ay;jcif;onf uav;oli,frsm;\
t"duvkt d yfcsut f m; vGrJ mS ;pGm xde;f ausmif;jcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh orf;a0
aeaom *sifrDukd olUtpfrqlpDu &yfwefYckdif;rnf qkdMuygpkdY/ xkdae&mrSm *sifrD
tm; orf;a0jcif;&yfwefaY tmif jyKvyk Ef idk rf vm;/ pdwq f ;dk a'goxGujf cif;om cH&
rnf/ trlt&majymif;apvQif pdwEf v S ;kH cHpm;csuu f kd OD;pGm od&jdS yifqifay;&onf/
xkdokdY pdwfESvHk;udk OD;pGm ajymif;apEkdifrSomvQif trlt&m jyóemudk ajz&Sif;
Ekdifayrnf/
uav;oli,frsm;\ pdwfoabm&if;udk jyKjyifjcif;r&Sdaom trlt&m
ajymif;vJapjcif;onf wcPtrlt&momvQif ajymif;vJapEkid o f nf/ trltusihf
102
ajymif;vJap&ef pdwfESvHk;udk OD;pGm ajymif;vJap&onf/ tu,fí xkdokdY pdwf

ESvHk;ajymif;vJapa&; oGefoifavhusifhjcif;r&SdvQif b,faomtcgrS wpkdufrwf
rwf trlt&maumif;odkY ajymif;vJapEkdifrnfr[kwf/
rdbtkyx f ed ;f jcif;onf uav;oli,frsm;\ pdwo f abmudk t"duxm;
xdef;ausmif;jcif;jzpfonf/ jyóemrSm vlUrl&if;pdwf"gwfonf tvGJvGJtacsmf
acsmfjzpfaeonf/ trltusifh trSefajymif;vJjcif;onf pdwfoabmxm; ajymif;
vJjcif;\ t&Gut f yGijhf zpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh xko d aYkd om tyGit hf &Guzf ;l yGi&hf ef OD;pGm
pdwfESvHk;jzLpifpGm ajymif;vJ&onf/ wck&SdonfrSm pdwfESvHk;onf auseyfjcif;
(od)Yk taMumufw&m;aMumifh ajymif;vJwwf&m 0rf;ajrmufauseyfpmG ajymif;vJ
jcif;jzpfoifhonf/ uav;oli,frsm;tm; xdef;ausmif;&mü pdwfESvHk;xdawGUESpf
ouf&m t½kyfudkay;vQif xkdyHkpHtwkdif; vG,fulpGm jyKrlvmMurnf/
uav;oli,fonf oufawmifhoufom aewwfaom owå0gjzpf
onf/ pdwEf v S ;kH onf oufprf;a&jzpfonf/ uav;oli,f\ pdwEf v S ;kH tm; or®m
usr;f pmESirhf nD wvGw J acsmf oGeo f ifrv d Qif ½kyw f bk &k m;wkukd ud;k uG,o f jl zpfomG ;
rnf/ xkaYd Mumifh pdwx f m;rSeu f efajzmifrh wfa&; OD;pm;ay;oGeo f if&onf/ txuf
wGiq f cdk o
hJ nft h wkid ;f rnfoyYkd if aumif;rGerf eS u f efvQiv f nf; usr;f pmESirhf nDvQif
vrf;vGJonf/
tjcm;jyóemw&yfrSm om;orD;\ trlt&majymif;vJap&ef a,½I
c&pfawmf\ um;wkid u f om ajymif;vJay;Ekid o f nf/ qkv d o dk nfrmS ocifa,½I\
um;wkid t f aMumif; jyKawmfrcl suu f kd od&edS m;vnfí toufwmü xif[yfap&ef
ajymjyyg/ owif;aumif;Mum;od½rkH Qjzifh trltusihf rajymif;vJEidk yf g/ xko d wif;
aumif;twkdif; vufawGUtouf&Sif&ef vkdtyfonf/ owif;aumif;onf b0
opfudk zefwD;ay;EkdifpGrf;&Sdonf/ tjypfom;\ pdwfESvHk;udkvnf; opfvGifvef;
qef;apEkdifonf/ bk&m;&Sifu tjypfom;rsm;tm; owå0gopfjzpfap&ef om;
awmfudk apvTwfay;tyfonf/ bk&m;&Sifonf vlUrsufESmudk vSyatmif yvwf
pwpfqm*sL&D jyKvkyfolr[kwf/ pdwfESvHk;vSyopfvGifatmif jyKvkyfaomol
jzpfonf/ wywfvQif (2)&uf tpma&Smifjcif;udk auseyfpGm vufcHolr[kwf/
u½kPmawmfjyK&ef wBudrfikda<u;jrnfwrf;oludk u½kPmawmfjyKonf/
uav;oli,f\ csKdU,Gif;jcif;jyóemudk pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ taMumif;
aygif;pHk awGU&onf/ usr;f pmESirhf nDaom csKUd ,Gi;f csuu f kd tjrefq;kH jyKjyifay;yg/
103
vmbfay;vmbf,l/ ]]'Dwa,muf tvkyftqifajyovm;? abmvHk;yGJ

avmif;aMu; ,lvmay;&rvm;}}/
pdwcf pH m;csu/f ]]ud, k t hf vkyuf kd vkyyf g? rif;rvkyEf idk &f if ykNd y;D pdwyf suaf e
OD;r,f/ oGm;av&mrSm ikdae&w,f/ igYaiGaMu;jzKef;wD;ypfatmif jyKvkyfae
wmvm;}}/
jyif;xefaom tjypfay;jcif;/ ]]tvkyrf vky&f if wywfv;kH wDArDG Munfeh /YJ
reufjzef xyfrHysufuGuf&if ESpfywf wDAGDrMunfh&}}/
trltusifhjyKjyifa&;/ ]]rif; aeYwkdif; tvkyfBudK;pm;vkyfaew,f/ rif;
emrnfudk a&;NyD; Al;xJrSm xnfhay;r,f}}/
b,favmufqkd;qkd; aemufrqkwfbl;/ ]]udk,fhtvkyf rvkyf&? tbkd;u
½kdufvdrfhr,f? igtemrcHEkdifbl;? igYtvkyf igodw,f (odkY) igYtvkyfrNyD;ao;vkdY
wa,mufwnf; xm;cJhyg? 'goifhjyóem r[kwfbl;? igYudpö}}/
þta&;udpö rnfodkY&SdMuoenf;/ uav;oli,ftm; aumif;aumif;
rGefrGef tvkyfNyD;pD;apcsifonfh oabmqE´jzpfonf/ ar;cGef;u þodkY/ bk&m;
ocifu om;awmftm; vlwkdYpdwfESvHk;xJ&Sd tjypfrsm; z,f&Sm;atmif rnfokdY
vkyfapygoenf;/ owif;aumif;rygaom pum;onf vlUpdwfESvHk;udk rxdawGU
Ekdifyg/ c&pfawmfESifh um;wkdiftm; vlUpdwfESvHk;rS a0;uGmaponf/
uk,d uf siwhf &m;zGUH NzKd ;rIukd Oayu©mjyKonf/ tav;teufxm;vko d nfrmS
tdrfrIudpöudk NyD;pD;a&;jzpfonf/ uav;oli,frsm;onf bk&m;&Siftm; MunfndK
wHkYjyefwwf&ef avhusifhay;a&; vkdtyfMuonf/ ed,mrOya'otwkdif; vkyf
aqmifjcif;xuf vufawGUtusKd;jzpf&mrsm;udkom vkyfukdifcsifMuonf/
pnf;urf;ao0yfvmMu&ef tjcm;enf;vrf;aumif;wck &So d nf/ xku d m;
rdbESifh om;orD;rsm;tMum;wGif tay;t,lwnfha&;jzpfonf/ uav;oli,f
rsm;udk yGifhvif;jrifompGm vkyfckdif;&ouJhodkY oG,f0kdufí vkyfckdif;&onfh tajc
taevnf;&Sdonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifhrl csufjcif;vufiif; jrifomonfh tusKd;
&v'fudk awGUjrifcsifMuonf/ aMumifESifh<uuf upm;wrf;rsKd; rdbESifh om;orD;
tMum;rSm qufqHupm;&onf/ odkYaomf aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESifh qufoG,f
a&;aysmufysufroGm;&ef owdxm;&onf/ touf&G,f&vmaomtcg rdbrsm;
xHrS vGwfvyfpGm aexkdifa&; pdwful;vmMuonf/ xkdtcgrsKd;wGif tmcHykefuef
wwfvmMuouJhokdY ykefuefjcif;vnf; jyKvkyfvmwwfMuonf/
104
usr;f pmESirhf nDaom Zmwfvrf;rsm;xJrS atmifjrifjcif;rsm;onf tvdrf

tnm twkta,mifjzpfonf/ xkdodYkaomolrsKd;udk awGUjrifaumif; awGUjrifMu
ayrnf/ ]]igawmh tJ'Davmufrqkd;0g;bl;}}[k ajymqkdoHrsm; Mum;bl;ayrnf/
wjcm;vlrsm;udk twdtvif; qefYusifjcif;rjyKbJ rdwfaqGuJhokdY cspfcifaernf/
wuúokdvfwufa&mufNyD; bGJU&&SdoGm;rnf/ tdrfaxmifjyKí om;orD;rsm; xGef;
um;rnf/ tjyifyef;tm;jzifh xkt d rsK;d orD;onf ajyvnfaysm&f iT [
f ef&adS omfvnf;
pdwEf vS ;kH xJwiG rf l at;csr;f jcif;r&S/d olUud,k o
f u
l v
dk nf; aMumufpw d rf jy,faom
oltjzpf od&Sdonf/ xkdolonf pdwfESvHk;Nidrfoufatmif oif,lbl;jcif;r&Sd/ olU
toufwmtm; c&pfawmfxHodkY qufuyftyfESHjcif;r&Sd/ c&pf,meftoufwm
ykdifqkdifjcif;r&Sd/ xkdolonf usrf;pmESifh qufpyfeD;uyfjcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif ESD;aESm
wkdifyifjcifvnf; r&SdaomaMumifh ½kyfwkbk&m;wkywf0ef;usifü usifvnfonf/
rSwfom;p&mrSm bk&m;&Sifonf taMumif;t&momru rnfodkY
jzpf&rnfhtaMumif;vnf; oGefoifonf/ xkdodkYjzpfajrmuf&ef or®musrf;pmudk
0dxHk;enf;emtjzpf toHk;jyKawmfrlonf/ or®musrf;pmu xkdokdY csrf;ajrUaom
toufwm&Sd&ef rnfokdY oGefoifoenf;/ vmrnfhtcef;twGuf atmufyg
ar;cGef;rsm;udk avhvmMurnf/

1/ oifhvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;onf rdbrsm; vkyfaqmifaeouJhokdY rSefygovm;/
om;orD;rsm;odkY wHkYjyefcsufrsm;onf or®musrf;pmESifhtnD ajymqkdqufqH
ygovm;/
2/ rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd usr;f pmenf;vrf;rsm;ESirhf nD vkyrf ad Mumif; owdxm;rdygovm;/
usrf;pmESifhrnDaom pnf;urf;? trSm;jyKjyifay;csufrsm;onf xda&mufrnf
[kxifygovm;/
3/ usrf;pmESifhrnD trSm;jyKvkyfcsufrsm; rdrdudk,fudk qef;ppfMunfhyg/
4/ om;orD;rsm;\ tjyKtrlonf jyóemr[kwf? pdwfESvHk;rS ay:aygufvm
jcif;jzpfonf[laom pum;udk rnfokdY oufaojyrnfenf;/
105
5/ þtcef;rS pdwfESvHk;ESifh tjyKtrlqufpyfyHktm; atmufygum;csyfwGif jznfh

jyyg/
pm 69 yHk
6/ þtcef;\ qkdvkd&if;oifcef;pmudk pmwaMumif;wnf;jzifh a&;jyyg/
106
tcef; 8
usrf;pmvmenf;vrf;rsm; zufwG,fjcif;
aygif;pnf;jcif;
pm;aomufqkdifrS tvkyform;rsm; armyef;Muonf/ xkdtajctaeudk

em;vnfaom pma&;ol\ zcifu npmtwGuf xrif;xkyfrsm; tdrfokdY ,loGm;
ckdif;onf/ wnoü zcifem;wGif &yfaeMupOf zcifu qkdif;rqifhbHkrqifhbJ
{zuf 6;1 rS bma&;xm;ovJ[k ar;onf/ ]]om;orD;wkdY? ocifbk&m;\ tvkd
awmfESifhtnD rdbpum;udk em;axmifMuavmh}}[k &GwfjyMuonf/
xkdar;cGef;onf tem;&Sd {nfhonftwGuf txl;tqef;jzpfonf/ om;
orD;rsm;tm; xko d Ydk ajymjyqH;k r&ef tButH u dk o
f nf/ raeEkid af wmhojzifh wckaom
naecif;wGif ar;vmawmhonf/
]]pum;rpyf? { 6;1 qkdwm bmvJ? igYuav;awG oifay;csifvkdY ajymjy
ygOD;}}[k qkdonf/
xkdoluJhodkYyif rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; tusKd;oufa&mufpGm
oGefoifwwf&onf/ olUtawG;urÇmwGif { 6;1 onf olUom;orD;rsm;twGuf
enf;vrf;aumif;jzpfonf/
tu,fí Ny;D cJah om aemufq;kH tcef;rS enf;vrf;rsm;udk vufrcHoabm
rwlvQif rnfodkY oifcef;pmjyefp&rnfenf;/ rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;tm; tkyf
xdef;&mü bk&m;pum;awmfudk rnfodkY toHk;jyKMurnfenf;/ bk&m;pum;awmf
rsm;onf &nfreS ;f csuyf ef;wkid jf zpfouJoh Ydk toH;k jyKp&menf;ynmvnf;jzpfonf/
107
&nfrSef;csufyef;wkdifESifh enf;ynmonf qufpyfonf/ om;orD;rsm;

tm; bk&m;bke;f awmfxif&mS ;ap&ef &Sio f efapa&;jzpfonf/ rdbrsm;u om;orD;
rsm;tm; a,½Ic&pfawmf\ t&dyftm0goatmufü <u,f0pGm &Sifoefapvkd
Muonf/ xkaYd Mumifh b0&Sio f ef&m enf;vrf;rsm;onf ocifa,½Iukd t&Sio f cif
tjzpf 0efcHjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf enf;vrf;rsm;udk pepfwus toHk;csEkdif½Hkjzifh
om;orD;rsm; atmifjrifxGef;um;rnfr[kwf/ taMumif;aomf rdbrsm;u om;
orD;rsm;twGuf xm;&Sad om yef;wkid o f nf omrefavmuDa&;&mü atmifjrifjcif;
rQomr[kwf/
usrf;pmvmoGefoifcsufwGif tcsuf(2)csufom&Sdonf/ yxrwckrSm
aygif;oif;qufqHa&; ajyvnfacsmarGUjcif;jzpfí tjcm;wckrSm wkwfjzpfonf/
okwåHusrf;wGif xkdESpfcktm; avsmufywfpGm toHk;jyKwwf&rnfhtaMumif; oGef
oifxm;onf/
oli,fudk rqHk;bJ raeESifh/

BudrfvHk;ESifh½kdufaomfvnf; olonfrao/
BudrfvHk;ESifh½kdufí
ol\ touf0dnmOfudk r&PmEkdifiHrS u,fEIwf&rnf/
igYom; oifhESvHk;ü ynm&SdvQif
igYESvHk;ESifh igudk,fwkdifonf 0rf;ajrmufvdrfhrnf/
oifhEIwfonf rSefaompum;udk ajymaomtcg
igYausmufuyf&Tifvef;vdrfhrnf/
tjypfxif&Sm;aomolwkdYudk jiLplaompdwf r&SdapESifh/
waeYvHk; xm0&bk&m;udk cspfaMumufaomoabm &Sdapavmh/
tu,fpifppf trIqHk;jzwfcsdefonf a&mufvdrfhrnf/
oifarQmfvifhjcif;taMumif; rysuf&m/
igYom;? igYpum;udk em;raxmifí ynmr&Sdojzifh
udk,fpdwfESvHk;udk vrf;rü yJhjyifavmh/
(ok 23;13-19)
108
usrf;pmvmenf;vrf;rsm; zufwG,fjcif;? aygif;pnf;jcif;
oifhudkjzpfbGm;apaom tb\ pum;udk em;axmifavmh/

toufBuD;aom trdudk rxDrJhjrifrjyKESifh/
(ok 32;22)
igYom;? oifhESvHk;udk igYtm;ay;avmh/

oifhrsufpdwkdYonf igoGm;aomvrf;udk MunfhrSwfygap/
(ok 32;26)
þusrf;csufrsm;wGif BudrfwkwfESifh ajyvnfpGm qufqHa&;taMumif;

oGefoifxm;onf/ xkdESpfckpvHk;onf or®musrf;pmvm uav;oli,frsm; xdef;
ausmif;oGefoifenf;jzpfonf/ bk&m;&Sifawmf auseyf0rf;ajrmufap&m? pdwf
0dnmOfwnfNidrf&ifhusuf&m? yl;aygif;vufwGJ&m? pnf;urf;ao0yf&m? yJhjyifoGef
oif&m? uav;oli,frsm; oGefoifvdr®map&mjzpfonf/ usrf;pmuajymaom
Budrfwkwfonf rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;tm; tvGJtrSm;rjyKvkyfMuap&ef xdef;
ausmif;ckid ;f jcif;jzpfonf/ rdbrsm;onf bk&m;&Siu f olUtpm; uav;oli,frsm;
xdef;ausmif;oGefoif&ef pD&ifcefYtyfxm;olrsm;jzpfMuonf/ aumif;rGefaom
qufqaH &;wGif at;wdat;puf jyKrq l ufqjH cif;rygouJo
h Ykd tMurf;zuftmPm
pufjzifh tkyfpkd;jcif;vnf; ryg&Sdyg/ jzLpifajzmifhrwfaom aygif;oif;qufqHa&;
&Sd&onf/ uav;oli,frsm;udk,fwkdifuvnf; aumif;&mrGef&m oif,ljcif;jzpf
aMumif; od&Sdem;vnf&onf/ odkYaomf txdrcH a&Tyef;uefpdwfxm;rsKd; r&Sd&/
om;orD;rsm;tm; tkyfxdef;&mü BudrfwkwfESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;
onf ESpfyg;oGm;nD&onf/ pepfwus oGefoif&onf/ aygif;oif;qufqHjcif;
taMumif;udk tcef; 8-10 wGif4if;? BudrfwkwftaMumif;udk tcef; 11 wGif4if;
qufvufavhvmMurnf/
rsm;rMumao;cifu zcifwOD;tm; olUom;ESifh qufqHyHktaMumif;
ar;jzpfcJhonf/
]]cifAsm;om;eJY qufqHa&;taMumif; ajymjyygOD;}}/
]][kwu f ?hJ ajymjywmaygY? raeYu pufb;D 0,fay;zkYd awmif;qkwd ,f? igu
pm;vufp yJoD;udkbJ 0atmifpm;ygvkdY jyefajymvdkufw,f}}/
109
xkdzcifonf NyHK;NzJNzJjzifh pm;a&;oludk jyefMunfhonf/ pma&;olu od&Sd

vkdufonfrSm rdbtrsm;pkonf om;orD;rsm;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqH&mwGif Ekdif
xufpD;eif;jyKrlMuonf/ rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;tm; vkyfaqmifp&mom ajym
jywwfMuonf/ om;orD;rsm;u olwkdYpdwful;rsm;tm; rdbrsm;u azmfaqmif
apcsifMuonf/
aygif;zufajymqkjd cif;onf qlnjH cif;r[kw?f n§Ed idI ;f wkid yf ifjcif;

aygif;zufjcif;onf rdrt d pGr;f tp xkwaf zmfjyo&m[k rMumcP ,lq
wwfMuonf/ rdrdudk,fudk pOf;pm;od&SdouJhokdY om;orD;rsm;ESifh pum;ajymqkd
qufq&H mwGif od&&dS onf/ om;orD;rsm;ESihf pum;ajymqk&d mü enf;vrf;aumif;
rsm; &SmazGod&Sdxm;&onf/ aygif;zufpum;ajymqkdjcif;onf qlnHjcif;r[kwf&/
n§dEIdif;wkdifyifí a&SUa&;aumif;pm;a&; wkdifyifjcif;jzpfonf/
pum;ajymaumif;jcif;wGif tcsufusus ajymqkdjcif;omru wbuf
vl\ pum;udk av;pm;pGm em;axmifwwfjcif;vnf; yg0ifonf/ ok 18;2 wGif
]]rkdufaomolonf rdrdpdwfoabmudk jyp&mtcGifhrSwyg; tjcm;aomtaMumif;
aMumifh ÓPfynmü raysmfarGUwwf}}[kqkdonf/ igYpum;EGm;&[laom pdwf
oabmxm;jzifh rdrt d aMumif;om u&m;a&vTwf ajymqkjd cif;jzpfonf/ xdek nf;wl
ok 18;13 wGif ]]tusKd;taMumif;udk rppfrSD trIpD&ifaomolonf rkdufaom
tjypf? t&SufuGJ&aom tjypf&Sd\}}[k qkdxm;onf/ qkdvkdonfrSm taMumif;pHk
rodbJ pD&ifcsrSwfjcif;onf t&SufwuGJ tusKd;enf;&mjzpfonf/
aygif;oif;qufqHa&; taumif;qHk;rSm rdrdacgif;xJ&Sd&mrsm; r&ru
xkwfazmfajymMum;a&;r[kwfbJ tjcm;olrsm;\ tawG;rsm;xJrS tBuHaumif;
ÓPfaumif;&,ljcif;jzpfonf/ om;orD;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;&nf&G,fcsufrSm
zcif\ om;orD;rsm;tay: pwfaumif;apwemrGeftm; od&Sdem;vnfMuap&ef
xkwfazmfjyoa&;jzpfonf/ rdbtrsm;pkonf xkdodkY jyKvkyf&yHkudk rod&SdMu/ xkd
tcg om;orD;rsm;\ vkdtyfcsufESifh ulnDrpvrf;jyrnfhta&;udkvnf; quf
vufysufuGufMuonf/
xkdokdYaom jyKrlcsufrsm;onf &ifemp&mvnf;jzpfí &,farmp&mvnf;
jzpfonf/ om;orD;rsm; i,f&G,fcsdefcgwGif BuD;rm;aom &nfrSef;csufay;&ef
110
tpterajymjyMu/ wpHkw&m awmif;qkdrnfh[ef jyKMuaomtcg rajymjzpf

atmif acsmif;qkd;[efYwm;Muonf/ xkdtcg rdbrsm;u pdwfr0ifpm;MuaMumif;
od&cdS , H Ml uonf/ q,fausmo f ufa&mufvmMuaomtcg rdbrsm;\ wku d w
f eG ;f
cGeftm;ay;jcif; vkdcsifMuonf/ xkdokdY cGeftm;ay;vQif a&SUwkd;vkdpdwf&SdMuonf/
pHerlem,lp&m c&pöwD;em;taMumif; ajymjyrnf/ olUrdbrsm;u olU
tm; wkdifyifESD;aESmMuonf/ 'ku©a&mufaeaMumif; rdbrsm;u od&SdMuonf/
odkYaomf rdbrsm;xHodkY wcGef;rS ajymjyjcif;r&Sd/ olUrdcifu atmfBuD;[pfus,f
jyKrwl wfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh rjzpfpavmufaomudpüö olUyg;pyfxrJ S rD;awmufi,f
xyGiw hf wfonf/ xko d Ydk rD;awmufi,f aygufuo JG nft
h cg c&pöw;D em;\ wacgif;
vH;k jymzH;k oGm;onf/ xkt d cgrsK;d ü olUzcifonf cyfa0;a0;ü a&Smifaewwfonf/
touf 14-ESpft&G,f&Sdvmaomtcg olUrdbrsm;\ jyKrlvIyf&Sm;yHkrsm; od&Sdem;
vnfvmonf/ usrf;pmoGefoifcsufod&SdaomaMumifh rdbrsm;tm; rnfodkY ajym
qkd&rnfhtaMumif; od&Sdvmonf/ taumif;jrif0g'jzifh wkdifyifaomtcg rdb
rsm;uvnf; em;axmifvmMuonf/
em;vnfrIa&S;½Ia&;
om;orD;rsm;tm; yJhjyif&mwGif rdrd&ifemp&m cHpm;csufrsm;tm; xkwf
azmfajymqkdjcif;rjyK&ef owdxm;&onf/ om;orD;\ pdwfESvHk;xJü cGeftm;&&Sd
rnfhpum;udkom ajymqkd&onf/ vlonf &ifxJü rqefYaom cHpm;csufrsm;udk
tjyifodkY xkwfazmfajymqkdMuonf[k usrf;pmu qkdonf/ xkdYaMumifh om;orD;
rsm;\ &ifxJcHpm;csufudk rajymjyMucifu od&SdEkdif&ef BudK;pm;&onf/
om;orD;rsm;tm; yJhjyif&mwGif ta&;BuD;tcsufrSm cHpm;csuf? a'go?
emusifrItm; xkwfazmfjyo&efr[kwf/ om;orD;\ ½kef;uefvIyf&Sm;yHkudk od&Sd
em;vnf&ef ydkrkdta&;BuD;onf/ ]]tb,faMumifh}}[laom pum;udk em;vnfEkdif
&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ xkdodkYqkd&mwGif vwfwavmtjzpftysufudk od&Sdem;vnf
&efr[kw/f om;orD;\ &ifx&J dS cHpm;csut f m; od&edS m;vnfa&;jzpfonf/ &ifxüJ
jynfhvQHaom cHpm;csuftm; yg;pyfjzifh ajymqkdaMumif;udk owd&aeyg/ rnfodkY
aom taMumif;t&monf &ifxw J iG f jynfv h QoH enf;[k ar;csiMf uayrnf/ rnf
odaYk om pHpk rf;jcif; cHpm;ae&oenf;/ pHpk rf;jcif;cHaomtcg rnfoYkd wkjYH yefoenf;/
111
rnfokdY ajz&Sif;&ef BudK;yrf;oenf;/ om;orD;\ta&;udk od&Sdem;vnfonfESifh

trQ tb,fojYkd zpf&aMumif; em;vnfo&d dS ajz&Si;f ay;Ekid &f onf/ om;orD;rsm;\
&ifwGif;jzpfjyóemrsm; z,fxkwfay;&onf/ om;orD;rsm;\ &ifxJ&Sd tcuf
tcJrsm; od&Sdjcif;r&SdvQif BudK;yrf;vkyfaqmiforQonf tcsnf;ESD;jzpfoGm;onf/
atmufygtjzpftysufudk jrifa,mifMunfhyg/ oifh\ om;onf pGyfpGJ
jcif;cHae&onf/ vGefcJhaom nOfhrSm olonf olUtazmfrsm;ESifh [uf[ufyuf
yuf ajymqkdaygif;oif;jcif;r&Sd/ ,aeYreuf ausmif;oGm;cgeD;wGif xkdifikdonf/
rnfokdY ukdifwG,frnfenf;/ olUudk þodkY jyKrlqufqH&ef pOf;pm;aumif; pOf;pm;
ayrnf/
]]Munfph rf;? om;udk tjypfwifpyG pf MJG uwm tazodw,f? uav;av;vkd
rvkyyf geJ/Y bmaMumifh om;udk 'Dvv dk yk w
f thJ aMumif; *sm&Dukd tazoGm;ajymr,f/
1? 2 &uftwGif;rSm b,folurS taMumif;pHk odMur,fr[kwfbl;/ wjcm;vl
awGU bmvkdY tjypfwifpGyfpGJMuwmvJ? b,folawGu zefwD;MuwmvJ? bmbJ
jzpfjzpf tJ'vD al wGukd aus;Zl;wifyg/ tJ'v D dk om;udt k jypfwifwvhJ al wGu taz&JU
yxrqHk;um;avmuf om;u cspfEkdifr,fr[kwfbl;/ 'DrSmMunfhprf;? tazu
tvkyfoGm;p&m&Sdw,f? om;udk tjypfwifolawGtaMumif;xuf ykdrkdta&;BuD;
vkyfp&mawG&Sdw,f -----}}/
xko d m;\ &ifwiG ;f cHpm;csuu f kd trSeo f &d v
dS Qirf l txufygtwkid ;f rajym
bJ þodkY ajymqkdoifhonf/
zcif/ om;udk r[kwfrrSef pGyfpGJMuvkdY pdwfnpfaeovm;/

om;/ [kwfw,f/
zcif/ nwkef;uvkd olwkdYudk rcspfEkdifbl;r[kwfvm;/ tazhudk rajymjy
csifbl;vm;/
om;/ rajymjycsifbl;/
zcif/ bmaMumifh olwkdYudk rESpfoufawmhwmvJ/
om;/ iwHk;awGeJY wlMuvkdY/
zcif/ bmudkqkdvkdwmvJ/
om;/ *sm&Du iwHk;itawGvkdY ajymw,f/
112
zcif/ b,fwkef;u *sm&Dudk odwmvJ? nwkef;ubJ om;tzjrifcJhMu

wmbJ/
om;/ c&pfu bdeyfwpHkvHk; ,loGm;w,f? *sm&Du wcef;vHk;odkY om;udk
ipElvkdY vkdufajymw,f/
zcif/ ipElqkdwm bmvJ? xm;ygawmh? apmfum;cH&oludk b,fvkdMunfh
MuovJ/
om;/ ausmukef;ay:rSm BudK;eDeJY trSwftom;jyKMuw,f? NyD;cJhwJhESpfrSm
tJ'Dbdeyfw&Hu 8 a':vmay;&wm/
zcif/ atmf? oabmaygufNyD? ,aeY olwkdYu om;udk ipElvkdYajymMu
r,f pdk;&drfvkdYvm;/
om;/ [kwfw,f/
zcif/ om;pdwfemwmrSefw,f/
om;/ [kww f ,f? om;ukd bmvkYd bdeyfeYJ wefb;dk wlxm;MuovJrodb;l /
ipElvkdY olwkdY ac:MuwmvJ oabmaygufNyD/
rnfonfhoifcef;pm oif,loenf;/ oifhuav; pdwfqif;&J'ku©a&muf

aomtcg rQa0cHpm;ygovm;/ txufyg wwd,wef;ausmif;om;u tb,frQ
pdwq
f if;&Jrnfenf;/ olUudk 0kid ;f Munfah eolrsm;\ jrifuiG ;f udk rnfoYkd cHpm;ygrnf
enf;/ xkdtajctaeu vlUpdwfESvHk;odkY arQmfvifhcsuf a0;vGifhapNyD; tb,frQ
aMumuftm;i,fpdwf jzpfay:rnfenf;/
om;orD;rsm;odYk aygif;oif;qufq&H mü yHpk t H rsK;d rsK;d jzifh pwifEidk o
f nf/
1/ om;orD;\ tjyKtrltm;jzifh olUpdwEf v S ;kH cHpm;csuu
f dk od&EdS idk o
f nf/
2/ om;orD;rsm; pdwfESvHk;aysmf&Tifauseyf&mudk od&Sdem;vnfvkdpdwf &Sd
&onf/
3/ tjyKtrljyKjyif&mwGif tjyifyef;o@mef ½kyf&nfxuf pdwfESvHk;
auseyfrIay;Ekdif&ef ykdrkdta&;BuD;onf/
tusO;f csKyt f m;jzifh þodYk qkEd idk o
f nf/ om;orD;\ twGi;f pdwo f abm
udk od&ydS g/ olUrsuv f ;kH udk Munfv h Qif avmuurÇmBu;D ½IjrifouJo h Ydk ½IjrifEidk o
f nf/
xko
d Ydk Munf½h aI wGUjrifEidk &f ef {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;tm; pGrJ wS af e&ef vkt d yfonf/
113
om;orD;rsm;tm; rdrw d t Ydk ajctaerSef od&&dS ef vkyaf qmifay;jcif;onf

taumif;qHk;ulnDjcif;jzpfonf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; rdrdwkdYb0 xkwfazmfjyoEkdif
&ef yHhykd;&onf/ toufwmajymif;vJa&;udk od&Sdem;vnf&onf/ tjyKtrlESifh
tajymtqkd qufpyfnaD xG&ef od&adS e&onf/ b0ifEv S ;kH xJa&mufatmif ajym
jy&onf/ ok 20;5 wGif ]]vlUpdwfESvHk;ü ynmtBuHonf eufaoma&ESifh wl
aomfvnf; ÓPfaumif;aomolonf cyf,v l rd rhf nf}}[k qkx d m;onf/ xkaYd Mumifh
rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm; vkdtyfcsufudk od&Sdem;vnf&onf/
a,½Ic&pfawmf\ vlUZmwdc, H jl cif;taMumif;udk pOf;pm;Munfyh g/ xko d Ydk
aom atmufusKdU½kdusKd;jcif;rsKd;jzifh om;orD;rsm;tm; odrfarGUpGm qufqHyg/
aumif;uifbHk,H&Sd &Sifjrwfcspfu Munfh½Iaeonf/ xkdbk&m;&Sifu rkd;wdrfESifh rkd;
BuKd ;rsm;yrm pum;ajymqdv k rT ;f rk;d yHu k kd xG 19 ü Munfyh g/ bk&m;&Sio f nf vlUZmwd
cH,lonfhtcg rnfodkY jyKawmfrloenf;/ urÇmajrodkY <uvmí avmuom;rsm;
ESifhtwl pkd;pHawmfrlonf/ ykxkZOfvlom;rsm;yrm taoG;tom; cH,lonf/
vluo hJ Ydk awG;ac:wwfonfh pdwEf v S ;kH &Sad wmfro l nf/ urÇmajray:wGif pk;d pHawmf
rlpOf vlUuefo Y wfcsurf sK;d pHuk kd odjrifonf/ wcsed w f cgwGif ae&mwkid ;f ü pk;d pHawmf
rlonf/ vlwu Ydk o
hJ yYdk if t&m&mudk awGUBuKH cpH m;onf/ armyef;EGr;f vsí ,mukyf
a&wGif;wGif em;aeyHkudk a,m 4 wGif zwf½I&onf/ vmZ½k\ tkwf*lüvnf;
ik,
d cdk o hJ nf/ a[NAJ 2 wGif ]]pHpk rf;jcif;cH&pOf qif;&J'u k © BuKH awGUonf}}[kqo dk nf/
vlUZmwdcH,lawmfrlpOf avmuom;rsm;\ ywf0ef;usifudk Munfh½IawGU
jrifouJhokdY Munfh½IawGUjrifonf/ vlwkdY\ pHkprf;jcif;cH&yHktwkdif; pHkprf;jcif;rsKd;pHk
cHpm;cJhonf/ xkdokdYaom pHkprf;jcif;aygif;pHk atmifEkdifyHkudk a[NAJ 4 wGif awGU
&onf/
,ckrlum; aumif;uifbHkxJodkY <u0ifawmfrlaom ,Zfyka&m[dwfrif;tBuD;wnf;

[laom bk&m;ocif\ om;awmfa,½Ionf igwkdYü ,Zfyka&m[dwfrif;jzpfawmf
rlaomaMumifh igwkdYonf 0efcHcJhNyD;aomt&mü wnfMunfMuukeftHh/ igwkdY,Zf
yka&m[dwrf if;onf igwkcYd &H aom qif;&J'u k r© sm;aMumifh rMuifemEkid af omolr[kw/f
igwkcYd &H onfenf;wl trsK;d rsK;d aom pHpk rf;aESmif,h uS jf cif;wku
Yd kd cHb;l aomoljzpfawmf
rl\/ odkY&mwGif 'kp½kduftjypfESifh uif;vGwfawmfrl\/
(a[NAJ 4;14-16)
114
ocifa,½Iu vlUavmu½Ijrifyu kH kd jrifa,mifMunfyh g/ om;orD;rsm;u

rSDckd&mzcif&SdygvsufESifh waumif<uufyrm avmu"Hw&m;tv,fü ½kef;uef&
yHu
k kd rnfoYkd awGUjrifpOf;pm;ygoenf;/ om;orD;rsm;\ jyifyvu©Pmrsm;udo k m
awGUjrifNy;D pdwEf v S ;kH yifyef;emusirf I rpOf;pm;rdjcif;onf trSew f u,f 0rf;enf;
p&mjzpfonf/
xkdtaMumif; od&Sdygvsuf om;orD;rsm;\ remcHtmcHrI BuHKawGUaom
tcg vTwfueJ pdwfqkd;rdjyefonf/ tjypfEGHxJü pdwfESvHk;yifyef;yHkrsm;udk odjrif
Munfhyg/ toifpm½IoluJhokdYyif uav;oli,frsm;onfvnf; tjypfom;rsm;
jzpfMuonf/ pHpk rf;jcif;cH&onft h cg pdwyf ifyef;onhEf ,S f om;orD;rsm;onfvnf;
pdwEf v S ;kH vGijf yifü qif;&J'u k B© uKH awGUMuonf/ a,½Ic&pfawmfxüJ toif&adS epOf
Nird of ufcsr;f ajrUouJo h yYdk if rdb&ifciG f cspjf cif;arwåmatmufü &Sad eolom;orD;
onf Nidrfoufcsrf;ajrUonf/ c&pfawmfxJü &Sdaeolwkdif;onf xkdokdYaom okc
csrf;om cHpm;onf/ udk,fawmfxJü &Sdaeolonf ajzmifhrwfjcif;? tjypfcGihfvTwf
jcif;r*Fvmw&m;rsm; cHpm;oljzpfonf/ vlUZmwdaoG;om; cH,laom udk,fawmf
xJü aejcif;onf vlwkdY\ vkdtifqE´jynfhpHk&mjzpfonf/
owif;aumif;aMumifh toufwmajymif;vJ&jcif;onf wefc;dk xufjruf
r*Fvm&SdaypG/ tb,frQ wefbkd;BuD;rm;aMumif;ukd txufwGif avhvmod&SdcJh
MuNyD/ oif\ om;orD;rsm;udkvnf; xkdokdYaom okccsrf;omcHpm;Mu&ef rdb
rsm;u jyo&onf/ om;orD;rsm; toufwmajymif;vJ&jcif; trsm;pkonf rdb
wkdY\ rd0wå&m;aus>yefrIaMumifhjzpfonf/
ar/ oifhnDrudk bmvkdY ½kdufwmvJ/
om;/ (Murf;ysOfay:wGif vSdrfhaqmhvsuf) rodbl;/
ar/ rodbl;qkdwm bmqkdvkdwmvJ/
om;/ rodbl;/
þae&mwGif om;\ vkyfaqmifjyKrlyHkonf rdciftwGuf pdwf½IyfaxG;
p&mjzpfonf/ rsm;rMumcif om;u tarhukd jyefvnfawmif;yefonf/ þae&m
rS rnfonfhjyóem awGU&oenf;/ xkdom;onf wrifuvm olUtartm;
pum;rjyefjcif;vm;/ rdcifu aumif;aumif;rGerf eG f ar;aomfvnf; pum;rjyefc/hJ
olUrSm csKdU,Gif;csuf&SdaomaMumifh pum;rjyefaMumif; aocsmonf/ rdcif\
115
ar;cGef;udk *½krpkdufouJhokdY rdrdudk,fudkvnf; wefbkd;rxm;wwfjcif;jzpfonf/

½IaxmifhwrsKd;jzifh xyfMunfhMu&atmif/
]]bmvkdY tJ'DvkdvkyfwmvJ}}[laom ar;cGef;udk uav;oli,frsm; rajz
csifqHk; ar;cGef;jzpfonf/ tcsKdUt&G,fa&mufNyD;olrsm;uvnf; rajzcsifMu/
atmufwGif tjcm;Oyrmar;cGef;rsm; jyornf/
1/ oifhnDrudk ½kdufESufonfhtcg rnfokdY cHpm;oenf;/
2/ tJ'Dvkd½kduf&atmif oifhnDru oifhudk bmvkyfoenf;/
3/ ½kdufESufjcif;aMumifh tusifhykdaumif;vmrnfvm;/
4/ oifhnDru oihftm; rnfonfhjyóem ay;oenf;/ (tjypfrjyK
aMumif; jiif;p&mr[kwf? tu,fí tjypfjyKrSm;rdvQif xkwfazmf
ajymjyyg)/
5/ tjcm;rnfonfhenf;jzifh wHkYjyefEkdifoenf;/
6/ xkdokdY jyKrljcif;onf bk&m;&Sifudk ,HkMunfrIysufuGufonfh tjyKtrl
[kwf^r[kwf rnfokdY qkdEkdifoenf;/
txufygar;cGef;rsm; ajzqkdwkdif; oifhnDr\ cHpm;csufudk xnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;Munfhyg/
xkdom;\ tjypfESifh ywfoufí tjcm;ar;cGef;aygif;pHk &SdvmEkdifonfh
enf;wl bk&m;&Sit f m; od&edS m;vnfa&;? pdwEf v S ;kH jyefvnfuse;f rma&;? c&pfawmf
\ aus;Zl;awmfEiS hf a&G;EIwjf cif;oifcef;pmrsm;vnf; axmufjyazmfxw k Ef idk o
f nf/
qkvd o dk nfrmS ½ku
d Ef u
S af om ESri,f\ pdwEf v S ;kH cHpm;csuu
f kd em;vnfay;jcif;jzifh
rdrdpdwf0dnmOfudk jyefvnfwnfhrwfwnfaqmufEkdifonf/
txufygar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzMum;onfhtcg rdrdtajctaerSefESifh ,Hk
Munfol olawmfpif\ pdwfoabmxm;&Sd&onf/ pdwfESvHk;xJü tjypfESifh eyef;
vHk;yHkudkvnf; od&Sdem;vnf&onf/
þae&mwGif tcsuf(4)csuf awGU&onf/ (1) pHkprf;jcif;\ oabm
obm0 (2) pHpk rf;jcif;ukd wHjYk yef&yHk (3) wHjYk yef&jcif;\ &nf&, G cf suf (4) rSm;,Gi;f
aom wHkYjyefjcif;wkdYjzpfonf/
þjzpfpOfwGif tay:ESifh ab;udk Munfh½I&onf/ tay:odkY Munfhjcif;
qkdonfrSm bk&m;&Sifu oifhtm; tvGJtrSm;rsm; jyifqifí aumif;&mukd xdef;
116
odrf;&ef qifhac:onf/ ab;udk Munfh½Ijcif;qkdonfrSm tjcm;olrsm;odkY trsuf

a'gojzifh tjypfvGefusL;jyKrljcif;jzpfonf/
rdbrsm;onf tjcm;olukd *½kpu dk Mf uavh&o
dS nf/ tcsKUd onf woD;wjcm;
&yfwnfMu&aomaMumifh uav;oli,frsm;ESihf qufqaH &; tm;eJwwfMuonf/
tjcm;olrsm;odkY ]]olUudk b,fvkdjrif&rvJ}}[k ar;jref;Muaomf vufawGUwGif
tcuftcJ&SdMuonf/ tcsKdUvlrsm;u olwkdYuav;oli,frsm;ESifh txufpD;rS
aeMu&aomaMumifh qufqaH &;tvSr;f a0;uGmMuonf/ owdxm;p&mtcsurf mS
uav;oli,frsm;ESihf qufq&H mwGif bk&m;&Siaf wmfu, kd pf m;jzpfaMumif; cH,al &;
jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh raumif;rIudk a&Smifí aumif;&mudk aqmif&onf/ tjypf
om;jzpfaeaomaMumifh pdwfESvHk;xJü tjypfckduyfaeoljzpfaMumif; owdxm;
ae&onf/
usrf;pmvm uav;oli,frsm;tm; xdef;ausmif;&mü aygif;oif;quf
qHa&;onf txl;ta&;Bu;D onf/ usr;f pmvm aygif;oif;qufqaH &;taMumif;
udk vmrnfhtcef;wGif qufvufavhvmMurnf/

1/ uav;oli,frsm;tm; olwkdYudkolwkdY em;vnf&ef ulnDEkdifygovm;
2/ oif\ om;orD;rsm; jyóemBuHKawGUvQif OD;pGm rnfodkYaom pdwfxm;jzifh
qufqHrnfenf;/
3/ oifhuav;\ pOf;pm;cef;(odkY) cHpm;jcif;tm; azmfxkwf&ef rnfonfhar;cGef;
(6)ck ar;&rnfenf;/
4/ topfpufpuf apmfum;aemufajymifolESifh pum;ajymqkd&mwGif olUpdwf
oabmxm; ajymif;vJ&ef rnfodkYaom pdwfoabmxm;yHkpHjzifh ajymqkdrnf
enf;/
5/ rdrdtjypftm; txufESifh ab;vlrsm;odkY rnfodYkaompum;rsm;jzifh ajymjy
&rnfhtaMumif; oifhpum;jzifh uav;oli,ftm; &Sif;jyyg/
6/ þtcef;yg ]]rnfodYk}}[laom pum;ESifh ]]bmaMumifh}}[laom pum;wkdY\
xl;jcm;csufudk em;vnfatmif &Sif;jyyg/
117
tcef; 9
aygif;zufjcif;yHkpHrsm;
vli,frsm; xdef;ausmif;&mwGif Oya'o? trSm;jyifqifjcif;? tjypfay;

jcif;[laom tcsuf(3)ckjzifh xdef;ausmif;Muonf/ xkdoHk;csufudk atmufyg
twkdif; yHkazmfjyoEkdifonf/
þum; uav;i,frsm; tkyfxdef;jcif; pHerlemyHkpHjzpfonf/ pnf;urf;
ed,mrrsm; azmufjyefMuonft h cg jyifqifwnfrh wfay;&onf/ pnf;urf;Oya'
rsm; wrifusL;vGeMf uonft h cg tusK;d taMumif; ajymjyNy;D tjypf'Pfay;&onf/
rdom;pkwidk ;f wGif ed,mr? trSm;jyifqifjcif;ESihf tjypf'Pfay;jcif;xH;k pH&MdS uonf/
odaYk omf þtcsurf sm;onf aygif;oif;qufqaH &;tm; tus,cf sUJ jcif;jzpfonf/
Oya'orsm;
trSm;jyifqifjcif;
pnf;urf;
um;csyf 4? tkyfxdef;jcif;
118
usrf;pmvmenf;vrf;rsm; zufwG,fjcif;? aygif;zufjcif;yHkpHrsm;
þtcef;wGif aumif;rGefaom aygif;oif;qufqHa&;u pnf;urf;

Oya'o? om;orD;rsm; pnf;urf;ao0yfapjcif;taMumif;rsm; aqG;aEG;xm;onf/
atmufyg½kyfyHkudk Munfhyg/
Oya'orsm;
trSm;jyifqifjcif;
pnf;urf;
cGeftm;ay;jcif;
trSm;jyifqifjcif;
tjypfwifjcif;
toem;cHjcif;
oGefoifjcif;
owday;jcif;
oifMum;jcif;
qkawmif;jcif;
um;csyf 5? aygif;oif;qufqHa&;
ta&;t&mudptö 00wGif rdbrsm;ESihf om;orD;rsm;tMum; qufqaH &;

ü Oya'o? trSm;jyifqifjcif;? tjypf'Pfay;jcif;udk toHk;jyKavh&SdaMumif; avh
vmod&&dS onf/ rdbtrsm;pk 80% rS 90% u rdom;pkaygif;oif;qufqaH &;ü
Oya'o? trSm;jyifqifjcif;ESifh tjypf'Pfay;jcif; ed,mrusifhoHk;Muonf/
aygif;zufjcif;yHkpHrsm;
aygif;oif;qufqHjcif; yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;&Sdonfhtwkdif; uspfvpf&if;ESD;aom
yHkpHvnf;&Sdonf/ cGeftm;ay;jcif;? trSm;jyifqifjcif;? tjypfwifjcif;? toem;
cHjcif;? oGefoifjcif;? owday;jcif;? oifMum;jcif;ESifh qkawmif;jcif;rsm;vnf;
yg0ifonf/ þtcsufrsm;onf t"dutm;jzifh rdbESifh om;orD;rsm;tMum;
qufqHa&;ü awGU&onf/
119
tajymtqkdESifh ywfoufí cGeftm;,lp&mjzpf&rnfhtaMumif; 1ouf

5;14 wGif þodkY qkdxm;onf/ ]]pdwfi,faomolwkdYudk tm;ay;Muavmh/ tm;
enf;aomolwu Ydk kd axmufrMuavmh/ cyford ;f aomolwt Ydk m; &Snaf ompdw&f adS p
Muavmh}}/ þae&mwGif wbufvl Mum;emolrsm;odkY jyKbG,ftief;twmyHkpH
jyoxm;onf/ aygif;oif;qufqaH &;ü tajymtqko d nf tc&mjzpfí wbuf
vltm; pdwftaESmifht,Sufrjzpfap&ef owdxm;&onf/
wcgwGif ysif;aMumqGJaeaom om;wa,muftm; tjypfwifpum;qkd
onf/ olonf 7^8 ESpt f &G,o f m &Síd z½kzd &J0wfqifum ypfpvufcwf ajymqkd
jyKral exkid o
f nf/ olUtjyKtrluMkd unfNh y;D tjypfwifpum; qkad omtcgwGiv f nf;
tmcHyek uf ef wHjYk yefqefu
Y sijf cif;rjyK/ pdw&f n
S pf mG emcHonf/ &uftwefMumaomf
vGefusL;pGm qHk;rrdrSef; jyefvnfowd&&Sdojzifh awmif;yefvkdufonf/ olUpdwf
ESv;kH tm; emusiaf prItay:wGif jypfrmS ;aom tjypftm; cGiv hf w
T yf g&ef awmif;
yefonf/ oluvnf; auseyfpGmvufcHNyD; 0wfpm;jyKrlaexkdifyHk ajymif;vJoGm;
onf/
aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ü yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;&SdyHkudk owdxm;rdMuayrnf/
cGeftm;ay;jcif;
uav;oli,frsm;onf arQmfvifhcsufESifh wkdufwGef;cGeftm;ay; aygif;
oif;qufqHtyfaomolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ wcgaomf olUtwef;ydkifq&mrtm;
rauseyf a'goxGuaf eonfh ausmif;om;av;wa,muftm; pum;ajymcGet f m;
ay;aomtcg ]]q&mru raumif;bl;? usaemfaqmhvnf; raqmhbEJ iS hf wcsed v f ;kH
Budrf;armif;aew,f}}[kqkdonf/ trSefrSm xkdodkYaom pum;rsKd; rajymtyfyg/
xko d il ,f\ tjyKtrlonf rSm;aeonf/ olUyifu, kd t
f usihf jyKjyif&ef vkt d yfcsuf
&Sdonf/ vlonf rdrdtusifhudk rjyKjyifEkdifaomolrsm;jzpfMuaomaMumifh jyKjyif
ay;rnfhol c&pfawmfudk vkdtyfaeMuonf/ xkdokYdaom pdwfqkd;aeonfh oli,f
udk tjypfwifarmif;rJjcif;jzifh rjyKjyifEidk yf g/ acsmah rmhwudk w
f eG ;f jcif;jzifo
h m jyKjyif
Ekdifonf/
uav;oli,frsm;onf ratmifjrifrI\ emusifrIukd em;vnfMuonf/
xkdenf;wl arQmfvifhcsufrJhonfh tcsdefumvü wpHkw&mudk arQmfvifhMuonf/
120
xkaYd Mumifh pdwyf sut

f m;i,fcsed w
f iG f cGet
f m;ay;EI;d aqmf&onf/ bk&m;uwdawmf
rsm; od&Sdem;vnfMuap&ef ulnD&onf/ bk&m;&SifxHawmfrS cGeftm;owdåd? arQmf
vifhcsufrsm;jzifh tm;jznfhay;&onf/ pdwfESvHk;aMurGyifyef;olrsm;tm; txH
awmfodkY eD;uyfap&onf/
trSm;jyifqifay;jcif;
wcgw&H uav;oli,frsm;onf pepfwus r&SdEkdifMu/ vGJrSm;aom
tcsufrsm;tm; ukpm;ay;&onf/ trSm;jyifqifay;onfhtcg pdwfoabmxm;
jyifqifay;jcif;jzifh jyóemajyvnfoGm;Ekdifonf/ trSm;jyifqifay;jcif;u
uav;oli,frsm;tm; bk&m;&Sif\ pHawmfudk od&Sdem;vnfapEkdifonf/ pHcsdef
rrDaom tjyKtrlrsm;udk yJhjyif&aumif;rSef; od&SdvmMuonf/ 2wd 3;16? 17
wGif trSm;jyifqifjcif;onf bk&m;pum;awmf\ oGefoifcsuf[k qkdonf/
wnoü ZeD;onfrm*so D nf orD;ESihf pum;ajymaeonf/ xko d Ydk pum;
ajymaeMupOf jyóemw&yf xyfw;dk vmonf/ orD;u pum;ajymqkad epOfüyif
*dr;f aqmhonf/ aqmhupm;í atmifEidk o f nft
h csurf sm;tm; oabmusaeonf/
olUtarajymaom pum;rsm;tm; taotcsm em;pku d af xmifjcif;r&S/d olUtar
u ar;aom ar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzMum;jcif;rjyK/ xkdtcg rdcifu olUorD;\ tjyK
trltm; jyKjyifay;&rnfhtaMumif; od&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh olUpum;udk &yfNyD;
olUorD;tm; ok 9 udk zwfjyvsuf pum;em;axmifckdif;onf/ bk&m;pum;awmf
udk ESvHk;oGif;qifjcifEkdif&ef wkdufwGef;onf/ *drf;aqmhjcif;udk &yfckdif;xm;onf/
xkdtcg orD;onf olUtrSm;udk od&Sdaemifw&í rsuf&nfusvmonf/ xkdokdYjzifh
tusKd;&Sd&Sd a&SUqufpum;ajymEkdifMuonf/
tjypfwifjcif;
tjypfwifjcif;onf trltusifhjyifqifjcif;jzpfonf/ wcgw&H uav;
oli,fonf olUajymqkdvkyfudkifrIrsm;twGuf txdwfwvefY? todw&m;0ifjcif;
&Sdwwfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh uav;oli,frsm; ajymqkdqHk;ravh&Sd&mwGif tuefY
towf&Sd&onf/ vlrsm;udk rkef;wD;&onfhtaMumif;? aoapvkdaMumif;? xdckduf
121
'Pf&m &aponfhtaMumif; rajymqkdtyf/ xkdodkYaom pum;ajymqkdaom om;

orD;tm; tjypfwifajymqkd&onf/ owday;&onf/ ]]pum;ajymwm rSm;w,f?
aemufwzef 'Dpum;rsKd; rMum;csifbl;}}pojzifh tjypfwifajymjy&onf/ (þodkY
aom tjypfwifqHk;rNyD;aomtcg ajymtyfaom pum;ajymjyjcif;? cGeftm;ay;
jcif;? qkawmif;ay;jcif;jzifh tqHk;owf&onf)/
toem;cHjcif;
þtjyKtrlonf tav;teufxm; tm½Hkpkdufp&mjzpfonf/ avQmuf
vJjcif;? awmif;cHjcif;? wkdufwGef;aqmfMojcif;? awmif;yefjcif;rsm; yg0ifonf/
odkYaomf olawmif;pm;\ awmif;cHoHrsKd;rjzpf&/ rdbu om;orD;tm; bk&m;
&Sif\ enf;vrf;vkdufem&ef awmif;qkdjcif;jzpfonf/ ÓPfynmESifh ,HkMunfjcif;
&Sv
d m&ef oli,ftm; qGaJ qmifpnf;½H;k jcif;rsK;d jzpfonf/ þum; txl;aygif;oif;
qufqHa&;w&yfjzpfí pepfwus toHk;jyKwwf&ef vGefpGm ta&;BuD;onf/
txufwiG f qkcd o hJ nft
h wkid ;f ok 23 udk ud;k um;&onf/ xku d sr;f yd'k w
f iG f
]]igYom;? oifhESvHk;udk igYtm;ay;avmh ----}}[kqkdonf/ xkdYxuf eufeJodrfarGU
aom pum;r&Sd/
pma&;olonf om;rsm;tm; npfnrf;aom pm? ½kyfyHk? "gwfyHkrsm;ESifh
ywfoufí qHk;rpum;ajymqkdonfhtcg txufygusrf;ykd'ftwkdif; ajymqkdavh
&Sdonf/ olwkdYudk,fwkdif xkdokdYaom ½kyfyHkrsm;? pmrsm; rMunfh½ItyfaMumif; od&Sd
em;vnfapcsifonf/ npfnrf;aom ½kyfyHkESifh pmrsm;onf bk&m;&Sif\ oefY&Sif;
jcif;ESifh bkef;usufoa&udk apmfum;aMumif; ajymjyonf/ xkdtcgrsKd;ü vli,f
rsm;u od&edS m;vnfv, G of nfh tjypftrSm;rsm;ESihf EIid ;f ,SOaf jymjyonf/ usr;f pm
vm tdrfaxmifjyKjcif; jyify&Sd tjymZmwfvrf;aMumif;rsm;onf npfnrf;aom
umrtaMumif;jzpfonf/ (ok 5-7 udk aocsmMunfhyg)/ vli,frsm;tm; qHk;r
&mü xkdokdYaom tjypftrSm;rsKd;udk aeYpOf(odkY) rMumcP rajymqkd&/ rSwfom;
avmufatmifom tajctaet& ajymqkd&onf/
122
oGefoifjcif;
oifcef;pm oifjyjcif;? cH,lcsuf? owif;tcsuftvufrsm; ajymjyjcif;
jzpfonf/ rdbrsm;ESifh om;orD;i,frsm;\ acwfumvtMum;ü uGm[rItrsm;
tjym;&Sdonf/ vli,frsm;udk,fwkdif tjcm;owif;tcsuftvufrsm; Mum;od&ef
vkdtyfMuonf/ txl;ojzifh bk&m;ocif EkdifiHawmf\ Oya'orsm;ESifh pdwf
0dnmOfjrifhjrwfa&;taMumif;rsm; od&Sd&ef vkdtyfonf/
om;orD;rsm;tm; toufwmc&D;taMumif; od&Sdem;vnfMu&ef oGef
oif&onf/ a&Smvrkefbk&if\ okwåHusrf;onf toufwmc&D;vrf;taMumif;
rsm;pGm oGeof ifunl ED idk o
f nf/ xko
d w k u
Hå sr;f yg vlrudk ?f txaES;zifav;ol? ynm
&So
d ?l apmfum;wwfo?l BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwo f w l \
Ydk taMumif;rsm;onf toufwm
twGuf odrSwftyf&m ÓPfynmaumif;rsm;jzpfonf/
om;orD;rsm;\ txufwef;ynm tawGUtBuKH ar;jref;Munfah omtcg
txufwef;ausmif;aecJph Of rMum;odcb hJ ;l aom taMumif;t&m Mum;od&onf/
pma&;ol\ touf 20 t&G,w f idk af tmif rMum;odaom owif;tcsut f vuf
rsm; Mum;od&onf/ rnfodkYjzpfukefoenf;/ bk&m;&Sifu ÓPfynmawmfudk
or®musr;f pmjzifh oGeo f ifxm;onf/ qm 119 yg usr;f pum;udk em;axmifMunfh
Murnf/
ynwfw&m;awmfonf tuREkfyf&efolwkdYxuf
tuREkfyfudk omí ynm&Sdapyg\/
ynwfw&m;awmfonf tuREkfyfü tpOfwnfyg\/
oufaocHawmfrlcsufwkdYudk
tuREkfyfonf qifjcifatmufarhaomaMumifh
tuREkfyf\ q&mtaygif;wkdYxuf omí em;vnfyg\/
udk,fawmf\ Oya'orsm;udk apmifhaomaMumifh
toufBu;D olwx Ydk uf omí ÓPfaumif;yg\ (119;98-100)/
udk,fawmf\ Oya'orsm;tm;jzifh tuREkfyfonf ÓPfwkd;yGm;í

rdpämvrf;&SdorQwkdYudk rkef;yg\ (119;104)/
123
owday;jcif;
vdrfnmjcif;onf aMumufrufbG,f&mjzpfonf/ xkdodkYaom ab;&ef
rBuHKawGUap&ef tNrJowday;&onf/ pifppfwGif owday;pum;onf apwem
jzpfonf/ vrf;ab;odkY vrf;rvGJap&ef BudKwifowday;jcif;jzpfonf/ vmrnfh
ab;&efa&SmifMuOfEidk &f ef owday;jcif;aMumifh um,uH&iS rf sm; ab;roD&efrcbJ
uif;vGwfEkdifonf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; ab;&efBudKwifowday;jcif;onf a&SUwkd;
wufa&;taMumif; oGefoifjcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ owday;pum;rsm;udk tNrJ*½k
pkduf&onf/
okwåHusrf;yg atmufygowday;csufrsm;onf ÓPfynmBuD;yGm;&m
owday;csufrsm;jzpfonf/
12;24/ ]]---- ysif;&daomolrlum; tcGefay;&\}}/
13;18/ ]]oGefoifjcif;udk jiif;y,faomolonf qif;&Jjcif;ESifh &Suf
aMumufjcif;odkY a&mufvdrfhrnf}}/
14;23/ ]]---- pum;rsm;jcif;tusKd;rlum; qif;&Jjcif;oufoufwnf;}}/
15;1/ ]]---- Murf;wrf;aompum;rlum; trsufudk EId;aqmfwwf\}}/
16;18/ ]]---- axmifvTm;aomoabmonf ½Iwfcsjcif;t&ifü ae&m
uswwf\}}/
17;19/ ]]---- rdrw
d cH g;udk cs;D jrifah omolonf ysupf ;D jcif;udk &Smwwf\}}/
19;15/ ]]---- ysif;&daomolonf tiwfcH&\}}/
þum; okwåHusrf;pmvm owday;pum;tcsKdUjzpfonf/
om;orD;rsm;tm; owday;&mü acgif;xJ0ifatmif usr;f pum;udk ajym
jy&onf/ owday;pum;rsm;onf tjcm;oltm; todÓPfay;jcif;jzpfonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh ysi;f &djcif;onf aus;uRejf zpfap\/ vlysi;f onf iwfrw
G af cgif;yg;
jcif;ab;BuHK\/ usrf;pmvm oGefoifcsufwGif rdrdBuJonfhtwkdif; jyefvnf&dwf
odrf;&rnf[k qkdonf/ uav;oli,frsm;tm; oem;Muifemwwf&ef oGefoif
jcif;onf tdrrf x
S uG &f ef ae&mwumü tjcm;vlrsm;tm; vku d v
f u
H n
l &D efr[kwf
yg/ olwyg;tay:odYk ulnrD pwwfonfh pdwaf umif;apwem&Sad &; oGeo f ifjcif;
jzpfonf/
124
þtcsufrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfvQif tusifhaumif;&&SdoGm;ayrnf/

uav;oli,frsm;onf wBudrfwcg or®mw&m;&&SdonfESifh wNydKifeuf pdwf
oabmxm;? tjyKtrl tpGrf;xufjrufoGm;onf/
orD;av;onf ausmif;wufcgpwGif c&pf,mefaetdrf pmoifausmif;odYk
wufa&mufonf/ aemufrS tpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;odkY wufa&mufonf/
ausmif;wufcgpwGif taygif;toif;r&SdaomaMumifh txD;usefonf/
aeY&uftcsdef vGefvmonfESifhtrQ okwåHusrf;pmvm owday;csufESifh
wkdufwGef;cGeftm;ay;csufrsm;aMumifh rdwfaumif;aqGaumif;rsm; &&Sdvmonf/
ok 14;7 wGif pum;remcHwwfaom vlru dk af cgif;rmolrsm;tm; a0;a0;rS a&Smif
MuOfcidk ;f onf/ vlru
dk o
f nf olUud,
k o
f t
l m; vlru dk ?f vlEjkH zpfaMumif; owdrxm;rd/
vlwumudk q&mvkdufvkyfcsifonf(12;16)/ ol\ rkdufrJrIudk vlolwumu
od&Sdatmif jzefYBuJonf(10;18)/ þum; aygif;oif;qufqHa&; owday;csuf
jzpfonf/ orD;av;onf pmoifausmif;BuD;wGif usifvnfEkdif&ef or®musrf;
pmu ÓPfynmay;onf/
vufawGUvkyfaqmifjcif;u rsm;pGm wkd;wufaponf/ atmufygtjyef
tvSefpum;ajymyHkudk em;axmifMunfhyg/
wDem/ [kdif;? ausmif;oltopfuav;vm;? emrnfb,fvkdac:ovJ/

[Dom/ [Dom/
wDem/ usru wDem? aeYvnfpm twlwlpm;&atmif/ 'Dausmif;
taMumif;udkvnf; ajymjy&wmaygY/
[Dom/ [kwfuJh/
wDem/ Aef;udik v
f mwJh rde;f uav;udk odvm;? olUemrnfu c&pöw;D em;?
vlord sm;wJoh ?l olu 0wfaumif;pm;vS0wfwwfw,f/ &nf;pm;
vnf;&Sdw,f? abmvHk;orm;/ olUukd ,SOfvkdYr&bl;/ ---- a[h?
c&pöwD;em;? 'g igYrdwfaqG [Dom/
[Domonf rnfonfhoifcef;pm &&SdoGm;oenf;/ wDemonf olrsm;raumif;

aMumif; udk,fhaumif;aMumif; ajymqkdwwfolrSef; odoGm;onf/ wDem\ ajym
qkdjyKrlyHkonf azmfa&Goa,mifjzifh olrsm;udk tykyfcsoljzpfonf/ [Domonf
125
okwåHusrf;pmvm rdef;uav;rsm;\ wefbkd;udk od&SdoGm;onf/ owday;csufrsm;

udk vufcHod&Sdolonf ynm&nfyg;eyfoljzpfonf/
oifMum;jcif;
oifMum;jcif;onf todw&m;a0iSjcif;jzpfonf/ tjcm;oltm; ÓPf
ynmay;urf;jcif;jzpfonf/ oifMum;jcif;onf vufawGUrvkyfaqmifcifwGif
wu,fhvkdtyfcsufjzpfonf/ qHk;½IH;jcif;(odkY) jyóemrBuHKawGUrSD wu,f&&Sdtyf
aom vkt d yfcsujf zpfonf/ or®musr;f pmudk oif,ol &d jdS cif;jzifh om;orD;rsm;tm;
xyfqifhoGefoifum olwkdYudkolwkdY od&SdapEkdifonf/ tjcm;olrsm;? toufwm?
bk&m;&Sif\ Asm'dwfawmfESifh avmuBuD;taMumif;vnf; ajymjyEkdifonf/ xkdY
aMumifh om;orD;rsm; todÓPfynm wkd;yGm;Muap&ef oGefoifyg/
qkawmif;jcif;
qkawmif;jcif;onf uav;oli,fESifh qufpyfjcif;r[kwfyg/ bk&m;&Sif
awmfESifh qufqHjcif;jzpfonf/ rdbESifh om;orD;tMum; qufqHjcif;\ t&if;
tjrpf tESpof m& tajccH&mjzpfonf/ om;orD;rsm;\ pdwEf v S ;kH ESihf txl;xdawGU
qufqH&monf qkawmif;jcif;jzpfonf/ om;orD;rsm;twGuf qkawmif;ay;
jcif;onf ESvHkom;wHcg; zGifhay;jcif;jzpfonf/ rdbrsm;\ qkawmif;ay;jcif;jzifh
om;orD;rsm;\ pdwfESvHk;onf jzLpifMunfvifaponf/ þae&mwGif om;
orD;rsm;\ qkawmif;ay;apcsifonfhtwkdif; qkawmif;ay;&ef qkdvkdjcif;r[kwf
yg/ qkawmif;jcif;jzifh om;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;&Siuf kd ,HMk unfaponft h aMumif;
jzpfonf/
tusOf;csKyf
om;orD;rsm;ESifh enf;vrf;aygif;pHkjzifh aygif;pyfEkdifMuygonf/ txuf
ygenf;vrf;rsm;tjyif tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;jzifv h nf; aygif;pyfEidk yf gonf/ rnfoYkd
jzpfap &if;ESD;eD;uyfpGm aygif;oif;rSomvQif tusKd;tmedoifoufa&mufonf/
126
txufygtcsurf sm;onf tBujH yKcsurf sm;jzpfonf(enf;vrf;aumif; erlemrsm;)/

tjcm;tcsufrsm;ESifh aygif;pyfvQif enf;vrf;aumif;jzpfvmrnf/ aumif;rGef
xufjrufvmrnf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh owday;jcif;(odkY) wkdufwGef;cGeftm;ay;jcif;onf enf;
vrf;aumif;jzpfonf/ tjypfwifjcif;? trSm;jyifqifay;jcif;onfvnf; tcGifh
tcgoifhí enf;vrf;rSefuefvQif tusKd;jzpfxGef;Ekdifygonf/ qufqHa&;onf
csnfiifrsKd;pHkjzifh &ufvkyfxm;aom txnfuJhodkYjzpfonf/

1/ yHk 5 yg aygif;oif;qufqHa&;wGif rnfonfhtcsufonf xdyfqHk;OD;pm;ay;
jzpfoenf;/
2/ rdom;pktwGif;ü jyóemay:aygufvQif Oya'oopf? tjypf'Pfay;jcif;?
acsmharmhonfh tjyKtrlrsmwGif rnfonfhenf;vrf;jzifh ajyvnfoGm;rnf[k
arQmfvifhygovm;/
3/ oifhxHrS aiGaMu;ckd;,laom uav;tm; tjypfwifqHk;ronfhtcg 0efcHjcif;
r&SdvQif rnfodkY oGefoifrnfenf;/
4/ om;orD;rsm;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqH&mü atmifjrifrI&&Sdap&ef rnfonfhcsdef
cgrsKd;ü toem;cHjcif; jyKvkyfrnfenf;/
5/ bk&m;&Si\
f ulnrD prI rcHpm;&bl;[k cH,al om om;orD;tm; rnfoYkd cGet
f m;
ay;rnfenf;/
6/ þtcef;yg aygif;oif;qufqHenf;udk;rsKd;ü rnfonfhtcsufudk OD;pm;ay;
ESpfoufoenf;/ rnfonfhtcsufu tusKd;tenf;qHk;enf;/
7/ aygif;oif;qufqHa&;onf pdwfcHpm;csuftm; a&mifjyef[yfjcif;jzpfonf/
]]&ifxJrS jynfhvQHonfrsm;udk EIwfjzifh ajymqkdMuonf(vk 6;45)/ aygif;oif;
qufqHa&;ü tusKd;oufa&mufatmif rnfokdYaom pum;rsm;udk &ifxJrS
vQHxGufajymqkdrnfenf;/
127
tcef; 10
aygif;oif;qufqHa&; toufwm
pma&;olwYdk rdom;pkonf 1978 ckEpS w f iG f aetdraf qmufvyk Mf uonf/

vufawGUvkyfaqmifvsuf NyD;pD;Ekdifrnfhcsdefcgudk rSef;qajymqkdMuonf/ xkdokdY
aqmufvkyfaepOf a&csKd;cef;? rD;zkdacsmifae&mrsm;twGuf wkd;csJU&ef jyifqifMu
onf/ xkdYaMumifh awmf½Hkwef½Hkjzifh aqmufvkyfNyD;pD;jcif;r&Sd/ aetdrf qufvuf
aqmufvkyfrnfhta&; tNrJpOf;pm;ae&onf/ tNrJwrf; jznfhqnf;vkyfaqmif
ae&onf/
xkdokdY aetdrfaqmufvkyfa&;xuf ykdrkdwnfaqmufbG,f&mrSm rdom;pk
toufwmjzpfonf/ xku d m; vlaerIpepfjyo&mjzpfonf/ aygif;oif;qufqjH cif;
onfvnf; xkdenf;wljzpfonf/
aygif;oif;qufqHa&;toufwm
aygif;oif;qufqHa&;onf pnf;urf;omru wynfhawmfrsm;\ yHkpH
vnf;jzpfonf/ okd;xdef;rsm;onf rdrdokd;rsm;tm; bk&m;&Sif\ vrf;awmftwkdif;
oGm;Mu&ef xdef;ausmif;Mu&onf/ w&m; 6 yg oGefoifcsuftwkdif; aygif;oif;
qufqHa&;ü Ekd;Mum;jcif;? x<ujcif;? avQmufvSrf;jcif;ESifh xkdifjcif;rsm;vnf;
yg0ifonf/ rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;\ trSm;udk axmufjy&efrSwyg; taxG
128
usrf;pmvmenf;vrf;rsm; zufwG,fjcif;? aygif;oif;qufqHa&;toufwm
txl; ajymqkd&ef tcsdefrtm;Muyg/ yHkrSeftwlwuG pum;ajymqkdjcif; tavh

tusifh&Sdolrsm;onf vrf;avQmufoGm;aepOfwGifvnf; pum;ajymqkdavh&SdMu
onf/ uav;oli,frsm;ESifh zufvSJwuif; pum;ajymqkdjcif;r&SdvQif olwkdYpdwf
ESvHk;xJ&Sd trSm;t,Gif;rsm;udk od&SdEkdifrnfr[kwf/
pdwfESvHk;xdef;ausmif;jcif;
om;orD;rsm;tm; xdef;ausmif;oGefoifEkdif&ef þae&mü ]]pdwfESvHk;
xde;f ausmif;jcif;}}[laom pum;vH;k udk toH;k jyKonf/ qkvd odk nfrmS bk&m;&Si\
f
trIawmf? bk&m;&Sif\ enf;vrf;rsm; olwkdYudk,fwkdif od&SdEkdifap&ef ulnDjcif;
jzpfonf/ vlUpdwfESvHk;xJü tjypf&SdaomaMumifh pdwfESvHk;jzLpifMunfvif&ef
owif;aumif;onf r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyfcsufjzpfonf/ uav;ofli,frsm;\ pdwf
ESvHk;xdef;ausmif;jcif;onf vli,frsm;\ pdwf"gwf? yef;wkdif? qE´? vkdvm;csuf?
jzpfcsi&f mrsm; jri§ w
hf ifay;jcif;jzpfonf/ xku
d m; ocifa,½Ic&pfawmfukd ,HMk unf
udk;pm;&ef cGeftm;ay;jcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ þae&mwGif aygif;oif;qufqHa&;
rsufESmpmtrsKd;rsKd;&SdyHkudk o½kyfazmfMuygonf/ aemufykdif;tcef;rsm;wGif ,cif
tcef;rsm;rS tusOf;rQajymxm;aom oifcef;pmrsm;tm; tus,fw0ifh &Sif;jy
ygrnf/
tzkd;tcwGufcsufjcif;
½k;d pif;pGmqk&d vQif or®musr;f pmvmtwkid ;f aygif;oif;qufqjH cif;onf
wefbkd;BuD;rm;onf/ tcsdef,lí tjyeftvSef wkdifyifajymqkd&onf/ uav;
oli,frsm;onf tcsdefESifhtrQ ajymif;vG,fjyifvG,folrsm;jzpfMuonf/ olwkdY\
pdwfESvHk;udk xkwfazmfjyojcif;(odkY) vkdvm;csufrsm; aocsmpGm awmif;qkdwwf
olrsm;vnf; r[kwfMuyg/ yg;eyfaom rdbrsm;onf uav;oli,frsm;\ pdwf
ESvHk;xJodkYa&mufatmif pum;ajymqkdwwfMuonf/ rMumcP ar;cGef;rsm; ar;
jref;jcif;? oabmxm;&,ljcif;? t&dyft>rufajymqkdjcif;rsm;jzifh vli,frsm;\
pdwfESvHk;udk vIyfEkd;atmif ajymqkd&onf/ qkdvkdonfrSm vkdtyfonfh t"du
tcsuftm; zrf;rdwwf&ef vkdtyfonf/
129
wbufvl\ pum;udk aocsmpGm em;axmifonfh tusifh&Sdyg/ pum;

ajymcsifaZmjzifh em;axmifvQif bmrQ od&Sdrnfr[kwf/ tvsifpvkd pum;ajym
jcif;onf w0ufwjywfom tusKd;oufa&mufonf/ wbufvl\ pum;udk
aocsmpGm em;axmifjcif;onf xkdoltm; em;axmifjcif;tusifhaumif;&Sd&ef
jeyfvnfoGefoifjcif;jzpfonf/
tcsKdUvlrsm;u aumif;rGefpGm em;axmifjcif;tusifhonf tcGifhta&;
aumif; Mum;jzwfc, H jl cif;jzpfonf[k qkMd uonf/ wdusaocsmaom pum;ajym
qkdar;jref;&ef tcGifhta&;jzpfonf/ wcsKdUvlrsm;onf aocsmpGm em;axmifjcif;
r&SdaomaMumifh rqDrqkdif xif&mjrif&m jyefajymwwfMuonf/ rdbrsm;onf
xkdodkYaom tjyKtrlr&Sd&/ okwåHusrf;pum;wGif vlrkdufonf rdrdajympum;ü
auseyf0rf;omMuonf[k qkdonf(ok 18;2 Munfh)/
wdwq f w
d Nf ird o
f ufpmG em;axmifjcif;tusio hf nf cufcaJ omfvnf; rdb
pum;onf rjzpfrae xkdokdY em;axmif&onf/ wcgw&H vkyfvufptvkyfudk
&yfem;Ny;D em;pGi&hf onf/ oabmraygufonft h cg pOf;pm;&onf/ rdrad jympum;
&yfem;í aocsmem;axmifjcif;onf pum;tjyeftvSef ajymqkjd cif;tm; wefb;dk
BuD;rm;aponf/
aumif;aom aygif;oif;qufqHa&;onf ae&mwkdif;ü wefbkd;&Sdonf/
aumif;rGefaom pum;0kdif;udk tjyeftvSef av;pm;em;axmifjcif;jzifh wefbkd;
BuD;rm;aponf/ rdbrsm;onffvnf; wcgw&H BuD;rm;aom tcGifhta&; vuf
vTwfqHk;½HI;Muonf/ taMumif;aomf ajymcsifqkdcsifpdwfrsm;aomtcg wbuf
vl\ wHkYjyefrIudk owdrxm;rdMu/
xkaYd Mumifh om;orD;rsm; q,fausmo f uft&G,&f v dS mMuaomtcg aygif;
oif;qufqHa&; *½kpkdufvm&onf/ i,f&G,faom uav;rsm;onf apmapm
tdyfí apmapmxonfh tusifh&SdMuygonf/ odkYaomf q,fausmfoufrsm;onf
tdyf,m0ifaemufuswwfMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh om;orD;rsm;ESifh ta&;BuD;pum;
ajymqkda&;wGif tcsdeftcgvnf; Munfh½Iwwf&onf/ yg;eyfaom rdbrsm;onf
om;orD;rsm;tm; rnfonfhcsdefcgwGif rnfonfhpum;ajymoifhaMumifh csddefq
wwfMuonf/
yHrk eS t
f m;jzifh aygif;oif;qufqaH &;onf pdwo f abmxm; tjyeftvSef
jyojcif;jzpfonf/ tawG;tjrifukd xkwaf zmfjyojcif;jzpfonf/ ta&;rBu;D aom
130
pum;rsm;ü vQmr&Snf&/ rvkdtyfaom pum;rsm; csJUwGifrajymtyf/ ar;cGef;

wkdif;udkvnf; ajzqkdtyfonfr[kwf/ opfvGifvef;qef;&m pum;rsm;? olwyg;
pdwfcsrf;omp&m pum;rsm;udkom ajymqkd&onf/
om;orD;rsm;ESifh pum;ajymqkd&mwGif rdb*kPfodu©mudk apmifhxdef;yg/
om;orD;rsm;odkY c&pf,meftoufwmudk jyo&ef rarhygESifh/ zcift&mudk jyo
wwfyg/ om;orD;rsm;tm; rnfodkY aemifw&&Sd&aMumif; ajymjyyg/ bk&m;&Sif
xHawmfü &Sad ecsed w f iG f pd;k &drjf cif;uif;í 0rf;omae&yHu
k kd pHerlem jyoyg/ aemif
wESifh aus;Zl;awmf\ qufpyfyHkudk ajymjyyg/ rdrdtjypfESifh tm;eJcsufrsm; 0efcH
&ef r&SufaMumufMuygapESifh/ trSm;jyKrdvQifvnf; 0efcH&ef 0efrav;ygESifh/
om;orD;rsm;u tjypf0efcsvmvQif tjypfcGifhvTwfa&; tqifoifh&Sdaeyg/ om;
orD;rsm; vkdtifqE´jznfhqnf;ay;&mü rdbESifh om;orD;wkdY\ 0rf;omyDwdonf
twlwljzpfonf/
wcgwGif om;orD;oH;k a,muf&adS om zcifonf tjypfjyKrmS ;aom om;
wa,muftay:odkY wefjyeftjypfjyKrSm;onf/ xkdom;u tjypf0efcsawmif;yef
aomtcg tjypfciG v hf wT jf cif;? qkawmif;ay;jcif;jyKrnfth pm; &ufpufMurf;wrf;
aom pum;rsm;jzifh qJqo dk nf/ tjypfrsm;tay: wckcsi;f jypfwifarmif;rJonf/
xkdom;tm; aemufwaeYü pma&;olu tusKd;taMumif;ar;jref;&m olUzcifu
cGifhrvTwfonfhtaMumif; jyefvnfajymjyonf/ xkdzcifonf xkdom;tm;
atmufusKdU½kdusKd;pGm awmif;yef;jcif;rjyKonfhumvywfvHk; azmfa&GpGm qufqH
jcif;rjyK/ xkdokYd jyKrljcif;onf bk&m;a&SUawmfü t&Suf&bG,f&mjzpfonf/
ay;qyfaom tzkd;tc\ aumif;csD;r*Fvm

pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wGif 0,f,lpm;oHk;olonf tzkd;tc wGufcsufavh&Sd
onf/ 0,f,&l mwefb;dk ESihf pm;oH;k rI\ tusK;d csichf sed &f onf/ xku
d o
hJ yYkd if ajzmifh
rwf&mokdYa&muf&efvnf; tzkd;tc&Sdonf/ cHpm;&aom aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;
onf tb,frQ wefbkd;&SdaMumif; wGufqMunfhMuygovm;/
131
rdbESifh om;orD;tMum; qufqHa&;

om;orD;ESifh rdbtMum; qufqHa&;onf a&udk pnf;jcm;í r&Ekdif
ouJoh aYkd om aygif;oif;qufqaH &;jzpfonf/ aumif;rGeaf om qufqaH &;onf
om;orD;rsm;\ ud, k pf w
d Ef pS jf zm use;f rmcsr;f om&mjzpfonf/ uav;oli,frsm;
onf aygif;oif;qufqHa&; &nfrGefoludk odrSwfcifwG,fwwfMuonf/ bk&m;
w&m;udkif;½Idif;ol? vlawmolawmü *kPf&nfwifholtm; ab;&efuif;&Sif;pGm
aygif;oif;EkdifaMumif; od&SdMuonf/ rauseyfcsuf oabmuGJvGJcsufrsm;udk cif
rif&if;ESD;rIjzifh vG,fulpGm ajz&Sif;Ekdifonf/
zdtm;cHpm;&aom q,fausmfoufrsm;onf aetdrfrS xGufajy;wwf
Muonf/ þum; zGUH NzKd ;wk;d wufcsio f nfh qE´jyif;jycsed üf rwefr&m zdp;D ESyd pf ufrI
cH&onfhcsdefcgwGif jzpfwwfMuonf/ olwkdYudk od&Sd? em;vnf? cspfcifrnfhol
wa,mufwav &Sdrvm;[k &SmazGonfhcsdefcgjzpfonf/ rnfonfhrdburQ om;
orD;tm; rdb&ifcGifrS xGufajy;avvGifhcGifhjyKMurnfr[kwf/ xkdYaMumifh rdom;pk
twGif; &if;ESD;cspfMunfa&; oHa,mZOfckdifrmpGm wnfaqmuf&onf/
rSm;,Gif;aom vlvkyfpkrsm;onf qkd;0g;onfh tusifhvkdifpif udkifaqmif
xm;aom vlrsm;r[kwfMuyg/ xkdvGJrSm;aom tusifhudk b0ysufaeolrsm;u
cH,lusifhoHk;Muonf/ om;orD;rsm;onf rdbrsm;u cspfuRrf;0if? em;vnf? cif
wG,fMuaomaMumifh pnf;urf;udkifwG,f cspfcifMujcif;jzpfonf/
usrf;pm\ uav;oli,frsm; udkifwG,fa&;onf atmufygum;csyf
twkdif;jzpfonf/
trdefYtmPm
vTrf;rkd;jcif;
touf/ 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18
um;csyf 6? trdefYtmPm^vTrf;rkd;jcif;tusKd;oufa&mufyHk
132
þae&mwGif trdefYtmPm[laom pum;&yftm; wrsKd;wrnf oHk;EIef;

xm;ygonf/ þae&mrS qkdvkd&if;rSm om;orD;rsm;xuf rdbrsm;\ cGeftm;?
vsifjrefrI? us,fjyeYfrI omvGefyHkwkdYudk &nfñTef;ygonf/ rdbrsm;onf arG;xm;
aom om;orD;rsm;xuf tvGefw&m omMuonf/ trdefYMoZm&SdMuojzifh ykdrkd
jrifhrm;Muonf/ odkYaomf uav;oli,frsm;u ikd,kdjcif;jzifh rdbrsm;udk wefjyef
jyKMuonf/ taMumif;aomf rdbrsm;onf taMumif;&if;cHrsm;jzpfMuonf/ om;
orD;rsm;onf rnfrQyif BuD;vmvQifvnf; rdbt&dyfatmufü &SdMuonf/ rdb
rsm;u ]]xkdifyg}}[k ajymqkdMuvQif xkdif½Hkom&Sdonf/ rdbpum;onf MoZmyg&Sd
ojzifh om;orD;rsm;u trdefYtjzpf cH,l&Muonf/
oli,fonf Bu;D xGm;vmonfEiS t hf rQ tkyxf ed ;f rIatmufrS vGwaf jrmuf
vmonf/ pdwfykdif;½kyfykdif; ESpfckpvHk; BuD;xGm;vmonfESifhtrQ tkyfxdef;rI avsmh
yg;vmMuonf/
atmufygtjzpftysuu f kd pOf;pm;Munhyf g/ touf 16-ESpt f &G,&f adS om
om;\ tcef;xJodkY 0ifa&mufNyD; ausmif;oGm;&ef vIyfEkd;pOf ]]ausmif;roGm;bl;}}
[k jyefajymvQif rnfodkY vkyf&rnfenf;/ om;xuf zatBuD;onfhtaMumif;
rnfoYkd jyo&rnfenf;/ ukwifay:wGif eyrf;vH;k Ny;D tdyx f ckid ;f um ausmif;0wfpkH
qifjref;0wfqifay;í ausmif;um;ay:odkY wifay;vkdufvQif udpö0pöNyD;qHk;oGm;
rnfvm;/ aemufwae&mrSm um;ay:rS jyefqif;Ekdifonf/ ausmif;um;ay:odkY
ygoGm;vQifvnf; aumif;rGefpGm ausmif;wufonf[k pdwfrcsEkdif/
pma&;ol\ om;onf xku d o hJ Ydk wcgrS rjyKral omaMumifh 0rf;omrdonf/
rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tay:odkY MoZm&SdMuaomfvnf; om;orD;rsm;u
tjynfht0 emcHMuonf[k rqkdEkdifyg/ udk,farG;aom om;orD;rsm;jzpfaom
aMumifh rdbpum;udk emcHaumif;onf[kom em;vnfcH,l&onf/
pma&;olonf om;orD;rsm;tay:odkY jzpfapcsifaom qE´twkdif;yif
vQif om;orD;rsm;uvnf; oabmwlBuKd ;pm;vkyaf qmifMuaomaMumifh 0rf;om
*kPf,lonf/
txufygum;csyfwGif BuD;pkd;vTrf;rkd;jcif;atmufü uav;oli,f&Sdae
jcif;onf auseyfpGm 0efcHaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ xkdokdY 0efcHjcif;onfvnf; ,Hk
MunfpdwfcsaomaMumifhjzpfonf/ xkdkodkY ,HkMunfpdwfcsonfh taMumif;rsKd;pHk
&Sdonf/ uav;oli,frsm;onf vlBuD;rsm;u olwkdYudk cspfcifaMumif; od&SdcH,l
133
Muonf/ xkdokdY cH,lod&SdMuonfESifhwNydKifeuf rdrdwkdY\ tm;eJcsufESifh tm;om

csufvnf; od&SdMuonf/ xkdokdY ukd,fhtaMumif;udk od&Sdonfhtcg rdrdudk,fudk
cGeftm;ay;jcif;? jyifqifjcif;? tjypfwifjcif;? toem;cHjcif;? oGefoifjcif;? owd
ay;jcif;? od&Sdem;vnfjcif;? oifMum;jcif;? qkawmif;jcif;rsm; od&Sdem;vnfvm
Muonf/ rdb\ tkyfxdef;jyKpkyHkudk awGUjrifaomtcg xkduav;onf rdbudk
,HkMunfpdwfcsvmonf/ t&G,f&vmaomtcg bk&m;&Sif\ owå0gaumif;jzpf
aMumif; olUudk,fol od&Sdvmrnf/ bk&m;&SifESifh rdó[m,zGJUvsuf ,HkMunfukd;
pm;vmrnf/
tusKd;qufum; þodkYwnf;/ rdbpum;u jyif;xefvQif uav;onf
ta0;odYk xGuo f mG ;onf/ olUtay:odYk Bu;D pk;d vTr;f rk;d jcif;tay:wGif wnfonf/
aeY&ufpOfwidk ;f om;orD;rsm;ESihf twl&v dS Qif ykrd Bdk u;D pk;d vTr;f rk;d rnf/ om;orD;rsm;
\ ,HkMunfpdwfcsrI&Sdvmaomtcg xkdom;orD;rsm;onf rdbrsm;\ toufwm
yHpk rH sK;d jzifh Bu;D xGm;vmMurnf/ rdcifrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;ESihf aygif;oif;qufqH
&mwGif owday;&avh&o dS nf/ bk&m;ocif\ vlrsm; jyKral exkid yf t kH wkid ;f aexkid f
Mu&ef owday;oGefoifae&onf/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf wu,fhÓPfynm
onf or®musr;f pmxJüom wnfonf/ om;orD;rsm;onf vlom;ajrmufatmif
auR;arG;apmifha&Smufaom rdbrsm;\ yHkoGif;onfhtwkdif; BuD;xGm;Muonf/
pma&;oltm; tar&duefor®w\ tBuHay;t&m&Sd oabmxm;Munfh
yg/ xkdtcg or®wonf olrsm;\ tBuHjyKcsufxuf pma&;ol\ tBuHjyKcsufudk
vufcrH nf/ pma&;olonf tpk;d &rif;jzpfaomaMumifv h m;/ xko d Ykd r[kwyf g/ xko d Ydk
vkyfykdifcGifhvnf; r&Sdyg/ odkYjzpfvQif tb,faMumifh pma&;ol\ tBuHjyKcsufudk
ykdrkd*½kpkdufoenf;/ tjcm;vlrsm;xuf BuD;pkd;vTrf;rkd;aomaMumifhwnf;/
om;orD;rsm;tm; <u,f0csr;f omatmif auR;arG;axmufyv hH Qif txuf
ygyHkOyrmxuf ykdrkdav;pm;jcif; cH&rnf/ taMumif;aomf &ifhusufvmatmif
auR;arG;onfomru zGUH NzKd ;wk;d wufapaomaMumifh cspcf if,MkH unfpw d cf sMuonf/
aygif;oif;qufqH&ef BudKwifjyifqifjcif;
oifhom;orD;rsm;tm; aygif;oif;qufqHa&;e,fy,fwGif vlwkdif;ESifh
tqifajyacsmarGUap&ef oGefoifyg/ tvkyform;jzpfvQif vkyfief;&Sif? txuf
134
t&m&Sd? tjcm;vkyfazmfaqmifbufrsm;ESifh qufqHa&; acsmarGUajyvnfapyg/

vifr,m;tMum;wGifvnf; xkdenf;wl qufqHa&;ajyvnfygap/ pm;oHk;ol?
EkdifiHom;? ae&mwkdif;wGif c&pfawmf\ cE¨mudk,ftpdwftykdif; ,HkMunfolrsm;
&SdMuonf/ tqifhwkdif;? ae&mwkdif;wGif &SdMuonf/ xkdolrsm;ESifh tqifhtwef;
tvku d f qufqaH &;ajyvnfygap/ xko d rYdk o
S mvQif qufqaH &;acsmifvnftqif
ajyrnf/
aygif;oif;qufqHa&;onf bk&m;&Sif\ vrf;wmrS tEkynmw&yf
jzpfonf/ pdwfESvHk;xJü rnfodkY cHpm;í em;jzifh rnfonfhtoH Mum;oenf;/
tjcm;olrsm;\ tawG;ESifh cHpm;csufrsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfEkdifovm;/
rdom;pkonf qufqHa&;t&nftcsif; jrifhrm;aponfh ausmif;BuD;
jzpfonf/ uav;oli,fu olUtawG;tac: rSeu f efaMumif; oufaoxl0efc&H m?
tjcm;olrsm;tm; od&Sdem;vnf&mae&mjzpfonf/
tcsdefwkdif;wGif rdrdom;orD;rsm;\ qE´? arQmfvifhcsuf? tawG;tac:?
t,ltq? vkdtyfcsufrsm; em;vnfay;yg/ xkdokdY od&Sdem;vnfjcif;onf aygif;
oif;qufqHa&;ü pHerlemjyo&mjzpfonf/
b0t"dyÜg,f vdyfywfvnfatmif od&Sdem;vnfa&;

om;orD;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;uif;uGmjcif;onf om;orD;rsm;\ b0
jyóemta&; rsufuG,fjyKjcif;jzpfonf/ uav;oli,frsm;onf avmuom;
rsm;\ cHpm;csufESifh t,ltq oif,laeMuolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh rdrd
udk,fudk em;vnf&efESifh tjcm;olrsm;vnf; od&Sdem;vnf&ef vkdtyfonf/ qkdvkd
onfrSm a&&Snfta&; vSrf;arQmfouJhokdY vwfwavm a&wkdudpörsm;udkvnf;
aumufumiifum ajz&Sif;Ekdif&onf/ xkdYaMumifh ]]bmvJ? bmjzpfovJ}}[laom
pum;omru ]]tb,faMumifh}}[laom pum;vHk;udkvnf; qufpyfEkdif&onf/
xkdYaMumifh vwfwavm vltxifBuD;onfxuf udk,fusifhw&m;zGHUNzdK;
wkd;wufaea&; ykdaumif;onf/ xkdodkY zGHUNzdK;&SifoefaeEkdif&ef or®musrf;pmu
omvQif xde;f ausmif;Ekid o
f nf/ om;orD;rsm;ESihf twlwl pum;ajymqkcd sed f ykrd sm;
vmonfESifhtrQ olwkdYtaMumif;? pHkprf;jcif;cH&yHk? pdk;&drfpdwf? oHo,pdwf ykdrkd
em;vnfay;vmEkid rf nf/ vlUavmutv,fü b0&Sio f efa&; ydrk u
dk rl ay;Ekid rf nf/
135
b0ykpämtv,frS a&G;xkwfjcif;
þae&mrS aygif;oif;qufqHa&;taMumif;rsm;onf usrf;pmvm oGef
oifcsufrsm;tm; om;orD;rsm;u od&Sdem;vnfa&;jzpfonf/ xkdYtjyif rdrdudk,f
udkvnf; ydkrkdod&Sdem;vnfvmMurnf/ bk&m;&Sifawmfonf tcsKyftjcmtewå
jzpfaMumif;udv k nf; od&v dS mMurnf/ usr;f pmuajymaom b0aeenf;taMumif;
udkvnf; od&SdvmMurnf/ vlonf tzefwvJvJ tjypfvGefusL;aeoljzpfonf/
xko d Ydk tjypfusL;vGeo f jl zpfaomaMumifh 'kuo © nfvnf;jzpfMuonf/ xkt d aMumif;
aMumifh bk&m;&Sit f jrifwiG f vlonf tjypfEx HG rJ S u,fxw k í
f evHxpl &m owå0g
jzpfonf/
vlonf aus;Zl;awmfowif;aumif;udk A[kjd yK&onf/ ocifa,½Ionf
vlUavmuodkY <uqif;í vlUZmwdcH,laomtcg trsm;oliguJhokdYyif ykxkZOf
vlom;tjzpfawmf cH,lonf/ bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfrsm;udk tjynfht0 emcH
onf/ olUudk ,HMk unfwnfro DS rl sm;odYk xko
d aYdk om emcHjcif;toufwm&Sad ponf/
xkdc&pfawmfxJü &Sdaeolonf tjypfcGifhvTwfjcif;? opfvGifjcif;? wefckd;awmf
ykdifqkdifjcif;&SdMuonf/ rdrdudk,fudk od&SdMuojzifh vkdtyfcsuf&SdyHk od&Sdem;vnfMu
onf/ ykdrkdeufeJpGm od&Sdolrsm;u pdwfESvHk;ajymif;vJ&rnfhtaMumif;ESifh aus;Zl;
awmfjzifh xkdwefckd; &&SdcHpm;aMumif; od&Sdem;vnfMuonf/
bk&m;&Sifudk od&SdcspfcifvmMuonf/ udk,fawmfü aus;Zl;awmf? wefckd;
awmfEiS hf pHv
k ifr&I adS Mumif; od&edS m;vnfvmMuonf/ xkt d csurf sm;onf vlw\Ydk
teufeq J ;kH odtyf&mrsm;jzpfMuonf/ xkv d Ul vkt d yfcsurf sm;udk owif;aumif;\
aus;Zl;awmfESifh wefckd;awmftm;jzifh od&SdcHpm;Ekdifonf/ ae&mwkdif;ü c&pfawmf
u Asm'dwfawmfjzifh t&mcyfodrf; awGUjrifEkdifonf/
þodkYjzifh oifhuav;oli,frsm;ukd toufwmü r&Sdtyfonfrsm;tm;
z,f&Sm;ay;í jyKjyifoifhonfrsm;udk jyKjyifay;&onf/ vGwfvyfpGm &yfwnfEkdif
&ef avhusifhay;&onf/ rdbudk rrSDckdbJ rdrdajcaxmufay:ü &yfwnfEkdifatmif
avhusifhoGefoif&onf/ oifhom;orD;rsm;twGuf usrf;pmvm a&G;EIwfjcif;
em;vnfcH,ljcif;xuf ykdaumif;aom tcsuf&Sdygao;ovm;/
uav;oli,frsm;onf aumvdyfwuúokdvfodkY wufa&mufNyD;Muaom
tcg ausmif;aebufoli,fcsif;rsm;? c&pf,meftaygif;toif;rsm;ESifh rdwfzGJU
136
aygif;pnf;Muonf/ xkdtcgrsKd;ü aetdrfwGif aysmf&TifouJhokdY aysmf&TifonfrSm

vnf; tHhMop&mr[kwfyg/
ay;qyfc BuD;rm;ygovm;
tusK;d aus;Zl;rsm;jym;vQif t&if;tES;D ay;qyfjcif;vnf; rsm;jym;onf/
rdbwkid ;f onf olwo Ydk m;orD;rsm;tm; txufygtwkid ;f jzpfapcsiMf uygovm;/
jzpfapcsifonfhtwkdif; tzkd;tc ay;Muygovm;/
aocsmonfrSm xkdtzkd;tconf aps;raygyg/ wefbkd;BuD;rm;ygonf/
rdbrsm;onf xkdBuD;rm;aom tzkd;tcudk &if;ESD;ay;qyfonf/
tzkd;tc av;eufyHkudk aygif;oif;qufqHa&; rsufESmpmjzifh Munfh½I
Murnf/ toifpm½Ionf tdraf xmifro d m;pkwiG f rdom;pkrsm;udk Munf½h vI yk af uR;
aom tdrfaxmifOD;pD;jzpfaumif; jzpfayrnf/ xkdum; xkdodkY vkyfaqmif&ef qifh
ac:awmfrjl cif;jzpfonf/ xkt d cg om;orD;rsm;tm; ocifb&k m;udk cspaf Mumufí
tkypf ;dk rIc, H Ml u&ef oGeo f if&awmhrnf/ vlUavmua&;&mü tvkyw f ck vkyu f idk f
&ef t&if;tES;D vdt k yfouJo h yYdk if bk&m;&Si\
f trIawmfjrwfü yg0if&mwGiv f nf;
&if;ES;D jrK§ yEf &HS onf/ xkx Yd uf ta&;Bu;D aomtcsuf wpHw k &mrSr&S/d vlUavmuü
wcPwm ae&csed w f iG f a&SUxm0&umvtwGuf t&if;tES;D jyK&onf/ aemufrS
wzef jyefvkyfí r&yg/
oifyh wf0ef;usiw f iG f rMum;odb;l onfh a&S;,cifu tjzpftysuf Mum;
odaumif; Mum;odayrnf/ aeY&ufpOfwidk ;f tem*wft&if;tES;D jrK§ yEf aHS &;? zefw;D
a&; pOf;pm;ae&onf/ wu,fwGifrl xkdYxuf vkyfEkdifpGrf;&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh
a&G;cs,fOD;pm;ay;wwf&ef vdktyfonf/
rdbwm0efonf y"getcsufjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif rdbwm0ef&Sdwkdif;
om;orD;rsm;\ vkdtyfcsuf[lorQudk jznfhqnf;ay;EkdifMuonfr[kwf/ qkdvkd
onfrSm oifhrdom;pkonf eH&Hay:wGif csdwfxm;aom aetdrf? yef;NcHrsm;xuf
rvSyEkid /f vlUb0onf avSum;xpfjzifh wuf&ouJo h Ydk tqifqh ifw h uf&onf/
cifrif&if;ESD;rIjzifh pwifNyD; rdwfaumif;aqGo[m zGJU&onf/ tcsdefukefcHí
abmvHk;vSdrfhjcif;? trJvkdufjcif; jyKvkyfrnfhtpm; pmaumif;ayrGef rnfrQzwf½I
137
ygoenf;/ pdwf0ifpm;&mrsm;udk awmufavQmuf vkyfEkdifovm;? &if;ESD;p&m

wefbkd;BuD;rm;ygonf/
tusKd;tjrwf yrmPudk rnfodkY wkdif;wmqHk;jzwfoenf;/ rdbrsm;ESifh
twl tcsdefrnfrQ ukefcJhoenf;/ tdrfukd pGefYcGmxGufoGm;aom om;orD;rsm;u
rdbrsufESmrjrifbl;aom uav;oli,frsm; awGUjrifonfhtcg tb,frQ pdwf
ESvHk;xdckdufemusifaMumif; pOf;pm;rdovm;/ wcgwGif xkdodkYaom rdbrJhuav;
awGUjrifolESifh pum;ajymqkdMunfh&m ]]uRefawmfawmh uRefawmfhb0udk jyifqif
cGifh&vkdY aus;Zl;awmfcsD;rGrf;w,f/ uRefawmfhrSm vrf;jyrnfh azazESifh ararudk
bk&m;&Sifu BudKwifjyifqifay;xm;w,f}}[kqkdonf/ rdb\ wefbkd; tb,frQ
BuD;rm;oenf;/
bk&m;&Siu
f oift h m; oifo
h m;orD;rsm;\ b0c&D; BuKd wifvrf;cif;ay;
&ef wm0efay;xm;ygonf/ aygif;oif;qufqaH &;onf wcgoH;k ypön;f r[kwyf g/
a&&SnftusKd; arQmf&onf/ rdbjzpf&jcif;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; 'ku©ay;&ef
r[kw/f aumif;cs;D ay;&efjzpfonf/ þum; aygif;oif;qufqaH &;\ r[mwefb;dk
r[kwfygvm;/ BuD;rm;aom wefbkd;jzpfygonf/
tcef; 7 tpwGif om;orD;rsm;apmifhxdef;&mü aygif;oif;qufqHa&;
ESifh Budrfwkwf[laom vufeuf(2)ck&SdaMumif; qkdcJhonf/ vmrnfhtcef;wGif
usrf;pum;BudrfwkwftaMumif; qufvufavhvmMurnf/

1/ oifonf om;orD;rsmtm; þtcef;yg oifcef;pmtwkdif; xdef;ausmif;vQif
rnfonfhwefbkd;&Sdoenf;/ xkdodkYaom tzkd;tc ay;Ekdifygovm;/
2/ om;orD;rsm;\ pum;oHudk rnfokdY oabmxm;ygoenf;/
3/ udk,fhtjypfrsm;udk 0efcHvQif om;orD;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&; xdyg;Ekdifygovm;/
4/ þtcef;rS om;orD;rsm; OD;aqmifjcif;wGif rnfoaYkd om oef&Y iS ;f pifMu,fjcif;
rsm; vkdtyfygoenf;/
5/ þtcef;yg aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ü om;orD;rsm; zufvSJwuif; yg0ifvm
Mu&ef rnfodkY vkyfaqmifrnfenf;/
138
tcef; 11
Budrfwkwf
toem;cH awmif;yefpum;wkdif;onf em;xJwGif yJhwifxyfaeonf/

]]'DrSm? tarhpum;udk Mum;&JUom;eJY bmvkdY em;raxmif*½krpdkufwmvJ?
½kdufypfvkdufr,faemf? odvm;? eifhudk pwmr[kwfbl;? tarhpum;udk em;axmif
&r,faemf}}/
þuav;\ trSm;udk jyifqifay;aom pum;jzpfonf/ uav;u
wu,fhuav;r[kwf/ t½kyf/ rdcifu 4-ESpft&G,forD; avm&ifh/ ajymqkdoHu
rdcifu olUuav;udk qHk;rpum;/
avm&ifo h nf rdciftaejzifh uav;udk rnfoYdk pnf;urf;udik w
f ,
G &f rnfh
taMumif; od&adS eonf/ ,ck rdcifae&mwGif ae&m,lxm;onf/ olUorD;(t½ky)f
wGif ESpfoufbG,f&m tusifhrawGU/ avm&ifh\ tjyKtrlonf rdcifwOD;\
[efyefrsKd;jzpfaomfvnf; yHkrSef[efyefr[kwf/ bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfESifh udkuf
nDjcif;r&Sd/ vlUpdwfESvHk;xJwGif tqkd;ESifhtaumif; a&maESmaeonf/ ,cktcg
rdcifpw
d x f m;jzifh uav;\ trSm;udk jyifqifay;onf/ waeYaomtcg avmu
om;wkid ;f onf xm0&umvtwGuf tjypfw&m;pD&ifjcif; cHMu&rnf/ rdcifonf
xkdaeYtwGuf olUuav;udk jyifqifonf/
xkd 4-ESpforD;\ olUt½kyfuav; qHk;roHudk Mum;odaomtcg pnf;
urf;udkifwG,f&yHkudk pOf;pm;qifjcifrdonf/ avm&ifhonf Budrfzefrsm;pGm xkdodkY
139
trsK;d rsK;d ajymif;vJonf/ olU&nf&, G cf suu f &Si;f ygonf/ ]]em;axmif&r,faemf}}

[laom teufjzpfonf/ olUud, k of t l m; rdcifae&mwGif xm;onf/ uav;tm;
qHk;r&mwGif EkdifxufpD;eif;jyKrljcif;rjyK/ vlU,Ofaus;rIwGif Murf;MuKwfrIESifh
tEkdiftxufjyKrljcif;jzifh tjypf'Pfay;avh&SdMuonf/ tcsKdUrdbrsm;onf om;
orD;rsm;udk xkdokdY ukd,fxdvufa&muf jyKrlwwfMuonf/ xkdum; vltrsm;pk\
jyKrlyHkjzpfonf/
rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;tm; qHk;roGefoif&mwGif udk,fxdvufa&muf
jyKrMl ujcif;onf olwu Ydk ,
kd wf idk f xko d Ydk qH;k rjcif;cHc&hJ aomaMumifjh zpf[efwol nf/
trSefrSm tu,fí xkdokdY qHk;rvQifvnf; trsufa'gorygoifh/ trsufa'go
jzifh ½kdufESufjcif;onf a'goykdxGufí jyóemykdqkd;onf/ uav;oli,frsm;u
aMumufvefYjcif;? emusifjcif;? Murf;MuKwfjcif;rsm; cHpm;Muonf/ ]]igrdbjzpfvm
vQif igYom;orD;udkawmh 'Dvkdr½kdufbl;}}[k pOf;pm;aumif; pOf;pm;rdMurnf/
rdbrsm;udk ajymjycsifygonf/ oifhrdbrsm;u oifhtm; udk,fxdvuf
a&muf qHk;rcJhMuvQifvnf; oifhom;orD;udkawmh xkdodkY rqHk;rMuygESifh/ xkdokdY
jyKrljcif;onf rSm;,Gif;aom qHk;rjcif;jzpfí om;pOfajr;qufodkY ul;pufvG,f
aom tusifhqkd;jzpfonf/
rnfodkYjzpfap vltrsm;pku xkdokdY jyKrlNrJ jyKrlaeMuonf/ vlUavmu
tawG;tac:onf tpOftNrJ ajymif;vJaeonf/ wcsed u f acwfpm;aom tjyK
trlonf vlrodolrodjzpfvmonf/ wcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif a&S;,cifu tusifh
w0ufwjywf &Sdaeonf/ acwfopfp½kdufESifh a&maESmjcif;vnf; &Sdwwfonf/
pnf;urf;\ trSwv f u©Pmjzpfaom Burd w f w
k o
f nf ,ckacwfumvü
acwfrpm;awmhyg/ tu,fí þpmtkyfonf 1950 ESpfumvrS a&;om;csuf
jzpfvQif vltrsm;pku Burd w f w k u f kd pdw0f ifpm;Muayrnf/ aemufyidk ;f wGirf l xko d Ydk
Budrfwkwfjzifh ajymqkdjcif;r&SdMuawmhyg/ zcifonf tiftm;oefrmoljzpfonf/
odkYaomf cGeftm;Avudk toHk;jcif;r[kwf/ cGeftm;tpm; Budrfwkwfudk toHk;
jyKonf/
xkdokdY Budrfwkwfudk toHk;jyKjcif;onf vlUtcGifhta&;ESifh *kPfodu©mudk
ab;z,fvsuf om;orD;rsm;tay:odkY vl½kdif;tjyKtrl jyKusifhjcif;jzpfonf/
cGetf m;rrQwaom uav;oli,ftm; Ekid x f ufp;D eif;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ rdb[laom
cHpm;csuf tjynfht0r&Sdawmhojzifh ½kdufESufqHk;rMuonf/ ,aeYacwfumvü
140
usrf;pmvmenf;vrf;rsm; zufwG,fjcif;? Budrfwkwf
aygif;oif;qufqHa&;wGif *kPfodu©mESifh tqifhtwef;onf OD;pm;ay;p&m

rsufESmomjzpfvmonf/ xkdYaMumifh xkdtaMumif;udk od&Sdjrifomatmif a&;xm;
ygonf/
BudrfwkwfaemufuG,f&Sd qifjcifwHkw&m;
uav;oli,frsm;tm; oGefoifqHk;r&mü ar;cGef;aygif;pHk&Sdonf/ rnf
onfhyHkpHonf NyD;jynfhpHkaom yHkpHjzpfoenf;/ ykdaumif;aom enf;vrf;[lí &Sd
ovm;/ rnfodkYaom t,ltqrsm; &Sdoenf;/ oifhom;orD;rsm;\ vufcHaus
eyf&m [kwfygovm;/
toif;awmfrS rdwfaqGedwfESifh olUtrsKd;orD;rdwfaqG tdef*s,fvmwkdY
onf we*FaEGnaeykid ;f wGif tvnftywfomG ;Muonf/ naepmpm;oH;k aeMupOf
om;wa,mufonf remcHtmcHaomaMumifh tay:xyfo;D oefcY ef;odYk ac:oGm;
NyD; pnf;urf;udkifwG,fvkdufonf/
]]bmoGm;vkyfMuwmvJ}}[k tdef*s,fvmu ar;onf/
]]½kdufESufqHk;rwmaerSmyg}}[k usaemfhZeD;u ajymjyvkdufonf/
tay:xyfrS om;\ ikd,kdatmf[pfoH Mum;ae&Muonf/ tdef*s,fvm
onf uAsmu,m xGufoGm;onf/
bmaMumifeh nf;/ usr;f pmvm qH;k rjcif;[laom pum;udk rodem;rvnf
aomaMumifh tjyKtrlu Murf;wrf;onf/ yHkrSeftaetxm;wGif r&Sd/
jyóem\ oabmobm0
uav;oli,frsm;ü rnfoaYkd om oabmobm0 t"duvkt d yfoenf;/
tu,fí uav;oli,frsm;onf udk,fusifhw&m;? pdwfaeoabmxm;jrifhrm;
aevQif taxGtxl; jyKjyifp&mr&SdMu/ vrf;ñTefjyocsufom vkdtyfMuonf/
pnf;urf;rvkd? BuD;MuyfuGyfuJp&m rvkdMu/
omreftm;jzifh uav;oli,frsm;onf oGefoifñTefMum;csuf vkdtyf
olrsm;jzpfMuonf/ t"dujyóemrSm taMumif;t&m tcsuftvuf rod&SdMu
141
jcif;jzpfonf/ tu,fí tppt&m&mudk oif,lMuvQif jyóemrsm; uif;a0;

oGm;Murnfvm;? bmaMumifh ruif;a0;MurSmvJ/
uav;oli,frsm;onf arG;zGm;pOfwiG f ud, k u
f siw
hf &m;ESihf pdwo f abm
xm;jrifhjrwfpGm arG;zGm;vmMuonfr[kwf/ usrf;pmu ]]vlUpdwfESvHk;onf vdrf
vnfqkd;npfonf}}(a, 17;9)[k qkdonf/ xkdYaMumifh uav;oli,f\ t"du
jyóemonf rodem;rvnfjcif;r[kwf/ tjypfom;jzpfaeaomaMumifhwnf;/
vlonf arG;cgpwGif csppf zG,jf zpfonf/ odaYk omf Bu;D jyif;vmonft h cg olUZmwd
pdwf Bu;D xGm;vmaomaMumifh tjypf'pk ½ku d jf yKonf/ ysupf ;D jcif;tusiv hf u©Pm
&Sdonf/
þae&mwGif BudrfwkwftaMumif; ajymjy&awmhrnf/ Budrfwkwfonf
uav;oli,frsm;tm; xdef;ausmif;&mü vkdtyfcsuf[k qkdonf/ Budrfwkwf
wcsufonf pum;tcGef;w&mxuf xdcsufykdaumif;onf/ ok 22;15 wGif
]]rkdufaomoabmonf oli,f\ pdwfESvHk;xJrSm xkyfxm;vsuf&Sd\/ odkYaomf
vnf; qHk;raomBudrfvHk;onf xkdoabmudk a0;pGm ESifwwf\}}[kqkdonf/
uav;oli,f\ pdwEf v S ;kH xJrmS vGrJ mS ;rIrsm; okx d m;onf[k usr;f pmu qko d nf/
rkdufrJjcif;? npfnrf;jcif;rsm; ckdatmif;aeonf/ xkdrkdufrJjcif;udk ab;z,fyxkwf
Ekdifonf/
xkdokdYqkdaomtcg uav;oli,frsm;onf rkdufrJMuonf[k rqkdvkdyg/
uav;oli,frsm;\ uav;oabmobm0&SMd uyH?k tqk;d taumif; ra0cGw J wf
MuyHkudk qkdvkdygonf/ eHeufpmtjzpf EkdY&nfaomufoHk;onfht&G,fjzpfMuonf/
(uav;oli,frsm;&SdvQif eHeufpmtjzpf EGm;EkdY*gvHvkduf xm;&Sd&onf)/ uav;
oli,ftrSefr[kwfbJ uav;oli,fqefaom trltusihfonf aMumufruf
bG,f&mjzpfonf/
okwåHusrf;wGif rkdufrJjcif;onf bk&m;&Sifudk cspfaMumuf&aumif;rSef;
rodjcif;[k qkdonf/ rkdufrJolonf vdr®ma&;jcm;&Sdatmif qHk;roGefoifjcif;udk
emcHvkdpdwf? rSwfxm;csifpdwfr&Sd/ xkdodkYjzpf&jcif;rSm vdr®mjcif;udk tav;teuf
jrwfE;dk wefb;dk rxm;aomaMumifjh zpfonf/ xkrd u dk rf aJ omolonf vlBu;D rdbrsm;\
trdefYtmPmoabmudkvnf; 0efcHodrSwfjcif;r&Sd/ bk&m;ocif\ enf;vrf;
rsm;udk wvGJwacsmfjyKjyifwwfonf/ vlrkdufonf ÓPfynmr&Sd/ bk&m;&Sifudk
cspfaMumufjcif;rjyK/ qHk;rcsufrsm;udk tpOfrSwfom;vkdufemjcif;r&Sd/ ]]rkdufaom
142
olonf bk&m;ocifr&Sd[k xifwwf\}}(qm 14;1)/ vlrkdufonf ]]bk&m;ocif

udk od&pdS &mrvk/d igESihf bk&m;w&m; ywfoufqufpyfp&mr&S/d igYoabmtwkid ;f
igvkyfcsifwm vkyfrnf}}[k ajymqkdonf/
vlrudk o
f nf vkcd siw
f yfrufjcif;ESihf aMumufpw d jf zifh ajy;vTm;onf/ oifh
om;orD;rsm;xHrS xkdokdYaom pum;rsKd; rMum;csifbl;r[kwfvm;/ 3-ESpft&G,f
uav;oli,frsm;\ vufoHk;pum;onf ]]vkdcsifw,f(odkY) rvkdcsifbl;}}[laom
pum;jzpfonf/ vlrkdufrsm;onf csufjcif;vufiif;üyif aumufumiifum vkd
csifwyfrufrI? rufarmpdwf? wrf;wpdwf? arQmfvifhpdwf? aMumufvefYpkd;&drfpdwf
jzpfwwfMuonf/
trdefYtmPmtaMumif; ajymjyrnf/ uav;oli,fonf bk&m;&Sif\
trdet Yf mPm? rdbrsm;\ trdet Yf mPmatmufü &SMd uovm;(od)Yk rdrv d t dk ifqE´
\ armif;ESifrIatmufü &Sd&ovm;/
xku
d m; uav;oli,frsm;\ oabmobm0 xkwaf zmfjyo&mjzpfonf/
aAGoAD wfoq D yH ifatmufü &SMd uovm;/ xko d q
Ykd v
dk Qif uav;oli,frsm;\ &,f
armp&m pum;jzpfomG ;rnf/ rnfojYkd zpfap uav;oli,frsm;onf olwo Ydk bm0
t& pdwfESvHk;rkdufrJolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh trSm;jyifqifjcif;udk oabm
rayguf vufrcHonfh csdefcg&Sdwwfonf/ rdbrsm;\ tkyfpkd;rIudk remcHjiif;qef
csifonfh csdefcgvnf;&Sdonf/ aqmif;&moDü uav;oli,frsm;\ t0wftpm;
ajymif;vJ0wfqifvkdpdwfudk awG;Munfhyg/ uav;oli,frsm;onf ywf0ef;usif
tajctaeudk aocsmpGm rodem;rvnfbJ vkyfcsif&mvkyfonfh tusifh&SdyHk pOf;
pm;rdayrnf/ xked nf;wl vlru dk o
f nf pdwx
f üJ tBuaH y:vmonft h wkid ;f avQmuf
vkyfonf/ touf 14^15 ESpf q,fausmfouft&G,fwGif xdef;rEkdifodrf;r&
atmif ykefuefjcm;em;vkdonfh pdwf½l;ay:aygufwwfonf/
bk&m;&Sifu aAGazmufnmOfqkd;aom uav;rsm;tm; Budrfwkwfjzifh
qHk;rckdif;onf/ xkdtaMumif;udk tcef; 15 ü tus,fw0ifh avhvmMurnf/
BudrfwkwfqkdonfrSm uav;oli,f\ pdwfESvHk;xJ&Sd remcHvkdpdwf rkdufrJrItm;
armif;xkwf&m enf;emudk qkdvkdonf/ rdbrsm;tm; remcHcsufjcif;wHkYjyefolrsm;
onf xkdokdYaom Budrfwkwf\ rdwfaqGjzpfonf/ xkdtjzpfoepfrsKd;udk Budrfzef
rsm;pGm awGUjrifMum;odbl;onf/ uav;oli,fonf trdefYtmPmzDqefaom
tcg ab;&efBuHKawGUonf/
143
Budrfwkwfonf tqHk;pGefpHerlempum;jzpfonf/ ok 23;14 wGif ]]Budrf

vH;k jzifh ½ku
d íf ol\ touf0n d mOfukd r&PmEkid if rH S u,fEw I af vmh}}[k qko d nf/
þae&mrS om;orD;rsm;\ touf0n d mOfaojcif;qko d nfrmS tusiyhf supf ;D jcif;udk
qkdvkdonf/ xkdokdYrjzpfap&ef u,fwif&onf/ xkdYaMumifh Budrfwkwfonf pdwf
0dnmOfu,fwif&m? tusifhqkd;rS u,fwif&m vufeufaumif;jzpfonf/
þae&mrS Burd w
f w
k o f nf pepfwus&adS &;udk qkv d o dk nf/ Burd w
f w k jf zifh
½kdufjcif;qkdonfrSm tultnDrJh uav;oli,ftm; trsufa'gojzifh ½kdufESuf
qHk;rjcif;r[kwfyg/ om;orD;rsm;tm; ab;&efra&mufatmif BudKwifumuG,f
qHk;rjcif;jzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh om;orD;rsm;u rdbrsm;tm; tmcHjyefajym
jcif;rjyKbJ ½kdusKd;pGm emcHa&;jzpfonf/ xkdodkYaom enf;vrf;jzifh uav;oli,f
tm; aoab;rS BudKwifumuG,f&onf/ pdwfESvHk;xJü wefjyefpdefac:0Hhjcif;r&Sd
atmif yJhjyifqHk;r&onf/
Budrfwkwf\ tcef;u@
om;orD;rsm;tm; Budrfwkwfjzifh yJhjyifjcif;qkdonfrSm tb,fenf;/
rnfodkY vkyfaqmif&rnfenf;/ ok 29;15 wGif ]]BudrfvHk;jzifh ½kdufjcif;? EIwfjzifh
qHk;rjcif;jzifh ynmwkd;yGm;wwf\}}[k qkdonf/ okwåHusrf;pmrsufESmwkdif;wGif
bk&m;&Siu f kd cspaf Mumufonfph um; awGU&onf/ bk&m;ocifukd xko d Ydk cspaf Mumuf
&onfh ÓPfynm&&Sd&ef Budrfwkwfudk wefqmyvmtjzpf toHk;jyK&onf/
Burd w
f w k Ef iS hf ÓPfynmqufpyfwwf&ef txl;ta&;Bu;D onf/ rdb\
trdet Yf mPmudk rcH,al om om;orD;onf rku d rf o
J nf/ bk&m;&Si\ f w&m;pD&if
cGifh trdefYtmPmudk vufrcHjiif;qefoljzpfonf/ wyfrufjcif;avmbudk &Sdckd;
ud;k uG,o f jl zpfonf/ bk&m;&Si\ f ed,mrw&m;awmfukd jiif;qefjcif;onf ao&Gm
vm;onfh rdrdqE´tm; a&G;cs,fjcif;jzpfonf/ xkdum; tjrifhrm;qHk; rkdufrJjcif;
jzpfonf/
Budrfwkwfjzifh uav;oli,ftm; vdr®matmif yJhjyifqHk;r&onf/ txl;
ojzifh tmcHykefuefaom vlrkdufav;rsm;tm; qHk;r&mü Budrfwkwfonf vuf
eufaumif;jzpfonf/ uav;oli,f\ pdwfxm;tm; atmufusKdU½kdusKd;atmif
qH;k r&mü oH;k &onf/ tMurf;tm;jzifh Burd w f w
k of nf ½ku
d Ef u
S jf cif; trSwt f om;
144
r[kw/f vdrm® a&;jcm;&Sad tmif qH;k ronfh trSwo f ufaojzpfonf/ rvdrm® aom
uav;oli,ftm; touf&Sifaom pum;awmfrsm; em;0ifatmif qHk;rjcif;
jzpfonf/
a[NAJ 12;11 wGif ]]qHk;rjcif;rnfonfum; cH&pOfwGif 0rf;ajrmufp&m
rxif/ 0rf;enf;p&m xifrSwfMu\/ odkYaomfvnf; qHk;rjcif;udk cH&olonf
aemufrS Nidrfoufjcif;ESifh pyfqkdifaom ajzmifhrwfjcif;udk &\}}[kqkdonf/
pnf;urf;ao0yfjcif; Budrfwkwfonf emusifjcif;udk ,laqmifvmí
ajzmifhrwfjcif;ESifh Nidrfoufcsrf;ajrUjcif; toD;tyGifhudk ay;onf/ rdbrsm;onf
om;orD;rsm;tm; trdefYtmPm emcHwwfMu&ef i,f&G,fpOfcgü BudrfwkwfoHk;
&onf/
uav;oli,fwkdif;onf emcHwwfMuygovm;/ usrf;pmu þodkY qkd
ygonf/ ]]BudrfvHk;ESifh ½kdufjcif;? EIwfESifh qHk;rjcif;tm;jzifh ynmwkd;yGm;wwf\/
wwfwidk ;f aeapaomolonf trdukd t&Sucf w JG wf\/ pum;tm;jzifo h m uReu f kd
qH;k rí r&Ekid &f m/ oif\ om;udk qH;k ravmh/ odjYk yKvQif olonf oifu h kd csr;f om
ay;rnf/ xkdrQu pdwf&Tifvef;p&mtcGifhudk ay;rnf}}(ok 29;15? 17)/
om;orD;rsm; ,Ofaus;vdr®ma&;jcm;&SdvmMuap&ef bk&m;&Sifu Budrf
wkwu f kd wefqmyvmtjzpf oH;k ckid ;f ygonf/ oH;k tyfonf[k rqkb d J oH;k &rnf[k
qkdxm;ygonf/ odkYaomf roHk;rae&[k rqkdyg/ vkdtyfonfhae&mwGif toHk;jyK
wwf&ef qkdvkdygonf/ om;orD;tm; rkdufrJjcif;aowGif;rS u,fxkwfvkdvQif
olwkdYpdwfESvHk;xJ&Sd rkdufrJjcif;udk tjypfrS qGJEIwfz,f&Gm;yg/ vdr®ma&;jcm;&Sdapvkd
vQif Budrfwkwfudk toHk;jyK&ef rarhygESifh/
BudrfwkwfqkdonfrSm
Burd w
f w
k q
f o
dk nfrmS bk&m;&Sit f ay:odYk ,HMk unfjcif;opöm&So d nft h wkid ;f
om;orD;rsm;tm; *½kpu dk x
f ed ;f ausmif;aom rdbjzpfonf/ tcsed w f idk ;f wGif vdrm®
a&;jcm;&SdMua&; *½kpkdufxdef;ausmif;í bk&m;&Sifudk emcHMu&ef tjypfay;qHk;r
onf/ xkdodkYaom rkdufwGif;eufBuD; ao&GmodkY roGm;ap&ef tpOfojzifh *½kpkduf
apmifha&Smufaomoljzpfonf/
145
t&m&mü xdef;ausmif;jcif;
xkdtaMumif;udk waphwapmif; avhvmMunfhMurnf/ Budrfwkwf\
teufudk zGifhqkd&vQif rdb\ xdef;ausmif;jcif;jzpfonf/ þpmtkyf&Sd pmrsufESm
wkdif;wGif rdbrsm;ESifh om;orD;tMum; qufqHa&;taMumif; awGU&rnf/ ]]oifh
om;udk pnf;urf;ao0yfapavmh}}[k rdeq Yf x
dk m;onf/ om;orD;[k qkad omfvnf;
t&G,af &mufvv l m;ajrmufNy;D aom om;orD;rsm;udk Burd w
f wk jf zifh qH;k r&ef rqkd
xm;yg/ rdbrsm;\ tkyfxdef;rIus,fjyefYyHkudkom rD;armif;xkdjyvkdjcif;jzpfonf/
jyóemwck&SdonfrSm pmoifausmif;wufaeaom uav;oli,frsm;
taMumif;jzpfonf/ q&mwyg;\ ½kdufykwfjcif;onf rdb\ ½kdufykwfjcif;ESifh
oabmobm0rwlyg/ ½kdufykwfjcif;onf qufqHa&;udk NyJaponf/ rdbrsm;
onf om;orD;rsm;udk ½ku d yf w
k &f aomfvnf; zsm;emonft
h cg *½kpu dk jf yKpMk uonf/
arG;aeYtrSwfw&tjzpf yef;NcHxJodkY rdom;pkoGm;a&mufonfhtcgwGifvnf;
zifykwfacgif;ykwf vkyfMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh rdbrsm;\ ykwfjcif;ESifh tjcm;ol\
ykwfjcif;onf teuft&om rwlnDyg/
,HkMunfjcif;trSwftom;
Budrfwkwfudk ,HkMunfjcif;\ trSwftom;wcktjzpfvnf; odrSwfEkdif
onf/ rdbrsm;udk emcHjcif;onf rdbrsm;u t&mcyfodrf;tm; od&Sdvkyfaqmif
EkdifMuaomaMumifh r[kwfyg/ bk&m;&Sifu rdefYawmfrlaomaMumif; emcHjcif;
jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh bk&m;&Sif\ ÓPfynmawmfESifh tBuHtpnfawmfudk av;
pm;em,ljcif;jzpfonf/
,HkMunfjcif;opöm\ jyKrlcsufwck
Budrfwkwfonf uav;oli,f\ ,HkMunfjcif;opöm&SdyHk trSwftom;
vnf;jzpfonf/ pnf;urf;onf arQmfvifhcsufaqmufwnfjcif;vnf;jzpfonf/
rnfonfrh b d urQ rdro
d m;orD;rsm;tm; b0aoaeolrjzpfapcsiMf uyg/ cspjf cif;
arwåmESifh toufwmtyfESH&mjzpfonf/
146
pma&;olonf om;orD;tm; ½kdufykwfonfhtcgwkdif; rsuf&nftNzdKif

NzKd iu
f sonf/ xko
d Ydk wu,f½u
dk yf w
k cf sipf w
d f r&Syd g/ om;orD;rsm;onf rdbrsm;\
touf&Sifoef&m arQmfvifhcsufjzpfMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh bk&m;&Sif\ pum;awmf
ESifh ywfoufjcif;r&SdbJ om;orD;rsm;tm; ½kdufykwfjcif;rjyK/ ½kdufykwfjcif;onf
pma&;olESifh qufpyfywfoufjcif;r&Sd/ pma&;olwkdY vifr,m;onf om;orD;
rsm;udk qHk;ronfhtcg okwåHusrf;udk tvDvDzwf½INyD;rS qHk;ravh&SdMuonf/ om;
orD;rsm;\ pdwf0dnmOfxdyg;Ekdifaom txiftjrifvGJjcif; rcHpm;EkdifMu/
wm0ef,ljcif;
Burd w
f w
k o
f nf wm0ef,jl cif;udv
k nf; jyoonf/ rdbrsm;\ tjypf'Pf
ay;jcif;rQom r[kwyf g/ rdbrsm;tm; emcH&mvnf;jzpfonf/ rdbrsm;onf bk&m;
&Sifu olUom;orD;rsm;tm; apmifha&Smufrnfholrsm;tjzpf qifhac:xm;olrsm;
jzpfMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;tm; qHk;rjcif;onf tjypfvGef
usL;MuaomaMumifrh [kwb f J bk&m;&Si\
f tvkad wmfEiS t
hf nD vkyaf qmifMujcif;
jzpfonf/
cE¨mudk,ftm; tjypf'Pfay;jcif;
tjypf'Pfay;&mü Budrfwkwfudk toHk;jyKaomtcg tcgtm;avsmfpGm?
tcsed Ef iS hf wajy;nD toH;k jyKwwf&onf/ Burd w
f w
k o
f nf rdbrsm;\ trsuaf 'go
xkwfazmfjyo&mr[kwf/ wvGJtoHk;jyKrdvQif ½IyfaxG;rIjzpfyGm;aponf/ uav;
oli,ftm; tcufawGUatmif jyKvkyfjcif;vnf; r[kwfyg/ rdbrsm;onf om;
orD;rsm;\ tajctaeudk tcsdefwkdif;wGif od&SdMuonf/ uav;oli,frsm;u
vnf; vmrnfhta&; od&Sd&ef vkdtyfonf/
&nfrSef;csuf taumiftxnfazmfa&;
Budrfwkwfonf &nfrSef;csuf taumiftxnfazmf&mjzpfonf/ rdb
pum;udk remcHavvGifholonf rdbwkdYtm; tav;xm;*½krpkdufoljzpfonf/
147
xkdY aMumifh remcHtmcHoltm; qufvufí rkdufwGif;reufap&ef Budrfwkwfudk

oH;k &onf/ tu,fí qufvufru dk rf v
J Qif olUtem*wfuMH ur®monf arSmifru
dk f
ydef;ydwfoGm;rnf/ xkdYaMumifh om;orD;udk cspfcifaom rdbonf Budrfwkwfudk
pGJudkifxm;&onf/
Budrfwkwfatmufü &Sdolonf bk&m;&Sifudk emcHoljzpfonf/ ]]b,fcgrS
ig\ pum;emcH&ef rysufuGufESifh}}[laom rdefYawmfrlcsufudk owd&ae&onf/
om;orD;rsm;u rdbpum; emcH&jcif;taMumif;&if;onf bk&m;&Sif\ rdefYawmf
rlcsufjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh rdbpum; remcHjcif;onf bk&m;&Siftm; remcHjcif;
jzpfonf/ rdbpum; tmcHjcif;onf Bu;D rm;aom vkyaf qmifcsujf zpfonf/ rdb
wk\ Yd apwemudk em;rvnfyek u f efjcif;onf bk&m;&Si\f trdet Yf mPmudk zDqef
jcif;jzpfaomaMumifh BuD;av;aom qHk;rta&;,ljcif; cH&onf/
BudrfwkwfyHkysufjcif;rsm;
vlU,Ofaus;rIwiG f cufco J nfuh mvü Burd w
f wk u
f kd taumif;jrif0g'jzifh
rawGUrjrifEkdifMu/ xkdokdY Budrfwkwfudk em;vnfrIvGJMuonfh raumif;jrif0g'udk
a&SUaervkdufay;vkdyg/ Budrfwkwfudk tjrifvGJMuyHktcsKdU jyoygrnf/
trsufa'gotm; xdef;ausmif;jcif;r[kwf
or®musrf;pmu Budrfwkwftm; oHk;ykdifcGifhr&Sd[k rqkdyg/ þpmtkyf\
'kw, d ydik ;f wGiv f nf; qufvufaqG;aEG;avhvmMuOD;rnf/ Burd w f w k o
f nf toH;k
jyK&mü txl;*½kpkdufp&mjzpfonf/ tMurf;zufrItm; ajr§mufyifhtm;ay;jcif;
r[kwf/ rnfonfhusrf;ydk'fwGifrS rdbrsm;tm; trsufa'goxGufvQif Budrfwkwf
ukid cf iG rhf jyKyg/ Burd w
f w
k o
f nf bk&m;w&m;rodonfh vlq;dk rsm;\ vufuidk yf pön;f
jzpfonf/ ,m 1;20 wGif ]]vl\ trsufa'goonf bk&m;ocif\ ajzmifhrwf
jcif;w&m;udk rjyKpkwwf}}[k qkdxm;ygonf/
148
tcsdefra&G; om;orD;rsm;tm; ½kdufESuf&efr[kwf

or®musr;f pmwGif om;orD;rsm;tm; tcsed rf a&G; ½ku d Ef u
S cf iG rhf jyKxm;yg/
Budrfwkwfonf om;orD;rsm;\ trSm;jyifqif&efESifh pnf;urf;ao0yfap&ef
jzpfonf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; ½ku
d Ef u
S cf siw
f idk ;f ½ku
d Ef u
S &f efvnf; Burd w f w k af y;jcif;
r[kwf/ { 6 wGif om;orD;rsm;\ pdwfremapa&; owday;xm;ygonf/ om;
orD;rsm;tm; ud,
k x
f vd ufa&muf emusiaf pjcif;onf cg;oD;pGm jyKrjl cif;jzpfonf/
½IyfaxG;rIajz&Sif;&mr[kwf
or®musrf;pmwGif rdbESifh om;orD;tMum; rajyvnfrItm; Budrfwkwf
jzifh ajz&Si;f ckid ;f jcif;r&Syd g/ om;orD;ta&; ½Iyaf xG;&mudk xku
d o
hJ Ydk 0g;&if;wkwjf zifh
ajz&Sif;onfh rdbrsm; rawGUBuHKbl;yg/ 0g;&if;wkwfjzifh xkdokdY ajz&Sif;jcif;aemuf
wGif 'Pf&mESifh trsufa'gousef&pfonf/ Budrfwkwfonf trsufa'goESifh
pdwf½IyfaxG;rItm; ajz&Sif;&mr[kwf/
'Pfcwfjcif;r[kwf
rnfonfhusrf;csufwGifrS om;orD;rsm;\ trSm;udk 0g;&if;wkwfjzifh
tjypf'Pfcwf&ef oGefoifjcif;r&Sd/ xkdokdY rjyKtyf/ rdbtrsm;tjym;onf xkdokdY
tpGJtvef;&SdMuonf/ om;orD;rsm;\ tjypfudk Budrfwkwfjzifh qHk;rMuonf/
xko
d Ydk qH;k rjcif;onf aumif;&mrGe&f modYk jyKjyifjcif;xuf ykq
d ;dk &mokYd vm;aponf/
ta<u;rqyfEkdifoltm; woufwuRef; axmif'PfcsrSwfjcif;ESifh wlonf/ þ
enf;vrf;onf usrf;pmvm oGefoifcsufü r&Sd/
tNidK;xm; trsufa'gojzifh jyKrljcif;r&Sd&

Budrfwkwftm; wvGJwacsmf toHk;jyKjcif; tjcm;enf;vrf;wckrSm tNidK;
xm;trsuaf 'gojzifh toH;k jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ pma&;ol\ rdwaf qGonf {nfo
h nf
rsm; vma&mufvnfywfMupOfwGif olUom;tm; oD;oefYcef;odkY ac:xkwfNyD;
149
qlylum ½kdufykwfonf/ xkdYaemuf olUom;tm; ]]cspfvkdYajymwm rSwfyg}}[kqkd

onf/ xko d jYdk zifh om;tzESpaf ,muf jyefvnfoifjh rwfNyKH ;&TiMf uonf/ cufonfu
a,mu©r(tbGm;)u rauseyf/ om;tay:odkY zcif\ qHk;ryHkudk rBudKuf/ xkdY
aMumifh eD;pyfjcif;xuf a0;uGmjcif;jzpfaponf/
xkdom;tztMum; vkyfaqmifcsufonf ajzmifhrwfrSefuefaomfvnf;
ab;vltjrifwGif rSm;,Gif;Ekdifonf/ vlrsm;onf rdrdudk,fudk ajzmifhrwfrSefuef
ol[k xifrw S Mf upNrjJ zpfonf/ rSeu f efjcif;ESihf rrSeu
f efjcif;tMum;wGif rnfo\ l
*kPo f u
d m© r*Fvm&Sad Mumif; wkid ;f wm&onf/ tu,fí rSeu f efaeygvsuf bk&m;
&Sif\ trsufa'gooifhaevQif rdrdtrsufa'goonf rSefuefonf[k xifrSwf
ayrnf/ ]]rif;u igYudk 'Dvkdvkyf&ufr,fvkdY rxifbl;? wckckawmh taMumif;&Sd
r,f}}[laom pum;rsK;d onf rSeu f efaom trsuaf 'gor[kw/f xkt d rsuaf 'go
rsKd;onf &THUa&a&maom pnf;urf;rsKd;jzpfonf/
Budrfwkwfudk uefYuGufcsufrsm;
igYom;orD;wkdYudk cspfvGef;vkYd ½kdufykwfonf
þuefYuGufcsufudk vG,fvifhwul em;vnfEkdifMuayrnf/ om;orD;
rsm;tm; xkdodkY ½kdufykwf&aMumif; rMum;odbl;yg/ rdrdom;orD;tm; tBudKuf
rESpfoufjcif;? 'l;ay:aygifay:ü rwifvkdjcif;[laom rdbpdwfxm;rsKd; rMum;
odbl;yg/ rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;udk tvGefcspfcifESpfoufMuygonf/ rdrdudk,f
udk jyefar;Munfhyg/ tjypfjyKaom om;udk rqHk;rvQif rnfokdY epfemrnfenf;/
rdbomvQif epfemqHk;½IH;rnf/ txufwae&mrS zcifu om;udk qHk;rjcif;onf
rnfolUtusKd;twGufenf;/ om;\ aumif;pm;a&;twGuf zcifu qHk;rjcif;
jzpfonf/ vwfwavmrS pdwfrauseyfrIrsm;onf aemifwGif pdwfcsrf;om&m
jzpfonf/ usrf;pmvm oGefoifcsufrsm;udk od&Sdxm;&onf/ ok 13;24 wGif
]]BudrfvHk;udk roHk;aomolonf rdrdom;udk rkef;&mokdY a&muf\/ om;udkcspfaom
olrlum;? i,faomt&G,frSpí qHk;rwwf\}}[k qkdonf/ þusrf;csuft&
om;orD;tm; qH;k rjcif;onf rke;f aomaMumifrh [kwbf J cspcf ifjrwfE;kd aomaMumifh
jzpfonf/ cspfjcif;arwåmonf aumif;Ekd;&m&mudk a&S;½Ivkyfaqmifonf/
150
olUudk emusifaprSm pkd;&drfonf

c&pf,mefrdbrsm;yif rMumcP usrf;pmvmBudrfwkwf[laom pum;
vHk;udk wvGJwacsmf teuf,lvsuf om;orD;rsm;tm; ½kdufESuf&mü toHk;jyKMu
onf/ om;orD;rsm;tay:odkY xdef;rEkdifodrf;r&onfh trsufa'goaygufuGJrIü
oHk;Muonf/ usrf;pmuajymaom Budrfwkwfonf xkdokdYaom oabmr[kwf/
xkdum; uav;oli,ftay:ü tMurf;zufjcif;jzpfonf/
tcsKdUrdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;udk xdckdufemusifapMuonf/ tcsKdUu
ajcvGefvufvGefvsuf cE¨mudk,ftpdwftykdif;udkyif ysufpD;apMuonf/ xkdodkY
jyKrljcif;onf ok 23;13? 14 \ qkdvkd&if;udk vGJacsmfjcif;jzpfonf/ ]]oli,fudk
rqH;k rbJ raeESi/hf Burd v
f ;kH ESihf ½ku
d af omfvnf; olonf rao? Burd v
f ;kH ESihf ½ku
d í
f
ol\ touf0dnmOfudk r&PmEkdifiHrS u,fEIwf&rnf}}/
usrf;pmoGefoifcsufwGif uav;oli,f\ ½kyfcE¨mudk,ftm; rysufpD;
ap&ef owday;onf/
pdwfqkd;í ykefuefrSm pkd;&drfonf

rdbonf om;orD;udk cspcf ifjrwfE;dk &pNrjJ zpfonf/ rdbrsm;tm; tm;ud;k
wBuD; &SdapcsifMuonf/ rdbarwåm? MuifemrIudk em;vnfcHpm;apcsifMuonf/
rdbrsm;u olwu Ydk kd rcspaf omaMumifh rMurf;zufqKH ;ronf[k txifvMJG urSmudk
pkd;&drfMuonf/ pnf;urf;udkifwG,fjcif;aMumifh rdbrsm;tm; tqkd;0g;qHk; wHkYjyef
rSmudk pkd;&drfMuonf/ ok 29;17 wGif xkdokdYaom pdwfoabmr&Sd&aMumif; þodkY
qefYusifpum;qkdxm;onf/ ]]oif\ om;udk qHk;ravmh/ odkYjyKvQif olonf oifh
udk csrf;omay;rnf/ xkdrQru pdwf&Tifvef;p&m tcGifhudkay;rnf}}/
pnf;urf;udkifwG,fjcif;jzifh trSefwu,f vdr®ma&;jcm;&Sdvmaomtcg
pdwfqkd;jcif;? pdwfemjcif;tpm; Nidrf;csrf;&Tifvef;jcif;&Sdvmrnf/ om;orD;rsm;xHrS
0rf;ajrmufjcif;yDwd pm;oHk;&rnf/
uav;rsm; qHk;ryJhjyifjcif;onf a&wkdâ&&Snf umvESpfckpvHk;tusKd;
twGufjzpfonf/ ½kdufESufaomaMumifh vwfwavmwGif 0rf;enf;aomfvnf;
a&S&SnfwGif 0rf;ajrmufaysmf&Tif&mjzpfonfhtaMumif;udk tcef; 15 wGif a&;
xm;onf/
151
½kdufESufoGefoifjcif; rvkyf&ufyg
rdbtrsm;tjym;u jyóemajz&Sif;&ef ½kdufESufoGefoif&rSmudk pkd;&drf
Muonf/ rdbrsm;tay:odkY tNidK;xm;trsufBuD;rSmudk pkd;&drfMuonf/ tcef;
15 wGif aocsmpGm &Sif;jyxm;onf/ rnfolrqkd rSm;,Gif;csuftay: ta&;,l
tjypfay;jcif;udk auseyfpmG vufc&H pNrjJ zpfonf/ uav;oli,frsm;onf vGrJ mS ;
aom tjypfwifqHk;rjcif;udk aw;rSwfMuí wu,fvGefusL;aom tjypftwGuf
tjypf'Pfukd auseyfpmG 0efcMH uonf/ xkaYd Mumifh rSeaf om pGcJ suw
f ifjcif;jzpf&ef
vdktyfonf/
xkdokdYr[kwfyg
þodkYaom uefYuGufcsufrsKd;udk rdbrsm;u aocsmpGm pDppf&onf/ ESpf
aygif;Mum&Snf oif;tkyfq&mwm0ef xrf;aqmifolu ae&mwkdif;ü Budrfwkwf
roHk;tyfaMumif; atmufygtwkdif; ajymjybl;onf/
(u) taMumif;&if;rSefuefvQif uav;oli,frsm;tm; trsufa'gorjzpfapyg/

uav;oli,frsm;onf r[kwrf cHorl sm;jzpfMuonf/ rdrad 'goudk xde;f rEkid f
odrf;r&ojzifh rdbrsm;tay:odkY a'goxGufjcif;r&Sd/ tjzpfoepfrSefudk
&ifxwJ iG f odr;f qnf;xm;Muonf/ tjypf'Pfay;rnfp;dk aomaMumifh wHjYk yef
wwfMuonf/ odkYaomf rdbrsm;\ oefY&Sif;aom trsufa'goudkrl auseyf
pGm vufcH&ef tNrJwrf; tqifoifh&SdMuonf/
(c) rqDrqkdif BudrfwkwfoHk;jcif;/ uav;oli,frsm;onf rnfonfhtcsdefwGif
rnfodkYaom tjypf'PfcH&rnfudk rodMu/ xkdYaMumifh rdbrsm;ESifh tNrJ xd
awGUaeMuonf/
(*) cHEkdif&nfrJhjcif;/ tcsKdUvlrsm;onf a&&SnfcHEkdifpGrf;r&SdMuaomaMumifh Budrf
wkwu f kd waeukeef ;D yg; oH;k wwfMuonf/ olwu Ydk av;rsm;uvnf; wnOfh
vHk; ajymif;vJjcif;r&SdMu/ xkdYaMumifh vufajr§muft½IH;ay;Muonf/
152
(C) tusK;d oufa&mufrrI &S/d umvMum&Snf tjypfjyKjyifay;aomfvnf; ajymif;

vJjcif;r&So
d nfh uav;oli,f awGUjrifb;l onf ykw½f u
dk jf cif;u tusK;d ouf
a&mufrIr&Sd/ taMumif;aomf olUrdbrsm;u Budrfwkwfjzifh qHk;rjcif;rjyK
pbl;Mu/
uav;oli,ftm; tEkdifusifhjcif;jzifh tzrf;cH&rSm pkd;&drfonf

þae&mwGif ajymqkdcsifonfrsm oifhuav;oli,frsm;tm; ½kdufykwf
jcif;onf w&m;Oya'ESifh ywfouftusKH;0ifjcif;r&Sdyg/ uav;oli,ftm;
tEkid t f xufjyKjcif;? w&m;Oya'ESirhf nDaom tjypfjyKjyifq;kH rjcif;onf Oya'ESihf
NidpGef;jcif;r&Sd/ usrf;pmudk rodem;rvnfolrsm;u t&rf;uma&m ykwfcwf
a&mpyfajymqkdjcif;omjzpfonf/ wck&SdonfrSm vdr®ma&;jcm;&Sdvmap&ef jyKrl
jcif;jzpf&onf/ xkdodkY ykwfESufjcif;onf rdom;pkta&;jzpfonf/ vlod&SifMum;
t&SufwuGJ jyKrljcif;r[kwf/ þae&mwGif xyfajymcsifonfrSm bk&m;? rdb?
om;orD;ta&;ü t&SufuGJjcif;r&Sda&;jzpfonf/
rdom;pktwGif;ü r[kwfbJ jyifyta&;t&mudpöaMumifh jyKrljcif;rsm;
&SdEkdifygonf/ wcgw&H rdbrsm;u ]]igwkYdtdrfrSm r&SdcsdefwGif om;orD;rsm;udk
ukdifwG,fEkdifrSmr[kwf}}[k qkdwwfMuonf/ uav;oli,frsm;onf tdrfwGif
&Sad epOf vdrm® a&;jcm;&SMd uaomfvnf; rdbESiahf 0;&m jyifyurÇmodYk a&muf&cdS sed w
f iG f
xkdokdY jzpfwwfMuygonf/ rnfonfhae&modkY a&muf&Sdonfjzpfap rdrdaetdrf?
rdom;pkuJhokdY oabmxm;í aexkdifjyKrl&ef ta&;BuD;vkdtyfonf/
Budrfwkwf\ toD;tyGifh
Burd w
f w
k u
f vlUtrltusihf oGeo f ifonf/ Burd w
f wk u
f om;orD;rsm;\
pdwfxm;&ifhusufa&;? BuJonfhtwkdif; &dwfodrf;rnfhta&;rsm; oGefoifonf/
uav;oli,frsm;onf emcHjcif;tusifhudk &nfvnfpGm oif,l&onf/ remcHol
onf Nidrfoufcsrf;omrI r&&SdEkdif/ ,HkMunfolonf bk&m;&Sifu urÇmwvTm;odkY
rsKd;aphBuJí toD;tyGifhrsm; jyefvnf&dwfodrf;&ef apckdif;xm;onf/
153
Budrfwkwfonf bk&m;ocif\ trdefYtmPmudk rdbrsm;xHodkY jyool

jzpfonf/ BudrfwkwfoHk;aom rdbonf trdefYtmPmukd emcH&mwGif pHerlem
jzpfMuonf/ om;orD;rsm;u trdefYemcHwwf&ef tcuftcJwck&SdMuonfrSm
pHerlem jyool &Sm;onf/
Budrfwkwfu uav;oli,frsm;tm; trdefYtmPmatmufü aeMu&ef
oGeo f ifonf/ xkaYd Mumifh remcHorl sm;tm; emcHwwf&ef ta&;Bu;D oGeo f ifonf/
uav;oli,fonf i,f&, G Ef yk sKpd OfwiG f trdeeYf mcHwwfjcif;onf aumif;cs;D r*Fvm
cHpm;&mjzpfaMumif; taotcsm oif,l&onf/
Budrfwkwfu rdbarwåmESifh qufuyfrIudk jyoonf/ a[NAJ 12 wGif
Budrfwkwfonf cspfjcif;arwåm jyo&m[kqkdonf/ i,f 5 wGif pnf;urf;onf
om;t&mcH,&l m[k qko d nf/ rdbrsm;onf &if0,fom;orD;rsm;udk cspjf cif;arwåm
jzifv
h nf; oGeo f ifMuonf/ tzGUJ tpnf;rQomr[kwMf u/ aygif;azmfo[mjyKjcif;
rQomr[kwMf u/ rdbrsm;onf b0ESit hf rQ om;orD;rsm;tm; pnf;urf;oGeo f if
Muyfrwfolrsm;jzpfMuonf/
Budrfwkwfonf Nidrfoufcsrf;ajrUjcif;ESifh ajzmifhrwfjcif; &dwfodrf;apol
jzpfonf/ a[NAJ 12;11 wGif ]]qHk;rjcif;rnfonfum; cH&pOftcg 0rf;ajrmuf
p&mrxif? 0rf;enf;p&mxifwwf\/ odkYaomfvnf; qHk;rjcif;udk cH&aomolwkdY
onf aemufrS Nird o f ufjcif;ESihf oufqidk af om ajzmifrh wfjcif;tusK;d udk cH&Mu\}}
[kqo dk nf/ pnf;urf;aumif;rGejf cif;onf atmifjrifjzpfxeG ;f &m? atmifjrifaom
om;orD;rsm;&Sd&mjzpfonf/
Budrfwkwfonf tHhMobG,f toD;jzpfxGef;aponf/ pma&;olonf
t&G,af &mufaom om;orD;rsm;\ zcifjzpfaomaMumifh tNrw J rf; aus;Zl;awmf
csD;rGrf;onf/ vifr,m;ESpfa,muf yxrqHk; &nf&G,fcsufxm;&SdonfrSm þ
tcef;wGif a&;xm;onfhtwkdif; vdr®maom uav;wa,muf xGef;um;a&;
jzpfonf/ touf 18-v&vmaomtcg pOf;pm;p&m(2)ck&Sdvmonf/ yxr
tcsufrSm om;av;\ a&SUa&;jzpfí aemufwckrSm pnf;urf;aumif;rGefatmif
xdef;ausmif;a&;jzpfonf/ rdrdudk,fudk xdef;ausmif;Ekdifa&; vkdcsifay;Muonf/
rdbudk cspfcifjrwfEkd;apcsifMuonf/
txufu Budrfwkwfonf om;uav;tm; rdbrsm;odkY aumif;csD;csrf;
omay;ckdif;onf/ toufqufvuf&Sifoefvkdpdwfvnf; ay;vmonf/ xkdBudrf
154
wkwo f nf trSm;rsm;udk jyifqifay;um bk&m;&Siu

f rdbrsm;xHoYkd ay;xm;aom
uwdawmfvm aumif;csD;r*Fvm jynfhpHkaponf/
Budrfwkwfu rdbESifh om;orD;rsm;tMum; &if;ESD;rIESifh yGifhvif;rIjzpfap
onf/ om;orD;rsm;udk *½krpkduf ypfy,faom rdbonf om;orD;ESifh cifrif
&if;ESD;rItm; zsufqD;oljzpfonf/ rdbpum;udk remcHtmcHqefYusifaom om;
orD;rsm;onf pD;qif;vmaom rdbarwåmudk wvGJpD;qif;apoljzpfonf/ xkYd
aMumifh rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;\ aumif;aom vkdtifqE´ em;vnfjznfh
qnf;jcif;jzifh &if;ESD;cifrifav;pm;rI aqmufwnf&onf/
ESpfbufpvHk; taumif;qHk;
BudrfwkwfESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;udk nDñGwfpGm toHk;jyKjcif;onf
oabFmtm; vkd&mqdyfurf;odkY armif;ESifqkdufuyfapjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ qufqH
a&;ESihf Burd w
f wk w
f Ydk pyf[yfrrI &Sv
d Qif vk&d myef;wkid o
f Ykd qku
d af &mufEidk rf nfr[kw/f
xkdtaMumif;udk a[NAJ 12;5-6 wGif þodkY awGU&onf/ ]]xkdrSwyg;?
igYom;? xm0&bk&m;qH;k rawmfrjl cif;udk rrSwb f rJ aeESi/hf oif\ tjypfudk ppfaq;
awmfrlaomtcg pdwfrysufESifh/ xm0&bk&m;onf cspfawmfrlaomoludk qHk;r
awmfrlwwf\/ vufcHawmfrlorQaom om;wkdYudk 'Pfcwfawmfrlwwf\}}/
om;orD;rsm;tm; aygif;oif;qufqHa&; od&Sdem;vnfap&onf/ xkdY
tjyif trdefYtmPmudkvnf; em;vnfcH,l&onf/ uefYowfcsufrsm;ESifh trSm;
jyifqifcsufudk od&Sdem;vnf&ef vdktyfonf/ xkdum; BudrfwkwftaMumif; od&Sd
jcif;jzpfonf/
BudrfwkwftoHk;jyKjcif;onf usrf;pmvm oGefoifcsuftwkdif;jzpfonf/
rdb\ trdefYtmPmudk cH,l&onf/ aumif;rGefaom qufqHa&;onf at;wd
at;pufaejcif;? tMurf;zufjyKrljcif;wkdYudk a&Smif&Sm;onf/
om;orD;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;ajyjypfacsmarm&ef uav;oli,frsm;\
touft&G,t f vkud f aygif;oif;qufqw H wfa&;vnf; yg0ifonf/ xkt d aMumif;
onfvnf; ta&;BuD;udpöjzpfaomaMumifh þpmtkyf 'kwd,ykdif;wGif tus,f
w0ifh avhvmMurnf/
tcsKdUrdbrsm;onf qufqHa&;(odkY) Budrfwkwfudk tav;xm;Muonf/
155
odkYaomf xkdokdY tav;teufxm;&mwGif usrf;pmoGefoifcsufESifh udkufnDa&;

owdxm;&onf/ usrf;pmESifh udkufnDjcif;r&SdvQif tmPm&Sifpepf tkyfpkd;jcif;
jzpfomG ;Ekid o
f nf/ xko
d Ykd rdbESihf om;orD;qufqaH &; owdrxm;jcif;onf tqk;d
jrif0g'jzpfoGm;Ekdifonf/ trdefYtmPm&Sif rdbrsm;onf oem;n§mwmrIr&SdMu/
udk,fcsif;pmw&m; ysufuGufMuonf/ tqkd;jrifrdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;\
vkyfaqmifcsufudk todtrSwfjyKjcif;r&SdMu/ usrf;pmoGefoifcsufudkvnf;
tjypftemjzpfapMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh ESpfOD;ESpfbuf csdefcGifn§mnD&onf/

1/ Budrfwkwfudk toHk;jyK&mü rdbESifh om;orD;tMum;wGif rnfodkY vGJrSm;rI
&SdEkdifoenf;/
2/ Budrfwkwfonf rnfodkYaom wefqmyvmenf;/
3/ bk&m;&Sifu om;orD;rsm;tm; Budrfwkwfjzifh qHk;r&ef rnfolUxHodkY tmPm
ay;oenf;/
4/ BudrfwkwfoHk;jcif; &nf&G,fcsufudk jyefMunfhyg/ rnfonfhuefYuGufp&m
&Sdoenf;/
5/ BudrfwkwfoHk;jcif; trSm;rsm;udk a&wGufyg/
6/ aygif;oif;qufqaH &;ESihf Burd w
f w
k q
f ufpyfykH pOf;pm;yg/ rnfonfeh nf;vrf;
ykdvG,foenf;/
156
tcef; 12
todw&m;ygvmjcif;
þum; uAsmu,m vkyfaqmifbG,f&mr[kwfyg/ tm½HkjyKqifjcif

Munfh½Ityf&mjzpfonf/ toufwmwGif OD;pm;ay;Munfh½Ip&mjzpfonf/ wpHk
wOD;\ toufwmudk taxGtxl; rajymvkdyg/ wDAGDxJrS vlrsm;yrm taygpm;
rsm;rjzpfapcsif/ wDADGZmwfvrf;rsm; jyKvkyfolu olUvkyfaqmifyHkudk þodkY
ajymjyonf/ olonf aq;yef;csDa&;qGJoljzpfonf/ yef;csDa&;qGJ&ef rkd;umjym;
jyifqifaecsdefü oGm;a&mufvnfywfonf/
]],ckxd yef;csDum; rpEkdifao;bl;vm;}}/ xkdolonf vkyfief;rpwifrSD
ypön;f u&d,mrsm; tqifoifrh jzpfcifwiG f yef;csuD m;a&;qGrJ nfh rk;d umtm; aq;
aMumoefYpifonf/ xkdodkY aq;aMumojzifh oefY&Sif;MunfvifoGm;onf/ yef;csD
um;a&qGJ&mwGifvnf; aq;aMumoefYpif&ef vkdtyfonf/
þtcef;udk aq;aMumoefYpifcef;[k qkdMu&atmif/ NyD;cJhaom tcef;
wGif aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESifh BudrfwkwftaMumif; aqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/ xkdESpfck
onf todw&m;ESifh bk&m;ocif\ a&G;EIwfjcif;trIawmfudk yHkaqmifonf[k
vnf; qkEd idk yf gonf/ xkaYd Mumifh toufwmü aygif;oif;qufqaH &;ESihf Burd w
f w
k f
ESpfckpvHk; vkdtyfonf/ þum; usrf;pmoGefoifcsufyHkpHESifh rdbrsm;\ tcef;
u@[kvnf; qkdEkdifonf/
157
todw&m; ygvmjcif;
trSm;jyifqifay;jcif;ESifh pnf;urf;udkifwG,fjcif;onf om;orD;rsm;
twGuf woufrarhtyfp&m todw&m;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocifu ay;xm;aom
om;orD;rsm;odkY trSm;trSef cGJjcm;wwf&ef todÓPfynm ay;ckdif;onf/
&Siaf ygvku bk&m;ocif\ w&m;awmf em;axmif&aumif;rSe;f rodaom evyde;f
wHk;rsm;onf trsKd;rsKd;tzHkzHk jyKrSm;Muonf[k qkdonf(a&m 2;12-16)/ rdrdudk,f
udk tjypfcGifhvTwfjcif;^tjypfwifjcif;onfvnf; olwkdYpdwfoabmtwkdif;
jzpfMuonf/
bk&m;&Sifawmfu todÓPfynmay;jcif;onf pnf;urf;&Sd&efESifh
trSm;udk jyifqifEidk &f efjzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh todÓPfynm&S&d ef pdwEf v S ;kH jzLpif
Munfvifa&;onf ta&;BuD;qHk;jzpfonf/ todÓPfynmMunfvifvQif rdrd
trSm;ukdyif jyifqif&ef qifjcifwwfouJhokdY rdbnDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;\
axmufjycsufrsm;udkvnf; oabm½kd;jzifh vufcHonf/
usr;f csuEf pS cf k avhvmMurnf/ ok 23 wGif Burd w
f w
k jf zifh trSm;jyifqif
a&; ajymjyonf/ i,f 13? 14 wGif ]]oli,fudk rqHk;rbJraeESifh/ BudrfvHk;jzifh
½kdufvQifvnf; aornfr[kwf/ BudrfvHk;jzifh ½kdufí ol\ touf0dnmOfudk
r&PmEkid if rH S u,fEw I &f rnf}}[kqo
dk nf/ þae&mwGif Burfww k o
f nf avhusihf
oGeo f if&efrQomr[kwaf Mumif; awGU&onf/ tjcm;wckrmS todÓPfynm&Sad &;
jzpfonf/ xkdtaMumif;udk þokwåHusrf; tcef; 23 wGif xyfcgwvJvJ awGU
&onf/
]]tjypfxif&Sm;aomolwkdYudk jiLplaompdwfr&Sd& ----}}(i,f 17)

]]---- udk,fpdwfESvHk;udk vrf;rü yJhjyifavmh}}(i,f 19)
]]oifhudkjzpfbGm;apaom tb\pum;udk em;axmifavmh ----}}(i,f 22)
]]or®mw&m;udk 0,favmh/ ra&mif;ESifh ynmudk4if;? qHk;rMo0g'udk4if;? ÓPfowdå
udk4if; xkdtwljyKavmh}}(i,f 23)/
]]igYom; oifhESvHk;udk igYtm;ay;avmh ----}}(i,f 26)
þusrf;ydk'frsm;onf ESpfvkdbG,f&mjzpfí todÓPfynm&Sd&ef awmif;

yefavQmufvo
J nf/ a&Smvrkeo f nf El;nHah om Burd w
f w
k [
f w
k yf govm;/ r[kwf
158
usrf;pmvmenf;vrf;rsm; zufwG,fjcif;? todw&m;ygvmjcif;
yg/ odaYk omf Burd w

f w
k t
f aMumif;udk em;vnfEpYHS yfonf/ Burd w
f w
k \
f oufa&muf
&mudk od&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh rdrdtodÓPfudk bk&m;&Sif\ or®mw&m;vrf;wGif
xGef,ufí pkdufysKd;&onf/
todÓPftaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí zm&d&SJwkdY\ pum;tay: ocif
a,½I\ wHjYk yefcsuüf wcgavhvmMurnf/ r 21;23 wGif ,Zfyak &m[dwBf u;D ESihf
vlBuD;olrrsm;u c&pfawmf\ trdefYtmPm pdefac:MuyHk awGU&onf/ xkdae&m
wGif ocifa,½Iu om;ESpfa,mufyHkOyrmjzifh jyefvnf&Sif;jyonf/
oifwkdYonf tb,fodkY xifMuoenf;/ wpHkwa,mufaomolü om;

ESpfa,muf &Sd\ om;tBuD;qDodkY oGm;í igYom;? ,aeY igYpyspfO,smOfodkY oGm;í
vkyfaqmifavmh[kqkdvQif?
om;u igroGm;bl;[k jyefajymaomfvnf; aemufrS aemifw&í oGm;av\/
tbonf tjcm;aom om;qDokdY oGm;í a&SUenf;wl qkdvQif? om;u oGm;
ygrnftbocif[k qkdaomfvnf; roGm;bJae\/
xkdom;ESpfa,mufwkdYwGif tb,folonf tb\tvkdudk aqmifoenf;[k
ar;awmfrlvQif
om;tBuD;aqmifygonf[k avQmufMuaomf?
a,½Iuvnf; igtrSeq f o dk nfum;? tcGecf w
H EYdk iS hf jynfwefqmwko
Yd nf oifwYdk
t&if bk&m;ocif\ EkdifiHawmfodkY 0ifwwfMu\/ taMumif;rlum; a,m[efonf
ajzmifhrwfaomtusifhudk usifhí oifwkdYqDodkY vmaomfvnf; oifwkdYr,HkMunfMu/
tcGefcHwkdYESifh jynfwefqmwkdYrlum; ,HkMunfMu\/ xkdtaMumif;ukd oifwkdYonf
jrifaomfvnf; ,HkMunfMurnftaMumif; aemufwzef aemifwr&Mu/
(r 21;28-32)
yHOk yrmtqH;k wGif ocifa,½Iu trSm;ESit

hf rSef a&G;cs,cf idk ;f &m rSeu
f ef
pGm ajymqkdEkdifMuonf/
xkYdaemuf tjcm;yHkOyrmwck xyfrHajymjyonf/ pyspfcif;ykdif&SifESifh qkd;
aom pyspfcif;tiSg;tvkyform;rsm;taMumif;jzpfonf/
]]tjcm;aom Oyrmudk em;axmifMuavmh/ tdrf&SifwOD;onf pyspfO,smOfudk

pkdufysKd;í apmif&ef;udk vkyfNyD;rS pyspfoD;e,f&m usif;udk wl;av\/ rSDckd&mvifhpif
udkvnf; aqmufav\/ vkyfaqmifaomolwkdYtm; O,smOfudk iSg;í tjcm;aom
159
jynfodkY oGm;av\/ toD;oD;csdefa&mufaomtcg toD;udk cHapjcif;iSg i,fom;

wkdYudk O,smOfapmifhwkdY&Sd&modkY apvTwfav\/
xkdolwkdYonf i,fom;rsm;udk zrf;NyD;vQif wOD;udk ½kdufí? wOD;ukd owfí?
wOD;udk cJESifhypfMu\/ aemufwzef t&ifxufrsm;aom tjcm;i,fom;wkdYudk
apvTwfjyefvQif O,smOfapmifhwkdYonf a&SUenf;wljyKMu\/ aemufqHk;O,smOf&Sifu
xkdolwkdYonf igYom;udk tm;emMuvdrfhrnf[k qkdí rdrdom;udk apvTwfav\/
O,smOfapmifw h oYdk nf om;udjk rifvQif þolonf tarGcjH zpf\/ vmMu? olUudk
owfí ol\ tarGOpömudk ,lMuukeftHh[k tcsif;csif; wkdifyifí O,smOf\ om;udk
zrf;,lNyD;rS O,smOfjyifodkY xkwfí owfypfMu\/
odkYjzpfvQif O,smOf&Sifonf vmaomtcg O,smOfapmifhwkdYudk tb,fodkY jyK
rnfenf;[k ar;awmfrl\/
y&dowfwkdYuvnf; xkdvlqkd;wkdYtm; qkd;aomzsufqD;jcif;udk pD&ifygvdrfhrnf/
toD;oD;csdefwGif toD;udk quftHhaom tjcm;vlwkdYtm; xkdO,smOfudk iSg;ygvdrfh
rnf[k avQmufMu\/
a,½Iuvnf; wkdufudk wnfvkyfaomolrsm; y,fxm;aom ausmufonf
aemufwzef wkdufaxmifhtxG#fzsm;odkY a&mufjyef\/ xkdtrIonf xm0&bk&m;
jyKawmfrlaom trIjzpf\/ igwkdYrsufarSmufüvnf; tHhMobG,fjzpf\[laom pum;
udk usrf;pmü w&HwcgrQ rzwfbl;oavm/
xkdYaMumifh igqkdonfum;? bk&m;ocif\ EkdifiHawmfudk oifwkdYrS EIwfí EkdifiH
awmf\ toD;udk oD;tHhaomvlrsKd;tm; ay;&vwHh/ tMuifolonf xkdausmuf
tay:odYk us\? xko d o l nf usK;d vwH/h tMuifo\ l tay:odYk xkad usmufonf us\?
xkdolonf nufnufaMuvwHh[k rdefYawmfrl\/
xkOd yrmpum;udk ,Zfyak &m[dwt f Bu;D ESihf zm&d&w
JS o
Ydk nf Mum;&vQif rdrw
d u
Ydk kd
&nfaqmifí a[majymawmfrlonfudk odMu\/ udk,fawmfudk zrf;qD;jcif;iSg &Sm
BuHaomfvnf; pka0;aomolrsm;udk aMumufMu\/ taMumif;rlum;? xkdolwkdYonf
udk,fawmfudk ya&mzufuJhokdY xifrSwfMu\(r 21;33-46)/
ocifa,½Iu trSm;ESit hf rSef a0cGcJ idk ;f onf/ zm&d&JS rsm;\ todÓPfukd

xkwof ;kH aponf/ ]]pyspcf if;NcyH idk &f iS f jyefa&mufaomtcg rnfoYkd vkyrf nfenf;}}[k
a&vmajrmif;ay; ar;cGef;ar;onf/
y&dowfrsm;tm; pD&ifcsucf srw S af ponf/ rSeu f efpmG qH;k jzwfEidk Mf uonf/
xkt
d ajzonf y&dowfrsm;udk &nfñeT ;f onf/ i,f 45 wGif olwu Ydk kd qkv
d adk Mumif;
odoGm;Muonf[k qkdonf/
160
þae&monf wu,fhtaMumif;tcsufjzpfonf/ c&pfawmfu tod

w&m;rMunfvifMuaomaMumifh rdrw d t
Ydk jypf z,f&mS ;oefpY if&menf;vrf; rodMu
[kqkdonf/ xkdYaMumifh jyóemonf tay:,HaMum ajz&Sif;p&mr[kwf/ tjrpf
jyKwfacsrIef;okwfoif&onf/
r 21;23 yg yif&if;ar;cGef;udk Munfhyg/ ]]þtrIudk tb,ftcGifhESifh
jyKoenf;/ xkdtcGifhudk tb,folay;oenf;}}[k udk,fawmftm; ar;Muonf/
xkdar;cGef;onf udk,fawmf\ trdefYtmPmt&if;tjrpfudk od&Sd&mjzpfonf/
udk,fawmf\ trdefYtmPmudk pdefac:Muonf/ udk,fawmf\ jyefvnfajzMum;
csuo f nf wku d yf cJG sKyNf ird ;f &mjzpfonf/ bk&m;&Six f aH wmfrS &&Scd ,
H o l nf[k qko d nf/
xkdy&dowfrsm;onf tjypfaemifw&&SdMurnfhtpm; udk,fawmftm; pdefac:Mu
onf/ xkdum; todw&m;\ trSwftom;jzpfonf/ olwkYdESifh pum;ajymqkdae
olonf rnfojl zpfaMumif; od&MdS uonf/ xko d Ykd od& MdS u&efvnf; edrw d v
f u©Pm
BudKwifay;xm;NyD;jzpfonf/
xkdtjzpftysufonf toifpm½Iolu om;orD;rsm;tm; xdef;ausmif;
&mvnf;jzpfonf/ todw&m;&Sda&; todÓPfay;&mvnf;jzpfonf/ om;orD;
rsm;u bk&m;&Sit f m; rnfoYkd a&S;½I&aMumif; odjrifí pdwEf v S ;kH xJoYkd aygufa&muf
atmif ajymjy&onf/ tjypfudk pdwfESvHk;jzifh cGJjcm;odjrifa&SmifMuOfwwfMu&ef?
trSm;ESifhtrSef cGJjcm;wwfMu&ef bk&m;&Sifu todÓPfynmay;xm;onf/
rsm;rMumao;cifu 0wfjyKpnf;a0;yGJtNyD;wGif tavmwBuD;jzifh vl
wOD;a&mufvmonf/ 0wfjyKpnf;a0;yGJtNyD;wGif vli,fwa,mufu tvSLaiG
rsm; ckd;,loGm;aMumif; vma&mufajymjyonf/ xkdolckd;tay:odkY rausrcsrf;
jzpfaeonf/ xko d il ,f\ zcifoYkd ajymjyvku d vf Qif olUom;tm; qH;k rjyKjyifaumif;
onf[k xifjrif,lqonf/
cPtMumwGif xkdom;tzonf uRefawmhfxHodkY a&mufvmMuonf/
vli,fu ykdufqH 2-a':vm xkwfjyNyD; tvSLaiGxJrS ckd;,laMumif; 0efcHajymjy
onf/ikd,kdvsuf tjypfcGifhvTwfyg&ef awmif;yefonf/
xkdYaMumifh þodkY ajymvkdufonf/ ]]csmvD? rif;vkyfukdifyHkudk tjcm;vlu
awGUjrifvkdY 0rf;omygw,f/ bk&m;&Sif\ u½kPmawmfudk rypfy,f&ufbl;bJ/
tjypfjyKMuwJhtcg rmaMumwJhpdwfESvHk;awGudk bk&m;&Sifu odjrifxdawGUw,f/
161
oifhudk tb,frQ oem;aMumif; oabmaygufw,fr[kwfvm;}}[k ajymjy&m

xkdvli,fonf acgif;NidrfhNyD; usaemfhudk wzef armhMunfhonf/
xkaYd emuf pum;qufajymvku d of nf/ ]]om;a&m? om;taza&m? usaemf
a&m? ck;d ,lcsiw f hJ pdwx f m;&SMd uvkYd jyKjyifay;bkYd vlUavmuodkY ocifa,½I <uvm
w,f/ bk&m;&Six f o H Ykd ylaZmfwhJ tvSLaiGukd ck;d ,l0ahH tmif rkud rf MJ uw,f/ 'gayrJh
tJ'v D tdk jypfom;awGukd csppf w d rf jy,fEidk v
f Ydk bk&m;&Siu
f om;awmfukd vlUavmu
odYk apvTww f ,f/ &,lorl [kwb f J ay;urf;olrsm;jzpfMua&; vlw\ Ydk pdwEf v
S ;kH udk
jyKjyifapw,f}}/
xkdtcg xkdcsmvDonf olUtdwfaqmifxJrS tjcm;aiG a':vm 20 xyf
xkwo f nf/ aiG 2-a':vmom jyefay;&ef pOf;pm;cJo h rQ pum;vufqMkH uNy;D aom
tcg pdwfESvHk;ajymif;vJvmonf/ tjypf'kp½kdufom;rsm;tay:odkY bk&m;&Sif\
u½kPmawmfoufa&mufyHkudk em;vnfvmonf/ olUtoHudk Mum;odjcif;jzifh
olUwGif tjcm;aiG xdef0Sufxm;jcif;r&SdawmhaMumif; em;vnfMuonf/ csmvD\
pdwfESvHk;udk owif;aumif;u ½kdufESufqHk;roGm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh vli,fvl&G,f
tm; pdwftvkdaemufodkY a&ma,mifvkdufroGm;Mu&ef ajymcsifonf/ owif;
aumif;u vli,frsm;\ pdwfESvHk;todw&m;udk yJhjyifEkdifonf/
a&G;EIwfjcif;udk t"dua&S;½Ií trSm;jyifqifjcif;

uav;oli,frsm; xdef;ausmif;&mü t"dua&S;½Ip&mtcsufrSm olwkdY
ud,k wf idk f tjypfom;jzpfaeaMumif; od&cdS , H al &;jzpfonf/ tjypfom;rsm;twGuf
c&pfawmfudk apvTwfay;awmfrlaom bk&m;&Sif\ u½kPmawmfudk udk,fwkdif
od&Sdem;vnfap&onf/ trltusifh t&if;cH&m pdwfESvHk;jzifh trSm;ESifhtrSefudk
a0zefykdif;jcm; od&Sdap&onf/ c&pfawmf\ um;wkdifonf uav;oli,frsm;
xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smuf&m A[kdcsufrjzpfonf/
c&pfawmf\ aus;Zl;awmfajrqDvTmü <u,f0csrf;ompGm oD;yGifhaom
rdrdom;orD;\ toufwmudk 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om awGUjrifcsifMuayrnf/ pnf;
urf;ao0yfjcif;ESifh trSm;odjrifjyifqifwwfjcif;onf bk&m;ay;cGeftm; toHk;
jyKwwfjcif;jzpfonf/ udk,fusifhw&m;jyKjyifjcif;onf bk&m;ay;ajzmifhrwfjcif;
pHawmfcsed rf &D ef &nf&,
G af e&onf/ xko
d aYkd om pHcsed rf &D ef OD;pGm pdwEf v
S ;kH rS ajzmifh
162
rwfjcif;udk vkv d m;wrf;wae&onf/ touf&iS o f efa&; &nf&, G cf suo f nf bk&m;

bkef;awmfxif&Sm;apa&;jzpf&onf/
pnf;urf;udkifwG,fjcif;onf om;orD;rsm;\ rjynfhpHktm;eJcsufrsm;udk
yJhjyifxdef;ausmif;jcif;jzpfonf/ pnf;urf;u c&pfawmf\ um;wkdifudk a&S;½Iap
onf/ xku d m;wkid o f nf tjypfom;rsm;\ tusiq hf ;dk udk jyKjyif&mjzpfonf/ tjypf
om;onf aemifwpdwEf iS hf ,HMk unfpw d jf zifh c&pfawmfxo H Ykd a&muf&v dS Qif aus;Zl;
awmfESifh u½kPmawmf cHpm;&onf/ ocifa,½I\ a&G;EIwfjcif;trIawmfonf
tjypfcGifhvTwfjcif;? pdwfoabmajymif;vJjzLpifapjcif;? toufwmopfjzifh
&SifoefzGHUNzdK;aponf/
oifo h m;orD;rsm;\ toufwmonf aus;Zl;awmfxif&mS ;ae&ef vkt d yf
Muonf/ xkdYaMumifh w&m;awmfrsm;udk apmifhxdef;aeMu&onf/ aus;Zl;awmf
w&m;onf c&pfawmfryg&SdbJ rdrdtpGrf;tpudk wnfrSDtm;udk;jcif;jzifh r&Sifoef
Ekdifyg/
rdbtrsm;pkonf xkdtcsufudk owdrxm;rdMu/ olwkdY\ om;orD;rsm;
onf topfarG;zGm;jcif;? u,fwifjcif;tuRwfw&m; &&Sdjcif;r&SdvQif tjcm;ol
rsm;ESihf rdrdudk,fudk cspfouJhodkY cspfcifEkdifpGrf;r&SdaMumif; rodMu/ xkdYaMumifh xkd
odkYaom todw&m;cH,lcsufr&Sdolonf ydkrkdedrfhusonf/ om;orD;rsm;\ pGrf;
yum;udkvnf; rjzpfxGef;apEkdifMu/
rdrtd pGr;f tpudk wnfrt DS m;ud;k olonf um;wkid Ef iS hf a0;uGmoljzpfonf/
ocifa,½I\ cGifhvTwfjcif;ESihf wefckd;awmfwkdYrS a0;wajrodkY a&muf&Sdonf/
pma&;olonf rdbrsm;tm; rdrw d o Ydk m;orD;a&SUwGif ajzmifrh wfot l jzpf
rmefrmeaxmifv f mT ;jcif;rjyKMu&ef owday;avh&o dS nf/ rmefrmeaxmifvmT ;jcif;
ESifh rdrdudk,fudk ajzmifhrwfol[k txifBuD;b0ifjrifhjcif;onf o;orD;rsm;apmifh
xdef;&mwGif tcufawGUaponf/ zm&d&SJodkYaomol tjyifyef;jzLpifí pdwfESvHk;
ykyfyGaomoljzpfonf/ zm&d&SJvrf;pOfonf tay:,Htm;jzifh ynwfw&m;apmifh
xdef;jcif;jzpfonf/ rmefrmeESifh rdrdudk,fudk txifBuD;jcif;onf c&pfawmfudk
jiif;y,fonf/
trSm;jyifqifjcif;ESifh xdef;ausmif;jcif;onf c&pfawmfudk a&S;½I&mjzpf
onf/ c&pfawmfwyg;wnf;omvQif tjypfEx HG üJ avvGio hf rl sm;\ arQmv f ifch su?f
tjypfcGifhvTwfjcif;? u,fwifjcif;? b0&Sifoef&mjzpfonf/
163

1/ oif\ om;orD;onf tjypfjyKrSm;onfhtcg rnfodkY cHpm;&ygoenf/
2/ bk&m;&Sif\ trdefYawmftwkdif; om;orD;rsm;tm; rdbpum;emcH&ef rnfodkY
oGefoifoenf;/ toifpm½Ioludk,fwkdifu pdwfqEóabmxm; &Sdapcsif
onfhtwkdif; rnfodkY jyKvkyfoenf;/
3/ trSm;jyKjyifqHk;ronhftcg pdwfoabmxm;? tjyKtrl rnfodkY oabmxm;
oenf;/ oif\ om;orD;rsm;onf olwkdYudkolwkdYtm; tjypfom;rsm;tjzpf
cH,lMuygovm;/
4/ todÓPfrS trltusifhodkY rnfodkY ajymif;vJoenf;/ trlt&mxuf tod
ÓPfudk tb,faMumifh OD;pm;ay;&oenf;/
5/ c&pfawmfx&J dS uav;oli,frsm;üvnf; tjypf&MdS uonf/ xko d il ,frsm;onf
c&pfawmf\ trIawmfjrwfü yg0if&ef arQmfvifhcsuf&SdEkdifMuovm;/
6/ oif\ u av;oli,frsm;ü r&yfem;Ekdifonfh tusifhqkd; awGU&Sdygovm;/
xdktusifhqkd;jyKjyifEkdif&ef c&pfawmfxHodkY qufuyfqkawmif;ay;ygovm;/
164
tcef; 13
pdwfESvHk;ysKd;axmifjcif; tusOf;csKyf
þpmtkyf yxrykdif;wGif or®musrf;pmvm uav;oli,frsm;\ pdwf

ESvHk;xdef;ausmif;enf; avhvmcJhMuonf/ þtcef;wGif xkdyxrcef;rS oifcef;
pmrsm;tm; tusOf;csKyfavhvmMurnf/
1/ oifhuav;oli,frsm;odkY vkyfaqmifbG,f&m ESpfcsuf&Sdonf/ yxr
tcsufrSm cE¨mudk,fESifh b0tawGUtBuHKtm; vTrf;rkd;xdef;ausmif;a&;jzpfonf/
'kwd,tcsufrSm bk&m;ocifudk tm½HkjyKa&S;½Iapa&;jzpfonf/ tawGUtBuHK
toufwmjzifh rnfoYdk bk&m;&Sit f m; wHjYk yef&rnft
h aMumif;jzpfonf/ om;orD;
rsm;tm; tkyfxdef;&mü (u) wwfEkdiforQ taumif;qHk;vTrf;rkd;oGefoifí (c)
om;orD;rsm;\ wHkYjyefrIudk *½kwpkduf jyefvnfvTrf;rkd;a&;jzpfonf/
2/ pdwEf v S ;kH u tjyKtrlukd xde;f ausmif;onf/ xkaYd Mumifh oif,o l rQrS
tjyKtrlrsm;udk pdwEf v S ;kH xJü pGrJ w
S af p&onf/ pdwEf v S ;kH xJü vnfywfap&onf/
om;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;&SifESifh aumif;rGefpGm qufqHEkdifa&; vrf;aMumif;ay;
ulnD&onf/ bk&m;&Siftm; oduRrf;a&; pdwfESvHk;xJrS qmavmifpdwf&SdMu&ef
EId;qGay;&onf/
3/ rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tay:odkY bk&m;&Sif\ trdefYtmPm
oH;k pGcJ iG &hf o
dS rl sm;jzpfMuonf/ qkv d o dk nfrmS rdrod abmjzifh trdetYf mPmxkwof ;kH
jcif;r[kwfbJ bk&m;pum;awmftwkdif;jzpf&onf/ rdbrsm;\ wm0efrSm om;
orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;&Sifudk oduRrf;í toufwmü trSefwu,fxif&Sm;apa&;
165
jzpfonf/ xkdodkYjzifh olwkdYudkolwkdY rnfodkYaomoljzpfaMumif; em;vnfcHpm;vm

Murnf/
4/ vlUb0tqHk;pGef &nfrSef;csufonf bk&m;bkef;awmfxif&Sm;apa&;
jzpfonf/ oifhom;orD;rsm;ESifhtwl txHawmfü tpOfcsrf;ajrUa&; &nfoef
&onf/ rdrdudk,fudk od&Sdem;vnfEkdif&ef tpOfaz;rulnD&onf/
5/ usrf;pmvm &nfrSef;csufonf usrf;pmenf;vrf;jzifhom atmifjrif
Ekdifonf/ xkdYaMumifh bkd;ab;pOfvm ,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk jiif;y,f&onf/
6/ bk&m;&Sifu om;orD;rsm; xdef;ausmif;&ef enf;vrf;ESpfoG,fay;
xm;onf/ 4if;wkdYrSm aygif;oif;qufqHa&;ESifh BudrfwkwfwkdYjzpfonf/ xkdenf;
vrf;ESpfoG,fwkdYonf vufawGUavmuwGif a&m,SufMuonf/ xkdtaMumif;udk
uav;oli,frsm;u em;vnfoabmaygufMu&ef vkt d yfonf/ aumif;rGeaf om
aygif;oif;qufqHa&; vkdtyfMuonf/ xkdum; trdefYtmPmESifh twnfwus
&S&d efjzpfonf/ xko d jYkd zpf&ef Burd w
f w
k u
f v
kd nf; vkt
d yfonf/ Burd w
f w
k q
f o
dk nfrmS
ta&;wBuD; ajymqkdoGefoifcsufrsm;tm; tav;teufcH,lMua&;jzpfonf/
tykdif; 2 wGif uav;oli,fb0ü tqifhqifh zGHUNzdK;&ef rnfodkY udkif
wG,ftkyfxdef;&rnfhtaMumif; qufvufavhvmMurnf/
166
167
168
tykdif; 2
uav;oli,fb0
tqifhqifhtm;
xdef;ausmif;jcif;
169
170
tcef; 14
arG;uif;prS uav;oli,fb0
avhusifhjcif;&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
a[m0'f\om;onf arG;uif;pt&G,fwGif OD;aESmufrrSef/ a[m0'fu

olUom;\ OD;aESmuftajctaeudk em;rvnf/ odaYk omf bk&m;ocif\taMumif;
udk wpku
d rf wfrwf ajymjyonf/ olUom;onf ckepfEpS cf t JG &G,w f idk af tmif pum;
wcGef;rSrajym/ rdbrsm;u twlwuG bk&m;&SifxH qkawmif;ay;aeMuonf/
usrf;pmvmtwkdif; *½kwpkduf xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufMuonf/
waeYaomtcg xko d il ,fu olUtrSm;udk pnf;urf;wus jyifqifay;&ef
awmif;qkdonf/ olUzcifa[m0'fonf wtHhwMo yg;pyfta[mif;om;jzpfvm
onf/ olUom; rnfoYkd jzpfysuv f maMumif; rod/ xkaYd Mumifh om;tzqufqaH &;
onf wrsK;d wrnf ½Iyaf xG;vmonf/ olUom;u vlvo dk v l dk pum;ajymvmonf/
ajymvmonfh yxrqHk;pum;vHk;u ]]azaz? qkawmif;ay;}}[líjzpfonf/
xkod il ,fonf OD;aESmufrrSeaf omfvnf; tzk;d wefpum;&wemrsm;udrk l
em;vnfrSwfrdonf/ olUzcif\ bk&m;w&m;,HkMunfudk;pm;yHkudk od&Sdonf/ 'ku©
a&mufonfhtcg bk&m;&SifawmfxHodkY wkdifwnf&aMumif; em;vnfonf/ olU
zcifu bk&m;&SifxH qkawmif;oHrsm;udk bk&m;&Sifu Mum;odulnDrpaMumif;
od&Sdonf/ xkdum; i,fpOfawmifaus;t&G,frS ta&;wBuD; od&Sdem;vnfcsuf
jzpfonf/
171
uav;oli,fb0 tqifhqifhtm; xdef;ausmif;jcif;
rlvtrltusifh - ajymif;vJjcif;
yxrtqifrh mS arG;uif;pt&G,rf S oli,f 6^5 ESptf &G,xf d zGUH NzKd ;onfh
umvjzpfonf/ þumvonf tajymif;tvJumvjzpfonf/ tqifhwkdif;wGif
zGUH NzKd ;wk;d wufonf/ rdbrsm;\ pdwu f ;l ,Oftrd rf uf ay:vmonfch sed cf gjzpfonf/
½kyfcE¨mudk,f tajymif;tvJ
½kycf E¨mud,k f ajymif;vJvmyHuk kd pOf;pm;Munfyh g/ arG;uif;puav;oli,f
u vIyf&Sm;rIrjyKwwfyg/ udk,fhacgif;udkyif raxmifEkdif/ b,fnmrvSdrfhwwf/
rxkid w
f wf/ olUtpGr;f wefc;dk u olUtxJwiG o f m&Sod nf/ vaygif;twefMumrSom
xkdifEkdif? xEkdif? av;bufaxmufEkdif? vrf;avQmufvmEkdifonf/ xkdYaemuf ajy;
wwf? ajymwwf? wqufwnf;wGif &yfwwf? opfyifay:odYk wufwwfvmonf/
xifxm;onfxuf rsKd;pHkvkyfwwfvmonf/
olUpdwu f ;l pdwo
f ef;&So
d nft
h wkid ;f vIy&f mS ;wwfvmonf/ Mumvmonf
ESifh wHcg;zGifhNyD; tjyifodkY xGufoGm;wwfonf/ udk,fhajcaxmufudk aq;aMum
wwfvmonf/ aocsmrrSwrf d rod&adS om tcsed u f mvtwGi;f wGif olUcE¨mud,
k f
onf tHhMobG,f&m ajymif;vJonf/
vlrItajymif;tvJ
vlrt I ajymif;tvJonf ywf0ef;usit f okid ;f t0kid ;f ay:wGif wnfonf/
yxrqH;k onf arG;ordcifEiS hf qufqaH &;jzpfonf/ xkadY emuf tdraf xmifro d m;pk
0ifrsm;ESihf qufqaH &;t& ajymif;vJw;dk wufvmonf/ tjcm;olrsm;tm; rnfoYkd
wHkYjyefqufqH&rnfhtaMumif; od&Sdvmonf/ tjcm;olrsm;u olUudk rnfokdY
oabmxm;qufqHaMumif; em;vnfvmonf/ xkdodkYjzifh ywf0ef;usifvlrsm;
tMum;ü rnfodkY usifvnfrnfhtaMumif; us,fjyefYpGm od&Sdvmonf/ 4^5 ESpf
t&G,fa&mufaomtcg rdwfaqGtaygif;toif;taMumif; od&Sdvmonf/
172
arG;uif;prS uav;oli,fb0? avhusifhjcif;&nf&G,fcsufrsm;
todÓPfajymif;vJvmjcif;
todÓPfajymif;vJw;dk wufyo kH nf tHrhH cef;Ekid /f uav;oli,f\ tjyK
trlonf teuft"dyÜg,fxif&Sm;onf/ Mum;odaom bmompum;ESifh tod
ÓPfonf qufpyfaeonf/ tvGt J rSm; jyKwwfonf/ ]]igpOf;pm;w,f}}[laom
pum;&yftpm; ]]igxifw,f}}[k vG,fulaompum; ajymqkdonf/
vlUtawGUtBuKH widk ;f onf oif,pl &mrsm;jzpfonf/ vlBu;D rsm;ajymonfh
twkdif; vkdufajym? vkdufvkyfonf/ wHcg;rsm; csdwfcsdwfxm;jcif;? vlrsm;ta&;
awG;jcif;? ajrBuD;ay:rSm ypönf;rsm; jyKwfusjcif;taMumif; rod/ rsufpdrSdwfxm;
v Qif tjcm;vlrsm;u rjrif[k xifMuonf/ uav;oli,frsm; pum;ajymoif
jcif;? a&wGufjcif;? jrnf;prf;jcif;? &,farmjcif; pojzifh qifhuJqifhuJ oif,l
wwfajrmufvmMuonf/ wefbkd;vnf; wGufcsufvmwwfonf/ ta&;BuD;^
rBuD;udkvnf; em;vnfvmonf/
pdwfoabmxm; ajymif;vJjcif;
olUpdwfoabmxm;vnf; zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufvmonf/ xkdodkY pdwfoabm
aumif;rGefatmif wkd;wufajymif;vJa&;onf bk&m;ppfbk&m;rSeftm; od&Sda&;
tay:wGif rlwnfonf/ xko d rYkd [kwv
f Qif r[kwrf rSe&f modYk acsmaf wmaigYvrf;vGJ
oGm;rnf/ odpdwfESifh rodpdwfwkdY\ zGHUNzdK;rIEIef;onf twlwljzpfonf/ i,f&G,f
pOfü bk&m;ppfbk&m;rSefudk od&Sdjcif;onf ywf0ef;usifurÇmtm; vSyapjcif;jzifh
bk&m;bke;f awmfxif&mS ;apí bk&m;wkqif;wkü usiv f nfoo l nf vlUavmuudk
ysufpD;aponfh twåoabmjzifh BuD;xGm;onf/
tusOf;csKyf
i,f&G,fpOfcg ajymif;vJrIEIef;onf vsifjrefonf/ rdbrsm;onf om;
orD;rsm;udk rlBudKausmif;odkY ykdYwwfMuonf/ xkdum; vdr®ma&;jcm;&Sdap&efjzpf
onf/ tcsed wf tdk wGi;f wGif trsm;tjym; oifajrmufomG ;Muonf/ rdbrsm;onf
om;orD;rsm;\ ynma&;jrifhrm;rIü tajccHr@dKifjzpfMuonf/
173
MoZmtmPm em;vnfjcif;
tcsed u
f mvwktd wGi;f wGif tajymif;tvJjrefonfEiS t hf nD a&S;½IO;D wnf
&mvnf; vG,fvifhwul aysmufvGifhwwfonf/ rdrdtpGrf;tprsm;udk rnfonfh
ae&mwGif xm;rnfenf;/ wae&mwnf;odo Yk m &nfreS ;f csux
f m;&S&d onf/ uav;
oli,ft&G,fonf pdwfxdef;&cufonf/ jrifjriforQodkY ajymif;vJvG,fonf/
BuD;rm;onfh wckwnf;aom oifcef;pm

uav;oli,ft&G,üf oif,o l &d x
dS m;&rnfh ta&;Bu;D qH;k oifcef;pmrSm
olonf trdet Yf mPmmwpHw
k &matmufü &Sad eonft h aMumif;jzpfonf/ vlonf
bk&m;&Sif\ zefqif;jcif;vuf&mjzpfaomaMumifh bk&m;&Sifudk emcH&aMumif;
od&Sd&onf/
xkdYaaMumifh uav;oli,fonf atmufygusrf;ykd'fudk od&Sdxm;&rnf/
om;orD;wkdY? ocifbk&m;\ tvkdawmfESifhtnD rdbpum;udk em;axmifMu

avmh/ rdbpum;udk em;axmifjcif;trIonf w&m;aomtrIjzpf\/ rdbukd ½kdao
pGmjyKavmh/ þynwfawmfum;? oifonf jynfawmfü aumif;pm;í toufwm
&SnftaMumif;[lí uwdawmfESifhqkdifaom yXrynwfjzpf\({ 6;1-3)/
bk&m;&SifxH rsufESmrla&;
emcHjcif;onf bk&m;&SifxHawmfokdY wHkYjyefjcif;jzpfonf/ uav;oli,f
rsm;onf bk&m;&Siu f olUtwGuf zefqif;jcif;jzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh bk&m;&Six f o
H Ykd
wm0ef&SdMuonf/ bk&m;&Sifu tkyfpkd;onfhtwkdif; uav;oli,frsm;u pum;
awmfemcH&onf/
oifo
h m;orD;rsm;tm; or®mw&m;od&0dS efcjH cif;r&Sb d J vTwrf xm;ygESi/hf
xkdodkY &SdaeMuvQif bk&m;&Sif\ bkef;awmfxif&Sm;ap&aumif;rSef; em;vnfMu
rnfr[kwf/ rdrdudk,fudk A[kdjyKvsuf rdrdomvQif rdrdt&Sifocif[k tawG;½kdif;
0ifoGm;Murnf/
174
0efcjH cif;qko
d nfrmS avmutkypf ;dk olrif;udk 0efcjH cif;rQomrubJ t&m
cyford ;f udk bk&m;&Siu f pD&iftyk pf ;dk aMumif; 0efcjH cif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;&Si\ f trdeYf
tmPmudk 0efceH m;vnf&cufaumif; cufayrnf/ t&Si;f vif;qH;k Oyrmay;&vQif
om;orD;rsm;u rdbudk 0efcHjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ bk&m;&Sifudk 0efcHjcif;onf om;
orD;rsm;u rdbrsm; 0efcHjcif;tay:odkY a&mifjyef[yfonf/
uav;oli,frsm;onf i,f&, G pf OfcgwGif rdbrsm;udk ½kad o0efcMH uonf/
xkdum; trd0rf;xJrS arG;zGm;onfhcsdefcgrSpí rdb&ifcGifwGif BuD;jyif;onfhumv
wavQmufvHk; oif,lemcHjcif;jzpfonf/
þoifcef;pmrsm;udk uav;oli,ft&G,üf oif,o l o l nf Bu;D jyif;vm
aomtcg toD;tyGifhaumif;onf/ þed,mrOya'otwkdif; vkdvm;pGm NyD;ol
onf trdefYtmPm\ tkyfpkd;jcif;udk aumif;rGefpGm emcHwwfonf/
yxrq,fausmo f ufumvü aumif;rGepf mG ,mOfarmif;jcif;wwfajrmuf
olonf BuD;jyif;vmaomtcg vlrIywf0ef;usifü rdbtkyfxdef;rIrygvQifvnf;
uRrf;usifpGm usifvnfEkdifonf/ vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;udk em;vnfoGm;onf/ rdb
rsm;rygbJ c&D;onfrsm;tMum;ü usiv f nfpmG oGm;vmEkid o f nf/ xku d m; uHMur®m
tvSnt hf ajymif;Bu;D jzpfonf/ zke;f ac:oHMum;vQif tm½Hpk u dk &f ouJo h jYdk zpfonf/
tpDtpOfrsm;onf tNrJwrf; ajymif;vJwwfonfjzpfí tHhMop&mr[kwf/ tpD
tpOfajymif;vJjcif;onf topftqef;rsm; oif,lwwfajrmuf&efjzpfí BudKqkd
&onf/ om;orD;rsm;onf c&D;onf{nfhonfrsm;r[kwfbJ a&SUodkY csDwuf&ef
aphaqmfolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ todÓPfynm&SdvQif tb,fodkY xkdodkY vkyfaqmif
EkdifMurnfenf;/ uav;oli,ft&G,frSpí b0oifcef;pmrsm; oif,lolonf
,HkMunfpdwfcstyfp&mjzpfonf/
aumif;csD;r*Fvmtjzmjzm
{ 6;1-3 wGif aumif;cs;D r*Fvmtjzmjzm cHpm;&mrsm; oGeof ifxm;onf/
uav;oli,frsm;onf rdbpum; em;axmifjcif;jzifh xko d aYkd om aumif;cs;D r*Fvm
tjzmjzm cHpm;&ef pwifonf/
0efcHjcif;qkdonfrSm av;pm;jcif; ESifh emcHjcif; jzpfonf/ aumif;
175
cs;D r*Fvmtjzmjzm cHpm;olrsm;onf vlUavmuü oufwrf;&Sno

f nft
h avsmuf
udk,fpdwfESvHk; 0rf;omMunfEl;Muonf/
t&m&mü tqifajyjcif;
uav;oli,frsm;onf av;pm;jcif;ESihf emcHjcif;udk oif,w l wfajrmuf
Mu&onf/ ESpfudk,f,SOfwl &Sd&onf/ emcHjcif;onf tjypf'Pfuif;&efrQom
r[kwb f J rdrt d qifth wef; jyo&mjzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh emcHjcif;tusihf &S&d onf/
av;pm;emcHjcif;onf rdb*kPfusufoa&ukdvnf; wifhw,fap&mjzpfonf/
remcHaom om;orD;onf rdbxHyg;rS aumif;csD;r*FvmcH,l&ef arQmfvifhcsuf
r&Sd/ xkdYaMumifh rdbrsm;onf remcHaom om;orD;tm; aumif;csD;r*Fvmtjzm
jzm cHpm;Ekid &f ef emcHjcif;tm; raES;tjref oGeo
f ifwnfrh wfay;&onf/ xko d jkYd zifh
om;orD;rsm; aumif;csD;r*Fvmtjzmjzm cHpm;vmonfESifhtrQ olUywf0ef;usif
vSyvmNyD; oufwrf;aph aysmf&TifEkdifonf/
pm 131 yHk av;pm;jcif;
tqifajyjcif; ouf&Snfjcif;
emcHjcif;
um;csyf 7? ywf0ef;usif ab;uif;vHkNcHKjcif;

176
ab;&efta&;xuf ab;uif;vHkNcHKa&;
rdbrsm;\ trdet Yf mPm0efcjH cif;onf ab;uif;vHNk cKH &mjzpfonf/ rdb
pum; emcHjcif;\ jyifywGif ab;&efpG,faygif;pHk &Sdonf/ okccsrf;omr&Sdaom
aMumifh oufZkd;r&SnfEkdif/ touf&SnfvQifvnf; jyóemaygif;pHkESifh eyef;vHk;
ae&onf/
remcHykefuefaom om;orD;onf ab;&ef&ifqkdifaeoljzpfonf/ xkdY
aMumifh raES;tjref ab;uif;vHkNcHKap&ef nifompGm yifhac:&onf/
u,fwifrpjcif;
u,fwifrp&ef enf;vrf;rSm Burd w f w k Ef iS hf aygif;zufjcif;ESpcf k toH;k jyK
jcif;jzpfonf/ trSm;jyifqifjcif;ESifh pnf;urf;udkifwG,fjcif;onf remcHjcif;ESifh
ykefuefjcif;ü aomif;usef;aeoltm; ab;uif;vHkNcHK&mxJodkY jyefvnfqifhac:
jcif;jzpfonf/ om;orD;onf rdbudk remcHykefuefjcif; rjyKaumif;/ xkdodkYjyKrl
jcif;onf bk&m;&Siu f kd remcHjcif;jzpfonf/ rdru
d ,kd u f kd vdrnf molvnf;jzpfonf/
bk&m;&Siu f om;orD;rsm;tm; vdrm® a&;jcm; emcHaom om;orD;jzpfapcsio f nf/
pnf;urf;onf uav;oli,ftm; ab;&efuif;uGmonfh tokdif;t0kdif;ü usif
vnfapoljzpfonf/
pma&;olonf rdrdom;orD;rsm;tm; tcsdefwkdif;wGif rdbtrdefYtmPm
0efcHa&; oifjyonf/ xkdodkY ajymqkdjcif;onf aemufajymifjcif;r[kwf/ &nf&G,f
csu&f &dS dS u,fwifjcif;jzpfaMumif; ajymjyonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ]]om;orD;rsm;udk ysuf
pD;jcif;tm; ru,fwifbJ ae&ufaom rdb&SdygYrvm;}}[k ajymjyavh&Sdonf/
av;pm;jcif;oabmobm0
rdbrsm; av;pm;jcif;qkdonfrSm ½kdaoav;pm;jcif;? trdefYtmPmESifh
qkdpum;rsm; rypfy,f emcHjcif;jzpfonf/ taMumif;aomf rdbrsm;onf bk&m;
&Sifu om;orD;rsm;tay:odkY oGefoifa&;ü ajymqkdcGifhjyKxm;aomolrsm;jzpfMu
onf/ rdbrsm;tm; av;pm;&ef taMumif;(2)csuf&Sdonf/ (1) rdbrsm;onf
177
oGefoifavhusifharG;xkwfolrsm;jzpfMuonf (2) rdbrsm;onf pdwfESvHk;? udk,f

EIwftrlt&mrsm;jzifh av;pm;MunfndKtyfolrsm;jzpfMuonf/
rdbrsm;tm; ½kad oudik ;f ½Iid ;f onfh ,Ofaus;rIr&Sad om tokid ;f t0kid ;f wGif
½kad oukid ;f ½Iid ;f &ef rvG,u f yl g/ rdbrsm;tm; ½kad oaMumif; txif&mS ;qH;k trSwf
tom;rSm rdbrsm;tay:odkY ajymqkdqufqHyHkjzpfonf/ om;orD;rsm;onf rdb
rsm;tm; b,faomtcgrS rkduf½kdif;aompum; rajymqkd&/ rdbrsm;tm; txif
jrifao;aom pum;rqk&d / pdwu f ;l tawG;tBurH pS í rdbrsm;udk ½kad oukid ;f ½Iid ;f
&onf/
om;orD;rsm;odYk cspzf , G af ompum; qk&d onf/ ]]om;u tazhukd tJ'v D dk
rajymapcsib f ;l ? bk&m;&Siuf tazESihf tarudk av;pm;pGm qufqaH pcsiw f ,f/
om;vkcd siw f m? ajymcsiw f mawGukd av;av;pm;pm; ajymjyoifw h ,f}}[kq&dk onf/
odrYk [kwv f Qiv
f nf; ]]om;u tazhukd om;oli,fcsi;f vkd oabmrxm;
tyfbl;? om;oli,fcsif;awGvkd aemufajymifrusDp,foifhbl;? tJ'Dvkdrajymtyf
bl;? om;vkdcsifwmudk aocsmpGm ajymjyaygY}}(odkY) ]]tazhudk trdefYray;&bl;?
vkdcsifwm&Sd&if awmif;&w,f? om;u rdbudk trdefYay;½kd; xHk;pHr&Sdbl;? bk&m;
&Sifu rdbawGomvQif om;orD;rsm;tay:odkY trdefYtmPmay;ykdifcGifhjyKxm;
w,f}}[k ajymjy&onf/
q,fausmfoufom;orD;rsm;tm; xkdodkY jyif;jyif;xefxef ajymqkd&
avmufatmif r½kdif;pkdif;ap&/ om;orD;rsm;\ r½kdaorav;pm;rIaMumifh rdb
rsm;onf jyif;xefpGm emusifMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh i,f&G,fcsdefcgESpfumvrsm;udk
*½kwpkduf qufqH&onf/ uav;oli,frsm;tm; 1? 2? 3? 4 (odkY) 5 ESpft&G,f
wGifomru 13? 14? 15? 16 ESpft&G,ftxd &ifhusufatmif oGefoif&onf/
(tu,fí remcH tmcHaom om;orD;rsm;&SdvQif 0g;&if;wkwfESifh jyif;xefaom
pum;rsm;jzifh ajymqkdvmrnfjzpfaMumif; odxm;yg)/
atmufyg pum;ajymcef;udk em;axmifMunfhyg/
rdb/ om;&,f? 'Dem;rSm vmxkdifygOD;uG,f/

om;/ bmvkyfrvkdYvJ (rauseyfaomtoHjzifh)
rdb/ pum;enf;enf; ajymp&m&SdvkdYyg/
om;/ (txufygavoHjzifh) bmudpövJ/
178
rdb/ taMumif;u ----

om;/ bmtaMumif;vJ
rdb/ bmtaMumif;vJqkd&if ----
om;/ bmudpövJ
rdb/ bmvJqkd&if ----
om;/ bmudpövJ/
cPMumaomf rdcifonf om;xHodkY *rl;½SL;xl; ajy;oGm;NyD; ]]wcgw&H

jyif;xefwJhpum; ajymp&m&Sdw,f}}[k qkdonf/
xkdoli,fonf toJtoef cHpm;oGm;onf/ olUrdcifu olUudk zufvSJ
wuif; qufqHcsifaMumif; em;vnfvmonf/ olu tarhudk emcHjcif;r&SdcJh/
xkdYaMumifh t&m&mrSm ykdrkdemusifp&mjzpfvmonf/
rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; pum;ajymqdk qHk;r&mwGif om;orD;
rsm;u wefjyefav;pm;p&m tjyKtrl tajymtqkd&Sd&onf/ om;orD;rsm;tm;
rzG,fr&m qJqkdajymqkdjcif;? ½kdufESufjcif; a&SmifMuOf&onf/ aus;uRefuJhodkY
rqufq&H / emusiaf pjcif;jzifh trdet Yf mPmtm; 0efcjH cif;rjzpfapEkid /f tu,fí
rzG,fr&m jyKrlrdvQif om;orD;rsm;jzpfvifhupm; 0efcsawmif;yefvkdufyg/ BuJ
onft h wkid ;f &dwo
f rd ;f &onfh usr;f pum;udk rarhygESi/hf om;orD;rsm;tm; tpp
t&m&mü *½kpkdufoGefoif&ef rarhygESifh/
emcHjcif;oabmobm0
emcHjcif;onf vlUADZtusifhwGifr&Sd/ xkdYaMumifh vlUtokdif;t0kdif; ,Of
aus;rIrsm;ü emcHjcif;udk oGefoifavhusifhavh&SdMuonf/ emcHjcif;qkonfrSm
wpHkwOD;u tjcm;oltay:odkY pum;tmPmoufa&mufjcif;jzpfonf/ uav;
tjyKtrlrQomru ykdrkdav;eufonf/ olUpum;onf rnfonfhteuf&Sdoenf;/
atmufygtwkdif; &Sd&onf/
pdefac:rIuif;&Sif;jcif;
cGifhvTwfp&mrJhjcif;
MuefYMumrIrvkdjcif;
179
0efcHjcif;enf;vrf;onf rMumcP vkyfaqmifp&mr[kwf? csufjcif;

vufiif; wHkYjyefp&mvnf;r[kwf[k cH,lwwfMuonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh om;orD;rsm;udk aqmhupm;&ef yef;NcHodkY ac:oGm;onfh
tcg rdbrsm; yg0ifp&mrvk/d tvku d t
f xku d f vGwv f yfciG ahf y;xm;&onf/ upm;
csif&mrsm;udk upm;ap&onf/ rdbjzpfonfhtwkdif; tBuHÓPfjyKEkdifaomfvnf;
aESmif, h uS pf u
G zf uf uefoY wfjcif;rjyKvyk &f / vGwv f yfpmG upm;ap&onf/ 0efcH
jcif;qko d nfrmS t&m&mü uav;oli,frsm;tm; vkycf si&f mvkycf iG jhf yKjcif;r[kw/f
vkyfoifhvkyfxkdufonfrsm;tm; uefYowfjcif;ESifh cGifhjyKjcif;jzpfonf/
txl;ojzifh om;orD;rsm;tm; emcHwwf&ef oGeo f if&onf/ emcHwwf
&ef tusKd;taMumif;ESifhwuG ajcmufwcg acsmhwvSnfh avhusifhay;&onf/
vkdtyfonfhcsdefcgwGif avhusifhjcif; jyKvkyf&onf/ odkYaomf wcsdefvHk; emcH&ef
oGefoif&onfr[kwf/ pepfwus oGefoifwwf&onf/
oGefoifcsufrsm;onf tcsdeftcg ywf0ef;usifESifh vkdufavsmnDaxGrI
r&Sv d Qif uav;oli,frsm;u emcHMurnfr[kw/f tusK;d taMumif;jzifh &Si;f jyvQif
vnf; em;axmifcsiMf urnfr[kw/f wBurd w f cg jiif;y,fonfEiS hf emcHvMdk urnf
r[kwf/ 0efcHjcif;trdefYtmPmonf aESmifhaES;MuefYMumjcif;r&Sd? pdefac:jcif;r&Sd
aom pum;jzpfonf/
xkdokdYqkdaomtcg em;½IyfoGm;EkdifMuonf/ Oyrm oifhom;tm; ]]om;?
,ck tdyfvkdufyg}}[k qkdaomtcg ]]'Dyef;csDum; a&;qGJNyD;rS tdyfr,f}} (odkY) ]]bm
vkYd tapmBu;D tdy&f rSmvJ}}[k jyefajymp&mtaMumif;r&S/d tjcm;axG&murmpum;
jyefajymp&mvnf;r[kwf/
emcHjcif;jzifhom wHkYjyef&onf/ raES;tjref tdyf,m0if&onf/
emcHjcif;onf tema&m*guif;&Si;f pGm touf&n S &f mjzpfonf/ xkaYd Mumifh
av;pm;jcif;ESifh emcHjcif;tusifh&Sd&onf/
pOfqufrjywf ac:,ljcif;
c&pf,mefwkdY ,Ofaus;rItokdif;t0kdif;wGif rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;
tm; ajrawmifajrm§ ufpm;&ef tqifoif&h adS eMu&onf/ xkaYd Mumifh xkt
d csuu
f kd
pOfqufrjywf owdxm;ae&onf/ om;orD;rsm; emcHjcif;tusifh&SdMu&ef pnf;
180
urf;ESifh wnfaqmufjcif;jzifh xdef;ausmif;&onf/ aeY&ufpOfwkdif;ü jyKbG,f

tief;twm aus>yef&onf/
emcHjcif;toufwm&Sv d Qif remcHorl sm;tm; oifcef;pmay;&mü pdeaf c:
0Hhonf/ atmifEkdifjcif;onf pdwfESvHk;ü twkta,mifvTrf;rkd;jcif;jzifh r&&SdEkdif/
remcHolrsm;\ pdwfESvHk;tm; xGef,ufvSefavSmí todÓPfynm ay;Ekdif
&onf/
&Si;f vif;aocsmaom vrf;ñTecf suo f nf tprlvuyif cGet f m;jzpfxeG ;f
aponf/ oifhuav;oli,frsm;tm; remcHjcif;ql;csKHawmxJodkY ypfpvufcwf
vTwfrxm;ygESifh/ remcHjcif;u bk&m;ay;aumif;csD;r*Fvme,fajrtm; wpjyif
okóeftjzpf ajymif;vJaponf/ ocifbk&m;ukd cspfaMumuf&onfhtaMumif;
em;vnfoo l nf om;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;w&m;awmfEiS hf ruif;vGwaf pyg/ om;
orD;rsm;tm; aumif;csD;r*Fvme,fajrü jzpfxGef;aponf/
tcsKUd rdbrsm;u ]]tmcHEw I vf eS Ef idk jf cif;udk atmifEidk jf cif;}}[k wvGt J xif
tjrifrSm;Muonf/ xkdum; emcHjcif;r&SdvQifvnf; ajzmifhrwf&mokYd a&mufEkdif
onfhpum; t,ltqrsKd;jzpfonf/ xkdolrsm;onf w&m;pum;\ qkdvkd&if;udk
oabmraygufMujcif;jzpfonf/ rdbpum; emcHjcif;onf om;orD;xuf rdbu
BuD;&ifhaomaMumifh r[kwfyg/ bk&m;&Sifawmf\ jyXmef;csufjzpfonf/ om;orD;
ESifh bk&m;&SifwkdY eD;pyf&ef rdbrsm;u Mum;cHvltjzpf vkyfaqmifjcif;jzpfonf/
rdbrsm;vnf; om;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;ay;aumif;csD;r*Fvme,fajrü usifvnf
apolrsm;jzpfMuonf/
wBudrfwcg cH,laom 0efcHjcif;onf ,ckacwfumvypönf;rsm;uJhodkY
wcgoHk;ypönf;r[kwf/ woufpm cH,lp&mjzpfonf/ txufwGif qkdxm;cJhonfh
twkid ;f pma&;ol\ om;orD;rsm;onf i,fpOft&G,rf pS í usio hf m;&&SMd uaom
aMumifh txufwef;ausmif;om;t&G,fwGifomru wuúodkvfausmif;om;
t&G,w f iG yf if rdbrsm;tm; 0efceH m,lonfh tusiahf umif;&SMd uonf/ bk&m;&Si\ f
uwdawmfonf wnfNrJwnfaeygonf/
181
qGJaqmifpnf;½Hk;jcif;jzpfpOfrsm;
oif\ om;orD;rsm;onf wpHkwOD;\ trdefYMoZmatmufü &SdaeMu
onfh owå0grsm;jzpfaMumif; od&SdMuvQif trdefYMoZmtmPmudk rnfokdY cH,l
usifhoHk;&aMumif; b0woufpm zlvIHatmif oGefoifEkdifayrnf/
emcHjcif;tusihf jiif;y,f½;dk r&S/d rdbrsm;uvnf; om;orD;rsm;u vufcH
Ekdifonfh trdefYMoZmay;&onf/ rnfodkY emcH&aMumif;udkvnf; oGefoif&onf/
emcHjcif;tusifh&SdvmMu&ef ta&mif;t0,f rjyKvkyf&/ emcHjcif;onf om;orD;
rsm;\ yifr0efwmjzpfonf/
emcHjcif;toufwm&SdMu&ef rdbrsm;u pOfqufrjywf xdef;ausmif;
oGeo f if&onf/ om;orD;rsm;onf tvkt d avsmuf vnfywfaom puf,EÅ&m;
rsm;r[kwfMuyg/ awG;ac:BuHqwwfMuonf/ 'H 1 wGif trdefYMoZmemcHyHk oGef
oifxm;onf/ xdkodkY trdefYMoZmemcHwwf&ef om;orD;rsm; oifMum;a&;onf
rdbwm0efjzpfonf/
emcHjcif;toufwmonf usrf;pmvm oGefoifcsuftwkdif;jzpf&onf/
(1) rdrb
d ufrS qefu Y sijf cif;r&S&d ef *½kpu dk &f onf/ wcgw&H owdrxm; *½krpku
d f
bJ vTwfueJ ajymrSm;rdonfrsm; &SdEkdifonf/ ajymvkdufaom pum;aMumifh ykdrkd
cifwG,fav;pm;p&m jzpfEkdifouJhodkY 0g;&if;wkwfjzifh ½kdufESufcsifpdwfvnf; jzpf
xGef;apEkdifonf/ (2) om;orD;rsm;twGufrl ab;&efuif;&Sif;&m jzpf&onf/
om;orD;rsm;u rdbxH awmif;qkdcGifh&SdaMumif; od&SdMuonf/ rdbrsm;u om;
orD;wOD;wa,mufcsi;f omru rdom;pkrsm;twGuf aumif;&mrGe&f mvnf; vkyf
aqmifaeaMumif; od&MdS uonf/ xko d aYkd om todÓPfynm&&Sv d Qif vlot
l v,f
wGif rdom;pkt&SufuGJp&m vGefusL;Muawmhrnfr[kwf/ rdbpum;twkdif; ab;
uif;vHkNcHK&m jyKrlMurnf/
ta&;BuD;owdxm;p&mrSm trdefYtmPmray;rSD BudKwifpOf;pm; od&Sd
xm;&onf/ ynm&Sdaom rdbrsm;onf trSefwu,f vkdtyfonfrsm;udkom
owday;ajymjyavh&SdMuonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh tdyf,mxJü om;orD;\ pmzwfyHkudk pOf;pm;Munfhyg/
tvif;a&mifr&Sd/ xkdYaMumifh rD;cvkwf zGifhay;vkdufonf/ ]]pmrsufESmrnfrQNyD;
atmif zwfOD;rvJ? wcef;vm;? zwfNyD;&if rD;cvkwfydwfvkduf}}[k rSmvkdufonf/
182
xkduJhodkYyif vdr®maom rdbonf om;orD;tm; tcGifhta&;ESifhwuG trdefYemcH

jcif;jyKvkyf&onf/ xkdum; trdefYtmPmudk pepfwus toHk;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/
qGJaqmifpnf;½Hk;&ef tcsuf
or®musrf;pmvm qGJaqmifpnf;½Hk;jcif; ta&;BuD;vrf;ñTefcsuftcsKdUudk
atmufwGif jyoygrnf/
(1) emcHjcif;ukd csujf cif; pwifapyg/ qGaJ qmifpnf;½H;k Ny;D rS rjzpfapESi/hf

(2) tjcm;enf;vrf;jzifh emcHa&; jyifqifyg/
(3) av;pm;aom tjyKtrljzifh qGJaqmifyg/
(4) pnf;½Hk;jcif;\ tusKd;quftm; aus;Zl;odaom pdwfjzifh vufcHyg/
qGJaqmifpnf;½Hk;jcif; o½kyfjyocsuf
rdcifu ]]tdyfcsdefwefNyD}}[k qkdvkdufonf/ uav;u acgif;tHk;ay:odkY
acgif;cscsed rf mS ]]tar? 'DyakH v;udk Ny;D atmif ta&mifjc,fvu
dk Of ;D r,f}}[k awmif;
qkdaomtcg ]]jc,fvkdufyg}}(odkY) ]]awmfNyD? tdyfcsdefwefNyD}}[k jyefajymrnf/ rnf
onfhpum;onf jyefvnfpdefac:jcif;? csKdU,Gif;csufr&Sd emcHjcif;jzpfoenf;/
]][kwfuJh}}[laom pum;onf csKdU,Gif;csufr&Sd? emcHjcif;jzpfaMumif;
od&MdS uonf/ ]]rvkyb f ;l }}(---- bl;)[laom pum;onf uav;oli,frsm;twGuf
tvG,fulqHk;pum;jzpfí ajymqkdMuonf/ xkdokdY ajymrnfhtpm; ]][kwfuJh}}[l
aom pum;vHk; ajymqkd&ef tcuftcJ&SdMuonf/
þtajctaeudk pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ xkdodYkaom uav;oli,f\ pum;
ajymqkdjcif;taMumif;&if;&Sdonf/ ]][kwfuJh}}[k 0efcHjcif;oabmonf pdwfa&m
ud,
k yf g emcHjcif;jzpfonf/ av;pm;onfh wHjYk yefrjI zpfonf/ rdbrsm;onf uav;
oli,frsm;tm; pum;udk todtrSwfjyKvsuf wHkYjyef&onf/ wcsufvTwftrdefY
tmPmjzifh qufqHjcif;rsKd;rjzpf&/
183
Oyrmay;jcif; ta&;BuD;yHk
trdefYtmPm&SdolxHodkY wifjytoem;cHyHkudk pHerlemjzifh jyo&efcufcJ
onf/ wcgwGif xko d aYkd om wifjytoem;cHyu kH kd pHerlem,l&ef aqG;aEG;Muonf/
rdcifu zciftm; tdraf xmifO;D pD;? tdrOf ;D ewftjzpf oabmxm;jcif;yHpk ?H zcifukd
olUt&SifocifozG,f oabmxm;yHkjzifh wifpm;ajymqkdMuonf/ xkdum; teD;
pyfqHk; yHkOyrmrsm;jzpffonf/
20-&mpk 'kw, d ykid ;f rSpí vlrsK;d wumonf tjyKtrl ,Ofaus;rIajymif;
vJvmonf/ or®musrf;pmwGif tjrpfrwnfawmhbJ vlwOD;wa,mufcsif;\
jyKrlcH,lcsuftwkdif; *kPfodu©mtqifhtwef; wlnDonf[k qkdvmMuonf/
wOD;udw k OD; av;pm;&aumif;rSe;f rod/ &mxl;tmPmtay: rlwnfí trsK;d rsK;d
qufqMH uonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ,aeYacwfvil ,frsm;onf trdet Yf mPmudk pHxm;í
½kdao&aumif;rSef;rodMu/
xkaYd Mumifh toifpm½Ioo l nf 0efcjH cif;ta&;wGif om;orD;rsm;\ pHerl
emjzpf&onf/ zcifrsm;onf rdom;pktay:wGif usr;f pmvmtwkid ;f aus;Zl;awmf
jzefYusufol? rdcifonf usrf;pmvmtwkdif; cifyGef;onfudk 0efcHoljzpf&onf/
tvkyform;rsm;uvnf; xkdenf;wl tvkyf&Sifudk 0efcH&onf/ EkdifiHawmftpkd;&
ESihf toif;awmfonfvnf; xko d aYdk om qufqrH rI sK;d jzpf&onf/ trdet
Yf mPmudk
0efcHonfh pHerlemtrsKd;rsKd;&Sdonf/
tu,fí vlrItzGJUtpnf; tokdif;t0kdif;? vkyfief;cGif? toif;awmf
wkdYwGif trdefYMoZm emcHvkdpdwfr&SdvQif rnfodkY jyKrlrnfenf;/ xkdokYdaom pdwf
raumif;p&m tjyKtrlonf usrf;pmudk 0efcHjcif;jzpfrnfvm;? remcHykefuef
jcm;em;jcif;jzpfrnfvm;/
bk&m;&Sif\*kPfawmfxJü uav;oli,frsm;xdef;ausmif;jcif;
þpmtky\ f t"du&nf&, G cf surf mS om;orD;i,frsm;u bk&m;&Six
f o
H Ykd
a&S;½Itm½Hjk yKMua&;jzpfonf/ xde;f ausmif;jcif;onf rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;odYk
t"du aygif;oif;qufqHa&;jzpfonf/
trdet Yf mPm&Sirf sm;tm; 0efc&H ef oGeo
f ifjcif;onf uav;oli,frsm;
184
tm; bk&m;&SifawmfESifh qufqHa&;wGif usufoa&wifhw,faom tcGifhta&;

aumif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;&Sifu uav;oli,frsm;tm; rdbrsm;udk emcH&ef rdefYqkd
xm;onf/ oifo h m;orD;rsm;tm; vlUavmuurÇmwGif t&mcyford ;f onf bk&m;
&Sif\ trdefYtmPmatmufü wnfaeMuaMumif; od&Sdem;vnfMuap&ef oGef
oif&onf/ rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;&Siu f kd emcHwwfMu&ef bk&m;
&Sifu oGefoifckdif;aomolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ rdrdomvQif rdrdt&Sifocif[laom
pum;rsKd;udk uav;i,frsm;tm; a&ma,mifroifrSm;rdygapESifh/ twåonf
]]bmvkdovJ? b,ftcsdefvJ? b,fvkdyHkpHvJ}}[k ajymqkdwwfonf/
om;orD;tm; vlUpdwfESvHk;\ tHhMobG,f&m twåqefyHkudk ajymjyyg/
xko d aYkd om uk,d uf sK;d twå? rmefrmeu vlukd rnfoYkd aumif;&mrGe&f modYk ykaYd qmif
Edkifrnfenf;/ xkdodkYaomolonf tm;eJcsuf? remcHEkdifonfh csKdU,Gif;csuf? olwkdY
b0xJü bk&m;w&m;rJjh cif;tjypf&o dS nf/ xko
d aYkd om vli,ftm; emcHjcif;touf
wm&Sd&ef rnfodkY oGefoifMurnfenf;/ olUjyóemudk t&nfazsmfab;z,fay;
EkdifMurvm;/ vlUtodÓPfrQjzifh pGrf;aqmifay;Ekdifrnfr[kwf/ olUtodÓPf
xJrmS jynfph akH om aumif;rGejf cif; rjynfph akH o;/ xkaYd Mumifh xko
d aYdk omolukd bk&m;
&SifxHodkY tyfESH&onf/ bk&m;&Sifudk wnfrSDjcif;&Sdvmaomtcg emcHjcif;tusifh
jynfh0vmonf/
{0Ha*vdowif;aumif;\ &nf&G,fcsufonf aumif;aomtrIt&m
rodo?l odvpdk w d rf &Sod jzifh jiif;qefotl m; owif;aumif;jyoa&;jzpfonf/ xko d Ykd
pdwfxm;&Sdonfh uav;i,ftm; ol\ raumif;aompdwfudk z,f&Sm;ay;vQif
tHhMobG,f&m vlawmfvlaumif;jzpfvmrnf/ xkdowif;aumif;u vlrsm;tm;
bk&m;&SifxHta&mufoGm;&ef qGJaqmifpnf;½Hk;onf/ tjypfcaom pdwfESvHk;?
vlUZmwdpdwfoabmudk bk&m;&Siftm; emcHí 0rf;ajrmufapaom pdwfESvHk;
ay:xGef;aponf/ owif;aumif;\ wefckd;uomvQif bk&m;&Sifudk vkdcsifaom
raem? emcHaomoabm ay;Ekdifonf/
trdefYtmPm emcHjcif;tusKd;
bk&m;&Sifawmfu olUom;orD;rsm;odkY olUudk MunfndKí pum;awmfukd
emcHolrsm;onf tppt&m&mwGif tqifajyí avmuurÇmajray:ü aysmf&Tif
185
Murnf[k qdx k m;ygonf/ xkpd um;awmftwkid ;f yif rdbpum; em;axmifoo l nf

aumif;cs;D r*Fvm <u,f0pGm cHpm;onf/ xko d akYd omolrsm;tMum;ü rdbudk ykeu f ef
axmifvTm;jcif;? remcHtmcHaom tjyKtrlrsm;onf tvGef0rf;enf;bG,f&m
jzpfonf/ trdefYtmPmudk emcHwwf&ef oGefoifaom rdbrsm;udk jrif&aom
tcg vGefpGm 0rf;omrdonf/ olwkdY\ om;orD;rsm;onfvnf; vlwvHk;olwvHk;
tjzpf ajymifajrmufMuonf/ olwkdYudk oGefoifaom q&mrsm;onfvnf; xkdol
i,frsm;aMumifh 0rf;om*kPf,lrqHk; wNyHK;NyHK;jzpfMuonf/ tcGihfta&;xl;vnf;
&&SdMuonf/ c&pf,mefokdufNrHK,HxJü aEG;axG;pGm usifvnfMuonf/ pdwfESvHk;
xJü bk&m;&Sifudk 0efcHMuaomaMumifh b0c&D;ajzmifhjzL;Muonf/ bk&m;&Sifudk
ESvHk;om;&if;jzifh 0efcHolonf toD;tyGifh a0qmonf/
or®musrf;pum;ü usifvnfolonf owif;aumif;ü avhusifhom;
jynfh0oljzpfonf/ owif;aumif;\ wefckd;ESifh aus;Zl;awmfudk ykdrkdeufeJpGm
od&Sdolonf usrf;pmvm wm0ef0wå&m;rsm;udk ysufuGufjcif;r&Sd/ vufawGUvkyf
aqmifyHkazmfonf/ vlUZmwdoabmonf trdefYtmPmudk zDqefí bk&m;&Sif\
jyKawmfrlcsufrsm;udkvnf; rodem;rvnf/ xkdodkYaomolrsm;onf a,½Ic&pf
awmf\ aus;Zl;awmfESifh wefckd;awmftm; txl;wvnfod&Sd&ef vkdtyfolrsm;
jzpfMuonf/ &Siaf ygvkqak wmif;cef;wGif bk&m;ocifu xko d rl sm;\ twGi;f pdwf
raemxJodkY 0dnmOfawmftm;jzifh wefckd;awmfzl;ajrmfMuygap[k qkdonf/ 0dnmOf
awmfuomvQif xkdodkYaom pdwfraem&Sdolrsm;tm; bk&m;&Sif\ uG,fumrIESifh
aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm; oGef;avmif;ay;Ekdifonf/
usrf;pmvm 'kwd,oifcef;pm pnf;urf;onf tb,fodkYenf;/ uav;
oli,fonf 0efcjH cif;udk taotcsm rodem;rvnfvQif rnfoYkd oif,al vhusuf
&aMumif; oGefoifjcif;jzifh w&m;awmftwkdif; &SifoefBuD;xGm;&ef tqifoifh
&Sad eayrnf/ xko
d Ykd oif,al epOf trSm;ESit
hf rSef a0zefyikd ;f jcm;Ekid af o;rnfr[kwf
yg/ odkYaomf olUudk,foltm; od&Sdem;vnfvmrnf/ oif,lavhusufxm;onfh
twkdif; pdwfESvHk;xJrS ay:xGufvmonfh tjyKtrlrsm;jzifh aumif;aomtzl;
tiHkrsm; awGUjrif&rnf/
186
tcsdefudk wefbkd;xm; - ,ckvkyf

aqmif;&moDwckwiG jf zpfonf/ uefx½ku d af qmufvyk of t l m; yEéuaf jr
avmif;cscidk ;f onf/ jyóemu tdraf qmufvyk Nf y;D jzpfaomaMumifh xku d eG uf &uf
tcif;ESifh tkwfeH&Hrsm; pdwfBudKufjyKvkyf&ef cufonf/ wu,faqmufvkyfcsif
onf/ tdrfa&SUwGif a&ul;uefvnf; jyKvkyfcsifonf/ xkdYaMumifh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
tukeftusrsm;onf/ trSefrSm taqmuftOD raqmufvkyfcifwGif tkwfjrpf
yEéuf ckdifrmpGm aqmufvkyf&onf/
þtcsufu trdefYtmPm0efcHjcif; - rdb[laom tkwfjrpfckdifcHhjcif;
rdbESihf om;orD;tMum;qufqaH &; pOf;pmp&mrsm;ay;onf/ ,ckawmh aetdrf
aqmufvkyfNyD;rS tkwfjrpfwnf&ouJhodkYjzpfaomaMumifh tukeftusykdrsm;rnf/
xkdYaMumifh om;orD;rsm;tm; i,f&G,fEkysKdcsdefü yHkpHoGif;yg/ remcHjcif;
tusifh&SdrS jyKjyifoGefoifjcif; rvkyfygESifh/ pdefac:jcif;? cGifhvTwfjcif;rsKd;rvkyf&
atmif tcsdef&Sdwkef; yHkpHoGif;xm;yg/
touft&G,f&vmrS yHkpHoGif;&ef rvG,fyg/ aus;Zl;jyKjcif;? oem;jcif;
jzifh pwifyg/ { 6 udk tvGwfodrSwfapyg/ trdefYMoZmemcHwwfMu&efvnf;
ulnaD z;ryg/ tcuftcJBuKH awGUvQiv f nf; 0efcw H wfatmif oifay;yg/ xku d m;
aumif;csD;r*FvmESifh Nidrfoufcsrf;ajrUjcif; cHpm;&menf;vrf;jzpfonf/
rvkt d yfaomae&mwGif tcsed rf jzKe;f ygESi/hf oeyfcg;vdr;f ? rsuEf mS aygif'g
½kdufjcif;jzifh tcsnf;ESD; tcsdefrukefygapESifh/ 0efcHjcif;qkdonfrSm pdwfxJwGif
rygvQifvnf; aumif;aomtrIt&m jyKvkyfjcif;jzpfonf/ b,faomtcg vQm
½kd;r&Sdwkdif; pum;udk tvG,frajymygESifh/ olwyg;xdckdufemusifEkdifaompum;
rqkdygESifh/ usrf;pum;twkdif; c&pfawmfESifh aus;Zl;awmfudk od&Sdyg/ rvkdtyfbJ
tcsdefraESmifhaES;ygESifh/ vlUobm0ESifh vlUZmwdt&nftcsif;udk rrSDudk;ygESifh/
arG;uif;prS uav;oli,fb0odkY vlvm;ajrmufBuD;jyif;yHkukd vmrnfh
tcef;wGif qufvufavhvmMurnf/
187

1/ uav;oli,frsm;twGuf emcHjcif;onf tb,faMumifh taumif;qHk;enf;/
2/ rdbudk av;pm;emcHorl sm;odYk bk&m;&Siu
f rnfoYkd uwdawmfay;xm;oenf;/
3/ usrf;pmvm trdefYemcH&ef rnfonfhvrf;ñTefcsufrsm; &&Sdxm;oenf;/
4/ ausmif;aet&G,f uav;oli,ftm; rdom;pkta&;t&m jyóemrsm;udk
tdrfüom ajz&Sif;&ef rnfodkY ajymjyrnfenf;/
5/ rdbrsm;ESifh qufqHa&;ajyvnf&ef tb,faMumifh oD;oefYcef;onf ta&;
BuD;oenf;/
6/ qGJaqmifpnf;½Hk;&mü rnfonfhab;&efrsm; a&Smif&Sm;&rnfenf;/
7/ rnfonfhtrdefYtmPm emcH&mü pHjyoljzpfygovm;/
8/ oifhaetdrfü remcHcsifp&m rnfonfhudpörsm; &Sdoenf;/
9/ oifhtdrfwGif rav;pm;csifaomfvnf; av;pm;ae&onfh udpö&Sdygovm;/
10/ oifhrdom;pkESifh rnfonfhae&mü trdefYtmPmjy&ef vkdtyfoenf;/
11/ usrf;pmvm trdefYemcH&ef rnfonfhae&mrsm;ü ysufuGufoenf;/
12/ oifhrdom;pkwGif trdefYemcH&ef usrf;pmu rnfodkY wkdufwGef;cGeftm;ay;
oenf;/
13/ Z,m;yHk 7 udk csJUum;&Sif;jyEkdifygovm;/
188
tcef; 15
arG;uif;prS uav;oli,fb0
oifwef;ay;jcif;enf;em
uav;oli,f\ trlt,mudk xyfcgwvJvJ Munf½h aI e&onf/ vykid ;f

tenf;i,ftwGif;wGif yHkrSefr[kwfbJ BuD;xGm;ajymif;vJMuonf/ ykefuefqefY
usifjcif;r[kwfaomfvnf; tjyKtrlrsm;onf ajymif;vJvmMuonf/ xkdYaemuf
rdbrsm;u jzpfapcsifonfrsm;ESifh wHkYjyefrItMum;wGif vIyf&Sm;rIaES;auG;vmMu
jyefonf/
xkt d cg ESpq
f BuKd ;pm; oGeo
f if*½kpu
dk &f onf/ ydrk *dk ½kpu dk f oGeo f if&onf/
pnf;urf;&SdMuap&ef pOfqufrjywf *½kpkduf&onf/ owday;jcif;? acsmharmhjcif;?
qGJaqmifpnf;½Hk;jcif; jyKvkyf&onf/ ajymjyjcif;? emcHjcif; ponfh tajccHtcsuf
tvufudk jyefvnfMuyfrwf&onf/ emcHjcif;r&SdvQif pnf;urf;jzifh udkifwG,f
&onf/
xkdodkY uav;oli,frsm; pnf;urf;wus&SdvmvQif rdom;pkonfvnf;
yDjyifaysm&f iT v
f mMuonf/ rdbrsm;uvnf; xko d jYkd zpf&ef pdw&f n S of eG o
f if&onf/
pdwf&SnfoGefoifonfESifhtrQ ykdrkdatmifjrifvmonf/
waeYaomtcg tqifajyacsmarmvmrnf/ yHkrSefvnfywfvmrnf/
yHrk eS v
f nfywfvmonfEiS t hf rQ rdom;pkonfvnf; oufawmifo h ufom&Sv d mrnf/
xkdtcg om;orD;tay: *½kpkdufukdifwG,frIrsm;\ tusKd;&v'frsm; cHpm;vmMu
189
rnf/ xktd cgrsK;d wGif om;orD;rsm;tm; &JprG ;f owå&d adS &;ESihf BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwaf &;
oGefoif&onf/
om;orD;rsm;tm; trdet Yf mPmemcHwwf&ef oGeo f if&mü emcHwwfvm
Mua&; BuKd wifjyifqif&onf/ bk&m;&Si\ f pum;awmfudk pOfqufrjywf *½kpu dk f
emcHwwfMu&ef *½kpkdufowday;ae&onf/
remcHjcif;onf usqHk;rIESifh pnf;urf;azmufzsufjcif; a&maESmonf/
xkdYaMumifh emcH&rnf[k ajymqkdae&onf/ remcHazmufjyefwkdif; xkdokdY owday;
aevQif usio hf m;&vmNy;D emcHwwfvmMuonf/ tjcm;wbufwiG f remcHrt I m;
pdwf&SnfpGm onf;cHoGefoifowday;ae&onf/
aemufq;kH tcef;udk jyefvnfavhvmMurnf/ { 6;1-3 wGif bk&m;&Si\ f
enf;vrf;rsm;ü om;orD;rsm;u rdbwkdY\ trdefYtmPm0efcH&aMumif; oGefoif
xm;onf/
rdbrsm;tm; 0efcHjcif;onf ½kdaoav;pm;jcif;ESifh emcHjcif;jzpfonf/
toufwm&Sní f aumif;cs;D r*Fvmrsm; <u,f0pGm cHpm;&mvnf;jzpfonf/ xko d Ykd
aom ab;&efuif;uGmusef;rmcsrf;omonfh ywf0ef;usifü usifvnfae&ef
ab;&ef vHkNcHK
em;raxmif pm 144 yHk
r½kdao r½kdao av;pm;
tcuftcJ Murf;wrf;rI tqifajy ouf&Snf
pnf;urf; emcH
remcH
trSm;jyifqif
um;csyf 8? ab;&efrS u,fxkwfjcif;

190
arG;uif;prS uav;oli,fb0? oifwef;ay;jcif;enf;em
acgif;rmjcif;? remcHjcif;rsm; a&SmifMuOf&onf/ trdefYtmPmudk ajr0,frus

emcHjcif;tusifh&Sd&onf/ rdbpum;emcHjcif;onf bk&m;pum;awmfudk emcHjcif;
vnf;jzpfonf/ (rdbrsm;onf bk&m;&Sif\ udk,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpfMuonfudk
owd&yg)/ bk&m;&Sifu rdbrsm;odkY om;orD;rsm;tm; pnf;urf;wus&Sda&;
oGefoifudkifwG,f&ef BudrfwkwfESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&; wGJay;xm;onfudk
atmufarhyg/
i,f&G,fpOfcg uav;b0ü Budrfwkwfonf y"getcsufjzpfonf/
taMumif;aomf bk&m;&Sif\ rdefYawmfrlcsufjzpfonf/ þbk&m;pum;awmfudk
rSwx f m;yg/ ]]rku
d af omoabmonf oli,f\ pdwEf v S ;kH xJü xkyx
f m;vsu&f \
dS /
odkYaomfvnf; qHk;raom BudrfvHk;onf xkdoabmudk a0;pGm ESifwwf\}}(ok
22;15)/
uav;oli,fonf pum;t&mjzifh ajymqkdqHk;rjcif;tm; rrSwfrdEkdif/
xkdYaMumifh qkay;'Pfay;onfh tcsdeftcgvnf; vkdtyfonf/
b,ftcsdef wifyg;ykwf&ygY
b,ftcsed w f iG f uav;wifyg;udk ykw&f rnfenf;/ vkyaf qmifp&m pum;
ajymjyNy;D aocsmpGm od&edS m;vnfaomfvnf; emcHjcif;rjyK? cGiv hf w
T pf &mtaMumif;
tcsufrsm;vnf; r&SdonfhcsdefcgrsKd;wGif wifyg;udk ½kdufykwf&onf/ tu,fí
rSwo f m;avmufatmif rjyKvQif rdbonf bk&m;pum;awmfukd remcHojl zpfomG ;
onf/ xkdodkY ysufuGufjcif;aMumifh ae&mwumrSm usrf;pum;vkdufem&efrvkd[k
uefu Y u
G jf cif;ESihf wlonf/ om;orD;rsm;udk ½kud yf w
k &f ef bk&m;&Siuf ay;xm;jcif;
r[kwf[k vQm&Snfcsifao;ovm;/ þae&mrS ½kdufykwfjcif;onf emusifap&ef
r[kwf/ rSwfom;&efjzpfonf/ rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; ½kdufykwf&rnfh
csdefcgudk arhavsmhMuonf/ remcH tmcHcsdefü om;orD;rsm;udk ½kdufykwf&onf/
ckdif;onfhtwkdif; rvkyfbJ xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifjcif;onf aumif;usKd;csrf;om
cHpm;&rnfhta&;tm; ausmckdif;pGefYcGmjcif;jzpfonf/
aocsmpGm pepfwus emcHvQif remcHjcif;taMumif;t&monf tav;
xm;pOf;pm;p&mr[kwf/ tu,fí remcHjcif;tm; wcgwav cGifhvTwfí rod
191
csiaf ,mifaqmifay;vQif a&SUqufa&&Snu f mvü rnfojYkd zpfrnft h aMumif; owd

xm;rdygovm;/
pOfqufrjywf ysupf ;D jcif;uyfq;dk a&mufomG ;rnf/ pOfqufrjywfqo dk nf
rSm usrf;pmvmtwkdif; ywf0ef;usifodkY wHkYjyefjyKrla&;jzpfonf/ i,f&G,fEkysKdpOf
cgwGif uav;oli,frsm;tm; emcHwwfa&; rjzpfrae oGefoif&onf/ oifcef;
pmrsm;xJrS wckrQom r[kwfbJ y"getcsufjzpfonf/
pdefac:jcif;? aESmifhaES;jcif;? cGifhvTwfjcif;rsm;onf 0efcHjcif;udk oGefoif
jcif;r[kwf/ trdefYtmPmtm; tvGJoHk;pm;jyK&ef remcHjcif;tusifh oifay;jcif;
jzpfonf/ xkYdaMumifh woufvHk; emcH? 0efcHjcif;tusifhtm; t½kd;pGJ&ef i,fpOf
cgü oGefoifxm;&onf/
owday;jcif;? rjyKvyk &f ? ½kud yf wk jf cif;cHcsio
f vm;[k ar;&onf/ wBurd f
wcg ½kdufykwfNyD; remcHpnf;urf;azmufjyefonfh t&dyfta,mif awGUjrifonfh
tcg owday;&onf/ xkdodkY wBudrfwcg ajymjyvQif aemifwGifvnf; em;vnf
oabmaygufMurnf/
wcgw&H bk&m;&Si\ f trdet Yf mPmudk emcH&ef ysuu f u G w f wfMuonf/
wcgw&H EIwaf jympum;jzifh vGeu f sL;wwfMuonf/ uav;oli,fu rdbarwåm
&yfcHcsufudk ]]rvkyfEkdifbl;}}[k jyefajymwwfMuonf/ xkdtcgrsKd;ü rdbrsm;u
]]bmaMumifv h }J }[k xyfajymwwfMuonf/ rnfojYkd zpfap xko d aYdk om ykeu f efjcif;?
pdefac:jcif;rsKd;udk ynmowd&Sd&Sdjzifh wHkYjyefqHk;r&onf/ rSwfom;p&mrSm uav;
oli,f\ aumif;pm;a&;twGuf vkyfaqmifjcif;jzpfaMumif; owd&yg/ remcH
aom om;orD;onf aumif;csD;r*FvmcHpm;&m e,fajrjyifyodkY a&muf&Sdoljzpf
onf/ rdbpum;onf 0efcH&ef om;orD;rsm;\ 0wå&m;jzpfonf/
þodYk pOf;pm;cH,Ml urnf/ remcHaom om;orD;onf rku d rf o
J jl zpfonf/
vlrkdufrsm;\ pdwfESvHk;xJü bk&m;ocifr&Sd/ vlrkdufonf bk&m;ocifudk pum;
xJü xnfhajym&aumif;rSef; rod/ xkdodkYaom rdkufrJjcif;twdrS uif;vGwf&ef
om;orD;rsm; u,fwifa&;onf rdbwkdY\ 0wå&m;jzpfonf/
192
b,fvkdwifyg;ykwf&ygY
uav;oli,f\ wifyg;½kdufykwfjcif;udk rnfodkY em;vnfcH,lygovJ/
jyóema&SmifvpJT &m enf;vrf;aygif;pH&k o dS nf/ trsuaf 'goudk a&Smifvw JT wf&ef
vktd yfonf/ uav;oli,f\ yk*K¾d vaf &;&m *kPo f ud m© tm; rxdyg;ap&ef a&Smif
&Sm;jyKrlwwf&onf/ trsufa'gotm; oem;Muifemjcif;ESifh ,Ofaus;odrfarGU
jcif;wkjYd zifv
h nf; z,f&mS ;Ekid of nf/ pnf;urf;onf xko d aYkd om &nf&, G cf sujf ynf0h
&efjzpfaMumif; odxm;yg/ uav;oli,ftm; ½kdufykwfonfhtcg vufjzifh ½kduf
ykwfjcif;oufoufr[kwfbJ pdwfESvHk;jzifh ½kdufykwfjcif;jzpfygap/
atmufygenf;vrf;rsm;twkid ;f uav;oli,f\ *kPo f ud m© udk rxdcu dk f
bJ pnf;urf;ukdifwG,f&onf/
1/ uav;oli,ftm; oD;oefaY e&mü ac:,lajymqdyk g/ pnf;urf;onf
uav;oli,f\ *kPfodu©mudk rzsufqD;yg/ rdom;pkrsm;a&SUarSmufwGif uav;
oli,ftm; ½ku d yf w
k jf cif;rjyK&/ rdom;pk0ifrsm;jzpfMuaomfvnf; av;pm;&onf/
xkdokdY jyKrljcif;onf uav;oli,ftm; ½kdusKd;jcif;oabm ray;Ekdif/ oD;oefYac:
,lqHk;rjcif;onf oli,ftm; odrSwfav;pm;jcif;jzpfonf/
2/ uav;oli,f\ remcHysufuGufrIudk aocsmpGm &Sif;jyaxmufjyyg/
½kyfykdif;qkdif&m pnf;urf;azmufzsufrIjzpfvQif aocsmpGm axmufjyyg/ pHerlem
aumif; jyoyg/ om;orD;rsm;tm; pdwftm½Hkjzifh pGJrSwfoGmMu&ef oGefoifyg/
ausmif;aet&G,rf [kwaf o;aom uav;oli,fonf xko d Ykd pGrJ wS Ef idk o
f nfh tod
ÓPfr&Sdao;yg/ uav;oli,fudk ½kdufykwfjcif;onf aemufwzef xkdtrSm;rsKd;
xyfrHrrSm;&efjzpfaMumif; today;&onf/ wdusaocsmaom trSm;? tjyKtrl
tm; owday;oGefoifjcif;jzpf&onf/ axG&murm trSm;jyóemrsm;twGuf
½kdufykwfjcif;rjzpfygapESifh/
3/ uav;oli,f\ jyKrcl rhJ t I m; ab;uif;vHNk cKH a&; todw&m;ay;jcif;
jzpfygap/ þtjzpfrsKd;udk wcgw&H BuHK&wwfonf/ uav;oli,ftm; xkdodkY
aom vkyfrSm;cJhrIrsm;twGuf qkd;0g;aom ½kdufykwfrIrsKd; rjzpfygapESifh/
atmufygtjyeftvSefpum;ajymyHkudk em;axmifMunfhMurnf/
193
zcif/ t½kyfrsm;odrf;zkdY ajymxm;wm? ,ckxd rodrf;ao;bl;vm;/

uav;/ (acgif;ndwfvsuf) [kwfuJh/
zcif/ tazhpum; em;raxmifbl;vm;/
uav;/ (atmufodkY iHkYaevsuf) r[kwfygbl;/
zcif/ tazhvkyfp&m odw,fr[kwfvm;[kqkdNyD; uav;udk ½kdufykwf
vkdufonf/
xkduav;oli,fonf olUjyKrlyHkudk od&Sdonf/ zcifu tb,faMumifh

½kdufykwfaMumif;udkvnf; oabmaygufoGm;onf/
4/ uav;oli,ftm; ½ku d yf w
k jf cif;onf trsuaf 'goxGuaf omaMumifh
r[kwfaMumif;? bk&m;ay;aumif;csD;r*Fvm cHpm;&ef yJhjyifqHk;rjcif;jzpfaMumif;
owd&yg/ trdefYtmPm emcHwwf&ef owday;jcif;jzpfaMumif; cH,loGm;ygap/
uav;oli,ftm; xkdokdY ½kdufykwfjcif;onf bk&m;&Sif\ oGefoifcsufemcHjcif;?
xkduav;oli,f\ tem*wfaumif;pm;a&;twGufjzpf&onf/ usrf;pmvm
pnf;urf;ao0yf&eftaMumif;rSwyg; uav;oli,ftm; ½ku d yf w
k pf &mtaMumif;
r&S/d
5/ uav;oli,ftm; ½kdufykwfonfhtcg auseyfpGm vufcHygap/ (xkd
tcsufonf rdbukd,fwkdif rdrdudk,fudk xdef;odrf;&rnhftaMumif;jzpfonf)/
uav;oli,frsm;udk ½kdufykwfonfhtaMumif;aygif;pHk&Sdonf/ tcsKdUaom om;
rsm;onf atmufajctqifo h Ykd a&mufvQiv f nf; vG,v f ifw
h ul pdw"f gwfrusMu/
tcsKdUom;rsm;url wkwfudkjrifwmESifh aemufaemifemcHrnfhtaMumif; awmif;
yefMuonf/ tjypfavQmhaygY&ef awmif;qkdMuonf/
6/ tjypfvGefusL;csuftm; awmif;yefjcif;jzifh xkdtwkdif; cGifhrvTwfyg
ESi/hf trSwwf &jzpfatmif wpHw k ckjyKvyk yf g/ xko
d rYdk [kwv
f Qif Ny;D Ny;D aysmufaysmuf
jzpfoGm;rnf/ om;orD;rsm;\ aumif;pm;a&;onf tdyf,m? xkdifcHkaumif;jcif;
xuf tqrsm;pGm ykdaumif;onf/ taMumif;aomf om;orD;ESifh ½kyfcE¨mudk,f
csif; qufEG,fMuonf/ pnf;urf;udkifwG,fjcif;aMumifh rdbESifh om;orD;wkdY
wuGJwjym;rjzpfap&/
t&G,af &mufvmaom om;orD;tm; qH;k r&mü t&Suw f uGt J usK;d enf;
rjzpfap&ef owdxm;&onf/ aumif;aomenf;jyvrf;ñTefrI ay;&onf/ om;
194
orD;t&G,&f vmvQif wud, k &f nfoef&Y iS ;f a&; *½kpu dk cf idk ;f yg/ atmufajctqifüh
&SdaevQifvnf; wukd,f&nfoefY&Sif;rItwGuf ½kdufykwfjcif;rjyK&/ aeYpOfyHkrSef
oefY&Sif;ygap/ t&G,fa&mufvmonfhtcg wudk,f&nfoefY&Sif;a&; usifhom;&
vmrnf(atmufcHt0wftpm;rSpí aeYpOf avQmfzGyfwwfvmrnf)/ xkdodkY i,f
pOftcg usifhom;&vmvQif t&SufwuGJtusKd;enf;jzpfatmif twif;tMuyf
qHk;rp&mvkdawmhrnfr[kwf/ t½l;[mopmtkyf? Zmwfvrf;rsKd; rjzpfap&/
7/ uav;oli,fudk ½kdufykwfNyD;aomtcg zufNyD; tb,frQcspfcif
aMumif; ajymjyyg/ olUudk qHk;r½kdufykwfrdaomaMumifh pdwfraumif;aMumif; jyef
vnfajymjyyg/ cspfvkdY½kdufwmjzpfaMumif; ajymjyyg/ aemufwzef xkdodkY ½kdufykwf
p&ma&mufvmrnf[k rxifaMumif; ajymjyyg/ xkdodYk ½kdufykwfqHk;rjcif;onf
oJajcrke;f rSwpf &mr[kwb f J vl&nfvrl eG jf zpfvmap&ef &nf&, G af Mumif; ajymjyyg/
xkt
d cg rdbESihf om;orD;tMum;ü Ny;D jynfph akH om jyefvnfaygif;pyfjcif;
jzpfvmrnf/ tu,fí jyefvnfoifhjrwfjcif;r&SdvQif wpHkw&m vGJrSm;aom
aMumifhjzpfayrnf/ xkdtcgrsKd;wGif ESpfbufpvHk;tm; jyefvnfppfaq;&onf/
oifhpdwfESvHk;udk OD;pGm jyefppfyg/ tMurf;ywrf; jyKrlcJhovm;/ txdef;
tuGyfrJhoGm;ovm;/ pnf;urf;udkifwG,fenf; vGJrSm;aomaMumifh wHkYjyefjcif;cH&
ovm;/ oefY&Sif;aom a'gor[kwfvQif oefY&Sif;aom &nf&G,fcsufrjzpfEkdif/
xkt d cg rdrt
d rSm;udk 0efcNH y;D tjypfciG v
hf wT jf cif;ESihf jyefvnfxal xmifa&; jyKvyk yf g/
olUpdwof abmxm;udv k nf; ppfaq;yg/ zcif\ pnf;urf;udik w f ,G jf cif;
udk trsufa'gojzifh jiif;y,fjcif;vm;/ zcifudk t½l;vkyfjcif;vm;/ zcif\
ta&;,ltjypfay;jcif;udk tb,faMumifh rausreyfjzpfoenf;/ xkdodkYqkdvQif
pnf;urf;onf t&ma&mufawmhrnfr[kwf/
a[NAJ 12;11 yg ]]qHk;rjcif;rnfonfum; cH&pOftcg 0rf;ajrmufp&m
rxif? 0rf;enf;p&m xifwwf\/ odkYaomfvnf; qHk;rjcif;udk cH&olonf aemuf
rS Nidrfoufjcif;ESifh pyfqkdifaom ajzmifhrwfjcif;tusKd;udk cH&\}}[laom usrf;
pum;udk rSwfom;em,l&onf/ tu,fí xkdpnf;urf;udkifwG,fjcif;onf Nidrf
oufcsrf;ajrUjcif;ESifh ajzmifhrwfjcif;razmfaqmifvQif rjynfhpHkao;/ pma&;ol
onfvnf; om;orD;rsm; qHk;rí udpö0pörNyD;qHk;vQif ]]tazuawmh om;orD;
wkdYudk ½kdufykwfqHk;rNyD;NyD? tpmraMuao;vQif tay:xyfwufí aqG;aEG;Mu
ao;wmaygY}}[k ajymqkdavh&Sdonf/
195
uav;oli,frsm;u tjrifrSef&rnfhta&; 0efcHjcif;rjyKvQif xyfcg

wvJvJ ½ku d yf w
k &f ef rBuKd ;pm;yg/ odaYk omf pnf;urf;udik w f ,G jf cif;onf om;orD;
wkdY\ aemifa&;aumif;pm;&efjzpfaMumif; oabmaygufatmif &Sif;jyonf/
]]om;udk tazcspfygw,f? cspfvkdY ,ckvkd pnf;urf;wus&Sda&; oGefoifwmyg/
tazhukd tazvkd 0efcaH pcsiw f ,f/ azhazhvv dk m;csuu f awmh rdbESihf om;orD;
tjyeftvSef cspfMunf&if;ESD;jcif;bJ/ uJ? twlwuG qkawmif;Mu&atmif[kqkd
NyD; zcifwa,muf\ yg;eyfMuifemrIjyoum qkawmif;ay;csifw,f/ om;orD;
wkdYuvnf; rdbrsm;twGuf qkawmif;ay;Mu}}[k ajymqkdavh&Sdonf/
xkdodkYaom jyefvnfNidrf;csrf;a&;onf usufoa&r*Fvm &Sdygayonf/
yk*d¾Kvfa&;t&r[kwfbJ uav;oli,frsm;\ ab;uif;vHkNcHK&mudk a&S;½Itm½HkjyK
&onf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; avSmiftrd x f üJ avSmifxm;jcif;rsK;d rjzpfap&/ odaYk omf
vdr®ma&;jcm;&SdvmMu&ef teD;uyfoGefoif&onf/
pnf;urf;onf wckNy;D wck &S&d pNrjJ zpfonf/ Ny;D pD;onf[í l r&S/d ausmuf
jyifonf &Si;f vif;rSomvQif acsmarGUonf/ jyefvnfxal xmifa&;onfvnf; xko d Ykd
acsmarGUrSomvQif om,mpkdajyonf/
8/ twlwuG qkawmif;jcif;/ rdom;pk0ifrsm;onf tjypfom;csnf;jzpf
MuaomaMumifh c&pfawmfu a&G;EIwfu,fwif&ef oufawmfpGefYaMumif; rdom;
pkrsm;odkY owday;cGeftm;jr§ifhay;yg/ c&pfawmfxJü wnfolonf tjypfcGifhvTwf
Ekid o
f nf/ c&pfawmfuv kd nf; oduRr;f oGm;Ekid o f nf/ c&pfawmfu ausmufcu J o
hJ Ykd
rmaMumaom pdwEf v S ;kH tm; z,f&mS ;ay;Ny;D pdwEf v S ;kH opfay;onf/ c&pfawmfu
olU0dnmOfjzifh bk&m;&Siftm; emcHwwfonfhtusifh ay;oem;awmfrlonf/ c&pf
awmfu tem*wfwiG v f nf; emcHwwfonfh todÓPfceG t f m; ay;awmfro l nf/
tcsdefwkdif;wGif om;orD;rsm;udk bk&m;&Sif\ rif;ra[mfvrf;rawmfü
avQmufvSrf;Mu&ef oGefoifMuyfrwf&onf/ om;orD;rsm;onf tcsdefwkdif;wGif
c&pfawmf\ aus;Zl;awmfjzifh pnf;urf;udik w f , G &f onf/ xko d Ydk pnf;urf;ao0yf
Muap&ef c&pfawmf\ owif;aumif;xuf ykdrkdxufjrufaom tjcm;enf;vrf;
r&S/d pnf;urf;udik w f , G &f mwGif vkw
d ;dk ydak vQm?h ajcmufwcg acsmw h vSnhf &S&d onf/
xkdtcgrsKd;ü c&pfawmf\ a&G;EIwfjcif;taMuif; em;vnfa&;onf taumif;qHk;
csdefcgor,jzpfonf/
196
oGeo f ifxed ;f ausmif;jcif;enf;vrf;wGif Burd w f w

k Ef iS hf aygif;oif;qufqH
a&; ESprf sK;d yg0ifaMumif; xyfajymygrnf/ taMumif;aomf uav;oli,frsm;onf
½ku
d yf w
k jf cif;udk trSw&f avh&o dS nf/ tenf;i,f t&G,&f vmaomtcg ½ku d yf w
k f
rnfhpum; ajymvkdufonfESifh wNydKifeuf trSwf&avh&SdMuonf/
tcef; 7 rS ]]or®musrf;pmESifhrnDaom enf;vrf;rsm;}}taMumif;udk
trSw&f aeayrnf/ Burd w f w
k Ef iS hf aygif;oif;qufqaH &;wku Yd kd uav;oli,frsm;
tm; qH;k r&mü toH;k jyKonft h cg usr;f pmESit hf nD toH;k jyK&ef owdxm;&onf/
tef; 7 wGif roH;k tyfaom enf;vrf;rsm; wm;jrpfxm;onf/ tcsKUd rdbrsm;onf
vmbfay;vmbf,loabm? uefx½kdufpepf? tjyKtrl pHerlemjzpfa&;? BuD;av;
aom pdwfvIyf&Sm;rI? om;orD;rsm;tm; atmufajcodrf;tvkyf jyKvkyfapjcif;
pojzifh jyKvkyfckdif;wwfMuonf/ rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; oGefoif&mü
xkdokYd rjyKvkyfoifh/ rdbwkdif;onf rdrdwkdYom;orD;rsm;udk yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh udk,fh
taMumif;ESifhudk oGefoifMuonf/ jyóemrSm oGefoifavhusifhrI nHhzsif;jcif;
jzpfonf/
tb,faMumifh wifyg;ykwf&ygY
tb,faMumifhqkdaomf bk&m;&Sif\ rdefYawmfrlcsufjzpfonf/ xyfajym
&vQif xko d Ykd ½ku
d yf w
k jf cif;onf Burd w f w k jf zifrh [kwb f J pdwEf v
S ;kH jzifh ½ku
d yf wk jf cif;
jzpf&onf/ rSwfom;yg/ tjyKtrlonf pdwfxJwGif&Sdonfhtwkdif; ay:xGufvm
onf/ pnf;urf;u pdwEf v S ;kH udk jyifqifonf/ xkaYd Mumifh pnf;urf;udik w f ,G &f mü
tjyKtrludkom Munfh½I&onfr[kwf/
tusiq hf ;dk onf emcHrrI &Sjd cif;rS pwifonf/ xkaYd Mumifh tusijhf yKjyif&ef
vktd yfvmonf/ odaYk omf tusiu hf kd jyKjyif½rkH Qjzifh rvHak vmufEidk /f t"duvkt d yf
csufrSm xkduav;oli,f\ pdwfESvHk;tm; bk&m;&SifxHodkY vdyfrla&S;½Iapa&;
jzpfonf/ tusiphf m&dwjå yKjyifjcif;\ &nf&, G cf suo f nf tusiv hf u©Pmjyifqif
&efrQomr[kw/f uav;oli,fu auseyfpmG vufcaH &;? o[Zmw&Sad &;? bk&m;
&Sif\ tvkdawmfudk ½kdusKd;pGm emcHa&;? rdbpum;udk em;axmifa&;jzpfonf/
vlUpdwfESvHk;onf ppfajrjyifjzpfonf/ uav;oli,ftm; ½kdufykwfjcif;onf vlU
pdwfESvHk;rkdufrJrItm; &GmjyifodkY armif;xkwfjcif;jzpfonf/
197
rsuv
f ;kH wbufjzifh ,ckumvrS ywf0ef;usit f ajctaeudk apmif;Munfh
yg/ oif\ om;orD;onf touft&G,f 30 ESpf&SdvmvQif rnfolurQ olU
tusifhudk ajymif;vJapEkdifrnfenf;/ bk&m;&Sifudk vufrcHjiif;y,foltm; olU
cifyGef;u vufcHatmif ajymqkdEkdifrnfr[kwf/ tvkyf&Sif\ trdefYtmPmudk
vufrcHEkdifaom tvkyform;u b,faomtcgrS vkyfief;cGiftqifajyrnf
r[kwf/
touft&G,f 30 &Sdvmaom oifhom;orD;\ rkdufrJrIudk rnfodkY oefY
&Sif;pifMu,fapEkdifrnfenf;/ tu,fí oif\ om;orD;rsm;onf ol\ ykefuef
jcif;tusifhESifh pdwfESvHk;xJrS bk&m;&Siftm; emcH&ef vkdtyfaMumif; rod&SdvQif
c&pfawmf\ tjypfcGifhvTwfjcif;ESifh aus;Zl;awmfvkdtyfyHkudk rnfodkY od&SdEkdif
rnfenf;/
ar;csif&mar;
pma&;olonf urÇmwywfvSnfhí uav;oli,frsm; xdef;ausmif;a&;
oGefoif&mwGif atmufygar;cGef;rsm; ar;jref;jcif; cH&avh&Sdonf/
½kdufykwfjcif;u rnfonfhtusKd; jzpfapoenf;

þae&mwGif uav;oli,frsm; oGefoif&mü ½kdufykwfjcif;jyKvkyf&rnf
[k qkdvkdjcif;r[kwfyg/ pum;em;raxmif? *½krpkdufolrsm;tm; xyfcgwvJvJ
ajymqkdqHk;rjcif;xuf ½kdufykwfjcif;u ykdrdkxda&mufonf[k qkdvkdygonf/ vrf;
avQmufwwfcgp uav;oli,fonf oGefoifcgpwGif tdrfrIa&;&mrsm; od&Sdem;
vnfEkdifpGrf;r&Sd/ tprStqHk; oGefoif&onf/ pm;yGJay:rS xrif;tm; Murf;jyif
ay:odYk rvTiyhf pf&aMumif;rSpí ajymjy&onf/ vli,fv&l , G rf sm;onf xku d av;
i,fuo hJ dYk atmufajcodr;f rSpí oGeo
f if&efrvkyd g/ &ifu
h sujf cif;r&Sad om uav;
oli,frsm;omvQif wpjcif;oGefoif&onf/ uav;oli,frsm;onf t&m&mudk
pwifwD;acgufolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ rodem;rvnfjcif;? rawmfwqudpö&yfrsm;
onf ½kdufykwf&efr[kwf/
uav;oli,frsm;onf tao;tzGjJ yKrcl surf sm;rSpí *½kwpku d &f &dS onf/
198
remcH tmcHonfh udpörsm;wGifrl ½kdufykwfrSom rSwfom;Muonf/ uav;oli,f

rsm;onf t&G,f&avmaomtcg tdrfrIpnf;urf;rsm;udk od&Sdem;vnfvmMu
onf/ ausmif;aet&G,f uav;oli,frsm;tm; xkdifcHkarGU,may:ü rtdyf&efrS
pí owday;oGefoif&onf/ tu,fí remcHvQif rSwfom;avmufatmif
ynmay;qHk;r&onf/
uav;i,fonf rnfonfht&G,fwGif qHk;rcsdefwefoenf;

rdbpum;udk emcHjcif;? tmcHjcif;jyKwwfaomt&G,o f nf pnf;urf;jzifh
udkifwG,fxdef;odrf;&onhf t&G,fjzpfonf/ tu,fí remcH tmcHjyefajymvQif
rSwfom;avmufatmif qHk;r&onf/ tu,fí xkdokdY qHk;rjcif;rjyKvQif ykdqkd;
oGm;rnf/ pnf;urf;xdef;ausmif;jcif;rjyKvQif remcH tmcHrIrsm;vmrnf/
remcHykefuefjcif;udk uav;oli,ft&G,fuyif ½kdusKd;atmif oGefoif
qHk;r&onf/ vkdtyfvQif xkdifxjyKvkyfckdif;jcif;rSpí udk,fxdvufa&muf qHk;r
&onf/ pnf;urf;udkifwG,fjcif;taMumif;ukd txufykdif;üvnf; aqG;aEG;ajym
qkdcJhMuNyD;jzpfonf/ wESpfatmufi,faom uav;i,fonf pnf;urf;od&Sdem;
vnfjcif;r&SdEkdif/ odkYaomf rsm;rMumcif twkjriftwwfoifvmEkdifonf/
xkdodkYaom uav;i,frsm;tm; aumif;rGefpGm pum;ajymqkdwwfonfh
tcsdefxd apmifhMunfhae&onf/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh 8-vt&G,fa&mufvQif oGefoif
Ekdifaom todÓPf&SdvmMuonf/ ae&mwkdif;odkY wGm;oGm;EkdifMuonf/ pmtkyf
pif? tkwfeH&Hrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufEkdifonf/ xkdtcgrsKd;ü vJrusap&ef *½kpkdufay;
&onf/ jzpfEkdifvQif xkdokdY vJusEkdifaom pif? cHkrsm;tem;odkY r&Sdap&/ tcef;
vGwfxJü vTwfxm;&onf/ xkdodkYaom uav;i,fonf vrf;ravQmufwwf?
pum;rajymwwf? rD;zkdacsmifodkY roGm;&rSef;rod/ xkdokdYaomuav;i,ftm;
pnf;urf;udkifwG,f&ef tcsdefwefonf/
rnfonfhtcsdefonf t&G,fvGefoenf;
þar;cGef;rsKd;tm; rdbrsm;u ar;Mu&mwGif twdtus tajzr&Sd
aMumif;? om;orD;rsm;tm; todÓPfynm oGefoif&mü aemufusonf[lí
199
r&SdaMumif; ajzMum;avh&Sdonf/ uav;oli,frsm;onf todÓPfynm&Sdonfh

t&G,f rwlnDMuyg/ emcHoif,lwwfonfht&G,f rwlMu/ tcsKdUu t&dyfjyvQif
taumifjrifMuí tcsKUd u taumifqjJG yvQiyf if bmaumifBu;D vnf;[k ar;jref;
ol&MdS uonf/ uav;oli,f\ tprlvynmoifausmif;onf aetdrjf zpfonf/
okdYaomf tajctae tqifhtwef;t& uGmjcm;Muonf/ ½kdufykwfrS rSwfrdol
rsm;&SdouJhodkY pum;jzifh ajymjy½HkESifhyif em;vnfolrsm;vnf;&SdMuonf/
xkdYaMumifh þodkY qkd&ayrnf/ uav;oli,frsm;ESifh qufqH&mwGif
½ku
d yf w
k jf cif;onf txda&mufq;kH jzpfonf/ uav;oli,frsm;onf ½ku d yf w
k jf cif;
udk aMumufvefYMuonf/ ½kdufykwfjcif;onf ajymvkdufaompum;udk av;euf
aponf/ uav;i,ftm; ½kdusKd;aponf/ tkd;aumif;jzpfapcsifvQif tkd;xdef;
onfu &THUap;ajrudk emem½kdufxkjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ xkdodYk ½kdufykwfvQif rnfodkY
jyKrl&aMumif; vG,fulpGm od&SdoGm;Muonf/ ½kdufykwfjcif;jzifh qHk;rjcif;onf
touf 2-ESpt f &G,Ef iS hf 12-ESpt
f &G,w
f w
Ydk iG f cHpm;em;vnfrI twlwjl zpfonf/
uav;oli,frsm;onf &ifhusufvmonfESihftrQ tusKd;taMumif;
tjzpftysufrsKd;pHk od&SdvmMuonf/ vmrnfhtcef;rsm;wGif t&G,f&vmaom
q,fausmfoufvli,frsm;ESifh qufqHa&;taMumif; avhvmaqG;aEG;Murnf/
½kdufykwfjcif;xuf t&G,fumv Munfhvkyfoifhovm;

uav;oli,frsm;tm; ½kdufykwfqHk;r oifMum;onfhtcg atmufygar;
cGef;tm; ar;jref;jcif; cH&avh&Sdonf/ ]]q&m? q&moGefoifa[majymwJh om;
orD;rsm; aumif;csD;r*FvmcHpm;&mtaMumif;rsm;udk oabmusygw,f/ aus;Zl;
awmftaMumif; owif;aumif;? aygif;oif;qufqaH &; ta&;Bu;D yHrk pS í tm;vH;k
aumif;ygw,f/ 'gayrJh ½ku d yf w
k jf cif;taMumif;awmh b0ifrusb;l ? ½ku
d yf w
k jf cif;
udk rnfonfht&mjzifh tpm;xkd;Ekdifrnfenf;/
bk&m;&Si\
f rdeaYf wmfrcl suu f kd acwfumv,Ofaus;rIt& od&edS m;vnf
EkdifMuygonf/ bk&m;&Sifu rdbrsm;tm; om;orD;rsm;udk ½kdufykwfcGifhjyKxm;yg
onf/ rdbrsm;u ]]bk&m;ocif\ t,ltqudk vufrcHEkdifaMumif; ajyma&;qkd
cGirhf &Syd g/ rdrt
d Bu?H acwfumv,Ofaus;rIx;kH pHu ydak umif;onf}}[k rqkEd idk yf g/
200
bk&m;ocifudk ,HkMunfvsuf emcH&efvkdtyfygonf/ xdktcg toif

pm½Io\ l 2-ESptf &G,f uav;odYk ]]'DrmS om;? wrdepfavmuf at;at;aq;aq;
vmxkdifNyD; pmtkyfvmMunfhyg/ MunfhcsifwmMunfhNyD;&if oGm;cGifhjyKr,f}}[k ajym
Munfhyg/ okYdr[kwf 8-ESpft&G,foli,ftm; ]]oifjyKrlajymqkdorQudk udk,fhtcef;
xJ jyefoGm;NyD; awG;Munfhvkduf/ NyD;rS pum;vmajymr,f}}[k ajymqkdvkdufyg/
xkdESpfckpvHk;onf trSm;r&SdMuaomfvnf; tcsdeftm; tv[mojzKef;wD;ap&m
a&mufygonf/
om;orD;u ]]tazhoH rMum;csif}}[kqkdvQif bmvkyfrnfenf;

þodkYaom tjzpfoepfrsKd; rBuHKbl;yg/ BuHKrdvQifvnf; vufcHEkdifrnf
r[kwf/ pma&;ol\ uav;oli,frsm;wGif wa,mufonf pum;em;axmif
csifpdwfr&Sd/
wnaomf xkdvli,fESifh twlxkdifNyD; pum;tjyeftvSef ajymqkdMu
onf/ ]]om;u em;axmifcsifwJh tusifhr&Sdbl;? ,ck yHkrSefavoHeJY pum;ajymqkd
aew,f/ igYpum;udk ,ck em;axmifapcsifw,f/ tJ'gqkd&if qlnHaewJh oifh
ywf0ef;usifxJrS igYtoHudk ykdrkd*½kpkduf Mum;odEkdifr,f/ igYtoHMum;&if om;\
em;&Gufvnf; tuif;yg;vmr,f/ ,ckupNyD; igYpum;udk em;raxmifbl;qkd&if
bmrS Mum;&awmhrSm r[kwfbl;/ igYpum;udk em;axmifatmif yg;ydwf½kdufvkduf
r,f}}[k ajymvkdufonf/
xko d Ykd wcGe;f ajymvku
d o
f nfEiS hf pum;em;axmifvmonf/ xkaYd emufyidk ;f
wGifrl jyóem&Sif;oGm;awmhonf/
oifhtBuHjyKcsuf em;axmifvQif igvkyforQu oifh½kdufcsuf

rdbrsm;onf olwkdYpum;udk om;orD;rsm;u ajr0,frus em;axmif
apcsifMuonf/ tu,fí rdbrsm;onf pOfqufrjywf pnf;urf;&SdaevQif
uav;oli,frsm;u wHjYk yefMurnf/ pnf;urf;[lívnf; taxGtxl; xnfah jym
p&mvkdrnfr[kwf/
oif\ vufawGUvkyfaqmifcsuf enf;yg;aomaMumifh om;orD;rsm;u
201
remcH tmcHMujcif;vm;/ oifhpum;rsm;udk emcHapcsifaomfvnf; vkyfaqmifrI

aES;auG;vQif ta&;ygt&ma&mufrnfr[kwf/ xkdYaMumifh pOfqufrjywf tvkyf
ESifhtajym nD&onf/
xkdum; a&&Snfumv tusKd;oufa&mufonf/ oif\ om;orD;rsm;
tm; ausmfaeonfht&G,fra&mufcifwGif rdbapckdif;csuftm; csufjcif;vkyf
aqmifwwfa&; oifay;yg/ om;orD;rsm;\ awmif;qkdcsufudk csufjcif; aqmif
&Gufay;jcif;jzifh pHerlemjyyg/ uav;rsm;ukd odwwfcgpt&G,frSpí emcHjcif;
todynm oGefoif&onf/
pOfqufrjywf owday;ajymqkad omfvnf; &ufvMum&Snf wHjYk yeftusK;d
oufa&mufrI uif;rJhjcif;rsm; BuHKaumif;BuHK&Ekdifonf/ ,HkMunfjcif;opöm&Sd&Sd
vkyaf qmifvQif vkyaf qmifonft h wkid ;f jyefvnf&w d of rd ;f ygrnf/ emcHjcif;tusihf
onf rdom;pkrS pwifonf/ i,f&, G cf sed cf gü aumif;rGepf mG avhusi&hf onf/ om;
orD;rsm;\ remcHrIudk cGifhvTwfjcif;rjyK&/ woufvHk; tusifhygoGm;Ekdifonf/
xkdokdYaom jyóemudk ab;z,fxm;yg/
tvGeftuRHjyKrdvQif rnfodkY
rdbwkid ;f onf om;orD;rsm;\ rSm;,Gi;f aom tjyKtrltay:odYk trsuf
a'goxGufwwfMuonf/ xkduJhokdY tmPm&Sifqefqef trsufa'goxGufEkdif
aMumif; usrf;pmoGefoifcsuf r&Sdyg/ usrf;pmoGefoifcsufwGif trsufa'go
jyifqifenf;[lí r&Syd g/ trsuaf 'goxde;f csKy&f efom &So
d nf/ w&m;rQwjcif;udk
OD;wnfaqmif&Gufyg/ tu,fí owdrrl *lrjrifvQif npfnrf;aom pnf;urf;
ESifh rpifMu,faom trsufa'go a&maESmyGm;rsm;oGm;rnf/
trsufa'go waiGUaiGUwaxmif;axmif; xGufaeoludk awGUjrifonf
ESifh wNydKifeuf od&SdMuayrnf/ xkdokdYaomoltem;odkY csOf;uyfí wpHkwOD;tm;
½kdufykwfay;&ef tultnDawmif;csifygYrvm;/ xkduJhokdYyif pdwfqkd;aeckdufwGif
oifhom;orD;rsm;tm; ]]om;wkdYudk b,fawmhrS r½kdufbl;? igYtrsufa'goudk
bk&m;&Sif\ w&m;awmfESifhtnD om;orD;rsm;odkY xdef;odrf;oGefoifrnf}}[k
ajymEkdifrvm;/
tu,fí om;orD;tay:odYk tjyif;txef a'goxGuv f Qif olUudk tdyf
202
cef;xJoYkd 0ifem;ckid ;f vku

d yf g/ xkaYd emuf rsuEf mS awmfz;l jrif&ef rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd BuKd ;pm;
jyifqifyg/ trsufa'gotwGuf aemifw&&SdoGm;rnf/ om;orD;rsm;ESifh aygif;
zufEkdifonfhwkdifatmif a&SUawmfü rdrdudk,fudk qufuyfqifjcifyg/
tu,fí ZmwdaoG;om;aemufodkY vkdufrdvQif om;orD;rsm;tay:odkY
tjypfykdrkdusL;vGefoGm;rnf/ tjypfcGifhvTwfjcif; &SmazG&müvnf; ]]om;u b,f
vkdtjypf vGefusL;vkdY tazha'gou xdef;rEkdif odrf;r&jzpfoGm;wmyg}}[laom
wbufom;tay: tjypfwifjcif; ruif;onfhpum;rsKd; rqkd&/ ]]oifhudk jyKrSm;
rdvkdY awmif;yefygw,f? igYa'govGefuJoGm;w,f? cGifhvTwfyg}} pojzifh ½kd;pif;pGm
tjypf0efcHyg/ tjypfvGefusL;onfhtaMumif; tusKd;taMumif; ajymp&mrvkdyg/
w&m;½Hk;ü avQmufvJcsufay;jcif; r[kwfyg/ ½kd;pif;pGm tjypf0efcHyg/
rdom;pkaetdrfwGif;ü r[kwfvQif
wcgw&H uav;oli,frsm;onf ae&ma'ora&G; remcH tmcHrIrsm;
jyKrlwwfMuonf/ usrf;pmvm pnf;urf;ESifh qefYusifvsuf uav;oli,f\
usL;ausmfapmfum;rI cH&aomtcg vloltv,fü uav;oli,fudk ½kdufykwfrd
wwfMuonf/ xkdodkYaom ½kwfw&ufpdwfqkd;jcif;rsKd; BuHKawGUvQif oli,fudk
oD;oefYae&modkY ac:,lqHk;ryg/
uav;oli,frsm;onf ywf0ef;usiu f kd owdrxm;rdMuao;aomaMumifh
jzpfEkdifoa&GU aetdrfwGif at;at;aq;aq; qHk;ryJhjyifyg/ rnfodkYyif trsuf
a'goxGufvQifvnf; rdom;pkaetdrfonf uav;rsm;tm; qHk;r&ef taumif;
qHk;ae&mjzpfonf/
tcsKdUrdbrsm;u ]]pnf;urf;rudkifwG,fvQif rdom;pkysufpD;oGm;rnf/
om;orD;rsm;u tdrfrSmrae? avvGifhukefrnf}}[k ajymqkdwwfMuonf/ vdr®m
aom uav;rsm;onf tdrjf yefa&mufaomtcg vdrm® a&;jcm;&SMd uonf/ ausmif;
aet&G,f uav;oli,frsm;onf rdrdtrSm; jyifqifp&mrsm;udk tcsdefraESmif;rSD
owd&jyifqifMuonf/
om;orD;i,frsm;tm; oD;oefaY wGUqHík pnf;urf;xde;f ausmif;a&;onf
vGepf mG ta&;Bu;D onf/ tjcm;ae&mü jzpfaevQif oD;oefaY wGUqHk ajymqkEd idk rf nfh
ae&m pDpOfyg/
203
tjcm;olrsm;ESifh rdrdom;orD;rsm; tjyKtrlrSm;jcif;onf pdwfrcsrf;ajrU

bG,f&mjzpfonf/ vlawmolawm xkd;azmufEkdif&ef tcuftcJ t[efYtwm;
jzpfoGm;Ekdifonf/ aqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;\ rxDrJhjrifjyKjcif; cH&rSmudkvnf; pkd;&drf
&onf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; usrf;pmvmtwkdif; tusifhtBuHaumif; awGUjrifcsif
Muayrnf/ pHpk rf;jcif;onf tjcm;jyóemrsm;ESihf qifu h mqufum a&muf&v dS m
Ekdifojzifh aqmEkdiforQ apmpD;pGm a&SmifMuOf&onf/ odYkaomf b,faomtcgrS
rdrod m;orD;rsm;tm; vlv,facgifwiG f ajrm§ ufajymjcif;? ESrd chf spum; ajymqkjd cif;
rjyK&/ pnf;urf;\ &nf&G,fcsufonf {0Ha*vdw&m; jyefYyGm;a&;r[kwfyg/
pnf;urf;\ &nf&G,fcsufonf om;orD;rsm; xdef;ausmif;a&;jzpfonf/ rdbESifh
om;orD;qufqHa&; ckdifrmyHkjyo&efom owdxm;yg/
Munf½h o
I rl sm;\ zdp;D rIrcHEidk v
f Qif tjcm;ae&modYk tjrefq;kH uG,af ysmuf
oGm;yg/ vltrsm;u rjrifEkdifonfhae&mwGif oifhom;orD;tm; zdESdyfrIrygbJ
vkdtyfonfrsm; ulnDajz&Sif;ay;yg/
om;orD;u vdrfnmaerSef;odvQif rnfodkY vkyf&ygY

om;orD;u vdrfnmaeaMumif; od&SdvQif yxrqHk; taumif;qHk;vkyf
aqmifbG,f&mrSm oD;oefYawGUqHk aqG;aEG;jcif;jzpfonf/ tu,fí xkdodkYrjzpf
EkdifvQif rdom;pktwGif; yGifhvif;a&;? pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&; OD;wnfvkyfaqmifyg/
bk&m;a&SUü uG,0f u S Ef idk pf &m wckrrS &Sad Mumif; ajymjyyg/ aemufq;kH ü bk&m;&Si\
f
w&m;pD&ifjcif; cH&rnfhtaMumif; &Sif;jyyg/ aygif;oif;qufqHa&; ckdifrmjcif;
ta&;BuD;yHk ajymjyyg/ rnfodkY pnf;vHk;ckdifrm&rnfhtaMumif; oGefoifyg/
wcgw&HwiG f xkrd Qjzifh udpNö y;D pD;Ekid rf nfr[kw/f uav;oli,fu 0efrcH
vQif rnfodkY vkyf&rnfenf;/ vdrfnmol[k ac:ajymrSmvm;/ b,fcgrS xkdodkY
rajym&/ om;orD;rsm;\pum; r[kwrf rSeaf Mumif; od&v dS Qiv
f nf; pdwef matmif
rvkyyf gESi/hf aemifwiG f olwpYdk um; r,Ho k uFmjzpfrnft h aMumif;rQom ajymjyyg/
om;orD;tm; vlvdrfvlnm[k ajymqkdí qufqHa&;jywfawmufrnfhtpm;
pnf;vHk;nDñGwfa&; ckdifrmrnfh tjcm;enf;vrf;udk &SmazGyg/ þodkYaom rdbESifh
om;orD;ta&;wGif rdbaumif;aMumif; om;orD;raumif;aMumif; rajymqk&d ef
owdxm;a&SmifMuOfyg/
204
tu,fí xko d m;orD;onf vdrn f maevQif vdyjf ymroefjY zpfomG ;rnf/

xkdum; 0rf;enf;p&myif/ odkYaomfvnf; rdb\ qHk;½IH;rI? xkdom;orD;\ qHk;½IH;rI
wkdYonf tvdrftnm[laom pum;xuf oufomygonf/ tu,fí olUvdrf
nmrI a&mifjyef[yfvQif tjcm;ajymp&m tcGifhta&; ay:vmrnf/ xkdtcsdef
wGifvnf; vdrfnmrI[k ajymqkdjcif;xuf qufqHa&;jywfawmufjcif;u cHom
ygonf/
tjzpftysuf raocsmra&&monfhtcg
rdrdbufrSvnf; a&&maocsmrIr&Sd? oifhuav;uvnf; ajymjyjcif;r&Sd
vQif vkyfp&mudkifp&m &Sdrnfr[kwf/ aemifpdwfcsaocsmrSomvQif ajymqkdkvkyf
udkif&rnf/ xkdtcsdefusrSomvQif uav;\ vkdtyfcsufudk od&SdvkyfaqmifEkdif
rnf/ tu,fí a&&maocsmrIr&SdvQif uav;xHrS ckdifvHkaom owif;pum;
r&Sdonfhtwkdif; pD&ifqHk;jzwfEkdifrnfr[kwf/ xkdtcgrsKd;wGif xkdtjzpftysufudk
rnfodkY awG;qEkdifrnfenf;/ tjcif;t&m raocsmoa&GU rpD&ifEkdif/ &ifrSm ckvk
ckvkjzpfaernf/
tu,fí vkyfp&mr&SdvQif
jyóemudk Munfh½I&mwGif enf;vrf;ESpfoG,f&Sdonf/ yxrtcsufrSm
tcsKUd vkt
d yfcsurf sm;tm; jznfq
h nf;&rvm; (od)Yk rodem;rvnfaom tcsutf m;
vkyfukdifaeovm;/ 'kwd,tcsufrSm bk&m;&Siftm; emcH&ef tqifoifhjzpfap
csifovm;(odkY) csufjcif;vufiif; toD;tyGifhrsm; rawGU&aomaMumifhvm;/
pma&;ol\ tawGUtBuKH t& uav;oli,ftrsm;pkonf usr;f pmvm enf;vrf;
rsm;udk rod&Sdem;rvnfMu/ pOfqufrjywf pnf;urf;udkifwG,fí jyKpkysKd;axmif
&rvm;(odkY) tprlvuyif bk&m;&Sif? rdb? om;orD;tMum; qufqHa&;nHhzsif;
rItm; jyefvnfwnfaqmuf&rvm;/
205
tu,fí tcsdefaESmif;oGm;vQif
]]iguawmh 'DudpötvHk;pHk odxm;NyD? 'gayrJh igYuav;awGu 4^5 ESpf
t&G,fom &SdMuao;vkdY bmrSrod&SdMubl;}}[k pOf;pm;aumif; pOfpm;aeayrnf/
jyóemudk ajz&Sif;jcif;xuf rdbrsm;u 0ifa&mufudkifwG,f vkyfudkifjcif;onf
ydkrkd&Sif;vif;aocsmonf/ bk&m;&Sifonf wef;ckd;&SifrSefaomfvnf; emcHjcif;r&Sd
olrsm;tm; ZGwftwif; emcHckdif;jcif;rjyK/ xkdokdYaom remcH tmcHaom uav;
oli,frsm;tm; pdw&f n S o
f nf;cHvsuf bk&m;pum;awmfukd emcH&ef qkawmif;ay;
jcif;jzifh oGefoif&onf/
rdbrsm; vkyfaqmifbG,f&mrsm;udk ajymjyrnf/
1/ om;orD;rsm;ESit
hf wl 0kid ;f xkid Nf y;D &ifxüJ jzpfay:vmaom cHpm;csuf
topfukd ajymjyyg/ uav;rsm; xGe;f um;apvkad omfvnf; jyKrmS ;rdonfh apwem
trSm;rsm; ajymjyyg/ (rdrdtm;eJcsufudk t"duxm; ajymjyyg)/ rdbpum; emcH
wwfvmMu&ef rdrdi,f&G,fpOfu trSm;jyifqifyHkrsm;tm; jyefvnfajymjyyg/
2/ om;orD;rsm;u rdbtrSm; onf;cHciG v hf w
T rf nft h aMumif; ajymjyyg/
3/ or®musrf;pmvm oGefoifcsufta&;BuD;yHk? trdefYtmPm 0efcH&yHk
wkdYtm; oabmaygufMuap&ef &Sif;vif;vG,fulpGm ajymjyyg/ bk&m;&Sifu olU
urÇmavmuodYk MoZmtmPmoufa&muf&ef tqifq h ifwh m0efay;yHrk sm; &Si;f jy
yg/ bk&m;&Sif\ trdefYtmPmatmufwGif &SdvQif aumif;csD;r*Fvm<u,f0pGm
cHpm;&yHkrsm; oabmaygufatmif &Sif;jyyg/ xkdokdY em;vnfoabmaygufEkdif&ef
tqifhqifhvkyfaqmif&yHkrsm; ajymjyyg/ uonfhtcg vlwkdif; tb,frQaysmf&Tif
aMumif; Oyrmrsm;jzifh &Sif;jyyg/ rdom;pkxJü wpHkw&m ajymif;vJrItopfjyKvkyf
wkdif; oGefoifvrf;jyyg/
4/ tajymif;tvJ jyKvkyfwkdif; pdwfwkdif;usjzpfap&ef trltusifh? pdwf
aeoabmxm;wkdYtm; wdusaocsmpGm ajymjyyg/ 0kdif;zGJUaqG;aEG;yg/ aumif;rGef
pGm vkdufemvkyfaqmifEkdifMu&ef tm;ay;ulnDrI jyKvkyfyg/
5/ tem*wfwiG f remcHrjI zifh wHjYk yevmMuvQif rnfoYdk ajz&Si;f udik w f , G f
rnft h aMumif; pOf;pm;xm;yg/ xkt
d cgrsK;d ü rnfoYkd udik w f ,G af jz&Si;f rnft
h aMumif;
aocsmpGm jyifqifxm;yg/
206
6/ uav;oli,frsm;u aocsmpGm em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;r&So d a&GU

enf;vrf;opf tajymif;tvJvkyfEkdifrnfr[kwf/ or®musrf;pmvm toufwm
&Sd&ef pOfqufrjywf BudK;pm;aeMu&rnf/ xkdYaMumifh uRrf;usifpGm BudK;ukdifjc,f
vS,fEkdif&ef vkdtyfonf/
7/ vkyfaqmifcsufwkdif;ü pdwf&Snfonf;cH&onf/ rdom;pkta&;t&m
ajymif;vJa&;onf cufcJygonf/ raumif;rI'kp½kduftm; OD;wnfwkdufckdufwGef;
vSefEkdif&ef 0dnmOfa&;&m cGeftm;vkdtyfonf/ ed,mrOya'orsm; toHk;jyKjcif;
jzifh rvHkavmufEkdifyg/ bk&m;&Sif\ ulrrI&&Sd&ef qkawmif;&onf/ bk&m;&Sif\
csdefcgudk onf;cHapmifhae&onf/ om;orD;wkdYESifhwuG usrf;pmavhvm&onf/
om;orD;rsm;udk om0uc&D;azmftjzpf wGJac:&onf/ oif,lod&SdcJhorQtm;
om;orD;rsm;odkY a0iSjcif;onf rdom;pktoufwmwGif tajymif;tvJjzpfapEkdif
onfh ta&;BuD;tcsufjzpfonf/
bk&m;&Sit f m; MunfnKd jcif;enf;emrsm;wGif rdom;pkvu dk f yg0ifa&;onf
t"dujzpfonf/ uav;oli,frsm;om oGefoifjcif;jzifh rvHkavmufyg/ om;
orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;w&m; MunfndKwwfMu&ef vufwGJac:,l&onf/
plqefESifh aevwkdYonf olwkdYorD;rsm; 5 ESpfESifh 9 ESpf&SdMupOfwGif c&pf
awmfxHodkY a&mufvmMuonf/ odkYaomf olwkdY\ c&pf,meftoufwmonf
tay:,Hc&pf,mef[efrsm;jzpfMuonf/ or®mw&m; rodojzifh vlUtqift h wef;
vnf;r&SdMu/ plqefonf pdwfynm&SifxH trsm;qHk; tcsdefukefonf/ aevonf
rl;,pfaq;0g;jzifh tcsdefukefonf/ xkdokdYjzifh olwkdYorD;rsm;onf OD;wnf&mrJh
vlomBuD;xGm;Muonf/ wHcg;r&Sd eH&Hr&Sd [mvm[if;vif;b0ü usifvnf
Muonf/
plqefESifh aevwkdYonf {0Ha*vdtoif;awmfodkY wufa&mufMuaomf
vnf; c&pfawmfESifh awGUqHkjcif;r&Sd/ om;orD;rsm;udkvnf; usrf;pmoGefoif&
aumif;rSef; rodMu/ c&pf,mefpdwfynm&Sifrsm; a&;om;onfh pdwfynmqkdif&m
pmtkyfrsm;om zwf½IMuonf/ usrf;pmudk t"duxm;jcif;r&SdMu/ xkdYaMumifh
orD;rsm;udk jyKjyifcsifMuaomfvnf; ulnDav ykdqkd;avjzpfukefonf/
bk&m;&Si\ f ulnrD prIaMumifh þpmtkyu f kd zwf½jI zpfMuonf/ ud, k uf sihf
w&m; yJhjyif&ef t&if;tjrpf pdwfESvHk;rS pwif&aMumif; od&Sdem;vnfoGm;Mu
onf/ olwkdYorD;rsmudk yJhjyifxdef;ausmif;vmMuonf/ rdrdwkYdtm;eJysufuGufrI
207
rsm;udk orD;wkdYxHodkY 0efcsawmif;yefMuonf/ bk&m;&Sif\ pHawmfrsm;taMumif;

ajymqkdvmMuonf/ xkdodkYjzifh tawG;opftjrifopf &SdvmMuaomtcg trSm;
jyifqifí pnf;urf;pepfwus &SdvmMu&ef oabmwlnDMuonf/ orD;rsm;ESifh
twlwuG qkawmif;vmMuonf/ rdpm;pk0wfjyKpnf;a0; jyKvyk af vh&v dS mMuonf
ESit
hf rQ bk&m;&Six
f aH wmfoYkd tm½Hpk ;l pkud v
f mMuonf/ or®musr;f pmudk twlwuG
zwf½q I ifjcifvmMuonf/ xko d jYdk zifh rdom;pktoufwmxJü c&pfawmf\ cspjf cif;
arwåm xif&Sm;vmonf/
bk&m;ocif\ aus;Zl;awmfaMumifh ESpftwefMumaomtcg olwkdYorD;
rsm;onf toufwmajymif;vJomG ;Muonf/ bk&m;ocifukd oduRr;f aom touf
wmü usiv f nfvmMuonf/ u,fwifjcif;&&Sv d mMuonf/ aevESihf plqefw\ Ydk
xkdtoufwmc&D;onf vG,fulonfr[kwf/ ql;cif;aom ca,mif;vrf;rSm
yifyef;pGm avQmufvrS ;f Muonf/ xkaYd Mumifh toifpm½Ioo l nfvnf; tdraf xmif
tkwfjrpfrcsrSDuyif taotcsm tkwfjrpfwnf&onf/ bk&m;&Sifudk oduRrf;ol
onf rnfonfah e&mrSmyif emcHjcif;toufwm&Sí d aus;Zl;awmfcs;D rGr;f ae&onf/

1/ trSm;jyifqifjcif; Budrfwkwfudk or®musrf;pmu rnfonfhcsdefcgü toHk;jyK
ckdif;oenf;/
2/ trSm;jyifqifjcif;Budrfwkwfudk rnfodkY toHk;jyK&rnfenf;/
3/ om;orD;rsm;ESihf rnfonfjh yóem&SMd uonft
h cg Burd w
f w
k u
f kd oH;k &rnfenf;/
4/ om;orD;rsm;odYk rnfoaYkd om ar;cGe;f tm; vGwv
f yfpmG ajymqkMd u&rnfenf;/
5/ om;orD;rsm;tm; c&pfawmf\ trIawmfjrwfü yg0ifvmMuap&ef Burd w
f w
k f
udk rnfodkY toHk;jyK&rnfenf;/
6/ BudrfwkwfoHk;jcif;onf om;orD;rsm;\ *kPfodu©mysufjym;onf[k vmajym
oltm; rnfodkY jyefajymrnfenf;/
7/ pum;jzifh ajymqkjd cif;ESihf ½ku
d yf w
k jf cif;wGif rnfonft
h csuu
f ydv
k ,
G o
f enf;/
o[Zmw&Sd&ef rnfonfhtcsufrsm;tm; a&SmifMuOf&rnfenf;/
208
tcef; 16
uav;oli,fb0
oifwef;ay;jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;
om;orD;ausmif;pwufEidk rf nfh aeY&ufa&mufavNy/D olatmifjrifrnf

[kvnf; ,HkMunfpdwfcsMuonf/ ESpfumvtwefMum pum;em;axmif emcH
wwfa&; oGeo f ifcMhJ uNy;D jzpfonf/ pdeaf c:jcif;rjyK? qifajcrwufbJ raES;tjref
ajymorQ vkyfaqmifonf/
xHk;pHtwkdif; BudKwifjyifqifxm;Muonf/ ausmif;wGif toHk;jyKrnfh
ypön;f rsm; 0,f,pl ak qmif;xm;Muonf/ aeYvnfpmxnfph &m csKid Ehf iS hf xnfph &m
awmif;rsm;vnf; 0,fxm;Muonf/ pmtkyrf sm;? cJw?H cJzsu?f Avmpmtky?f aywH
ESihfwuG xnfhp&mvG,ftdwfvnf; 0,fxm;Muonf/ ausmif;0wfpHkvnf; csKyf
xm;onf/ vkdavao;r&Sdatmif tppt&m&mü BudKwifjyifqifxm;Muonf/
0,fp&mypönf;rsm; ppfaq;Muonf/ arhusefonfrsm;&SdvQif aps;odkY
wacgufoGm;a&muf 0,f,lMuonf/ xkdkodkYjzifh ausmif;wuf&ef BudKwifjyifqif
jcif;jzpfonf/ emcHwwf&efvnf; avhusifhoGefoifvmcJhMuonf/ jyóemrSm
om;orD;ESit hf wl tNrrJ &SEd idk /f ausmif;um;? uav;upm;uGi;f ? aeYvnfpm pm;csed f
rsm;wGif ulnDrprnfhol vkdtyfonf/ xkdokdYaom ywf0ef;usifopfü usifvnf
jcif;onf b0opf\ tpdwftykdif;opfwckodkY 0ifa&mufjcif;jzpfonf/
209
uav;oli,fb0
uav;oli,f\ tv,ftvwfumvwkid af tmif uav;oli,fb0[k
&nfñTef;oHk;EIef;ygrnf/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh touf 5-ESpfrS 12-ESpft&G,fxd tusKH;
0ifonf/ rlvwef;t&G,[ f k ac:qkEd idk o
f nf/ þt&G,u f kd uav;oli,ft&G,f
[k odrw S Mf uonf/ ausmif;pwufí tjcm;vlrsm;tMum;ü pwifusiv f nfonfh
csdefcgjzpfonf/
xkt d csed o
f nf rdbrsm;twGuf pdeaf c:rItopfjzpfonf/ uav;oli,f
onf pwifzGHUNzdK;csdef? ESpfouf&m&mudk a&G;cs,fwwfonfht&G,fjzpfonf/ xkd
uav;oli,fonf rdbrsm;\ oGefoifcsuf? rsufpdatmufrS a0;uGmonf/
tawGUtBuHK vufawGUpwifcsdefjzpfonf/ rdbrsm;\ tkyfxdef;rI? oGefoifrI
atmufür&Sd/
om;orD;rsm;onf zGUH NzKd ;Bu;D xGm;vmonfEiS t hf rQ rdbrsm;ESihf uif;vGwf
onf/ rdrdtawG;twkdif; jyKvkyfwwfMuonf/ olwkdYtawG;onf &,farmjcif;?
pdefac:jcif;? prf;jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ pdwf0ifpm;onfhtwkdif; tpGrf;tprsm; xkwf
oHk;jcif;jzifh t&nftaoG;rsm; xkwfazmfjyoMuonf/
waeYaomtcg pma&;ol\ 6-ESpfESifh 11-ESpft&G,f om;wkdYonf tdrf
ab;em;&Sd uke;f ay:rS atmufoYkd avQmpD;Mu&ef avQmpD;vSn;f uav;vkyMf uonf/
zcifudk tultnDrawmif;Mu/ olwkdYvkyfMuyHkudk jrif&aomtcg xl;qef;pGm
cHpm;onf/ tazhom;rsm;u tpGr;f tp&Sv d mMuNy[
D k *kP,f 0l rf;omonf/ tjcm;
wbufwGifrl zcifrvkdbJ vkyfaqmifMuygvm;[k pdwfraumif;jzpfrdonf/
BuD;rm;aom tcsufwck
om;orD;tm; yxrqHk;tqifhtjzpf oifMum;&ef ta&;BuD;tcsufrSm
bk&m;&Sifu olUtwGuf vltjzpf zefqif;xm;aMumif; od&Sda&;tcsufjzpfonf/
xkdtcsufudk od&Sdem;vnfrSomvQif trdefYMoZm emcH&onfhtaMumif; od&Sdem;
vnfvmrnf/ pdefac:jcif;? qifajcwufjcif;? tmcHjcif;? aESmifhaES;MuefYMumjcif;
r&SdbJ csufjcif;vkyfaqmifwwfonfh tusifhaumif;&Sdvmrnf/ odkYaomf xkdokdY
210
uav;oli,fb0? oifwef;ay;jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;
aom tusifhvu©Pm&Sd&ef rnfonfhtcsdefrSpí rnfodkY oGefoifavhusifhrnf

enf;/ rdbpum;emcH&ef tkwfjrpfrnfodkY csrSwfay;rnfenf;/
udk,fusifhpm&dwå zGHUNzdK;jcif;
þtv,ftvwft&G,fü ta&;BuD;qHk;rSm udk,fusifhpm&dwåta&;
jzpfonf/ þt&G,f&Sd uav;oli,frsm;onf bufpHkaxmifhpHkü zGHUNzdK;onfhcsdefcg
jzpfonf/ rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;udk wnfrSDjcif;? ajzmifhrwfjcif;? oem;Muifem
jcif;? tajctaeMunfhwwfjcif;? ulnDrpjcif;? yg;eyfjcif;? opöm&Sdjcif;? atmuf
usKUd ½ku
d sK;d jcif;? rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd xde;f ausmif;jcif;? pdwxf m;jzLpifjcif;? tjcm;ud, k u
f sihf
w&m;rsm;ü xufjrufjcif;rsm; &SdapcsifMuonf/
xkdt&G,fü rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;ESifhtwl tNrJwrf;r&SdEkdifMu/
xkaYd Mumifh rdbrsm;rygbJ ud, k w f idk u
f ,
kd u
f s trSm;trSef a&G;cs,í f qH;k jzwfcsuf
csrSwfEkdif&onf/ usrf;pmvm ÓPfynm&Sd&onf/ rdbrsm;ESifh twlr&Sdonfh
csdefcgwGif tusKd;taMumif; tcsuftvufrsm;jzifh tcsdefESifh wajy;nD qHk;jzwf
Ekdif&ef todÓPfynm zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufae&onf/
tqifhwpfrSpí ajymif;vJrIa&S;½Ijcif;
tqifhwpfonf emcHjcif;tusifhjzpfonf/ vlUremcHykefuefjcif;tusifh
onf oifhom;orD;\ pdwfESvHk;xJü tjrpfwG,fxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ xkdodkYaom
Zmwdtusiafh Mumifh trdeMYf oZmtm; remcHonfAh ZD &So d nf/ xkaYd Mumifh om;orD;
rsm;tm; i,f&G,fEkysKdonfhcsdefwGif bk&m;&Sif\ MoZmtmPm emcHwwfa&;
oGefoifavhusifh&onf/
emcHrIvkdvm;apjcif;onf aumif;rGefaom BudKwifjyifqifrIjzpfonf/
odaYk omf xko
d Ydk vkcd sipf w
d &f ½Sd EkH iS hf Ny;D jynfph o
kH nfr[kw/f pnf;urf;vnf; tm;enf;
aom tjyKtrlrsm;tm; yJjh yifxed ;f ausmif;jcif;jzpfonf/ þae&mwGif tjyKtrlukd
ajymcsifMurnf/ xkdokdY ,lqvQif rSm;onf/ jynfhpHkvHkavmufjcif;r&Sd/
Oyrmtm;jzifh udk,fusKd;twåonf rSm;,Gif;aom vkyfaqmifcsufjzpf
onf/ oif\ om;orD;onfvnf; aumif;cs;D r*Fvm cHpm;rnfr[kw/f ud, k u
f sK;d
211
twåywf0ef;usiw f iG f usiv
f nfjcif;onf qk;d npfí tusn;f weft½kyq f ;dk onf/
tjcm;OyrmwckrSm oa&mfavSmifajymifjcif;jzpfonf/ nDtpfukdrsm;u uav;
i,ftm; oa&mfavSmifajymifjcif;onf remcHjcif;? r½kad ojcif;jzpfonf/ tusn;f
weft½kyfqkd;ap&ef vIHUaqmfjyKrljcif;vnf;jzpfonf/
waeYaomtcg tdrjf yefa&mufpOf om;orD;i,frsm;onf Murf;ysOaf y:
0rf;vsm;arSmufvsm;í upm;aeMuonf/ ZeD;onfu uav;i,frsm; upm;&ef
pHerlem 1000 cefY vkyfay;aeonf/ uav;oli,frsm;onf xkdtcsdefü aysmf&Tif
pGm upm;aeMuonf/ ykefuefaomif;usef;jcif; tjyKtrlr&SdMu/ rdcifudk remcH
EIwfvSefjyefajymjcif;r&SdMu/ odkYaomf pma&;olonf pdwfraysmfEkdif/ rdcifu olU
uav;rsm;twGuf xkdrQ tcsdefay;í tvkyf½Iyfae&ovm;[k pOf;pm;rdonf/
om;orD;rsm;u rdcif\ vkyaf qmifcsut f m; ulní
D 0rf;ompum;qkad pcsio f nf/
udk,fusifhw&m; jyKjyifay;jcif;r&Sdoa&GU om;orD;rsm;onf emcHjcif;wefbkd;udk
od&Sdem;vnfrnfr[kwf/
awGUjrifaeus ab;tvkyf
tcsKdUrdbrsm;onf jyóemajz&Sif;&ef pnf;urf;Oya'rsm;jzifh ykdrkdwif;
MuyfMuonf/ xkdenf;vrf;onf nHhzsif;aom enf;vrf;jzpfonf/ xkdokdYaom
jyóemajz&Sif;&ef rdbrsm;(odkY) om;orD;rsm;twGuf pnf;urf;ykdrkdwif;Muyf&ef
rjzpfoifh/ &SdNyD;om; pnf;urf;udk vkdufem&efom vkdtyfonf/
rdom;pkwpkonf eHeuftdyf,mxcgpü a&csKd;cef;wGif tcsdefrnfrQom
Mum&ef uefYowfxm;onf/ qHyifzD;csdef? ausmif;oGm;&ef jyifqifcsdefrSpí
tao;pdwf tcsed Zf ,m;a&;qGjJ yXmef;xm;Muonf/ xko d aYdk jymaomtcg wcP
wGif &,fcsiaf yrnf/ odaYk omf vufawGUwGirf l taxGtxl; wOD;udw k OD; ajymqkd
p&mrvkb d J at;aq;pGm vkyaf qmifEidk af &;jzpfonf/ rde;f uav; 4-a,muf&adS om
tdrfcef;wGif a&csKd;cef;wcef;om&Sdaom rdom;pktdrf awGUbl;Muayrnf/ xkdokdY
aom rdom;pkwGif pnf;urf;wus&Sd&ef tvGefvdktyfaMumif; oabmaygufMu
ayrnf/ tu,fí {nfhonf&SdvQif rnfokdY tcsdefay;&rnfhtaMumif; pOf;pm;
xnfhwGuf&rnf/
212
jyóemrSm owfrw S x
f m;onfh pnf;urf;rsm;twkid ;f tcsed Ef iS w
hf ajy;nD
vkyfaqmifEkdifa&;jzpfonf/ vkyfaqmifcsufwkdif;ü OD;wnfcsuf? &nf&G,fcsuf
&Sd&onf/ uav;oli,frsm;wGif pnf;urf;pepfwus&Sda&; vkdtyfonf[k qkdMu
&aomfvnf; vlBuD;rsm;onf jynfhpHkrSefuefonf[k vkdvkdjcif;r[kwf/ pnf;urf;
ykdrsm;jcif;onf pnf;urf;vkdufemrI tm;enf;MuaomaMumifh jyXmef;jcif;jzpf
aMumif; odomonf/
oifum;armif;aeonft h csed u
f kd pOf;pm;Munfyh g/ oifo
h m;u ab;em;&Sd
nDtpfuakd rmifErS rsm;odYk ay;a0jcif;r&Sbd J wa,mufwnf; rkepYf m;aeonf/ xko d Ykd
rjyKvkyf&ef ajymjyaomfvnf; remcHbJ qufpm;aevQif xkdom;tm; rnfodkY
ajymqkdrnfenf;/
xkdoli,f\ tjyKtrlonf olUpdwfESvHk;\ oabmxm;udk xkwfazmf
jyoonf/ tjyKtrl? tawG;tBuH? &nf&G,fcsuf? vkdvm;csufrsm;onf pdwf\
ap&mtwkdif; jyKrljcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh xkdokdY wa,mufwnf; rkefYpm;
aeaom om;tm; ]]oifhnDrav;vnf; auR;OD;}}[k ajymjyaomtcg twåpdwf
&Sdonfhtwkdif; rauR;bJaevQif olUudk,fusifhpm&dwåonf ykdrdkeufeJrkdufrJoGm;
rnf/ bk&m;&Sifu ,HkMunfolrsm;tm; xkdodkY udk,fusKd;rzuf? nDtpfudkarmifESR
jcif; cspfcifMu&ef zdwfac:ygonf/ tjyefrarQmfbJ tay;om pdwful;Mu&ef
bk&m;&Sifu rdefYawmfrlxm;onf/ oifhom;orD;rsm;\ pdwfESvHk;xdef;ausmif;Ekdif
Mua&; ulnDEkdifygap/
zm&d&SJt,l0g' jyóem
oifhom;orD;rsm;\ udk,fusifhw&m;xdef;ausmif;a&; ta&;BuD;tcsuf
rSm ½k;d &mpOfvmpnf;urf;Oya'o cH,al &;jzpfonf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; pnf;urf;
Oya'ovkdufemwwf&ef oGefoifonfrSm aumif;ygonf/ odkYaomf udk,fusifh
w&m;aumif;rGeaf &;onf wzufowf ud, k u
f sK;d twåtwGuf r[kw&f / tu,f
í pnf;urf;Oya'o vkdufema&;om OD;xdyfxm;vQif tjyifwGif oefY&Sif;í
twGif;ü npfywfayyGaom zm&d&SJcGufzvm;rsm;uJhodkY jzpfoGm;Murnf/
a'oEÅ&c&pf,mefpmoifausmif;rS yxrwef;ausmif;om; yDwm\
zm&d&t JS ,l0g' cH,yl u
kH kd Oyrmay; ajymjyrnf/ olonf twef;xJwiG f pnf;urf;
213
aumif;rGefonf/ olUwm0ef aus>yefonf/ cGifhjyKcsufr&SdbJ olUae&mrS tjyifodkY

xGufoGm;jcif;? ab;vlESifh pum;ajymjcif;r&Sd/ xkdum; cGufzvm;\ tjyifyef;
oef&Y iS ;f jcif;rsK;d jzpfonf/ olUpdwEf v
S ;kH xJwiG rf l rsK;d pHq
k ;dk npfonf/ olUuk, d o f t
l m;
taxGtxl; jyKjyifp&mr&Sdol? tjcm;vlrsm;xuf ,Ofaus;aumif;rGefol[k cH,l
onf/ tjypfrsm;udk qefYusifrkef;wD;ol[k cH,lonf/ tjypfcGifhvTwfwwfol[k
xifrSwfonf/ olUtjypfudk rjrif? c&pfawmfudk txl;wvnf rvkd[k cH,lonf/
rdrdtjypfudk rjrifaom rmefrmeaxmifvTm;oljzpfonf/ tusifhoDvaumif;
aomaMumifh aemifw&p&mr&Sd[k cH,lonf/ xkdYaMumifh bk&m;&Sif\ cspfjcif;
arwåmawmftm; a&mifjyefr[yfapEkid /f rmefrmeESihf rdru d ,
kd u
f kd ajzmifrh wfonfh
taMumif;om tjyifodkY awmufyaponf/
yDwm\ rdbrsm;onf rdbrsm;xHk;pHtwkdif; yDwmudk cspfcifjrwfEkd;Mu
onf/ *½kwpku d f oGeof ifMuonf/ odaYk omf tjyifyef;o@mefom jc,freI ;f Muí
twGif;ydkif;pdwfESvHk;udkrl vSyapEkdifpGrf;r&SdMu/ yDwmonf tjyifyef;o@mefudk
om Munfh½IwwfoGm;onf/ olUukd,folü tjypfwnf;[laom tnpftaMu;
ayusHaerSef;rod/
xkdYaMumifh þvli,ft&G,fü uav;oli,frsm;\ udk,fusifhpm&dwå
jyKjyifay;jcif;onf tcsdeftcgaumif;jzpfonf/
ukdifwG,f&m wefqmyvmoHk;rsKd;
vmrnfhtcef;wGif uav;oli,f\ pdwfESvHk;ESifh todÓPf wkdYxdudkif
wG,jf cif;taMumif; avhvmMurnf/ xkt d aMumif; ravhvmrSD xkod aYkd om a&m*g
udkifwG,f&m enf;em(3)rsKd;taMumif; avhvmMurnf/
oifhom;orD;rsm;\ vkdtyfcsufrsm;udk Munfh½Iyg/ yk*d¾Kvfa&;&m vkdtyf
csufjznfhqnf;p&mrsm; jrifomatmifMunfhyg/ tm;eJcsufESifh tm;omcsufrsm;
um;csyfjzifh a&;qGJNyD; tm;eJcsufrsm; jznfhqnf;ay;a&; pOf;pm;Munfhyg/
xkdodkYaom enf;vrf;onf ½kd;pif;í toHk;0iftusKd;jyKp&mrsm;vnf;
jzpfonf/ ajcmufvwBudrf uav;oli,frsm;\ vkdtyfcsufrsm; ppfaq;Munfh
yg/ rnfokdY ajz&Sif;ay;&rnfhtaMumif; enf;vrf;aumif;rsm; &SmazGyg/
214
uav;oli,ft&G,fü bk&m;&SifESifh qufqHa&;

yxrqHk; ukxHk;rSm xkduav;oli,ftm; bk&m;&SifESifh qufqHapa&;
jzpfonf/ ar;p&mar;cGe;f rSm owif;aumif;taMumif; qufpyfjcif;r[kwaf o;?
yk*K¾d vaf &;t& bk&m;&SiEf iS hf rnfoYdk qufqoH nft h aMumif;jzpfonf/ bk&m;ocif
ESifh qufqHa&;oabmobm0 em;vnfESHUpyfa&;jzpfonf/
oifhuav;onf bk&m;&Sifudk oduRrf;vkdpdwf &Sdovm;? bk&m;&SifESifh
qufqH&mü wif;wdrfauseyfrI&Sdygovm;? bk&m;&Sifudk od&Sdcspfcifvkdpdwf &Sdyg
ovm;/ bk&m;&Sifonf olUcGeftm;\ t&if;tjrpf? auseyfwif;wdrf&m? tul
tr&&S&d m jzpfygovm;/ bk&m;&Siu f kd oduRr;f jcif;tm; a&mifjyef[yfapygovm;/
bk&m;&Sif\ or®mw&m;vrf;wmtwkdif; csDwufaeygovm;/ pdwf0dnmOfjzifh
trSefwu,f &Sifoefygovm;/ tjcm;ae&mrsm;(rdbrsm;rygt0if)rS bk&m;&Sif
ESifh qufqHa&; tultnD &&Sdygovm;/
bk&m;wka,mifudk ukd;uG,fygovm;/ raysmf&Tif rauseyfEkdifonfh rnf
onfhtaMumif;tcsufrsm; &Sdoenf;/ bk&m;&Sifxuf OD;pm;ay;p&mrsm; &Sdyg
ovm;/ ]]trSefwu,f vkdtyfcsuf? wrf;wcsuf? qE´ tb,fenf;}}[laom
ar;cGef;udk rnfodkY tajzay;ygovJ/
bk&m;&SifESifh pum;ajymbl;ygovm;/ bk&m;&SiftaMumif; rnfodkY ajym
qkdoenf;/ bk&m;&Sifudk rnfodkY xifjrifoenf;/ olUbk&m;ocifonf ao;i,f
ovm;^BuD;rm;ovm;/ bk&m;&Sifukd cspfrdwfaqG? w&m;olBuD;? az;rulnDol?
t&Sifociftjzpf rSwf,lygovm;/ c&pfawmfxJü touf&SifaeaMumif; cH,l
ovm;(odkY) olUudk,foltm; b0\ t&Sifocif twå[dtwåaememaxm [k
cH,lygovm;/
þar;cGe;f rsm;onf or®musr;f pmvm or®mw&m;udk em;rvnfao;vQif
rSefuefpGm tajzay;Ekdifrnfr[kwf/ c&pfawmfxJü aeí ,HkMunfjcif;r&Sdao;
oa&GU aus;Zl;awmfESifh u,fwifjcif;tuRwfw&m;taMumif; od&Sdem;vnfrnf
r[kwf/ xkdoli,f\ pdwfraemudk xdef;ausmif;í bk&m;&SifxHodkY OD;aqmifoGm;
rSomvQif 0dnmOfa&;&mtoufwm cH,lcsuf wkd;wufjrifhrm;apEkdifayrnf/
215
uav;oli,ftm; olUudk,fol od&Sdem;vnfapa&;

toifpm½Iol\ uav;onf olUudk,foltm; rnfodkY cH,loenf;/ olU
taMumif;udkol tb,frQ oduRrf;oenf;/ olUtm;eJcsuf? tm;omcsufudk
tb,frQ od&Sdoenf;/ olUyk*d¾Kvfa&;&mtaMumif; od&Sdygovm;/ yk*d¾Kvfa&;&m
od&Sdjcif;jzifh olUyifudk,fta&; tb,frQ od&Sdoenf;/
pma&;ol\ rdwaf qGwiG f tjcm;olrsm;udk pmemiJn h m§ wwfonfh orD;ysKd
*sifeDzm&Sdonf/ xkdorD;u tjcm;olrsm;tay: pmemaxmufxm;yHkrsm; ajymjy
avh&o dS nf/ xku d m; usuo f a&r*Fvm&Sad om t&nftaoG;aywnf;/ xkt d &nf
tcsif;jzifh tjcm;olrsm;udk rpavh&Sdonf/ wbufwGif xkdtjyKtrlonf xkdokdY
aom cGeftm;enf;olrsm;tm; cGeftm;xkwfoHk;jcif;r&SdapbJ urf;vufarQmfol
rsm;jzpfaponf/ xkaYd Mumifh atmifjrifjcif;&&So d uJo h Ykd wcgw&H tm;rvkt d m;r&
jzpfwwfonf/ tm;upm;yGJü Ekdifwcg ½IH;wvSnfh BuHKjcif;rsKd;jzpfvmonf/ xkdodkY
jzifh olUtaMumif;ol odvmonf/ xko d aYkd om yk*K¾d vaf &;&m t&nftcsi;f odvm
aomtcg oli,fcsif;wa,mufu OD;pGm em;vnfulnDay;rSomvQif t&m
ajrmufaMumif; oabmaygufvmonf/ xkdtaMumif;udk vltrsm;pku od&SdMu
ygonf/ odaYk omf t&G,af &mufvv l m;ajrmufro S mvQif em;vnfay;Ekid Mf uonf/
0rf;enf;p&mrSm tcsKUd aom vlBu;D rsm;onf xko d aYdk om vlrsm;udk wHjYk yefjcif;r&Sb
d J
rodrjrifcsifa,mifaqmifMuonf/
vlwkdif; tm;eJcsufESifh tm;omcsuf &SdMupNrJjzpfonf/ vG,fvifhwul
vkyfaqmifEkdifonfrsm; &SdouJhokdY eufeJemusifpGm vkyfaqmif&onfrsm;vnf;
&So
d nf/ xkt d csuu f kd aocsmpGm em;vnfc, H o
l o l nf rdrt d m;eJcsuu
f kd jznfq
h nf;
jr§ifhwifEkdifpGrf;&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh rdrdom;orD;rsm;tm; tm;eJcsufESihf tm;om
csuf&Sdjcif;onf bk&m;&Sifu toHk;jyK&ef vkdtyfaomaMumifhjzpfaMumif; ajymjy
Ekdif&onf/ bk&m;&Sifu qifhac:ol? bk&m;&Sifudk od&Sdolonf olwyg;\ tm;eJ
csuftm; jznfhqnf;ulnD&efjzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh rdrdtaMumif;udk odí
toHk;jyKEkdif&onf/
tjcm;udpöwckrSm oifhuav;udk,fwkdifu olUudk,foltm; od&Sda&;
jzpfonf/ wpHkw&m jyKrlonfhtcg olUudk,foltm; rnfodkY jyKrloenf;/ &Sufudk;
&Suu f ef;jzpfaeovm;? olUud, k of tl m; ,HMk unfpw d cf sr&I ydS govm;/ olUwGif trSm;
216
bk&m;
oifhom;
ESifh
oludk,fwkdif
pm 167 yHk
oifhom; oifhom;ESifh
ESifhbk&m; tjcm;ol
um;csyf 9? oihfuav;\ tjriftm½HkoHk;yg;
&So
d nf[k 0efco H nfyh v
kH m;? pk;d &draf MumufveYof mG ;ovm;? tjcm;olrsm;odYk tjypfzYdk
vufnKd§ ;xk;d ovm;/ tjcm;olrsm;xuf olUud, k of t
l m; awmfaMumif;wwfaMumif;
odjrifcH,lovm;/
yxrwef;ausmif;om; [m½kd;onf aygif;oif;qufqH&mü awm"avh
awmtusi&hf o dS nf/ t&m&monf olEiS o hf m oufqidk of nf[k cH,ol nf/ pmzwf
cef;wGif pmzwfaepOfwGifvnf; ab;vlrsm;u olUudk raESmifh,SufMu&ef jyKrl
aexkdifonf/ tm;vyfcsdefü upm;Mu&mwGifvnf; olUudk todtrSwfjyKMuap
vkdonf/ ausmif;pmvkyf&mwGifvnf; olomvQif yxrqHk;NyD;pD;oljzpfcsifonf/
(odkYaomf tajy;NydKifyGJwGifrl xkdodkY rjzpfEkdif)/ rdef;uav;rsm;ESifh aygif;oif;quf
qH&mwGifvnf; olUudkom rsufESmomay;apcsifonf/
vdrm® aom olUq&m\ tultnDaMumifh olUrdbrsm;u [m½k;d taMumif;
udk od&v dS mMuonf/ olUtjyKtrlonf omoemyvlw\ Ydk tjyKtrlrsK;d jzpfonf/
xkdodkYjzifh bk&m;&SifuomvQif olUvkdtyfcsuf aygif;oif;qufqHrIajyvnfa&;
ulnrD pEkid rf nft h aMumif; od&v dS monf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh rdbrsm;u om;orD;
217
rsm;\ t"duvkdtyfcsuftm; od&Sdjznfhqnf;jcif;r&SdMu/ uav;oli,ft&G,frS

pí aus;uRefrsKd;aphrS aygufzGm;vmonfhtwkdif; BuD;jyif;vmMuonf/
rdrdudk,fudk txifBuD;b0ifjrifhjcif;onf tjcm;olrsm;ESifh aygif;oif;
qufqHa&;udk ysufpD;aponf/ jyifyo@meftjrifonf trSeftxifBuD;p&m
[kwyf govm;/ wu,fvw G v f yfpmG vkyaf qmifEidk pf rG ;f &Syd govm;/ tjcm;olrsm;
udk,f atmifEkdifNyD; trSefwu,f rdrdudk,fudk ykdrkdjrifhrm;apygovm;/
oifuh av;\ tjzpfreS u f kd od&edS m;vnfro S mvQif xde;f ausmif;jri§ whf if
Ekdifrnf/ olUoabmxm;tBuHÓPfudk rMumcP ar;jref;MunfhrSomvQif olU
taMumif;pHu k kd odNy;D olUpdw0f nd mOf\ qmavmifvt dk yf&m c&pfawmfjzpfaMumif;
ajymjyEkdifrnf/
uav;oli,fu tjcm;olrsm; aygif;oif;qufqHa&;

oifu
h av;\ aygif;oif;qufqaH &; rnfoYdk &So d enf;/ tjcm;olrsm;\
qufqHa&;udk rnfokdY wHkYjyefoenf;/ rnfonfhyHkpHjzifh jyefvnfwHkYjyefqufqH
rnfenf;/ tjcm;olrsm;tm; rnfodkY ac:,laygif;oif;oenf;/ aygif;oif;quf
qHa&;wGif olUudk,foltm; xdef;ausmif;jcif; w&Hwcg^tNrJwrf; jyKygovm;/
tjcm;olrsm;udk cspfcifjrwfEkd;pGm qufqHjyKrlwwfygovm;/
oufw&l ,
G w
f rl sm;ESihf zufvw JS uif; aygif;oif;ygovm;/ tjcm;olrsm;
tay:odkY rauseyfonfhtcg rnfodkY jyKvkyfygoenf;/ tjcm;olrsm;u tjypf
jyKvmMuvQif rnfodkY wHkYjyefoenf;/ rnfokdYaom tokdif;t0kdif;ü qufqHa&;
e,fy,f us,fajymoenf;/ olUtm;enf;csufrsm;onf tb,fenf;/
c&pf,mefpmoifausmif;rsm;wGif uifeo D nf rsuEf mS om&&So d jl zpfonf/
trsK;d orD;rsm;\ 0wfpm;qif,ifyu kH kd axmufct H m;ay;avh&o dS nf/ aemufwaeY
wGif rnfodkYaom t0wftpm; 0wfqif&ef ajymjyonf/ xkdodkYjzifh tjcm;
rdef;uav;rsm;onf olUpum;aemufokdY arsmygoGm;Muonf/ tm;vyfcsdefrsm;
wGif *dr;f upm;enf; a&G;cs,u f pm;onf/ olEpS o f uf&mtoif;udk a&G;cs,o f nf/
olUq&mu olUtaMumif;udk od&Sdvmojzifh ae&mwumü q&mrBuD;
rvkyf&ef qHk;ronf/ uifeDu wu,frvkdufembJ emcH[efaqmifonf/ xkdY
aMumifh tjcm;enf;vrf;a&G;cs,o f nf/ uife\ D rdbrsm;xHrS tultnD&,lonf/
218
rdbrsm;\ ulnaD jymjyay;rIaMumifh uifeo D nf olUtaMumif;udo k l od&v

dS monf/
tjcm;vlrsm;tay:odkY jyKrlyHk? tjcm;olrsm;udk vuf0g;BuD;tkyf&ef BudK;pm;yHk? ol
rsm;udk xdef;csKyfjcif;jzifh olUpdwfoufomyHkrsm; od&Sdem;vnfvmonf/ xkdtcg
uifeoD nf olrsm;tay: vTr;f rk;d &ef BuKd ;pm;cJrh rI sm;tm; aemufaemifrvkyrf ad p&ef
bk&m;&Sixf H qkawmif;í tultnDawmif;cHonf/ xkt d cg vlrsm;tm; xde;f csKyf
&rnfhtpm; ulnDtm;ay;rnfhtaMumif; oabmaygufem;vnfvmonf/
tcsdefumvvkduf Munfh½Ijcif;
pma&;ol\ rdwfaqGonf pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; refae*smjzpfonf/ olU
pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;onf a&mif;tm;yrmPtay:wGif rrlwnfbJ a&mif;tm;pGr;f
&nfay:wGif rlwnfaMumif; od&Sdem;vnfonf/ xkdYaMumifh avhusifha&;AGD'D,kd
½kduful;jyoum ta&mif;pma&;rrsm;tm; jyoonf/ waeYaomtcg tvkyf
orm;wOD;csif;pD\ t&nftcsif; ar;jref;Munfh&m av;yHkwyHkavmuf &nfrSef;
csufjynfhrSDvmaMumif; ajymjyonf/ xkdYaemuf olUZeD;ESifh uav;oli,frsm;
taMumif; ar;jref;aomtcg ajymcsifpdwfr&Sd/ pdwfBudKufr&SdMuaMumif; 0efcH
ajymjyonf/
toifpm½Io?l oifEiS hf oift h rd af xmifbufwtYdk m; wESpv
f Qif tenf;qH;k
(2)Budrf om;a&;orD;a&;? tdrfaxmifa&;taMumif; rsufESmcsif;qkdif aqG;aEG;
wkdifyifMuyg/ um;csyf 9 udk pHerlemxm; Munfh½Iyg/ yHkygtajctaewkdif;wGif
toifpm½Iol yg0ifaeaMumif; odxm;yg/ oifauseyfESpfouf&mrsm; rSwfxm;
yg/ rnfonfhae&mwGif tb,faMumifh rnfodkYjzpfaMumif; a&;rSwfyg/ xkdokdY
jyKvkyfvQif rdrdudk,fudk jyifqifNyD; oifhom;orD;rsm;udk jyKpkysKd;axmifaom zcif
BuD;jzpfvmrnf/
vmrnfhtcef;wGif uav;oli,f tv,ftvwft&G,fü udk,fusifh
w&m;zGUH NzKd ;ap&ef rnfoYkd ukid w
f ,
G v
f yk af qmif&rnft
h aMumif; qufvufavhvm
Murnf/
219

1/ udkifwG,f&m wefqmyvmoHk;rsKd;acgif;pOfatmufü ar;cGef;aygif;rnfrQ
toD;oD; ar;jref;Ekdifoenf;/
2/ þtaMumif;oHk;csuf om;orD;rsm;ESifhtwl 0kdif;zGJUí tBudrfaygif;rnfrQ
'l;wlaygifzuf aqG;aEG;bl;ygoenf;/
3/ &nfrSef;csufwpfESifh ESpftMum;ü rwlnDjcm;em;csuftm; rnfodkY jznfhqnf;
vkyfaqmifrnfenf;/
4/ oif\ ausmif;aet&G,f uav;oli,ftm; rnfodkYaom ukd,fusifhpm&dwå
&Sd&ef oGefoifBuD;Muyfrnfenf;/
5/ ]]igYuav;udk xdef;ausmif;csifaomfvnf; olESifhtwl r&SdEkdifbl;}}[k cHpm;
csuftm; rnfodkY ajz&Sif;rnfenf;/
6/ om;orD;ESihf ta0;rSm&Sad omaMumifh ud, k u f siw hf &m; rxde;f Ekid rf nft
h aMumif;
pk;d &drb
f ;l ygovm;/ oifEiS t
hf wl &Sad ecsed w
f iG f tusiphf m&dwaå umif;rGeaf p&ef
rnfodkY xdef;ausmif;rnfenf;/
220
tcef; 17
uav;oli,fb0
avhusifha&; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;
rdbwkid ;f u Mum;bl;Muayrnf/ uav;oli,frsm; tcsi;f csi;f pum;rsm;

ypönf;vk,lMuonf/ tjzpfu þokdY/ uav;u ESpfa,muf/ upm;p&mu wck
wnf;/ xkdtjzpfrsKd;udk rnfodkY ajz&Sif;Murnfenf;/ trsm;url OD;pGm &&Sdolu
upm;oifhonf[k qkdMurnf/ tcsKdUu w0ufpm rQa0? wcsKdUu wvSnfhpD[k
qkMd urnf/ tcsKUd rdbu tcsed v f u
dk f wvSnphf [ D k qkMd urnf/ wa,mufq,fred pfpD
tvSnfhus[k pojzifh trsKd;rsKd; qkdcsifMuayrnf/
tcsKdUu &efjzpfvk,ljcif;udk ESpfoufMurnfr[kwf/ &efjzpfvk,ljcif;udk
rESpfoufMu/ tcsKdUu nDtpfudkarmifESrawGtMum;rSm vk,lp&mr&Sd? twlwl
upm;oifo h nf[k qkMd urnf/ xko d jYkd zifh &efjzpfvu dk ?f upm;p&m vk,vl udk ?f wnfh
vkdufjzifh BuD;xGm;vmMurnf/
rdbtrsm;pkonf ykdaumif;enf;vrf;ukd &SmBuHay;Muayrnf/ tjiif;
ryGm; tcsi;f rrsm;&atmif tjcm;upm;p&mrsm;jzifh ajz&Si;f ay;&ouJo h Ykd tcsKUd u
uav;oli,frsm;\ vkdtyfrIukd jznfhqnf;ay;Muonf/
rnfokdYaom enf;vrf;u ydkaumif;oenf;/ rnfonfhrdburQ ]]t½kduf
cHcsifMuovm;}}[k ajymrnfr[kwf/ ]]tJ'Dvkdjzpfae&if rif;wkdYudk rvkdcsifbl; --
---}}(od)Yk igY&ifrmS ½Iyaf tmifjyKvyk w f v hJ al wG ----}}[kvnf; ajymqkMd urnfr[kw/f
]]rif;wk&Yd UJ upm;p&mawGukd tukev f ;kH vTiyhf pfvu dk &f rvm;}}[k ajym&ufov l nf;
221
&SdMurnfr[kwf/ þodkYaom aemufqHk;pum;rsKd; ajymqkdaom rdbrsm; &SdMurnf

[krxif/ taMumif;aomf or®musrf;pmvm uav;oli,frsm; qHk;rjcif;enf;
vrf;r[kwf/ &ifxJrSm &Sdonfhtwkdif;omvQif uav;rsm;\ pdwfESvHk;xJodkY
0ifa&mufatmif ajymqkdMuayrnf/
&ifxJrSm &Sdonfhtwkdif; ajymqkdjcif;u uav;rsm;\ tjyKtrludk yHkpH
oGif;onf/ tu,fí t&Suf&p&m pum;jzifh ajymqdkqHk;rvQif uav;oli,f
rsm;uvnf; &Supf &mrsm;jzifh wHjYk yefMurnf/ tu,fí pdwEf v
S ;kH rS b0ifusatmif
ajymqkdvQif auseyfavmufaom pum;rsm;jzifh wHkYjyefvmMurnf/ tu,fí
½kyf0wåKypönf;rsm; rufvHk;ay;vQif uwday;onfhtwkdif; ay;&ayrnf/ t&G,f
a&mufNyD;ol trsm;tjym;onf udk,fusifhpm&dwåwGif tm;enf;csuf&SdMuaom
aMumifh uav;oli,frsm;tm; pdwf"gwfjr§ifhwifay;&ef tm;enf;Muonf/
pdwfESvHk;ta&muf ajymqkdjcif;
qGJaqmifpnf;½Hk;jcif;onf tjyKtrltay:wGif rlwnfonf/ tjyKtrl
onf jrifomaom tjyKtrljzpfonf/ vufc&H efvnf; tqifoif&h w dS wfMuonf/
yxrtcef;rS ed,mrOya'oudk owd&Muayrnf/ pdwfESvHk;u trl
tusifhudk xdef;ausmif;aMumif; avhvmod&SdcJhMuonf/ trltusifhonf pdwf
ESvHk;xJ&Sd tjzpftysuftm; jyifyodkY xkwfazmfjcif;jzpfonf/ vlwOD;\ pum;?
jyKrrl rI sm;onf vlUpdwEf v S ;kH udk jyo&m aMu;rHrk eS jf zpfonf/ ]]vlonf pdwEf v S ;kH wGif
&Sdonfhtwkdif; ajymqkdwwf\}}(vk 6;45)/
aygif;oif;qufqHa&; ed,mrw&m;rsm;ukd tcef; 8-10 wGif avhvm
cJMh uNy;D jzpfí þae&mwGif rnfoYkd vufawGUcH,u l sio
hf ;kH &rnft
h aMumif; ajymqkd
Murnf/ trltusiw hf iG f ]]b,ftcsed }f } ]]bmud}k } ]]tb,faMumif}h }[laom pum;
&yfrsm;jzifh xkwaf zmfjyoMuonf/ ]]b,ftcsed }f }[laom pum;&yfu taMumif;
t&m tajctae jyKrl&jcif;taMumif; jyoí ]]bmudk}}[laom pum;&yfu
ajymqkd? jyKrlcsufuk jyoonf/ ]]tb,faMumifh}}[laom pum;&yfu &ifxJ&Sd
taMumif;t&mudk jyifyokYd wGe;f xkwjf yoonf/ xkaYd Mumifh uav;oli,frsm;odYk
pum;ajymqk&d mü ]]b,ftcsed ?f bmud?k bmaMumif}h }tsurf sm;ukd aocsmpGm owd
xm;ajymqk&d onf/ ]]bmud?k tb,faMumif}h }[laom pum;&yfu uav;oli,f
222
uav;oli,fb0? avhusifha&;vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;
rsm;\ tjyKtrltm; wefjyeftusKd;oufa&mufaponf/ ajymqkdjyKrlorQonf

uav;oli,frsm;\ &ifxJrS trltusifhaumif;rsm; xGufay:vma&; tm;ay;
ulnD&mjzpf&onf/
wckaom aeYvnfcif;wGif u,f&o D nf rauseyfojH zifh qlno H nf/ olU
wGif jyóemtcuftcJ&Sdonf/ olUrdbrsm;u ]]awmfawmh? yGpdyGpd vkyfraeeJY/
aemufwcg 'Dvdkapm'uoH rMum;csifbl;}}[k ajymMuonf/ xkdtcg u,f&Dtm;
vH;k 0wdwqf w d o
f mG ;ap&ef ]]'Davmufaumif;cs;D r*Fvmrsm; cHpm;csed rf mS 'Dvpdk um;
rsKd;ajymwm r&Sufbl;vm;}}[k ajymcsvkdufMuonf/
trSefrSm olUtrlt,mudk od&Sdem;vnfí cHpm;csufrsm; ajzavQmhay;
onfhpum;rsm; ajymqkd&onf/ ,ckrl pdwfxJrSm&Sdonfhtwkdif; vTwfueJajymqkd
jzpfMuonf/ xkdpum;oHaMumifh u,f&Donf wtHhwMo rdef;armoGm;onf/
taMumif;aomf rdbxHrS xkdodkYaom pum;rsKd; Mum;od&rnf[k rarQmfvifhcJh/
olUpdwEf v
S ;kH xJwiG f bk&m;&Sixf rH S ajzvmonfph um; arQmv
f ifo
h nf/ auseyfp&m
toHrsm; arQmfvifhonf/ aumif;uifbHkü tvkdawmfjynfhpHkouJhokYd ajrBuD;ay:
rSmvnf; tvkad wmfjynfph akH pcsio f nf/ tqifajy&mrsm; ajyvnfMuí rajyvnf
&mrsm;vnf; rajyvnfovkd &SdaeMuovm;[k qifjcifrdonf/ pdwfESvHk;xJrS
vQHxGufvmaom pum;rsm;u ywf0ef;usifrSm jynfhESufaea&mhavovm;[k
xifrSwfonf/ rdrdpdwfoabmtrSefudk rod&SdEkdif/ odkYaomf ywf0ef;usifwcGifodkY
awGUjrifcHpm;csufrsm;onf pdwf\ap&mtwkdif;jzpfMuonf/
xkduJhokdYyif toifpm½Iol\ tawG;tjrifonfvnf; jyifyo@mef
tay:ü wnfae&onfr[kwf/ jrufcif;jyifukd nDnmatmif &dwfodrf;jzwfn§d
ay;aom jruf&dwfpufuJhokYdjzpf&onf/ xkdaygif;jrufyifrsm;onf wzef nDnm
pGm BuD;xGm;vmMuonf/
oabmaygufatmif pnf;½Hk;ajymqkdjcif;
oifu
h av;oli,frsm;\ pdwEf v S ;kH ajymif;vJap&onf/ pdwEf v
S ;kH ajymif;
vJa&;onf tjypfukd od&edS m;vnfjcif;jzifh pwifonf/ tjypfukd odjrifa&;onf
todÓPfrS aygufzGm;vmonf/ xkdYaMumifh rdrdom;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;&Sifukd
rod&Sdol? y#dnmOfrsm; azmufzsufolrsm;ESif &if;EDS;aygif;oif;jcif;r&Sdap&/
223
ESv;kH om;&if;jzifh bk&m;&SiEf iS hf oduRr;f ol? ½kyw f u

k ;kd uG,o f ul dk cGjJ cm;wwf&onf/
xkdodkY cGJjcm;Ekdif&ef tcufawGUaeolrsm;udk ulnD&onf/
tcef; 12 wGif avhvmawGUjrifMuonft h wkid ;f om;orD;rsm;tm; ocif
a,½I\ trIawmfjrwfü todw&m;usiv f nfMuap&ef pnf;½H;k qGaJ qmif&onf/
rdru d ,
kd uf 4dk if;? &nfreS ;f csuu f 4kd if; od&pdS &D ifwwfMu&ef pOfqufrjywf owday;
&onf/ udk,fusifhw&m;jyKjyifEkdif&ef todÓPfqGJaqmifpnf;½Hk;Ekdif&onf/
uav;oli,f\ ukd,fusifhpm&dwåtm; jyKjyifaumif;rGefapvkdvQif wcPwm
ajymjy½HkrQjzifh ratmifjrifEkdif/ oludk,fwkdifu olUtjyKtrludk od&Sdem;vnf&ef
vkt d yfonf/ tay:,Hoabmtwkid ;f jyKrjl cif;r[kwb f J pdw&f if;apwemrSejf zifh
jyKrlvIyf&Sm;jcif;jzpf&onf/
vk 10 wGif usrf;wwfyk*d¾Kvf(a[NAJusrf; uRrf;usifol)onf c&pfawmf
\ ÓPfynmawmf pl;prf;&ef txHawmfokdY a&muf&SdyHk awGU&onf/ ]]q&m ---
xm0&touftarGc, H &l ef bmvky&f rnfenf;}}[k ar;jref;aomtcg ocifa,½I
u r[mtrdefYawmfESpf&yf ajymjyvkdufonf/ bk&m;ocifESifh tdrfeD;em;csif;udk
cspfcifavmh[k qkdonf/ ocifa,½I\ xkdpum;awmftESpfcsKyfrSm bk&m;&Sif\
trdefYawmfrsm; emcHa&;jzpfonf/ xkdtcg xkdusrf;wwfyk*d¾Kvfu ]]tuREkfyf\
tdref ;D em;csi;f u rnfow l eYdk nf;}}[k xyfqifah r;aomtcg avmutjrifom&Sí d
tvkad wmf&o dS nfph w
d of bmxm; trSew f u,fr&Sad Mumif; od&adS omaMumifh ynwf
w&m;\ qkdvkd&if;udk od&Sdem;vnfap&ef aumif;aom&Srm&dZmwfvrf; yHkyrm
rdeaYf wmfro l nf/ xkZd mwfvrf;yHyk rmwGif rawmfrw&m;jyKusichf &H oltm; awGUjrif
vsuEf iS hf ulnrD pjcif;rjyKaom [efaqmifomoemabmif0ifvrl sm;ESihf pdwaf &m
uk,d yf g ulnrD poltaMumif; rdeaYf wmfral omtcg xku d sr;f wwfy*k K¾d vo f nfvnf;
ocifa,½Iqkdvkdaom tdrfeD;em;csif;aumif;udk oabmaygufoGm;onf/
r 188 wGiv f nf; todw&m;Munfvifa&;ESihf ywfoufí ocifa, ,½Iu
ayw½kodkY wHkYjyefawmfrlyHktaMumif; awGU&onf/ ayw½ku ]]ocif? tuREkfyfudk
vma&mufjypfrSm;aom nDtpfudktm; tBudrfaygif;rnfrQwkdifatmif cGifhvTwf
&rnfenf;}}(r 18;21)[k ar;avQmufaomtcg ocifa,½Iu ]]igYtem;aeNyD;
awmh 'Dar;cGe;f rsK;d ar;&ovm;? igYoabmxm;udk ,ckcsed x f d rodem;rvnfao;
bl;vm;}}[k em,lccH ufpum; rqkyd g/ ocifa,½Iu Zmwfvrf;yHyk rmjzifh rdeaYf wmf
rlonf/
224
vk 7 wGif tjypfA&yGvGefusL;aom trsKd;orD;u ocifa,½I\ ajc

awmftm; qDvl;NyD; rsuf&nftoG,foG,fpD;vsuf qHyifjzifh ajcawmfokwfvdrf;
ay;yHk awGU&onf/ xkdtcg zm&d&SJ &Sdrkefu ocifa,½Ionf xkdtrsKd;orD;\ b0
taMumif;pHk rodbl;txifjzifh rcsKdrcsOf Munfh½Ionf/ ocifa,½Iu xkd&Sdrkef\
tawG;udk od&x dS m;onfjzpfí Zmwfvrf;ynmjzifh &ifxaJ &mufatmif jyefvnf
rdefYawmfrlonf/ rdefYawmfrlaom Zmwfvrf;yHkyrmwGif aiGta<u;&Sdaom vl
ESpaf ,muf&o dS nf/ wa,mufu ta<u;yHBk u;D í wOD;u ta<u;yHek nf;yg;onf/
xkt d a<u;,laom ESpaf ,mufpvH;k udk aiG;acs;olu aiGrqyfMu&ef cGiv hf w
T v f u dk f
onf/ ocifa,½Iu ]]xkdta<u;,lolESpfa,mufwGif rnfolonf ykdrkd0rf;om
rnfenf;}}[k ar;awmfrlonf/
xkdtcg &Sdrkefu ]]ta<u;yHkBuD;udk cGifhvTwfjcif;cH&oljzpfrSmaygY}}[k
ajzonf/
ocifa,½Iuvnf; ]]oifhxifjrif,lqcsuf rSefonf}}[k jyefvnfrdefY
awmfrlonf/
ocifa,½Iu &Srd ek x f oH Ykd Zmwfvrf;yHyk rm rdeaYf wmfrcl suo f nf rdru d ,kd f
udk txifBu;D b0ifjrifah eaom &Srd ek t f m; olUtaMumif;udo k l od&adS p&efjzpfonf/
&Srd ek o
f nf olUpum;jzifh olUud, k o f tl m; pD&ifonf/ ocifa,½I\ xkpd um;awmf
ü ajzmifrh wfo[ l k cH,al om &Srd ek x f uf xktd rsK;d orD;u ud, k af wmftm; ESpo f uf
&ma&mufaMumif; jyoawmfrlonf/
om;orD;rsm;tm; qH;k rwGif xko d aYkd om enf;vrf;rsm; toH;k jyKEidk o f nf/
todÓPfynm\ t&if;tjrpfudk od&Sdxm;&onf/ a&m 2;14? 15 wGif oif\
om;orD;rsm;odYk olwt Ydk jypf od&edS m;vnfMu&ef oGeo f ifcidk ;f xm;onf/ vlUtxJ&dS
todÓPfonf tNrJwrf;cGifhvTwfp&mESifh pGyfpGJp&m vHk;yrf;aeonf/ om;orD;
rsm;tm; qHk;ryJhjyif&mü tjypfwifjcif;rjyKtyf/ om;orD;rsm;onfvnf; Zmwd
oabmt& bk&m;ocifESifh qeYfusifolrsm;jzpfMuonf/
om;orD;rsm;tm; qufqH&mwGif yGifhvif;nifomrI&Sd&onf/ bk&m;
ocif\ enf;vrf;rsm;ESifh &ifqkdif&mwGif c&pfawmf\ jyKawmfrlcsufudk atmuf
arhae&onf/
om;orD;rsm;(oefY&Sif;0dnmOfawmf\ jyKawmfrlcsufESifh bk&m;&Sif\
aumif;csD;ay;jcif;jzifh uav;oli,frsm; BuD;xGm;jcif;)onf rdrdwkdYtjypfudk od&Sd
225
em;vnf&ef a,½Ic&pfawmfukd ñTe;f jy&onf/ ud, k af wmfomvQif vlw\ Ydk wyg;

wnf;aom u,fwif&SifocifjzpfaMumif; em;vnfcH,lap&onf/
om;orD;rsm;tm; tjypfom;rsm;jzpfMuaMumif; od&SdcH,l&ef ulnDyg/
um;wkdifay:rS c&pfawmf\ aus;Zl;awmfESifh u½kPmawmfudk od&Sdem;vnfap
&onf/ uav;oli,frsm; yxrqHk;ESpfouf&monf pdwfESvHk;xJrS pD;qif;vm
aom ud, k u f sK;d twåtaMumif;r[kw/f pdwxf if&mjyKvyk jf cif;jzifh um;wkid v f rf;odYk
ra&mufEkdifaomaMumifh vrf;rrSm;ap&ef ulnDaea&;jzpfonf/
tjypfEiS hf eyef;vH;k aeaom vli,farmifr,frsm;\ pdwEf v S ;kH wHcg;rBu;D
zGiv
hf pS Ef idk &f ef vuf0g;uyfwidk f vktd yfonf/ vuf0g;uyfwidk rf v S maom cGiv hf w
T f
jcif;w&m;uomvQif pdwfESvHk;oefYpifaq;aMumEkdifonf/ wu,fhc&pf,mef
tppftrSefrsm;onf tajymwjcm; tvkyfwjcm;? ta[mwrsKd; tusifhwrsKd;
r&SdMu/ tay:,Hc&pf,mefrsm;uJhodkY okd;om;a&NcHKaom qdwfrsm;r[kwfMu/
tusifhpm&dwå zGHUNzdK;jcif;
uav;oli,f vlvwft&G,fumvü udk,fusifhpm&dwå zGHUNzdK;a&;onf
txl;ta&;BuD;onf/ taMumif;aomf pdwfESvHk;ESifh todw&m;\ apckdif;onfh
twkdif; jyKrlMuonf/ bk&m;&SifESifhtwl &Sdaeolonf rdrdudk,fudk rnfoljzpf
aMumif; od&Sdaeojzifh touf&Sifoefaeoljzpfonf/
avhusifhjcif;tusifh
ukd,fusifhw&m;t&nftcsif;udk avhvmMurnf/ oifwef;ay;jcif;udk
tb,frQ wnfrSD&aMumif; od&Sd&ef vkdtyfonf/
bk&m;ocif qkdol rdrdudk,fudk

rdrdtm; vljzpfapol/ þtcsdef tuREkfyfonf owå0gwaumif
þae&mü &Sdaeapol teEÅyk*d¾Kvfjzpfonf/ omjzpfonf/ bk&m;&Sifu olUtwGufjyKvkyf
waeYaomtcg olUa&SUawmfü a&muf&Sd&yf onf/ ,cktcsdefwGif þae&mü &Sdaejcif;
226
ae&rnf/ a&SUawmfü a&wGufcH&oljzpf& onf wu,ft h cGithf a&;xl;jzpfonf/ ud, k f

rnf/ ESvHk;om;&if;jzifh atmufusKdU½kdusKd;ol awmfudk MunfndKav;pm;&rnf/ bkef;awmf
onf txHawmfokdY eD;oxuf ykdeD;onf/ xif&mS ;apoljzpf&rnf/ ud, k af wmfEiS hf eD;uyf
ud,
k af wmf\ cGet f m;ESihf ulnrD pawmfryl u
kH kd vmonfESifhtrQ rsufESmawmfzl;ajrmfcGifh
od&SdEkdif&ef ulnDrponf/ udk,fawmftm; &rnf / ud k , f a wmf a y;oem;awmf r l a om
od&SdcGifh&&Sdjcif;onf udk,fawmftm; emcH&ef todÓPfynmonf udk,fawmftm; emcH
jzpfonf/ vludk wnfrSDolonf aumif;csD; &efjzpfonf/
r*Fvmrsm; cHpm;&rnf[k uwdawmfjyKxm;
onf/
txufyg aumfvHESpfckonf bk&m;&SifESifh oifhtMum; qufqHa&;yHkpH

rSeaf omfvnf; oifEiS hf om;orD;tMum; qufqaH &;odYk a&mifjyef[yf&efjzpfonf/
bk&m;&Sifonf ESpfoufawmfrlonfhtwkdif; ESpfouf&m&mudk vkyfaqmifonf/
olUukd ,HkMunfwnfrSD&ef vludk qifhac:onf/ bk&m;ocifonf olUw&m;awmf
udk vkdufemMu&ef þtwkdif; jyXm;efjcif;r[kwf/ om;awmfudk apvTwfawmf
rljcif;jzifh vlUtwGi;f pdwo
f abmudk ajymif;vJaponf/ bk&m;&Siu f olUom;orD;
rsm;udk,fpm; t&mcyfodrf;udk wkdufckdufí b0vrf;c&D; cif;ay;onf/ oif\
om;orD;i,frsm;ukd bk&m;&Si\ f om;orD;jzpfaMumif; em;vnfc, H El idk &f ef pOfquf
rjywf wkdufwGef;cGeftm;ay;&onf/
bk&m;&Sifu oifhom;orD;tm; txHawmfodkY qifhac:jcif;onf tod
ÓPfBuD;rm;aomaMumifhr[kwf/ aumif;rGefaomaMumifhr[kwf/ bk&m;&Sifukd
od&Sdí tvkdawmftwkdif; pGrf;aqmifEkdif&ef qifhac:onf/ aus;Zl;awmfESifh
uif;a0;í vlUtpGrf;tpudk wnfrSDvQif pGrf;aqmifatmifjrifEkdifrnfr[kwf/
tvGJrsm;omvQif rsm;oxuf ykdrkdrsm;jym;oGm;rnf/ bk&m;&Sifukd wnfrSDjcif;r&Sd
vQif tusifhpm&dwå wu,faumif;rGefvmrnfr[kwf/ vltrsm;pku olwkdYom;
orD;onf ,HkMunfolr[kwfvQif bk&m;&Sif\ tvif;udk rcH,lrod&SdEkdifbl;vm;
[k uyfoD;uyfoyf ar;jref;ajymqkdMuonf/
bk&m;ocif\ qifhac:jcif;rcH&bl;[k cH,lí qufoG,fa&;{&d,m
jyifyodkY a&muf&SdaevQif vlUZmwdusifvnf&m todkif;t0kdif;ü Zmwfvrf;qHk;
oGm;rnf/ xkdodkYaomolrsm;onf bk&m;ocifudk odcsif,HkMunfcsifpdwfr&SdMu/
wenf;tm;jzifh oifo h m;orD;rsm;tm; aus;Zl;awmfe,fajrjyifyodYk ra&mufap&/
227
xif&mjrif&m udk;uG,fcGifhjyKjcif;jzifh tqifhtwef; redrfhusap&/ om;orD;udk

trSefwu,f cspfcifjrwfEkd;olonf rl&if;ykdif&Sif bk&m;ocifESifh qufpyfod&Sdap
Muonf/
om;orD;rsm;ukd cifw, G jf rwfE;dk olonf jyKoihjf yKtyf&mudk oGeo f ifvrf;
jyavh&Sdonf/ oGefoifjcif;onf tjzpftysufwckrQom r[kwfyg/ wkd;wuf
zGUH NzKd ;apjcif;jzpfonf/ wcgw&H ½ku d yf w
k rf rd nf/ odaYk omf xko
d Ydk ½ku
d yf wk jf cif;onf
rdrdtrsufa'go rxdef;odrf;EkdifaomaMumifhr[kwfbJ oli,ftm; vdr®ma&;jcm;
&Sdvmap&ef wGef;ydkYjcif;jzpf&onf/
tapmykdif;wae&mwGif pma&;ol\ om;wOD;onf 0ufrsm; arG;jrLcJh
onfhtaMumif; ajymcJhonf/ aqmif;&moDwGif olU0ufukd ayw&mcefYjrifhaom
0ufNcHwGif xm;&Sdonf/ taMumif;aomf xkdae&monf rkd;&moDü a&0yfonf/
0ufrsm;onf &THUvl;onfhtcg aysmf&GifMuonf/ aqmif;&moDa&mufaomtcg
a&rsm; cJuek Mf uaomaMumifh tjcm;ae&mrS a&o,f&jyefonf/ aeYxidk ;f a&o,f
jcif;jzifh tvkyf½Iyfonf/ touf 11-ESpft&G,fom&Sdaom om;u wem&DMum
a&o,f&yHu k kd pOf;pm;Munfyh g/ wcgw&H yifyef;EGr;f vsonf/ xkt d cgrsK;d ü cGet f m;
ay;Muonf/ wd&pämefrsm; *½kpkdufjcif;onf aumif;rGefygonf/ bk&m;&Sifu
ulnDrpojzifh olU0ufarG;jrLa&;onfvnf; atmifjrifjzpfxGef;onf/
xkdumvü xkdom;ESifh ESpfBudrf tjyeftvSef pum;azmifzGJUMuonf/
wckrSm xkdokdY wyifwyef;vkyfaejcif;udk awGUjrifol tdrfeD;em;csif;u ulnDvkd
onfhtaMumif;jzpfonf/ xkdolu pma&;oltm; rwefwq tvkyfckdif;onf[k
xifjrif,lqonf/ tjcm;pum;0kdif;wckrSm om;u ol\ wefbkd;&Sdaom aeY&uf
rsm;jzpfaMumif; xyfcgwvJvJ ajymqkdjcif;jzpfonf/ olUvkyfaqmifcsufonf
i,f&, G af om 'g0d'u f jcaoFEh iS hf 0uf0\ H yg;pyfrsm;udk pkwNf zyJ pfouJo h jYdk zpfonf/
bk&m;ay;cGeftm;jzifh a*gvd,tm; tEkdif,lonfhwkdufyGJtwGuf BudKwifjyif
qifjcif;jzpfonf/
xkdumvü 'g0d'fonf vli,fjzpfonf(1&m 17;33)/ jcaoFhESifh 0uf0H
yg;pyfxJrS u,fEIwfawmfrlaom bk&m;&Sifu zdvdwdårf;vlwkdY\ vufxJrSvnf;
u,fEw I af wmfrrl nf(1&m 17;37)[kqo dk nf/ bk&m;&Siu f kd ,HMk unfjcif;wefc;dk jzifh
jcaoFhESifh 0uf0Hudk atmifEkdifonfh oli,f'g0d'ftaMumif;udk Munfh½Ijcif;jzifh
pmzwfy&dowfrsm;\ om;orD;rsm;onfvnf; bk&m;&Sifudk tm;udk;wnfrSDvQif
228
tb,faMumifh ratmifjrifbJ aeMu&rnfenf;/ rdrdwkdYom;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;

&Siu f kd ,HMk unfu;kd pm;&ef roGeof ifjcif;xuf qk;d 0g;aomtusirhf &Syd g/ c&pfawmf
ESihf um;wkid w f rYdk S a0;&mt&yfoYkd a&muf&adS pjcif;onf om;orD;'rsm;\ yifu, kd f
tusihf t&nftcsi;f xkwaf zmfw;dk wufjcif;rjyKvyk Ef idk af tmif jyKrjl cif;jzpfonf/
tjcm;udk,fusifhw&m; t&nftcsif;taMumif; avhvmMurnf/ c&pf
,mefrdbrsm;onf pdwfraemjzLpifMunfvifMuonf/ udk,fusifhpm&dwåonf
bk&m;ocifudk oduRrf;jcif;? rdrdudk,fudk od&Sdem;vnfjcif;tay:wGif wnfrSD
aMumif; tNrJowd&yg/
bk&m;ocif qkdol rdrdudk,fudk

bk&m;&Sifu igYudk jyKvkyfonf/ tuREkfyfonf owå0gwaumifrQ
aygif ; oif ; quf q H a &;e,f e rd w f u d k v nf ; omjzpfonf/ ynmtvHk;pHk&Sdawmfrlaom
pnf;jcm;xm;onf/ olUukd ,HkMunfjcif;opöm bk&m;&Sifu olutwGuf jyKvkyfxm;onf/
&Sd&Sd aygif;oif;qufqHolonf aumif;csD; bk&m;&Sio f rd w
S t
f oH;k jyKawmfral om touf
r*Fvmrsm; cHpm;rnf[k uwdawmfrsm;ay; wm&Sd&onf/ ,HkMunfjcif;opöm&Sd&ef bk&m;
xm;onf/ tvkdawmfudk vkdufemcH,ljcif; &S i f u qif h a c:awmf r l o nf / a&S U awmf ü
r&Sod rl sm;onf b0ysuí f aus;uRejf zpfomG ; t&nftcsif;&Sdaom qufqHa&;owå0gjzpf
Murnf[k owday;xm;onf/ ud, k af wmfEiS hf &onf/ bk&m;&Sifudk MunfndKonfhtwkdif;
qufqHyHkudk toif;awmfESifh xdawGUrIjzifh txHawmfü jynfhpHkoljzpf&rnf/ bk&m;&Sif
yHkOyrmjyxm;onf/ xkdum; rdefYawmfrlcsuf onf tuREkfyf\ bk&m;&Sifjzpfonf/ olUudk
jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh ukd,fawmf\ or®m rav;pm;vQif tuREkfyfwGif MunfndKp&m
w&m;vrf;ü avQmufvSrf;ae&aMumif; rdrd *kPo f u
d m© aysmufuif;í t&Suw f uGJ tusK;d
udk,fudk od&Sdxm;&onf/ enf;? tqifhedrfhusoGm;ayrnf/
vlU,Ofaus;rIrSpí pdwf"gwfjrifhrm; usufoa&wifhw,f&ef om;orD;

rsm;udk qGJaqmifjr§ifhwif&onf/
okwuHå sr;f udk aeYpOf wyk'd 0f idk ;f zwfí pdwEf v
S ;kH jzLpifMunfvifa&; aqG;
aEG;ajymjy&onf/ ok 5 wGif pdwf"gwfnpfnrf;jcif;\ toD;tyGifhESifh umr&m*
udpüö jzLpif&rnfth aMumif;rsm; oGeo f ifxm;onf/ tjypf\ jrLqG,jf zm;a,mif;
rIrcHMu&efvnf; owday;xm;onf/ okwåHusrf;udk zwf½Iqifjcifjcif;jzifh npf
229
nrf;aom umr&m*tjypfrS uif;vGwfNyD; oefY&Sif;aom tdrfaxmifrdom;pkü

0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om aeEkdifMu&rnfh tbkd;wefoifcef;pmrsm; &&SdEkdifrnf/
ok 7 wGif vifi,faeaom rdef;r? jynfhwefqmrtaMumif; owday;
xm;onf/ xkt d aMumif;t&monf bk&m;a&SUvla&SUwGif usuo f a&rJ?h *kPo
f ud m©
rJhaom vlU,Ofaus;rIatmuf&Sd wd&pämeftusifhudk jyoonf/
,Ofaus;odrfarGUpGm BuD;jyif;vmaom vli,farmifr,frsm;vnf; awGU
jrif&onf/ xko d aYdk omolrsm;onf umr&m*wGif vlU½k;d &m,Ofaus;rI xde;f odr;f í
bk&m;a&SUvla&SUü wifw h ,favsmufywfpmG r*Fvmaqmiforl sm;\ om;orD;rsm;
jzpfMuonf/
om;orD;rsm;u umr&m*ü ,Ofaus;odrfarGUMu&ef rdbESpfyg;\ trl
tusiühf rlwnfonf/ tcsKUd c&pf,mefrsm;onf t,ltqvGMJ uvsuf om;orD;
rsm;a&SUwGif rdbESpfyg; tjyeftvSef*½kpkdufav;pm;MuyHkudk jyojcif;r&SdMu/ xkdY
aMumifh wDAGDZmwfvrf;rsm;wGif awGU&onfh npfnrf;aom Zmwfum;rsm;udkom
awGUjrif&NyD; vrf;rSm;oGm;Muonf/ xkdodkYqkdaomtcg vifr,m;tdyfcef;ü om;
orD;rsm;tm; zdwfac:&rnf[k rqkdvkdyg/ tazESifh tarwkdY\ tjyeftvSef
pHjyqufqHa&; oif,lwwf&efjzpfonf/
ed,mrOya'o xyfqkdcsifonfrSm umr&m*qufqHa&;tm; uav;
oli,frsm;\ twk,lrrSm;Mua&;jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ,ckacwfumvü
rdef;uav;trsm;tjym;onf a,mufsm;azmfrsm;ESifh ae&mra&Smif wGJoGm;wGJvm
aexkdifMuonf/ rjriftyfonfrsm; awGUjrifMuaomtcg pl;prf;csifpdwf &Sdvm
Muonf/ t&G,fra&muf? todw&m;r&ifhusufao;olrsm;onf vG,fvifhwul
vrf;rSm;Ekdifonf/
xkdodkYaom vli,fvl&G,frsm;tm; usrf;pmvm tdrfaxmifjyKa&;
taMumif;rsm; oGefoif&ef tcsdefaumif;jzpfonf/ vltrsm;u vufoifhcHonfh
0rf;ajrmufbG,f&m tdrfaxmifjyKa&; oGefoif&onf/ bk&m;&Sifu pD&ifay;rnfh
tMuifvifr,m;rSví JG tjcm;jyifyvlEiS hf qufqjH cif;onf aMumufrufb, G &f m
jzpfonf/
vli,fvl&G,frsm;onf umrnpfnrf;jcif;udk qefYusifí rdrdudk,fudk
xdef;ausmif;&onf/ umrqufqHa&;&mwGif bk&m;&Sifu odrSwfaom tMuif
vifr,m;omvQif jzpfoihfonf/
230
ud, k u
f siw
fh &m;zGUH NzKd ;a&;wGif um,uH&iS rf sm;ud,
k w
f idk f jyKrq
l ufqjH cif;
ESifh xkdokdY qufqHjcif;jzifh rdom;pkywf0ef;usifaumif; jzpfxGef;apa&;[lí e,f
y,fESpfck&Sdonf/
trltusifhrsm;jzifh ajymjyjcif;
udk,fusifhpm&dwåtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí ta&;BuD;tcsuf(2)csuf
&So
d nf/ wckonf txufwiG q f cdk o
hJ nfth wkid ;f tvGt J rSm;jyKrjd cif;jzpfonf/ xkd
tvGJtrSm;onf a&SUqufa&&Snfumvwkdifatmif xdckdufonf/ acsmufwGif;
eufxJodkY vdrfhusonfh tjypftrSm;rsKd;jzpfonf/ wpHkw&m jyKrSm;jcif;[k vG,f
vifw h ul ,lqEkid af omfvnf; a&&Snu f mvwkid af tmif qk;d usK;d oufa&mufonf/
rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;\ tjyKtrlrsm;udk ae&mwkdif;ü rsufajc
rjywf *½kpu dk &f onf/ upm;p&m t½kyu f pm;Ny;D ysupf ;D onft h cg tjcm;oltm;
tjypfwifjcif;onf ud, k uf sK;d twåtusiq hf ;dk jzpfonf/ ]]rif;vkycf siwf m *½krpdu k f
bl;? igvkdcsifwm&bkdYu t"du}}[laom pum;rsKd;onf rdrdtcGifhta&;om
a&S;½Ijcif;jzpfí ocifa,½I\ pHjyjyKawmfrlcsufESifh zDvmqefYusifonf/ xkdpdwf
oabmxm;onf vlUbHkavmuudk zsufqD;onfh tqdyftawmufpdwfxm;
jzpfonf/
uav;oli,frsm;onf xkdokdYaom tjyKtrlrS uif;&Sif;&onf[k rqkd
vkdaomfvnf; xdef;ausmif;jyKjyifulnDjcif;jzifh tusifhaumif;&&SdEkdifMuonf/
uav;oli,frsm;tm; avmb&r®ufBuD;rm;vmMu&ef ]]igvkdcsifwm
ig&atmifvkyfw,f}}[laom pum;rsKd; ajymrSm;rdygovm;/ xkdodkYaompum;udk
½kd;½kd;om;om;ajymqkdonf[k cH,lvQifvnf; aemufqufwGJtusKd;qufonf
aMumufrufb, G &f mjzpfaMumif; owdxm;rdygovm;/ xkt d wkid ;f ajymrSm;qkrd mS ;
jcif;onf oifhom;orD;rsm;\ pdwfoabmxm;udk xdckdufEkdifonf/ xkdokdYaom
tjypfEiS hf tusK;d qufukd b,fcgrS rBuKH awGUap&ef owdjyKyg/ vlUb0onf Opöm
"e <u,f0pGm ykdifqkdifjcif;jzifh wefbkd;jzwf&onfr[kwf/
qlZo D nf arG;aeYyu JG si;hf yonf/ olUOD;av;? ta':rsm;xHrS &orQyu dk qf H
awmif;NyD; arG;aeYyGJtwGuf vkdtyfonfrsm; BuHpnf0,f,lonf/ xkdokdYjzifh arG;
231
aeYyGJtwGuf wNyHK;NyHK;&Sdaeonf/ ol0,f,laom ypönf;opfrsm;tm; jyoNyD;

*kPf,l0g<um;csifonf/
olUrdbrsm;uvnf; bk&m;ay;aumif;cs;D r*Fvm[k qkNd y;D 0rf;omMunfE;l
Muonf/ ,Ofaus;odrfarGUpGm ajymqkdvsuf tb,frQ pdwfcsrf;omaMumif; qlZD
tm; ar;jref;ajymqkdMuonf/ ypönf;opfrsm;twGuf 0rf;ompum;qkdMuonf/
qlZDonf ypönf;opfrsm; &&SdaomaMumifh aysmfrqHk;armfrqHk;jzpfaeonf/ cP
tMumwGifrl ½kwfw&uf pdwfajymif;vJoGm;onf/ avmbwyfrufpdwf ukefqHk;
oGm;onf/ vlUZmwdaoG;om;wyfrufpdwf ukefqHk;onf/ 0dnmOfa&;&m tod
w&m; owdvnfvmaomtcg xko d aYdk om pdwx
f m;&Scd jhJ cif;twGuf cGiv
hf w
T af wmf
rlyg&ef bk&m;&SifxHodkY qkawmif;onf/ olUpdwfESvHk;xJ&Sd rmefrmeonf wnfNrJ
aomt&mr[kwfbJ usrf;pmvm bk&m;ay;aumif;csD;r*Fvmrsm;omvQif tppf
trSefjzpfaMumif; oabmaygufoGm;onf/
a&&Snf½lyg½Hk
vlrSefvQif a&&Snf½lyg½Hk&Sd&onf/ om;orD;rsm;tm; rnfodkY jyKpkxdef;
ausmif;&rnft h a&; ½lyg½H&k &dS onf/ cPwjzKwf vwfwavmudprö Qomr[kwb f J
a&&SnftwGuf ½lyg½Hkxm;&onf/
eHeufapmapmü vuf0g;uyfwkdifudk udkifwG,fonfh trltusifh&Sdol
awGUaumif;awGUrdrnf/ xkdtjyKtrlonf eHeufcif;twGufom udkifwG,ftm½Hk
pkdufjcif;r[kwf/ a&&Snfumv arQmfudk;í vkyfaqmifjcif;jzpfonf/ xkdokdYaom
pum;rsK;d udk tjcm;olrsm;odYk ajymjywkid ;f ]]aumif;Ny?D igvJ tJ'v
D dk eHeufcif;vlpm;
rsK;d jzpfatmif vkyrf nf}}[k jyefvnfajymqko d H Mum;&avh&o dS nf/ okaYd omf ar;p&m
ar;cGef;ay:vmonfrSm xkdokdY jyKrljcif;onf aumif;csD;r*Fvmvm;? usdefjcif;
tr*Fvmvm;[líjzpfonf/
udk,fusifhpm&dwåESifh ywfoufí oif\ ausmif;aet&G,f om;orD;
rsm;onf *Gw*Gwjzifh vrf;avQmufwwfcgp uav;rsKd; jzpfaeovm;/ 3-ESpf
t&G,fuav;oli,fjzpfvQif rlBudKausmif;wufEkdifavmufonf/ xkduav;ol
i,frsm;onf t&G,cf si;f wlnMD uaomfvnf; todÓPfBu;D xGm;rIEiS hf cH,El idk pf rG ;f
wlnDMurnfr[kwf/ q,fausmfoufa&mufvmaomtcg todÓPfynm
232
tqift
h wef; wlnMD urnfr[kwaf wmhyg/ aemufwqifh zGUH NzKd ;rnft
h a&; pOf;pm;
ay;xm;yg/

1/ oifu h av;oli,frsm;\ zGUH NzKd ;yHk awGUjrifonft
h cg aemifwiG f xko
d Ydk a&SUquf
zGHUNzdK;rnf[k xifaeayrnf/ odkYaomf aocsmrIr&Sdonfhtcg rnfodkY vkyf
rnfenf;/
2/ olUvkyfaqmifcsuf ykdrkdvG,fulap&ef oifhuav;\ pHcsdefpHñTef; xdef;odrf;
Ekdifa&; rnfodkY vkyfaqmifrnfenf;/
3/ oifhuav;\ pdwfESvHk;xJü odrSwfpGJvrfjcif;r&SdvQif tusifhpm&dwåaumif;
rGefjrifhrm;a&; rnfodkY vkyfaqmifrnfenf;/
4/ ]]b,fawmh? bmaMumifh? bmukd}}[laom tcsufrsm; jcm;em;yHkudk udk,fusifh
pm&dwåü rnfodkY xif&Sm;atmif yg0ifod&Sdaprnfenf;/
5/ odomxif&Sm;qHk;onf tb,fenf;/
6/ odpdwfqGJaqmifEkdifa&; Oyrmwck ajymjyyg/
7/ oif\ om;(odkY) orD;\ udk,fusifhpm&dwå(5)cktaMumif; oGefoifvkdvsif
rnfonfh&nf&G,fcsufrsm; xm;&Sdrnfenf;/
233
tcef; 18
q,fausmfouf
oGefoifjcif; &nf&G,fcsufrsm;
]][Jvkd? azaz}}
toHudk aumif;aumif;rSwfrdod&Sdonf/ igYom;toH? olUpum;\
aemufqHk;toHaetoHxm;aMumifh wckckjzpfonf[k wef;odonf/ igYum;udk
iSg;NyD; aps;odkY oGm;csifaeonf/
]]bmjzpfvkYdbJ}}/ olUudk pdwf,HkMunfpdwfcsonfh yHkrSeftoHaetoHxm;
jzifh ajymvkdufonf/
]]um;xJrSm aomhusefcJhvkdY}}[k toHjymjymjzifh ajymvmonf/
]]at;yg? tazh yku d qf t
H wd x
f rJ mS wjcm;aomhacsmif;&Sad o;w,f/ taz
vmcJhr,f----/ 'DrSm ----}} Mum;jzwftoH0ifvmonf/
]]azaz? um;udk aomhrcwfcif um;ukd wkdufrdw,f? 'gayrJh enf;enf;
av;yg --- qkd;qkd;0g;0g;r[kwfbl; --- tJ'Dvkdwkdufrdwm om;&JUtjypfr[kwfbl;?
om;u rSefygw,f}}/
q,fausmo f ufvil ,frsm; um;wku d rf ad omtcg ]]tenf;tusO;f yg}}[k
ajymavh&SdMuonf/ olwkdYtrSm;r[kwfbl;[kvnf; ajymMupNrJjzpfonf/
rdbtrsm;tjym;u q,fausmfouf om;orD;rsm; wpHkw&mjzpfMurSm
udk pdk;&drfavh&SdMuonf/ [kwfwdywfwd rawmfwqrI[k rodrSwfMu/ um;r&Sd
vQifvnf; jyóemr[kwf/ rdbrsm;u q,fausmfouft&G,f om;orD;rsm;
234
q,fausmfouf? oGefoifjcif; &nf&G,fcsufrsm;
twGuf pdwfylavh&SdMuonf/ taMumif;aomf þtouft&G,fonf pdwfjref

vufjref jyKvkyfwwfMuonf/ rdbESifh om;orD;tMum; em;vnfrIvGJoGm;Ekdif
onf/ ]]uav;i,frsm; jyóemav;rsm;? uav;BuD;rsm; jyóemBuD;rsm;}}[l
aom taemufwkdif; Oyrmpum;udk Mum;bl;Muayrnf/
tcsdef\ trSwftom;rsm;
þodkYaom vl&m0ifcgpumvwGif pHtrSwf&SdMuonfrSm tdrfrSxGufí
udk,fykdifaetdrf&Sdonfh pdwfoabmxm;&SdMuonf/
q,fausmo f uft&G,o f nf ab;uif;vHNk cKH rI uif;rJo
h nfch sed cf gjzpfonf/
xkdt&G,fonf wu,fhvlvm;ajrmufonfht&G,f r[kwfouJhokdY uav;oli,f
t&G,v f nf; ruawmhyg/ jyKrv l yk af qmifcsurf sm;onfvnf; ,HMk unfpw d cf srrI &S/d
uav;oli,fuo hJ Ydk jyKrvl Qif oli,frpifao;bl;[k tajymcH&rnf/ vlBu;D olBu;D
uJhodkY jyKrlaejyefvQifvnf; rwefr&m vkyfaqmifonf[k ajymMuayrnf/ wcg
w&H vlUavmuBuD;onfvnf; q,fausmfoufrsm;tBudKuf &ifckefpdwfvIyf&Sm;
bG,f&mjzpfaeonf/ wjcm;tcsdefrsm;wGifrl aMumufvefYbG,f? apckdif;ol? wm;
qD;olozG,f xifrSwf&onf/ rsufESmrrl r&ifqkdif&Jatmif jzpfaeonf/
pma&;olwGif 17-ESpft&G,f om;&Sdonf/ xkdumvü olUudk,foltm;
pHkvifonfht&G,f[k xifonf/ odkYaomf ,mOfarmif;cGifh&Sdonfht&G,f r[kwf
ao;/ orD;rsm;u aumvdypf wufaeMuaomfvnf; tazESihf tarudk zufw, G f
aeMuonf/ tdrfudk pGefYcGmvkdpdwfr&SdMuao;/ rdef;uav;uJhodkY aexkdifMuonf/
trSerf mS yscH siv
f Qif ysEH idk o
f nfh tawmifrsm; pHak eNy/D odaYk omf rdboku d Nf rKH ,oH m
cifwG,faeMuonf/
q,fausmfouft&G,fonf t&m&mwGif pdwfvIyf&Sm;Muonf/ vla&SU
ola&SUü usifvnfrnfhta&; rcsifhr&JjzpfMuonf/ 0wfpm;qif,ifrI rSefuef
ovm;? oifhwifavsmufywfovm;? rdwfaqGrsm;u olwkdY0wfpm;yHk? qHyifqif
,ifyHkudk rnfodkY jrifMurnfenf;? ywf0ef;usifvlrsm;\ 0wfpm;qif,ifrIESifh
wrlxl;jcm;aervm; pojzifh &ifxJwGif vm;aygif;rsm;pGm arG;jrLxm;Muonf/
b0toufwm od&Sdem;vnfa&; &ifckefvIyf&Sm;Muonf/ rSefuefpGm
ajymqkw d wfygYrvm;(od)Yk pm;aomufqidk u f o
hJ Ykd awGUu&majymqkrd rd vm;[k owd
235
xm;Mu&onf/ todÓPfynmu 0ifa&mufonfhe,fy,fwGif 0ifqefYrvm;?

tawGUtBuHKvkdao;ovm; awG;yl&onf/
vlUavmutawGUtBuHKü wnfNidrf&ifhusufjcif;r&Sdao;Mu/ rdom;pk
npmxrif;0kdif;wGif EkdifiHa&;? vwfwavmtjzpftysufrsm;? acwfopfvlBudKuf
rsm;aom t,ltqrsm; 0kdif;zGJUajymqkdMuaomtcg q,fausmfoufvli,frsm;
onf rnfonfhtaMumif;t&mwGifrQ yDjyifpGm raqG;aEG;rpGufzufEkdifMu/
tb,faMumifhenf;/ xkdumvü avmuBuD;onf q,fausmfoufrsm;twGuf
awG;csiphf &mjzpfonf/ tajymif;tvJumvjzpfaMumif; od&adS omfvnf; rnfa&GU
rnfodkY ajymif;vJ&rnfhtaMumif; taotcsm rod&Sdao;/
q,fausmo f ufrsm;onf ½kycf E¨mud,
k Ef iS hf vla&SUola&SU &yfwnfa&;wGif
ab;uif;vHNk cKH rrI &SMd uao;/ wydik ;f wp w0ufwjywfom &SMd uao;onf/ pdwu f ;l
twkdif; BuD;jyif;vlvm;ajrmufygYrvm;[k pkd;&drfylyefMuonf/
q,fausmfoufonf yk*d¾Kvfa&;&m tawGUtBuHK pwifcsdefjzpfonf/
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;? &,farmjcif;? zefwD;jcif;? vGwfvyfjcif;rsm; tjynfht0
cHpm;Muonf/ pma&;ol\ om;onf þodaYk omta&;udk pk;d &dro f nf/ wckaom
eHeufpm pm;oHk;MupOf olUyk*d¾Kvfa&;&mudk ajymif;vJawmhrnf[k aMunmonf/
wcgw&H ajymif;vJvmygonf/ olUtusÐ0wfpm;qif,ifrIrsm;vnf; ajymif;vJ
onf/ odkYaomf xkdokdY 0wfpm;qif,ifrI ajymif;vJjcif;onf yk*d¾Kvfa&;&m ajymif;
vJjcif;r[kwfaMumif; oabmrayguf/
þodkYaom rwnfNidrfEkdifao;onfht&G,fwGif pkd;&drfrI? pdwfvIyf&Sm;rI
&SdMuonf/ qefYusifbufrsm; awGUjrifonfhtcgwGifvnf; pdwfajymif;wwfMu
onf/ pdwful;ay:&m vkdufvkyfonfht&G,f? pdwfupm;onfht&G,fjzpfonf/
vkdcsifonfhtwkdif; BuD;xGm;jcif;r&SdvQif r&&atmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfwwf
Muonf/
ykefuefjcif;
q,fausmof uft&G,w f iG f rMumcP ykeu
f efwwfMuonf/ tcsKUd aom
ykefuefrIrsm;onf ½kd;pif;aom aoGzDrIrsm;jzpfonf/ xkdokdY ykefuefrIrsm;onf
236
taMumif;&if;eufeo J nf/ tcsKUd vli,frsm;onf rD;cJjymzH;k pdwEf v S ;kH xJrS ykeu

f ef
Muonf/
rdbrsm;onf wcgw&H tjzpfoepfudk owdrxm;rdMu/ rdom;pkxJü
ykefuefrIa&;udk rnfodkY z,f&Sm;rnfhtaMumif;(odkY) om;orD;av;rsm;tm; rdwf
aqGopfrsm;ESifh aygif;zGJUrnfhta&;(odkY) aw;*Dw em;axmifjcif;jzifh pwifrnfh
ta&;udpöwkdYtm; txufwGif ajymqdkaqG;aEG;MuNyD;jzpfonf/ rdom;pktwGif;ü
rajyvnfrI? rdwfaqGrsm;\ tEIwfvu©Pm vTrf;rkd;rIESifh aygufuGJykefuefjcif;
aw;*DwoHrsm; Mum;vQif jyóemonf vsifjrefpGm ykdrkdBuD;xGm;onf/
zcifwOD;u 5 wef;t&G,f olUom;yJhjyifqHk;ryHk ajymjyrnf/ xkdzcifu
olUom;tm; rdbpum;em;axmif&ef vlola&SUrSm qHk;ronf/ xkdodkY qHk;rpOf
jyefrajymaomfvnf; pdwfxJwGif rauseyfaomaMumifh rsufESmokefrIefonf/
xkdtrIt&monf ykefuefjcif;[kwfygovm;/ rSefygonf/ i,f&G,fEke,fao;
aomaMumifh trsuaf 'gojzifh ykeu f efawmfveS jf cif; rjyKjcif;jzpfonf/ pdwx f w J iG f
auseyfpGm vufcHjcif;r&Sd/ trsufa'goxGufaeonf/
ESpt
f wefMumvmaomtcg ykeu f efvmonf/ remcHyek u f efwwforl sm;
ESifh aygif;azmfonf/ qlnHaygufuGJaw;oHpOfrsm;om em;axmifonf/ oDcsif;
oHryDobJ qlnHpGm pum;ajymoHpOfrsm;udkom em;axmifonf/ xkdokdYjzifh ykef
ueftmcHonfh rsKd;aphonf olU&ifxJü aygufzGm;BuD;xGm;vmonf/ pifppfwGifrl
ykyfaw;oDcsif;aMumifh ykefuefjcif;rsKd;aph &&Sdonfr[kwf/ vla&SUola&SUrSm Budrf
zefrsm;pGm qHk;rjcif;cH&aomaMumifh rcHcsifonfhpdwfrS aygufzGm;vmonf/
vli,fvl&G,frsm; tcsif;csif; tusifh0goem vG,fvifhwul ul;puf
MuyHkudkvnf; wtHhwMo awGU&onf/ ykefuefwwfaom q,fausmfoufrsm;
onf ausmif;opfpwufcsed f tm;vyfcsed rf wkid cf ifüyif &&Sw d wfMuonf/ tb,f
okYdenf;/ ykefuefaom tokdif;t0kdif;odkY a&muf&Sdaomtcg vsifjrefpGm ul;puf
onf/ odkYaomf xkdoabmudk xdef;csKyfxm;EkdifvQif ykefuefpdwf rul;ajrmufEkdif/
pma&;olonf ykefuefwwfaom uav;oli,frsm;tm; tcsif;csif;
xdef;ausmif;Mu&ef pnf;½Hk;aomtcg q,fausmfoufwa,mufu vkdvm;pGm
emcHonf/ ykefuefjcm;em;jcif;onf wOD;tay:wOD;odkY vG,fvifhwul vTrf;rkd;
ul;pufonf/
237
uav;i,fonf tcsed rf a&G; ykeu f efjcif;tusihf &&SEd idk o

f nf/ xkt
d usihf
onf cspfjcif;arwåm 0vifatmif rcHpm;jcif;? tm;i,fjcif;rS qefYusifbufodkY
ul;ajrmufjcif;jzpfonf/ i,f&G,fpOfcgrl rwwfomaomaMumifh rdbrsm;udk jrif
omatmif ykefuefrnfr[kwfaomfvnf; olUpdwfESvHk;xJü ykefuefcsifpdwf &Sdae
onf/ rdbrsm;u zDp;D vGe;f jcif;jzifh om;orD;rsm;u rcHomx<uMuonf/ py&def
uJhodkYyif rzdEkdifawmhaomtcg jyefvnfuefxGufjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ rdbrsm;
uG,f&mwGif xkdykefuefpdwfudk pwifjyoavh&Sdonf/ xkdokdY ESpfvMum&Snf
okdavSmifxm;aom ykefuefcsifpdwf awGUjrifMuaomtcg rdbrsm;onfvnf;
wtHhwMo&SdvmMuonf/
toufwmta&; tkwfjrpfoHk;ck
toufwmü rdbtkyfxdef;jcif;\ &nfrSef;csufrsm;onf tb,fenf;/
rnfodkY arQmfvifhcsufrsm; taumiftxnfazmfEkdifoenf;/ yk*d¾Kvfa&;&m tBuH
ÓPfxuf rnfonfhckdifrmaom tkwfjrpfrsm; csrSwfEkdifoenf;/ rnfonfhyef;
wkdifrsm;tm; us,fjyefYpGm toHk;csEkdifoenf;/
ok 1;7-19 wGif toufwmta&; tkwjf rpfo;kH ck ay;xm;onf/ bk&m;
&Sifudk cspfaMumufjcif;(i,f 7)? rdboGefoifrI emcHjcif;(i,f 8-9)? raumif;
aomolrsm;ESifh raygif;oif;a&;(i,f 10-19)wkdYjzpfonf/
þae&mwGif rdbtkyx f ed ;f rI emcHa&;onf þpmtky\ f tESpo f m&vnf;
jzpfaMumif; qkdcsifygonf/ i,f&G,fEkysKdaom uav;\ toufwmwGif tcsdef
wkid ;f ü oGeo
f ifjcif;? axmufjyjcif;? rSwrf ad tmif wzef ar;jref;aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;
jyKvkyfae&onf/
bk&m;&Sifukd cspfaMumufjcif;
toufwmta&; yxrtkwfjrpfonf bk&m;&Sifawmfudk cspfaMumuf
jcif;jzpfonf/ ok 1;7 wGif ]]xm0&bk&m;udk cspaf Mumufaomoabmonf ynm
\ tcsKyftjcmjzpf\/ vlrkdufwkdYonf ynmESifh Oya'oudk rxDrJhjrifjyKwwfMu
\}}[k qkdonf/ q,fausmfoufom;orD;rsm;tm; xkdokdYaom b0aeenf;udk
238
ud, k wf idk jf yoygav/ xkt d csuo

f nf toufwmü yifrausm½k;d jzpfonf/ aeY&uf
pOfwkdif; qifjcifatmufarhp&mjzpfonf/
um;csyf 3 udk jyefMunfhyg/ bk&m;&SifxHodkY tm½Hkpl;pkduf a&S;½I&aMumif;
jyoxm;onf/ vlwidk ;f bk&m;&Siu f kd tm½Hpk ;l pku
d ef nf;jzpfaomaMumifh xku d m;csyf
udk atmufarhae&onf/ vlwkdif; bk&m;(odkY) ½kyfwkudk;uG,fMuonf/ xkdokdY
udk;uG,fjcif;onf toufwmwavQmufü bk&m;&Sif(odkY) ½kyf0wåK\ BuD;pkd;vTrf;
rk;d rIta&;pku d jf cif;jzpfonf/ tcsKUd u bmomw&m;rJ[ h k cH,Ml uonf/ xko d Ykd cH,l
jcif;onfvnf; bmomw&m;rJh udk;uG,fjcif;jzpfonf/
oif\ q,fausmfoufom;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;&Sifudk cspfaMumufjcif;
tm; pdwfraemjzLpifMunfvifpGm cH,lygap/ bk&m;&Sifudk 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;
onf xkdokdY &Sdckd;udk;uG,fjcif;rQESifh rNyD;yg/ ywf0ef;usifokdY a&mifjyef[yf&onf/
oif\ bk&m;&Sdckd;udk;uG,fjcif;tm; om;orD;rsm;u oabmrayguf rawGUrjrif
vQif ½kyfwkudk;uG,fjcif;uJhodkYjzpfayrnf/
bk&m;&Sifudk cspfaMumufjcif;toufwmonf bk&m;&SiftwGuf vkyf
aqmifcsufrsm; a&wGufwwfjcif;jzpfonf/ a&wGufp&mr&SdvQif trSefwu,f
udk;uG,fjcif;r&SdaomaMumifhwnf;/ ,HkMunfolonf bk&m;&Sif\ tvif;xJü
&SifoefaeoljzpfaomaMumifh jyKrlvkyfaqmiforQudk ywf0ef;usifuvnf; awGU
jriftwk,l twwfoifMuonf/ bk&m;&Sifonf t&mcyfodrf;udk awGUjrifaeol
jzpfaomaMumifh bk&m;&Sifuvnf; oifhvkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk awGUjrifaeonf/
xkdYaMumifh bk&m;&Sifudk cspfaMumufaom toufwmonf bk&m;&Sif\ tvif;
xJü &Sifoefjcif;jzpfouJhokdY oefY&Sif;aomtoufwmjzifh xkdodkY &Sifoefjcif;
jzpfonf/
q,fausmo f ufvil ,frsm;tm; ya&mzufBu;D ya&mzufi,fusr;f rsm;udk
zwf½I&ef wkdufwGef;cGeftm;ay;yg/ oifhom;orD;onf acwfopf{0Ha*vdw&m;
acwfumvü BuD;xGm;ae&aomaMumifh bk&m;&Sif\ tjrifoabmxm;udk od&Sd
em;vnfMu&ef vkt d yfonf/ xdyk a&mzufusr;f rsm;udk zwf½jI cif;jzifh bk&m;&Siu f
olUvlrsm;tay:odkY rnfodkY oabmxm;aMumif; od&SdEkdifonf/ pma&;olonf
q,fausmo f ufvil ,frsm;tm; oGeo f if&mwGif ]]bk&m;&Siu f oifu h kd cspcf ifonf
jzpfí NyKH ;&Ti&f onf}}[k ajymjyavh&o dS nf/ wenf;tm;jzifh bk&m;&Sio f nf awmuf
avmifaom rD;uJo h jYkd zpfaMumif; od&&dS onf/ or®musr;f pmtky\ f oH;k yHw
k yko H nf
239
ya&mzufusrf;jzpfí xkdya&mzufusrf;rsm;wGif bk&m;&Sif\ tcspfBuD;yHk? tcspf

BuD;onfhtwkdif; o0efwkdtrsufBuD;yHkrsm; awGU&onf/
xku d sr;f rsm;taMumif; ajymjyaomtcg or®mw&m;\ t"duqkv d cdk suf
rsm; em;vnfo&d &dS ef vkt d yfonf/ aeYpOfEiS thf rQ pdw&f n
S of nf;cHykH awGU&onf/
xkdYaMumifh oifESifh oifhrdom;pkwckvHk;u bk&m;&Sifudk cspfaMumufvsuf touf
&Sifae&ef vkdtyfonf/
bk&m;&Sifudk cspfaMumufa&;onf toufwmc&D;wGif r&Sdrjzpf vkdtyf
csujf zpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh q,fausmo f ufuav;rsm;u vlukd aMumuf&yHt k m;
jrifa,mifMunfhyg/ rdwfaqGrsm;u rnfodkY awGUjrifMurnfenf;/ rdwfaqGrsm;u
acsmif;MunfhawGUjrifaeMuaMumif; od&SdMuayrnf/ bk&m;&Sifudk cspfaMumufjcif;
onf xko d aYkd om ywf0ef;usiaf b;vlrsm;\ awGUjrifjcif;xuf ykrd adk v;eufonf/
vlxuf bk&m;&Siu f kd cspaf Mumuf&rnfth aMumif; q,fausmo f ufoil ,f
rsm;tm; rnfodkY ajymqkdqHk;r&onf/ bk&m;&Sifudk cspfaMumuf&onfhtaMumif;
xdef;ausmif;yJhjyif&onf/ bk&m;&Sifonf tcspfBuD;aMumif; ajymjy&onf/
vli,frsm;ESifh aygif;oif;pum;ajymqkdvsuf vludk aMumuf&onfh
taMumif;rsm; yHkpHrsm; ajymjyyg/ tjcm;olrsm;tm; aMumufjcif;jzifh aus;uRef
rjzpfa&; oGefoifjyyg/ ½kyfwk½kyf0wåKypönf;rsm;udk udk;uG,fjcif;jzifh tcsnf;ESD;
vlUb0ukeq f ;kH MuyHrk sm;tm; jrifomMuap&ef ywf0ef;usit f m; vufnKd§ ;ñTejf yyg/
xkdodkYaom ywf0ef;usifvlrsm;ESifh pifMu,faomtoufwm rwlnDjcm;em;Mu
yHkudk ajymjyyg/
xkdodkYaom taMumif;t&mrsm; ajymjy&mü udk,fawGUtjzpftysufrsm;
ajymjyvQif ykrd x dk ad &mufonf/ pma&;olonf om;orD;rsm;tm; q,fausmo f uf
t&G,fwGif Westminster Theological Seminary wGif xm;&Sdonf/ pma&;
olonf oif;tkyq f &mjzpfaomaMumifh xkad usmif;&Sd twef;rsm;wGif wywfvQif
w&uf pmoifay;onf/ Mumoyaw;aeYü oifjyrnfhbmom&yfudk Ak'¨[l;aeY
nOfhvnfwkdifatmif zwf½Iavhvmonf/ wcgw&H eHeuf 2-em&Dxkd;onf/ ZeD;
onfu a[majymydcYk srnfh pmrsm;udk uGejf yLwmjzifh a&;om;ay;onf/ wcgwcg
wGif tdyfaysmfoGm;aomfvnf; ZeD;onfurl rkd;vif;ayguf a&;ay;avh&Sdonf/
xktd cgrsK;d ü trsK;d orD;onf tvGeyf ifyef;onf/ odaYk omf ausmif;q&mwa,muf
u twef;om;rsm;tm; NyKH ;&Tipf mG rsuEf mS csi;f qkid rf nft h a&;udk em;vnfay;onf/
240
xkdokdYjzifh aemufwaeYeHeufwGif pma&;olonf zdv'D;zD;,m;vrf;ray:ü yHkpH

rysuf um;armif;oGm;Ekdifonf/
xkdokdY um;armif;pOfwGif rdrdudk,fudkrdrd jyefar;Munfhonf/ ]]tb,f
aMumifh þodYk vkyfae&ovJ}}/ bk&m;&Sifu usaemfESifh ZeD;onfwkdYtm; nOfh
rtdyfatmif apckdif;ovm;? bk&m;ocif\ or®mw&m;ESifh ajzmifhrwfjcif;u
wnOfhvHk; tvkyfckdif;aeovm;/ xkdodkY r[kwfyg/ bk&m;&Sifudk cspfaMumufaom
aMumifv h nf;r[kwyf g/ vlukd aMumufaomaMumifjh zpfonf/ ygarmu©jzpfouJo h Ykd
oif;tkyq f &mvnf; vkyaf eonf/ xk&d mxl;wm0efrsm;aMumifh wnOfv h ;kH yifyef;
pGm vkyfudkif&onf/ udk,fhrmefrmeESifh vludk pdk;aMumufjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/
bk&m;&Sif\ auseyf&m(odkY) vl\ aysmf&Tifauseyf&mudk a&G;cs,f&awmhrnf/
xkdwn wGif xkdodkY qkawmif;onf/ ZeD;onfESifh bk&m;&SifxHodkY rdrdtjypfudk
0efcsawmif;yefonf/ vludk pdk;aMumufaom toufwmtwGuf aemifw&
rdonf/
xdkodkYaom tawGUtBuHKudk q,fausmfoufom;orD;rsm;odkY a0iSaom
tcg rsm;pGm tusKd;jzpfxGef;vmonf/ rSefuefpGm qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfwwfvmMu
onf/ a&mufav&mt&yfü xkdodkY jyKrlvmwwfMuonf/ vlxuf bk&m;&Sifudk
cspfaMumufvmwwfMuonf/
bmomw&m; t,HktMunfrJholrsm;odkY q,fausmfouft&G,fü bk&m;
&Siuf kd cspaf Mumufjcif; ta&;Bu;D yHt
k m; ajymjyonf/ xkt d aMumif;pHu k kd od&adS om
vli,frsm;onf ½kyf0wåKaemufodkY vkdufMu&awmhrnfr[kwf/
bmomw&m;rJh t,ltqonf ydkrkdBuD;xGm;vmrnfr[kwf[k wyftyf
rajymEkid yf g/ q,fausmo f ufvil ,frsm;onf bk&m;&Siu f kd cspaf MumufMuovm;
(odkY) rdboGefoifcsufudk aMumufMuovm;/ xkdtaMumif;jzifh pma&;olonf
wkud w f eG ;f cGet
f m;ay;avh&o
dS nf/ tu,fí bk&m;ocifudk cspaf Mumuf&aMumif;
od&SdMuvQif olwkdYaMumufaom rdbrsm;\ pum;udkvnf; emcH&aumif;rSef;
od&SdoGm;Muayrnf/
xkdtcg xkdq,fausmfoufrsm;onf ab;&efuif;a0;vHkNcHKoGm;Murnf/
ÓPfynm&SdoGm;Murnf/ bk&m;ocifudk ykdrkdoduRrf;vmMurnf/
241
rdboGefoifcsuf cH,ljcif;
toufwm\ 'kwd,tkwfjrpfonf rdbrsm;\ oGefoifcsufemcHa&;
jzpfonf/ ok 1;8? 9 wGif ]]igYom;? tb\ enf;Oya'oudk em;axmifavmh/
trd\ w&m;udkvnf; ry,fESifh/ xkdenf;Oya'ow&m;wkdYonf oif\acgif;ü
wifwh ,faom OD;&pf? oif\ vnfyif;ü ywf&pfaom vnfqjJG zpfMuvdrrhf nf}}[k
qkdxm;onf/ ÓPfynm&Sd&Sd avQmufvSrf;&rnfhtaMumif;udk ok 6 ü þodkY
qkdxm;onf/
igYom;? tb\ ynwfpum;udk em;axmifavmh?
trday;aom w&m;udk ry,fESifh/
ESvHk;ay:rSm tNrJcsnfí
vnfyif;ü qGJxm;avmh/
oifonf tjcm;odkY oGm;aomtcg xkdynwfw&m;onf vrf;jyvdrfhrnf/
tdyfaomtcg oifhudk apmifhvdrfhrnf/
Ekd;aomtcg oifESifh EIwfqufvdrfhrnf/
taMumif;rlum;? ynwfawmfonf rD;cGufjzpf\/
w&m;awmfonf tvif;jzpf\/
tjypfudkjywwfaom Mo0g'pum;onf
toufvrf;jzpf\ (ok 6;20-23)/
rdbrsm;\ ed,mrw&m;udk cH,al om om;orD;onf <u,f0pGm aumif;

csD;r*Fvm cHpm;onf/ vlwvHk;olwvHk;tjzpf vSyonf/
q,fausmo f ufvil ,fv&l , G rf sm;onf rMumcPyif rdbrsm;tm; rzG,f
r&m jyKrmS ;avh&MdS uonf/ rdbrsm;onf rdrad &G;cs,jf cif;aMumifh rdbjzpfMu&onf
r[kwf/ rdrdomvQif xkdrdbrsm;odkY bk&m;ay;vufaqmifjzpfMuaomaMumifh
auseyfvkdvm;pGm 0efcHMu&onf/
okwuHå sr;f yk'd rf sm;wGif rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;\ ÓPfynmESihf oGef
oifcsufcH,l&m t&if;tjrpfrsm;[k qkdxm;onf/ rdbrsm;\ oGefoifcsufudk
wefbkd;xm;cH,lolrsm;onf aumif;usKd;csrf;om &wemtarGrsm; cH,lMuonf/
xkdYaMumifh rdbrsm;onfvnf; om;orD;rsm;udk ypfy,frxm;bJ *½kpdkufapmifh
a&Smuf&aMumif; a&Smvrkefu okwåHpum;jzifh oGefoifxm;onf/
242
oifhtwGuf tHhMop&mrsm; &Sdovm;/

om;orD;rsm;udk oifhxuf ydkrkdoGefoifEkdifol &Sdovm;/ olwkdYtaMumif;
odxm;onf/ ud, k &f nfu, kd af oG; t&nftcsi;f rsm;? tm;omcsuEf iS hf tm;eJcsuf
rsm;vnf; odxm;onf/ b0tawGUtBuHKrsm;vnf; em;vnfxm;onf/ olwkYd
taMumif;pHkudk od&Sdxm;onf/ oifonf bk&m;&SifESifh bk&m;pum;awmfrsm;udk
vnf; od&Sdxm;onf/ bk&m;&Sif\ rif;ra[mfvrf;rawmfvnf; od&Sdxm;onf/
c&pf,meftoufwmü rnfodkY ½kef;uefvIyf&Sm;í ppfajrovif;jzwfoef;&yHkudk
vnf; od&Sdxm;onf/ c&pf,meftoufwmrS pnf;urf;ESifh ab;&efvnf; od&Sd
xm;onf/ vlUavmuü om;orD;wkdY rnfodkY &SifoefMuyHkudkvnf; em;vnfxm;
onf/ BuKH awGU&aom zdp;D rIrsm;udv k nf; em;vnfxm;onf/ om;orD;rsm;ta&;
tav;xm;yHEk iS hf bk&m;&Six f oH Ykd qufuyfay;&rnft h aMumif udv
k nf; od&xdS m;
onf/ rdbrsm;xuf om;orD;rsm;udk cspfaom tjcm;vlr&Sd/ xkdYaMumifh rnfokdY
aom tajctaewGifrqkd rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; csKdU,Gif;csufr&Sd
ESpfoufcspfcifMuonf/ rnfolurQ ykdrkd*½kpkdufapmifha&Smufrnfholr&Sd/ rdbrsm;
ESifh oGefoifcsufrsm;udk remcH *½krpkdufolonf pdwfrrSefaom ol½l;jzpfonf/
bk&m;&Sifudk MunfndKí om;orD;rsm;ESifh cspfcifaygif;zufolxuf vl
jzpfusKd;eyfolr&Sd/ toufwmtawGUtBuHKESifh bk&m;&Sifudk ykdrkdav;eufpGm
oduRr;f a&; om;orD;rsm;odYk a0iStarGay;urf;jcif;onf tvGeaf useyfpw d cf sr;f
ajrUp&mjzpfonf/ c&pf,mef,HkMunfjcif;tm; jyojcif;vnf;jzpfonf/
om;orD;rsm;ESifh qufqH&mwGif ½kd;om;yGifhvif;ygap/ tompH&ef om;
orD;rsm;tm; qif;&J'ku©rcHap&/ om;orD;\ tem*wfta&;udk roHk;jzKef;ypf
ygESifh/ om;orD;rsm;onf rdbrsm;\ oGefoifcsufudk tNrJwap emcHolrsm;om
jzpfMuygap/
pma&;ol\om; wuúov dk af usmif;om;onf paewe*FaEGausmif;ydwf
&ufwGif rkdifaygif; 200 tm; pufbD;pD;eif;onf/ 6-em&DMumonf/ olUudk ar;
vm;jref;vm; rvkyfcJhMu/ tao;pdwf wGufqNyD; olukd,fwkdif ckdifrmpGm qHk;jzwf
onf/ rdbrsm;\ oabmxm;&,ljcif;r&Sd/ tb,faMumifh xkdodkY vkyfoenf;/
rdbrsm;u apckdif;aomaMumifhr[kwf/ olUudk,fol qHk;jzwfonf/ rdbrsm;xH
cGifhawmif;vQifvnf; cGifhjyKMurnf[k ,HkMunfonf/ cGifhawmif;vQifvnf;
ta&;BuD;odxm;tyf&mrsm;udkom ajymjyrnf/
243
oGeo f ifrmS Mum;a&;onf rdbrsm;\ 0wå&m;jzpfonf/ tjcm;ta&;Bu;D

tcsufvnf; &Sdonf/ rdbrsm;\ oGefoifrSm;Mum;csufonf udk,fwkdifBuHKawGU
od&Sdcsufrsm;jzpfaomaMumifh ,HkMunfpdwfcs&onf/ xkdYaMumifh rdboGefoifcsuf
em,ljcif;onf rSefuefaom b0vrf;c&D; avQmufvSrf;jcif;jzpfonf/
tm&Gef\ pHerlemtoufwmtaMumif; ajymjyrnf/ txufwef;
ausmif;om;b0ü avhusifhcef;rsm;udk *½kwpkduf jyKvkyfonf/ xkdum; ausmif;
om;wOD;\ udk,fusifhw&m;ckdifrmjcif;jzpfonf/ waeYaomtcg q&mu
twef;om;rsm;odkY ukd,fusifhw&m;taMumif; aqG;aEG;a[majymonf/ ausmif;
om;rsm;udkvnf; 0ifa&mufaqG;aEG;ckdif;onf/ taMumif;t&mrSm om;orD;rsm;
u rdbtay:odYk wm0ef0wå&m;jzpfonf/ oifcef;pmNy;D qH;k aomtcg rwifrus
jzpfaeaom oifcef;pmtay:ü tm&Gefu tBuHjyKonf/ olUtBuHjyKcsufonf
taumif;qHk;tajzjzpfonf/ tm&Gefu rdbrsm;\ usrf;pmoGefoifcsuf ajymjy
onf/ q&myifvQif tm&Gef\pum; Mum;odaomtcg EIwfqdwfoGm;onf/
xkt
d cg q&mu ]]pmtkyx f yJ g taMumif;t&mxuf oifph um;u ydak umif;w,f}}
[k tm&Geftm; csD;rGrf;vkdufonf/
xkdum; rdbrsm;\ oGefoifcsufudk emcHjcif;tusKd;jzpfonf/ ywf0ef;
usiaf cwfynmtrsK;d rsK;d rnfoYkd topfNy;D topf xGe;f um;vQiv
f nf; rdbpum;
onf om;orD;rsm;twGuf wefbkd;rjzwfEkdifaom pum;jzpfonf/ taMumif;
aomf usrf;pmvmtwkdif; ajymjyoGefoifMuonf/ avmuÓPfynm rnfrQ
wkd;wufajymif;vJvQifvnf; bk&m;pum;awmfrQ t<uif;rJh rSefuefwnfwHhjcif;
r&Sd(qm 119;99-100 Munfh)/
rdboGefoifcsuf\ tqDtESpf
rdboGefoifcsuf emcH&rnfhtaMumif;udk w&m; 6 ü tckdiftrm awGU
&onf/ rdbpum;onf aeYpOftoufwmü yHkrSefcH,lusifhoHk;p&mjzpfonf/
om;orD;rsm;\ ,HkMunfjcif;yrmPudk toufwmü awGUjrifEkdifonf/ vlonf
pHkvifaom toufwmr&SdEkdifyg/ tu,fí ab;&efuif;&Sif;vHkNcHKaom touf
wmjzifh arGUaysmfvkdvQif bk&m;pum;awmfudk rSDwG,fyg/
ADG'D,kdum; Munfh½Ijcif;? *drf;upm;jcif;? rvkdtyfvJ Mum&Snfzkef;ajym
244
avazmjcif;aMumifh atmifjrifaom toufwm&&SdEkdifrnfr[kwfaMumif; ao

csmonf/ xko
d Ydk ypfpvufcwf aexkid rf nft
h pm; usr;f wyk'd u
f kd zwf½t
I m½Hjk yKvQif
oif\ c&pf,mef,HkMunfjcif;toufwm ykdrkdyDjyifxif&Sm;rnf/
rdom;pk 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;
rdom;pk0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;\ tESpfom&onf oGefoifjcif;jzpfonf/
rdom;pk0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;tm; wm0efw&yf[k cH,ljcif;onf pHkprf;rIjzpfonf/
bk&m;w&m;udkif;½Idif;aom tdrfaxmifOD;pD;rSefvQif 0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif; tvsOf;
ysufuGufjcif;r&Sd/
rdom;pk0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;udk q,fausmfoufvli,farmifr,frsm;
xdawGUuRrf;0if&onf/ rdom;pk0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif;onf q,fausmfoufvli,f
rsm;\ ,HkMunfjcif;toufwm pwifajzmifhjzL;&mjzpfonf/
'Gefemonf vwfvwfqwfqwf rkqkd;rjzpfonf/ olUwGif ysKdazmf0if
orD;oHk;a,muf&Sdonf/ tBuD;qHk;orD;onf a,mufsm;av;rsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;
onf/ a,mufsm;av;rsm;uvnf; pdwf0ifpm;Muonf/ 'Gefemonf xkdorD;ESifh
xkdorD;\ a,mufsm;azmfrsm; qufqHyHkudk rwm;jrpfaomfvnf; b0ifrus/ olU
orD;onf tqifhtwef;rjrifhrm;aomaMumifh a,mufsm;av;rsm;u rzG,fr&m
jyKrSm;MurSmukd pdk;&drfonf/
'Geef monf bk&m;pum;awmfrsm;udk avhvmod&x dS m;oljzpfaomaMumifh
vlUoabmobm0udk acgif;yg;&dwfajc em;vnfod&Sdonf/ usrf;pmvm uwd
awmfrsm;ESifh owdpum;rsm;onf vlwkdY\ vkdtyfcsufaMumifhjzpfaMumif; od&Sd
xm;onf/ xkdokdY av;av;eufeuf od&SdaomaMumifh olUorD;ESifh olU&nf;pm;
wkdYtm; bk&m;&Sif\ enf;vrf;twkdif; awGUqHkaponf/ bk&m;ocif\ or®m
w&m;u xkdvli,farmifr,fESpfa,muftay:odkY MoZmtmPm oufa&muf
rnf[k od&Sdonf/
'Gefemonf or®musrf;pmvm qufqHaygif;oif;jcif;udk avhvmonf/
olESifh olUorD;rsm;? xkdoli,fwkdYtm;vHk; twlwuG usrf;pmzwf½IMuonf/ vl
i,farmifr,frsm;onf tdraf xmifjyKMuNy;D onfah emufwiG v f nf; xko
d jYkd zifh or®m
usrf;pmudk yHkrSefqufvufavhvmoGm;Muonf/
245
txufygZmwfvrf;onf rdom;pk0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif; o½kyfazmfcsuf

jzpfonf/ rdom;pk0wfjyKudk;uG,fjcif; tusKd;aus;Zl;rSm q,fausmfoufwkdY\
vkdtyfcsufjznfhqnf;ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ 'Gefemonf olUorD;rsm;udk qufvuf
xdef;ausmif; pdwfylp&mrvkdbJ vufvTwfEkdifonf/ bk&m;pum;awmf\ wefckd;
BuD;rm;yHkudk odrSwfMuygpkdY/ ,HkMunfjcif;onf c&pfawmf\ pum;awmftm;
xyfcgwvJvJ Mum;odjcif;rS aygufzGm;vmonf/
'kp½kdufvlrsm; a&SmifMuOfa&;
wwd,tkwfjrpfudk ok 1;10 wGif awGU&í ]]igYom;? vlqkd;wkdY\ aoG;
aqmifjcif;udk 0efrcHEiS }hf }[k qkx d m;onf/ a&Smvrkeu f olUom;tm; rw&m;aom
olwkdYESifh raygif;zuf&ef wm;jrpfxm;onf/ xkdjyóemudk bk&m;&Sifu od&Sdxm;
onf/ rw&m;ol 'kp½ku d v f El iS hf aygif;zufvQif 'kp½ku
d af wmü usiv
f nfomG ;rnf/
txufygpum;onf rSefaompum;jzpfaomaMumifh rodrjzpf od&Sd&ef
þae&mü a&;xm;ygonf/ þae&mwGif taygif;toif;rvky½f rkH Qom qkv d jdk cif;
r[kwfyg/ raumif;aom 'kp½kdufvlrsm;\ jrLqG,f&modkY vkdufygroGm;a&;vnf;
yg0ifonf/ xkdYaMumifh i,f 10-19? 20 wkdYrS aumufEIwfpum; ajymjyygrnf/
]]olwkdYu igwkdYESifhtwl vkdufavmh ---- &aomOpömudk tnDtrQ ykdifMupdkY[k
qkdaomfvnf; ---- rw&m;aompD;yGm;udk &Smaomoltaygif;wkdYonf ---- rdrd
t&Sif\ toufudk owfwwf\}}/
ok 1 yg vli,fvl&G,ftwGuf <uif;usaygufonf tb,fenf;/ ol

wyg;ydik q
f idk &f m &,ljcif;jzpfonf/ raumif;aomolrsm;onf enf;vrf;aygif;pHjk zifh
jrLqG,fwwfMuonf/ olwyg;udk jrLqG,fjcif;onf jrLqG,fcH&ol\ vkdtyfcsuf
tm; rufvHk;ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ oifhuav;oli,frsm;onfvnf; &,lydkifqkdifcsif
onfh ADZ&SdMuonf/
wckaom aEGnaecif;wGif oif;tkyq f &mwyg;\ tdro f Ykd tvnftywf
a&muf&Sdonf/ wnfcif;xm;aom vÇuf&nfcGufaomufpOf t&G,fysKdaom olU
orD;onf a,mufsm;av;rdwfaqGESifhtwl tay:xyfrS qif;vmMuonf/ 0wf
pm;yHu
k vGwo f mG ;aomMuuf zrf;rnfyh t
kH wkid ;f wked eYH /YH {nfch ef;odaYk &mufvmaom
246
tcg olUzcifu rausrcsrf;jzifh ]]b,foGm;rvkdYvJ}}[k ar;onf/ ]]tjyif}}[k

cyfjywfjywfjzifh ajzonf/ ]]tJ'v D tdk 0wftpm;eJY b,frS roGm;&bl;}}[k qkad om
tcg ]]rdef;rysufeJY wlvkdYvm;}}[k ajymNyD; wHcg;tjyifbufodkY xGufoGm;onf/
rnfoYkd jzpfysuo f mG ;aMumif; wnaevH;k pOf;pm;ír&/ qufxidk &f rvm;?
bmajym&rvJ rod/ rnfodkYaom rdom;pktdrfodkY vnfywfrdygvdrfh[kom awG;
rdonf/
xkdtdrf&SiforD;onf rdbudk ta&;rxm;bJ tjyifodkY xGufoGm;onf/
pma&;olonfvnf; xkdtdrfwGif qufem;vkdpdwf ukefcef;oGm;onf/
,aeYumvü vli,fv&l , G rf sm;onf ywf0ef;usi\
f jrLqG,jf zm;a,mif;
jcif;rsKd;pHk cHpm;aeMuonf/ ukd,fwkdifudk,fus awGUjrif&ouJhodkY ½kyfoHZmwfvrf;
rsKd;pHk\ vSnfhpm;rI cHpm;aeMu&onf/
vli,fvl&G,frsm;uvnf; twnfwusr&Sd/ ESpfouf&m&m a&G;cs,fzkdY
wae&mrS wae&modkY ajy;vTm;aeMuonf/ tdrfrS a0;&modkY xGufrajy;Muaomf
vnf; pdwfESvHk;u avvGifhwwfMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh aetdrfESifh ra0;uGmbJ
rdom;pkvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ü yg0ifaeMu&ef vkdtyfonf/
txufwGif pma&;olwkdY rdom;pkonf rkdifaygif; 650 uGma0;aom
t&yfodkY oGm;a&mufvnfywfaMumif; ajymcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ xkdodkY rdom;pktaysmf
c&D;oGm;&ef 2-ESpfeD;yg; pDpOfcJhMuonf/ oGm;cgeD;wGif vkdtyfonfrsm; BudKwif
jyifqifMuonf/ pufbD;rsm;ESifh t&Hypönf;rsm;? ajryHkrsm;? c&D;vrf;aMumif;rsm;
pDpOfMuonf/ tjcm;vktyf&m&mrsm; od&SdEkdif&ef pmtkyfrsm; zwfxm;Muonf/
om;orD;rsm;u rdwfaqGrsm;odkY xkdc&D;pOftaMumif; ajymjyMuonf/ xkdodkYaom
rdom;pkvu dk f c&D;oGm;bl;jcif;r&SMd u/ xkcd &D;pOfonf om;orD;oH;k a,muftwGuf
pdwf0ifpm;p&m tvSnfhtajymif;jzpfonf/
qdkvkdcsufum; þodkY/ om;orD;rsm;tm; raygif;oifhaom taygif;
toif;rsm;ESifh raygif;azmfa&;jzpfonf/ rdom;pkaetdrftm; qGJaqmifrIae&m
tjzpf jyKvkyf&onf/ q,fausmfoufrsm;twGuf em;ckdcsifp&m? cGeftm;aqmuf
wnf&m? b0c&D;vrf; ajzmifhjzL;a&; pwif&mjzpf&onf/
toufwm\tkwjf rpf þoH;k ckonf toufwmajymif;vJaom vli,f
vl&G,frsm;\ b0c&D;vrf;jzpfonf/ bk&m;&Sifudk cspfaMumufjcif;? rdboGefoif
csuu f kd *½kpu dk v
f udk ef mjcif;? raumif;aomolEiS hf raygif;oif;a&;[laom tcsuf
247
(3)csufudk od&Sdxm;&onf/ ocifbk&m;udk ,HkMunfwnfrSDolwkdif;onf aumif;

csD;r*Fvm cHpm;Muonf/

1/ oifhq,fausmfoufuav;rsm;tm; rnfodkYaom toufwmwnfaqmuf
a&;tm; vGwfvyfpGm oHk;pGJaprnfenf;/
2/ oifhrdbrsm;ESifh qufqHpOf rnfokdYaomtrSm;aMumifh ykefuefjcif;vkyfcJhbl;
oenf;/ xkdudpötwGuf yGifhvif;pGm aqG;aEG;jcif;&Sdygovm;/
3/ oifhom;orD;tm; bk&m;&Sifudk cspfaMumufap&ef rnfodkY ulnDygoenf;/
a[NAJ 12;19 yg ]]--- igwkdYbk&m;ocifonf avmifaomrD;jzpf\}}[laom
usrf;pum;udk rnfodkY cH,lygoenf;/
4/ bk&m;&Sif\ oGifjyifvu©Pm od&Sdem;vnfap&ef rnfonfhEIwfuywfawmf
udk a0iSajymjyoenf;/
5/ q,fausmfoufom;orD;rsm;tm; rdboGefoifcsuf em,lwwf&ef rnfodkY
oGefoifoenf;/
6/ oifo
h m;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;&Si\
f enf;vrf;awmfo&d EdS idk &f ef oift
h awGUtBuKH
ajymjyygovm;/
7/ oifESifh q,fausmfoufom;orD;twGuf tusKd;&Sdrnfh usrf;pmavhvmjcif;
rnfokdY jyKvkyfavh&Sdoenf;/
8/ oifhaetdrftm; q,fausmfoufvli,frsm;\ aysmfpH&mtjzpf rnfodkY jyKvkyf
ygoenf;/ ,HkMunfol^r,HkMunfol olwkdYrdwfaqGrsm; vufcHygovm;/
9/ oifhom;orD;rsm;twGuf rnfonfhtxl;tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvkyfay;oenf;/
248
tcef; 19
q,fausmfouf
avhusifhjcif;enf;emrsm;
paewe*FaEGaeY&ufrsm;wGif q,fausmfoufvli,frsm;tm; awGUqHkí

tm;ay;csD;ajr§mufyg/ pma&;olonfvnf; q,fausmfoufom;orD;rsm;tm;
tjcm;t&G,fwl uav;rsm;ESifh xkdodkY awGUqHkoGefoifavh&Sdonf/ xkdodkY awGUqHk
aqG;aEG;&mwGif tajymta[maumif;½Hkomru toufwmjzifh oufaocHEkdif
aomoljzpfygap/ udk,fwkdiftawGUtBuHKaumif;jzifh b0oifcef;pmrsm; ay;Ekdif
ygap/
odaYk omf xko
d Ykd oGeo f ifa[majymcsuu
f awG;p&mrsm;pGm ay;xm;cJo
h nf/
a[majymcJah om pum;rsm;onf xkzd cifEiS hf olUom;wkYd tjyeftvSef oufaocH
csurf sm;jzpfonf/ xko d w l \Ydk aygif;oif;qufqaH &;onf MAD r*¾Zif;rS ]]Spy
vs. Spy}}Zmwfvrf;rsm;twkdif;jzpfaeonf/
xdt k aMumif;udk jyefvnfpOf;pm;Ny;D aomtcg om;orD;rsm;odYk oufao
cHavmufaom taMumif;t&mrsm;r&SdaMumif; awG;jrifonf/ q,fausmfouf
vli,fvl&G,frsm;tm; xkdodkYaom Zmwfvrf;qefonfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh tusKd;
tjyKEidk af Mumif; owdxm;rdonf/ xkZd mwfvrf;onf vli,frsm;tm; &ifcek pf w d f
vIyf&Sm;apjcif;xuf vufawGUtusKd;jyKjcif;r&Sd/
249
owif;aumif;ü arGUavsmfa&;
oifhuav;oli,frsm;tm; owif;aumif;ü arGUavsmfapvQif bk&m;
&Sit f m; ,HMk unfjcif;ydrk x dk ufoefvmMurnf/ q,fausmo f uft&G,o f nf t&m
&mü BuD;xGm;onfhcsdefcgjzpfaomaMumifh bk&m;&Sifudk udk;pm;aomolrsm;tjzpf
&SifoefBuD;xGm;ap&onf/
owif;aumif;ü arGUavsmfEkdif&ef xkdvli,f\ txJü oefY&Sif;0dnmOf
awmf\ trIawmfjyKa&; vkdtyfonf/ xkdodkY owif;aumif;ü trSefwu,f
arGUaysmfEkdifMu&ef rdbrsm;u rpGrf;aqmifay;EkdifouJhodkY tjcm;ab;vlrsm;u
vnf; rjyKvkyfEkdifyg/ odkYaomf rdbwkdY0wå&m;&Sdonfhtwkdif; vkyfoifhvkyfxkduf
onfrsm; enf;ay;vrf;jy vrf;cif;ay;&ef wm0ef&o dS uJoh Ykd 0wå&m;rysu&f / xkod Ykd
cGeftm;ay;vQif owif;aumif;\ wefckd;awmf ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;vmrnf/
oif\ pdwfESvHk;xJü oifhom;orD;rsm;tm; owif;aumif;ü arGUavsmf
Mua&; tpOf irf;irf;wufae&onf/ xkdokdYaom pdwfqE´&Sdjcif;onf oifwef;
pwifjcif;jzpfonf/ taumif;jrifjzifh pnf;½Hk;jcif;? trSm;jyifqifay;jcif;? pnf;
urf;udkifwG,fjcif;rsm;onf c&pf,mef,HkMunfjcif;ü BuD;xGm;vmMuap&ef jyKpk
ysKd;axmifjcif;jzpfonf/
t"durSm olwkdY\ pdwfESvHk;xdef;ausmif;jcif;jzpfonf/ todÓPfrSef
uefapí udk,fusifhw&m;ajzmifhrwfa&;? pnf;urf;ao0yfaumif;rGefapjcif;jzifh
pdwEf v S ;kH &Sio
f efBu;D xGm;aponf/ c&pfawmfuokd mvQif b0vkt d yfcsujf zpfaMumif;
od&SdvmMuNyD; bk&m;&Sifudk ykdrkdod&Sdem;vnfvmMurnf/ xkdodkYjzifh bk&m;&Sifudk
vkdtyfonfhtaMumif;? c&pfawmfudk axG;ykduf&onfhtaMumif;? bk&m;ocif\
Ekid if aH wmftvif;xJü toufwm&Sio f ef&aMumif; oabmaygufo&d v dS mMurnf/
toufwmü owif;aumif;\ toD;tyGifhrsm; awGUjrifvmrnf/
um;csyf 3 wGif bk&m;&Sifudkom tm½HkjyKa&S;½I&yHk jyocsuftm; jyefMunfhyg/
owif;aumif;ü arGUavsmfvmonfESifhtrQ oifhom;orD;rsm;onf &ifhusuf
vmMuNyD; bk&m;&Sifudk 0wfjyKudk;uG,fpdwf tmoDojyif;xefaomolrsm;jzpfvm
Murnf/
pma&;ol\ om;orD;rsm;onf wu,fhc&pf,mefyDoMuygovm;[k
rMumcP pOf;pm;qifjcifrdonf/ om;orD;\ bk&m;w&m;,HkMunfudkif;½Idif;a&;
250
q,fausmfouf? avhusifhjcif;enf;emrsm;
onf rdbrsm;u or®musrf;pmoifcef;pmrsm; pdwfb0ifta&muf oifMum;ay;

a&;jzpfonf/ tcsKUd rdbrsm;u rdrpd um;ESihf oufqidk af om uwdawmfrsm;udo k m
xnfah jymwwfMuonf/ xko d Ykd ajymqko
d eG o f if&aMumif; or®musr;f pmü rawGUyg/
tcsKdUrdbrsm;tm; oifwkdYom;orD;rsm; vrf;rSefurf;rSefoGm;apvQif
bk&m;&Sifu u,fwifawmfrlrnf[k rpOf;pm;Mubl;vm;[k ar;jref;avh&Sdonf/
xkud wdawmfukd pdwrf csvQif pdwEf v S ;kH Nird ;f csr;f Ekid rf nfr[kw/f uav;oli,frsm;
vnf; yDjyifpGm xajrmufapEkdifrnfr[kwf/ uav;oli,frsm;\ toufwmudk
MunfhvQif rdbt&dyf a&mifjyef[yfavh&SdaMumif; awGUMurnf/ xkdYaMumifh jzwf
vrf;enf;ESifh uefYowfcsufrsm; atmifEkdifonfhenf;vrf;r&Sd/ rdbrsm;\ qHk;r
yHkudk om;orD;wkdY\ toufwmü txif;om; awGUjrif&onf/
xkaYd Mumifh om;orD;rsm;tm; u,fwifjcif;&&S&d ef {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;
cH,al &;tm; jzwfvrf;enf;jzifh OD;pm;ay; rajymawmhyg/ bk&m;&Siu f kd av;eufpmG
em;vnfcH,lí toufwmqufuyfa&;tm; OD;pm;ay;oGefoifonf/ aemifw
pdwfjzifh bk&m;&SifxHawmfudk csOf;uyfjcif;ESifh a,½Ic&pfawmfudk ,HkMunfudk;pm;
jcif;taMumif;wkdYonf bk&m;&Sifudk od&Sdem;vnfí toufwmqufuyfjcif;\
tpdwftykdif;jzpfonf/
rdbrsm;onf rdrdwkdYom;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;&Siftay:odkY ,HkMunfjcif;
opöm&SMd u&ef arQmv f ifMh uonf/ xkad rQmv f ifjh cif;onf {0Ha*vdowif;aumif;\
wefc;dk rSeyf gonf/ xko d wif;aumif;onf vlUtajctaeESihf oifw h ifah vsmufywf
onf/ qGJaqmifrIvnf; &Sdonf/ bk&m;ocifu oifhom;orD;rsm;tay:odkY
u½kPmawmfxif&Sm;ap&ef tNrJwrf; tqifoifh&Sdaeygonf/ xkdYaMumifhvnf;
tcGifhta&;xl; ay;awmfrlonf/ or®mw&m;od&SdMum;odapvkdaomaMumifh
oifwv Ydk ifr,m;odaYk om ,HMk unforl o d m;pkxüJ aygufzmG ;aponf/ aus;Zl;awmf
jzifh ,HMk unforl sm;\ toufwmtm; ajymif;vJaponf/ oif\ qkawmif;csuf
ESihf owif;aumif;cH,cl suu f oif\ r,Ho k uFmoHo,pdwEf iS hf acgif;rmrIrsm;udk
atmifEkdifonf/
,ckacwfumvrS q,fausmo f ufrsm;taMumif; a&;xm;onfh pmtkyf
trsm;pkonf rdbrsm; ykefuefMuonfhtaMumif;? rdbtkyfxdef;rI rcH,lEkdifMu
onfhtaMumif;jzpfonf/ pma&;oljzpfapcsifonfh pmtkyfESifh qefYusifbuf
jzpfaeonf/ xkdYaMumifh rdbrsm;ESifh om;orD;rsm;tMum;wGif em;vnfrI&Sdap
251
csifonf/ wd 1;9 yg ]]jiif;cHkaompum;udk acsjcif;iSg wwfEkdifrnfhtaMumif;}}

[laom usrf;pum;udk owd&aeapcsifonf/
pdw&f if;apwem rSeu f eford af rGUjcif;r&Sv
d Qif q,fausmof ufvil ,fw\ Ydk
pdwfESvHk;udk &&Sdpkd;rkd;Ekdifrnfr[kwf/ xkdYaMumifh om;orD;tay:odkY pdwf&if;
apwemrGejf zifh odraf rGUpGm qufqaH jymqkrd nft h aMumif; xyfroH wday;ygonf/
wrdom;pkv;kH aemifwpdwjf zifh txHawmfoYkd twlwuG csO;f uyf&onf/ &nfreS ;f
csufyef;wkdifopfü tajccsMu&onf/ u½kPmawmftwkdif; jyefvnfoifhjrwf
Nidrfoufjcif;&Sd&onf/ t&m&mwGif vrf;c&D;ajzmifhjzL;apEkdifaom bk&m;&Sifudk
awGUatmif OD;pGm &SmazGyg/
q,fausmo f ufom;orD;rsm;ESihf aygif;oif;qufqo H nfu h mvü yifyef;
onfhumv? rdom;pkpdwfqif;&Jonfhtcsdefrsm; BuHKawGUEkdifonf/ bk&m;&Sifudk
,HMk unfwnfrMDS uvQif xko d aYdk om yifyef;qif;&Jjcif; aqmif;nwm&Snt f vGewf iG f
Nird o
f uf0rf;ajrmufb, G &f m r*FvmeHeufcif;u apmifBh uKd aeygonf/ wBurd w f cg
u ykefuefjcm;em;pdwf&SdcJhorQ bk&m;&Sif\ EkdifiHawmfxJü 0rf;om&Tifvef;vm
Ekdifayrnf/
owif;aumif;ü arGUavsmfa&; xdef;ausmif;jcif;

uav;oli,ftm; xdef;ausmif;oGefoifonfhumvwGif owif;
aumif;ü arGUavsmfapa&; wkdufwGef;cGeftm;ay;&onf/
oifhuav;oli,frsm;ukd bk&m;ociftaMumif; oGefoifxm;NyD;jzpfay
rnf/ bk&m;&Si\ f Mueftifvu©Pmawmfrsm; ajymjyxm;Ny;D jzpf&rnf/ bk&m;&Sif
\ bkef;wefckd;awmfrsm; ajymjyxm;&rnf/ bk&m;&Sif\ aus;Zl;awmfatmufü
aexkdifí aumif;csD;r*Fvm cHpm;&yHkrsm; &Sif;jyxm;&rnf/ woufvHk; aysmf&Tif
auseyf&ef bkef;wefckd;awmf csD;rGrf;&onfhtaMumif; ajymjyxm;&rnf/ bk&m;
&Sifudk ,HkMunfudk;pm;jcif;r&Sdolonf woufvHk; ab;&ef&ifqkdifaeoljzpfonf/
uav;oli,fb0ü xkt d aMumif;udk od&edS m;vnfatmif ajymjyvQif woufv;kH
pGJNrJoGm;rnf/
q,fausmfouft&G,fü xkdtaMumif;ukd pdwfESvHk;ta&muf xnfh
oGif;ay;&onf/ aocsmod&Sdem;vnfaomtcg aMuuGJbG,f&mtaMumif;udk
252
odrw S o
f mG ;rnf/ oGeof ifvmcJo h rQ bk&m;&Sitf aMumif;udk vufawGUtoufwmü
xif[yfvmrnf/ xkdtcg touft&G,fBuD;xGm;vmyHkudkvnf; owdjyKrdNyD;
pGrf;aqmif&nfr&Sdonfh taMumif;tcsufrsm;udkvnf; odrSwfvmrnf/ tjypf
awmxJodkY ydkrkdpdrfh0ifjcif;rjyK0HhbJ rdrdtm;eJcsufESifh vkdtyfcsufrsm; od&Sdum
vkdtyfcsuftajz &SmawGUvmrnf/
olawGUBuHKoif,lorQaom b0oifcef;pmtm; rodem;rvnfaom
ywf0ef;usi&f dS omoemyvlrsm;xHoYkd ajymjycsipf w d &f v
dS mrnf/ zwfcsi?f Mum;csi?f
oif,lcsifpdwf &Sdvmrnf/ pdefac:csufrsm;tm; ,HkMunfpdwfjzifh atmifjrifEkdif
onfhtaMumif; cH,lwwfvmrnf/
rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; xde;f ausmif;ysK;d axmif&mwGif om;orD;
u owif;aumif;ESifh,SOfvsuf wHkYjyefrnfhta&; arQmfvifhawmifhwMuonf/
q,fausmfoufoli,ftm; vlwvHk;olwvHk;jzpfatmif BuD;xGm;apa&;ü
tb,frQ vkyfaqmifay;&OD;rnfenf;/
q,fausmfouftm; aygif;oif;xdef;ausmif;rI zGHUNzdK;a&;

uav;oli,f\ yxrtqifhESpfck zGHUNzdK;a&;tm; atmifjrifpGm vkyf
aqmifjcif;? oefY&Sif;0dnmOfawmf\ yg0ifvkyfaqmifjcif;onf NyD;jynfhpHkjcif;r&Sd
ao;yg/ a&SUc&D;vrf;ñTefjyo&ef vkdtyfao;onf/ rdrdom;orD;\ b0a&SUa&;
vrf;ñTefjyo&ef rdbü 0wå&m;&Sdonf/ taMumif;aomf rdbrsm;onf bk&m;&Sif
ud,
k pf m; om;orD;rsm;tm; teD;uyfxed ;f ausmif;vrf;jyolrsm;jzpfMuonf/ om;
orD;rsm;uvnf; rdb\ trdefYtmPmudk emcH&ef toifh&SdMuonf/
tu,fí oift h rdet Yf mPmonf q,fausmo f ufvil ,farmifr,frsm;
tay:odYk MoZmroufa&mufvQif bk&m;&Sit f wGuf tcsed yf adk y;í vli,frsm;\
vkdtyfcsufod&SdEkdif&ef ykdrkdaygif;oif;yg/ om;orD;rsm;ESifhtwl rdrdukd,fwkdif
EIwu f ywfawmfukd 0efcjH cif;? jyefvnfawG;awmqifjcifjcif;ESihf rdrMd oZmtmPm
jzefYusufyHkudk jyefvnfoHk;oyfyg/ q,fausmfoufvli,frsm;tay: trdefYMoZm
ouf0if&ef jzwfvrf;enf;[lír&S/d aemifwpdwEf iS hf ,HMk unfjcif;opömenf;vrf;
om&Sdonf/
253
oifhom;orD;\ toufwmtm; ckdifrmpGm wnfaqmufay;&ef q,f

ausmfouft&G,fü tusifhpm&dwåckdifrmapa&;onf taumif;qHk;umvt&G,f
jzpfonf/ q,fausmfoufumvrS a&SUqufoGefoifjcif;onf omreftm;jzifh
wkd;csJUwnfaqmufay;jcif;jzpfonf/
MoZmtmPmESifh BuD;pkd;vTrf;rkd;jcif;
jyKpx
k ed ;f ausmif;jcif;\ t"dutkwjf rpfwckrmS Bu;D pk;d vTr;f rk;d jcif;jzpfonf/
xkdtaMumif;udk tcef; 10 wGif &Sif;jyxm;onf/
trdefYtmPm
vTrf;rkd;jcif;
touf/ 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18
um;csyf 6? trdefYtmPm^vTrf;rkd;jcif;tusKd;oufa&mufyHk
þum;csyfwGif jyoonfhtwkdif; om;orD;tay:odkY BuD;pkd;vTrf;rkd;Ekdif

onf/ taMumif;aomf oifonf ykrd t dk m;oef? vsijf ref? tjrifus,o f nf/ Bu;D pk;d
vTrf;rkd;jcif;qkdonfrSm uav;oli,fudk,fwkdifu rdb\ trdefYtmPmudk ckdvIH
csipf w
d &f jdS cif;jzpfonf/ taMumif;aomf rdbudk ,HMk unfpw d cf sonf/ xko
d Ydk MoZm
tmPmvTrf;rkd;jcif;onf olUvdktyfcsufudk jznhfqnf;EkdifaMumif; oludk,fwkdifu
0efcHjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh q,fausmfouforD;u oifESifhtwl aecsifpdwfr&SdbJ
olUvrf;olavQmufcsifonf qkdMuygpkdY/ olUtay:odkY MoZmtmPm oufa&muf
vkv
d Qif trdet Yf mPm jyXmef;&awmhrnf/ ]]aemufwzef 'Dpum;rsK;d rMum;csib f ;l
--- zkef;rajym&bl; --- pum;emcH&rnf --- igYtdrfywf0ef;usifrSm 'DtusifhrsKd;
rjrifcsifbl;}} pojzifh ajymqkd&rnf/
254
tjcm;wbufwGif olUtay:odkY MoZmvTrf;rkd;Ekdif&ef b0ifrusp&mrsm;

udk z,f&Sm;&onf/ ,Ofaus;ysLiSgpGm ajymqkdqufqH&onf/ ]]orD;rSm wpHk
wa,mufeJY qufqHa&;jyóem &Sdovm;? orD;udk tazcspfygw,f? tJ'DvlESifh
ajyvnfpGm pum;ajymqkdEkdifatmif tazulnDay;csifw,f}}pojzifh ajymqkd
&onf/
vli,frsm;tm; ulnt D m;ay;&mwGif tajymwjcm;? &v'fwjcm;jzpfwwf
aMumif;udkvnf; owdjyK&onf/ xkdYaMumifh arwåmzufí ,Ofaus;odrfarGUpGm
tjypfz,fay;&onf/ xkdodkYqkdvQif em;0ifcsKdí vufcHvmayrnf/ xkdokdY vli,f
\ pdwfxm;jyKjyifEkdifolonf ynm&Sifjzpfonf/ xkdokdYr[kwfbJ ykdqkd;apolonf
vlrudk jf zpfonf/ vli,fv&l , G rf sm;\ tjypfjyKjyifay;&mü yk*K¾d vaf &;t& jypfwif
½Iwfcsjcif;rjyKrd&ef owdxm;&onf/
rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;tm; xde;f ausmif;oljzpfMuonft h wkid ;f MoZm
vTr;f rk;d Mu&onf/ om;orD;rsm;odYk tusK;d taMumif;ckid v f pkH mG ajymjyonfeh nf;wl
om;orD;rsm;uvnf; usr;f pmESit hf nD vufcjH cif;? wHjYk yefjcif;jyKMu&onf/ om;
orD;rsm;tm; vTrf;rkd;&ouJhodkY qkd;wkdifyif aumif;wkdifyif jyK&onf/ MoZmtm
PmrSwyg; rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;tay:odYk tpOftNrJ vTr;f rk;d p&mr&S/d wkid yf if
nd§EIdif;tBuHjyKjcif;jzifh vTrf;rkd;&onf/
waeYoü pma&;ol\ 16 ESpft&G,fom;onf aeYvnfcif; tdrfjyef
aemufusonf/ qD;ESif;jyif;xefpGm usa&mufaomaMumifh ausmif;ydwfonf/
om;/ ]]taz? tdrfeD;em;csif;tazmfeJY wem&DcefY pGwfzm;pD;csifw,f}}/

taz/ ]][kwfNyD? om;u twef;xJrSm em&Daygif;rsm;pGm vkyfp&mysuf
uGufw,faemf}}/
om;/ ]]aemufrS vkyfrSmyg/ tJ'gu nrSmvnf; vkyfvkdY&w,f? pGwfzm;
pD;wmu narSmifxJrSm pD;vkdYr&bl;}}/
taz/ ]]wck&Sdw,f/ om;u vkyfr,f? vkyfr,fvkdY ajymwm &ufowå
aygif;rsm;NyD/ ,ckcsdefxd rNyD;ao;bl;/ om;u vkyfEkdifwmudk
rvkyfbJ aygYysufaew,f/ 'gu rdbpum;udk remcHwmbJ/
ajymwmMumvSNyD? om;twGuf awmfawmfcufcJwJhyHkbJ}}/
255
om;/ ]]tvky½f yI af evkyYd g/ ausmif;qif;&if eyef;vH;k jcif; avhusi&hf w,f?

tvkyfvkyfcsdef r&Sdbl;}}/
taz/ ]][kwfNyD? om;tvkyfrsm;wmodw,f/ 'DaeYu tm;vyfw,f?
taxGtxl; oGm;p&mr&Sdbl;? 'Dtvkyfudk NyD;pD;oifhwm MumNyD/
b,fvkdvJ? om;}}/
om;/ ]]oabmaygufygw,f? tckvkyfvkdufNyD;&if pGwfzm;oGm;pD;r,f
aemf}}/
taz/ ]]aumif;NyD? om;? vkyfoifhvkyfxkdufwm tcsdefusvkyf&w,f}}/
rdepftenf;i,fMumonfw h idk af tmif om;tm½keo f nf tdrrf mS &Sad eonf/
]]om;? pGwfzm;oGm;pD;r,fqkd ---}}/
]]oGm;r,f? 'gayrJh tvkyfudk NyD;atmif t&ifvkyfOD;r,f}}/
xkdodkYjzifh om;tz tqifajyoGm;onf/ tmcHjyefajymjcif;rjyK/
rde;f uav;rsm;uJo h Ykd vQm&Snjf cif;r&S?d rausreyf ajymqkjd cif;rjyK/ tb,faMumifh
xkdokdY tvkyfNyD;atmif vkyfoenf;/ tazu tav;xm;aMumif; od&Sdonf/
om;tz pum;ajymqkdcJhcsufrsm;udk tav;xm;onf/ zcif\ BuD;pkd;vTrf;rkd;rIudk
0efcHonf/
rdepfykdif;twGif;üyif rdbrsm;u om;orD;tay:odkY rnfokdY ajymif;vJ
Bu;D pk;d Ekid af Mumif; em;vnfvmonf/ xku d m; q,fausmo f ufrsm;\ trSm;trSef
a&G;cs,f0ecHwwf&mvnf; jyonf/ aeY&ufcsdefwkdif; vkyfoifhvkyfxkduf&mrsm;
jyKvkyfwwfMu&ef Muyfrwfjcif;onf rdb0wå&m;jzpfonf/ usrf;pmvmrdb?
om;orD; 0wå&m;vnf;jzpfonf/ om;orD;rsm; wm0efaus>yefpmG vkyu f idk w
f wf
Mua&;onf rdbrsm;\ oGefoifajymMum;csuftay:üvnf; rlwnfonf/
xdef;ausmif;&mü oHo,pdwf jzwfoef;jcif;

c&pf,meftdrfaxmifpkü BuD;jyif;aom vli,fvl&G,frsm;wGifvnf;
oHo,pdwEf iS hf ar;p&mar;cGe;f rsm; &Sw
d wfMuonf/ ,HMk unfjcif;opömw&m;wGif
rdrdtodÓPfvnf; yg0ifonf/ vli,fvl&G,fwkdif;onf c&pf,mef,HkMunfjcif;
tm; vufywftjzpf 0wfqifxm;ovm;[k tcsdefwkdif;wGif rdrdudk,fudk owd
xm;Munfh½I&onf/
256
vli,fv&l , G wf idk ;f onf rdru d ,

kd w
f idk f ,HMk unfjcif;opöm&So d vm;? rdom;
pk\ ,HkMunfjcif;w&m;udk xdyg;zsufqD;rdovm;[k qifjcifowdxm;ae&onf/
or®musrf;pmvm ar;cGef;rsm;ESifh wkdufqkdifppfaq;&onf/ ,HkMunfjcif;opöm
trSef&Sd&ef wkdufwGef;cGeftm;ay;&onf/
wcgw&H om;orD;rsm;\ ar;cGef;aMumifh rdbrsm; &ifemcsdef&Sdonf/
]]bk&m;&Siu
f kd oHo,&Sad ewmvm;}}(od)Yk ]]bk&m;&Siu f kd ,ck ,HMk unfyg}}(od)Yk ]]'grsK;d
ar;cGef; rMum;csifbl;}}[k jyefajzoHrsKd;vnf; &SdEkdifonf/
xkod aYdk om ar;cGe;f rsK;d rar;rdap&ef om;orD;rsm;udk owday;pum;jzifh
cGeftm;ay;&onf/ tu,fí ar;jref;vmvQifvnf; taumif;jrif½Iaxmifhjzifh
auseyfatmif ajzMum;&onf/ c&pf,mef,HkMunfjcif;onf aphpyfaocsmpGm
jyefvnfajzMum;jcif; o½kyfouef&Sdonf/
vli,fvl&G,frsm;ESifh pum;ajymqkd&mwGif woufwcgrS rMum;odbl;
aom ar;cGef;rsm;vnf; ar;jref;jcif;cH&Ekdifonf/ xkdYaMumifh yg;&nfeyf&nf&Sd&
onf/ pma&;olu, kd wf idk u
f vnf; om;orD;rsm;\ pnf;urf;taMumif; ar;jref;
csufrsm;tm; usrf;pum;jzifh ajzMum;&mü tajccH½lyaA'ynmudk udk;um;ajz
Mum;onf/ xkduJhodkYyif tjcm;jyifypmtkyftaMumif;t&m? tjzpftysufrsm;udk
udk;um;í usrf;pmESifh qufpyfajzMum;&onfh csdefcgvnf; &SdEkdifonf/
,HkMunfjcif;ESifh ywfoufonfh ar;cGef;rsm; ajzMum;&mwGif ukd,fwkdif
tawGUtBuKH xnfah jymvQif ydrk x dk ufjrufonf/ c&pf,mefr[kwo f rl sm;\ tawG;
tac:'óersm;u vlUtaMumif;onf pMum0VmESifhtrQ us,fjyefYojzifh ao
csmaomtajz ay;EkdifMurnfr[kwf/
oif\ om;orD;rsm;tm; usrf;pmvm ,HkMunfjcif;ESifh avmuDtjrif
,HkMunfjcif; jcm;em;yHkudk aocsmpGm ajymjyyg/ c&pf,mefrdom;pkrS rdom;pkquf
qHa&;onf q,fausmfoifvli,frsm;twGuf ta&;BuD;oifcef;pmjzpfonf/
rdrdxuf toufBuD;aom vlBuD;rsm;ESifh qufqHjcif;jzifh ,HkMunfjcif;opöm
taMumif; oifcef;pm&&SdEkdifonf/ xkdokdYaom aygif;oif;qufqHa&;onf oif
cef;pmjzpfouJhokdY cGeftm;&&Sd&m? toufwmü BuD;pkd;vTrf;rkd;&mjzpfonf/
txufyg taMumif;t&mrsm;onf cufcMJ urf;wrf;aom umvtwGuf
r[kwyf g/ oifu h av;oli,frsm;ESit hf wl teEÅb&k m;&Siu f kd ud;k pm;jcif;jzifh u,f
wifjcif;tuRwfw&m; &&SdMurnfh tajccHy"getaMumif;t&mjzpfonf/
257
taumif;jrif0g'jzifh jyefvnfwHkYjyefjcif;
q,fausmo f ufvil ,frsm;odYk wHjYk yefonfth cg taumif;jrif0g' &Syd gap/
xkdokdY wHkYjyefjcif;onf trIawmfjyKjcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufjzpfonf/ uav;oli,f
rsm;\ toufwmudk wnfaqmufysK;d axmifjcif;vnf;jzpfonf/ cGet f m;ay;jcif;?
toufoGif;jcif;jzpf&efom vkdtyfonf/
tNrJwrf; t&m&mü vG,fulonfr[kwf/ q,fausmfoufrsm;onf
t½kdif;pHy,fyifrsm;jzpfMuonf/ xkdum; acwfvli,frsm;\ jzpfcsifonfhqEÉSifh
vlUb0\ jcm;em;csufBuD;jzpfonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh r[mtrSm;BuD;\ yx0D
ajrBuD;jzpfonf/ xkdtcsufudk rdbrsm;u trIrJhtrSwfrJh jyKMuonf/
wckaom aEG&moDwGif pma&;ol\ om;onf rdom;pkukefwifum;udk
armif;ESio f mG ;onf/ aeYcif;ydik ;f ü tdrjf yefa&mufaomtcg um;brfygudk BuKd ;jzifh
csnf;xm;onf/ xkdokYd awGUvkdufaomtcg xdwfvefYoGm;rdonf/ vrf;ay:wGif
yGww f udk rf od mG ;ovm;/ um;brfygacsmif;u pm;yGaJ tmufoYkd cJwv H rd u
hf souJo
h Ydk
usoGm;ovm;/
tdrw f iG f um;brfygt&H&o dS nf/ xkaYd Mumifh om;u vJv, S w f yfqifrnf
[kqdkonf/ xkdaeYnwGif um;brfygtpkwfudk jzKwfonf/ odkYaomf tpm;xkd;
topfjyefvnfwyfqif&ef tcsdefr&Sd/
aemufwaeYwGif oHk;qpfauGU&Sdaom awmifukef;c&D; oGm;&ef&Sdonf/
xkdYaMumifh eHeufapmapm om;tz wyfqif&onf/
xkduJhodkYyif oif\ q,fausmfoufuav;rsm; wpHkw&mtrSm; usL;
vGefMuonfhtcg rdbrsm;u taumif;jrif0g'ESifh yg0ifulnD&onf/ om;orD;
rsm;\ vkdtyfcsufESifh tm;eJcsufrsm;udk pOfqufrjywf Munfh½Iae&onf/ rdb
rsm;onf rdrdom;orD;rsm;\ atmifjrifaumif;pm;a&;udk awGUjrifcsifolrsm;
jzpfMuonf/ oif\ om;orD;onf txufyg ukefwifum;xuf tqaygif;
rsm;pGm wefbkd;BuD;rm;onf/
þae&mwGif om;orD;rsm;\ wm0ef0wå&m;aus>yefa&;udk ajymqdkvkd
jcif;r[kwf/ trsm;rsm;udk tjypfwifvkdjcif;vnf;r[kwf/ ta&;BuD;oifcef;pm
rSm taumif;jrif0g'&Sí d yl;aygif;yg0ifun l aD &;jzpfonf/ rdbrsm;onf om;orD;
258
rsm;tm; arQmv f ifch sut f jynft h 0xm;vsuf cGet f m;owdaå y;&onf/ xko d Ydk yg0if
ulnDjcif;onf tcGifhta&;aumif; oif,ljcif;ESifh a&SUqufcsDwufa&;jzpfonf/
om;orD;rsm;odkY emaysmfbG,fr[kwfaom pum;rsm; ajymqkdjcif;a&Smif
MuOfyg/ ]]toHk;rusbl;? iwHk;? ipEl? iysif;? zGwfusm;? tvum;[mr}}[laom
pum;rsKd; rajymrd&ef txl;owdxm;yg/ rdbpum;rsm;twkdif; om;orD;rsm;
jzpfwwfoGm;wwfaMumif; owdjyKyg/
okwu Hå sr;f wGif 0rf;ajrmufb, G pf um;rsm;onf aqmufwnf&mjzpfonf
[k oGeo f ifxm;onf/ ]]csKad ompum;udk ajymwwfaom EIwo f wåo d nf ynmudk
wkd;yGm;ap\}}(ok 16;21)/ csKdomaom pum;onf tif*sifudkvnfywfapaom
acsmqDuJhodkYjzpf\/ aemufqufwGJusrf;ykd'frsm;wGifvnf; oifcef;pmaumif;rsm;
awGU&onf/ ]]om,maompum;wko Yd nf ysm;vydu Yk o
hJ jYkd zpfí pdw0f nd mOfü csKNd red f
vsuf t½kd;udk usef;rmap\}}(ok 16;24)/
xkdYaMumifh rdbrsm;\ jyKpkysKd;axmifonfhtwkdif; q,fausmfoufrsm;
yHpk aH y:xGe;f MuonfrmS tHMh obG,&f mr[kwyf g/ rdbrsm;\ aeYpOfajymqkq d ufqH
aom pum;rsm;twkdif; jyKrlMuonf/
]]ynm&Sdol\ ESvHk;onf ol\ EIwfudk oGefoifí ol\ EIwfcrf;wkdYü
ynmtwwfudk xyfavmif;\}}(ok 16;23)/
vl\ jyKrlajymqkdaexkdifrI [efyefrsm;onf q,fausmfouft&G,frS
yHkyef;o@meftwkdif;jzpfvmonf/ xkdYaMumifh q,fausmfoufumvü bk&m;
w&m;udk oduRrf;&ef txl;ta&;BuD;onf/
q,fausmo f uftawGUtBuKH ukd *½kpu dk &f onf/ c&pf,mefrb d rsm;onf
om;orD;rsm;tm; cGiv hf wT jf cif;todynm &&SMd uap&ef vuf0g;uyfwidk t f aMumif;
od&Sd0efcHap&onf/ tjypfcGifhvTwfjcif;taMumif; rodem;rvnfvQif olwkdY
twGuf vuf0g;uyfwkdifonfvnf; wefbkd;BuD;rm;yHk od&SdMuawmhrnfr[kwf/
xkdYaMumifhvnf; q,fausmfoufc&pf,mefrsm;u rdrdudk,fudk vkdtyfcsuf&Sdol
jzpfaMumif; rodem;rvnfMujcif;onf tHMh op&mr[kw/f rSm;,Gi;f aom ywf0ef;
usifü usifvnfMuaomaMumifh 'kp½kdufudkvnf; oabmraygufbJ jyKrSm;Mu
onf/ a&mufav&mt&yfü jyKjyifp&mcsnf;jzpfMuonf/
rnfokdYjzpfap taumif;jrif0g'jzifh owday;ae&onf/ a[NAJMo0g'
pmudk oifcef;pm,lMunfhyg/ a[NAJ 6 wGif b0c&D;vrf;ajzmifhjzL;a&; oGefoif
259
owday;xm;onf/ ]]cspfolwkdY? oifwkdYonf u,fwifjcif;ESifh ,SOfaomt&m?

omíaumif;aomt&mwkdYESifh oufqkdifonfudk igwkdYonf oabmusvsuf&Sd
Mu\}}(a[NAJ 6;9)/
vlvm;ajrmufolESifh qufqHjcif;
q,fausmfoufom;orD;rsm;tm; xdef;ausmif;jcif;ESifh t&G,fa&muf
vlvm;ajrmufoEl iS hf aygif;oif;qufqaH &;onf wrsK;d wrnf rwlnMD uyg/ q,f
ausmfoufrsm;ESifh qufqHa&;wGif trsm;tjym; uGJjym;jcm;em;csufrsm;&Sdonf/
xkdokdYjzpf&jcif;onf rdbtkyfxdef;rI okdufNrHK,HrS vGwfajrmufonfhtaMumif;
r[kwyf g/ rdbrsm;u uav;oli,frsm;tjzpf jyKrq l ufqaH &; &yfp&J efjzpfonf/
xko
d aYdk omt&G,rf sm;ESihf qufqaH ygif;oif;jcif;taMumif; pOf;pm;Munfh
yg/ t&G,fa&muf vlvm;ajrmufí oufwl&G,fwl rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh aygif;oif;
aeaom om;orD;rsm;udk rnfokYd xdef;ausmif;rnfenf;/ aqmif&efESifh a&Smif&ef
udpö&yfrsm;udk rnfodkY ajymjy&rnfenf;/
tcsdefrSef umvrSef apmifharQmfjcif;

oufwl&G,fwl rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh aygif;azmfaepOfwGif ÓPfynm&Sdaom
ar;cGef;rsm;(odkY) rdkufrJaom ar;cGef;rsKd; b,fcgrS ar;jref;ajymqkdjcif;rjyK&/
toufab;&ef a&mufEkdifaom ta&;udpörSvGJí ajymqkdjcif;rjyKtyf/ omref
tcsdefwGif ajymqkdEkdifaom pum;udk tcsdefrSef ae&mrSefü oD;oefYajymqkd&Sif;jy
&onf/ q,fausmfoufuav;oli,frsm;uJhodkY qufqHjcif;rjyK&ef owdxm;
&onf/
rdbrsm;onf wcgw&H t&G,fa&mufom;orD;rsm;udk q,fausmfouf
uav;oli,fyrm awGUjrifMuonf/ or®musrf;pmvmtwkdif; om;orD;rsm;udk
touft&G,ftvkduf ykdif;jcm;qufqHaygif;oif;&onf/ tm;enf;csKdU,Gif;csuf
rsm;udk q,fausmfouft&G,frsm;ESifhrwlbJ oD;oefYawGUqHk ajymjy&onf/
om;orD;rsm;tm; oGefoifajymqkd aqG;aEG;onfhtcsdefü tajctae
tcsdeftcg a&G;cs,fajymqkdwwf&onf/ ta&;BuD;pum; ajymqkdp&m&SdvQif
260
pdwfat;vufat;&Sdonfh csdefcgwGif ajymqkdyg/ pdwfESvHk;wnfNidrfjcif;r&SdvQif

vrf;avQmufjcif;? ckefaygufajy;vTm;jcif;? pufbD;avQmufpD;jcif; jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh
pdwwf nfNird rf I &,lyg/ xkaYd Mumifh ywf0ef;usit f aESmift
h ,Suf ya,m*uif;csed f
wGif ajymqkdvQif aumif;rGefxda&mufvsuf wefbkd;&Sdrnf/
uav;oli,frsm;\ todtjrif tawGUtBuHK BuD;xGm;&ifhusufjcif;udk
odrSwfxm;yg/ tjcm;csdefcgrsm;wGif oufawmifhoufom&SdMuygap/ tvkyfrsm;
aomtcsed üf aESmif, h uS af jymqkjd cif; a&SmifMuOfyg/ ajymp&mpum;rsm;&Sv d Qivf nf;
jyifqif½o
kH m jyifqifxm;yg/ xko d Ydk jyKrjl cif;onf taumif;qH;k jyKrjl cif;jzpfonf/
om;orD;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;ajyvnfonfh taMumif;tcsufjzpfonf/
us,fjyefYaom &nf&G,fcsufrsm;jzifh aygif;oif;jcif;

t&G,fa&mufvlvm;ajrmufNyD;olrsm;tm; tao;tzGJudpö&yfrsm;rSpí
ajymqkjd cif;rjyKygESi/hf us,jf yefaY om pdwo f abmxm;rsm;jzifh wHjYk yefyg/ rnfonfh
tcsufrsm;wGif rnfokdY wHkYjyefajymqkd&aMumif; od&Sdem;vnfxm;yg/
tapmydkif;wGif pma&;olwkdYom;tz qufqHa&;ü us,fjyefYaom &nf
&G,fcsufjzifh cyfvSrf;vSrf;odkY c&D;twl oGm;MuonfhtaMumif; ajymjyxm;NyD;
jzpfonf/ olUtcef;wGif rnfodkYaom pDrHudef;&SdaMumif; tjcm;ypönf;rsm;xm;&Sd
jcif;jzifh od&Sdxm;onf/ xkdypönf;rsm;udk awGUjrifaomaMumifh tazhpum;udk
rnfoYkd wHjYk yefEidk af Mumif; &dyrf eS ;f orf;rSe;f od&x
dS m;onf/ zcif\ pum;udk tb,f
rQ *½kpdkufrnfhtaMumif;vnf; od&Sdxm;onf/ olonf tazhpum;udk wefjyef
&efawGUp&mr&Sdyg/ pdwfqkd;p&m(odkY) rausreyf jiif;y,fp&mvnf;r&Sdyg/ tajc
taetaMumif;pHk od&Sdem;vnfxm;NyD;jzpfaomaMumifh zcif\ pum;udk vG,f
vifhwul oabmwlvufcHonf/
rauseyfaomtcg tcef;xJrSm
t&G,fa&mufvlvm;ajrmufNyD;olrsm;onf tcsif;csif; oabmxm;uGJ
vGJwwfMuonf/ xkduJhokdYyif rdbrsm;ESifh vlvm;ajrmufNyD;aom om;orD;rsm;
qufqaH &;wGiv
f nf; oabmcsi;f rwku d qf idk o
f nfh csed cf grsm;&Sw
d wfonf/ ae&m
261
wumwGif rdbu tqH;k tjzwfray;ygESi/hf om;orD;rsm;\ oabmxm;udv k nf;

tusKd;taMumif; avsmfnDrI&Sdr&Sd ppfaq;yg/
wcgw&H rdbrsm;onfvnf; usrf;pmvm oGefoifcsufESifh pdwfoabm
xm; awhvGJwwfonf/ om;orD;rsm;\ 0wfpm;qif,ifrI? qHyifyHkpHrsm;wGif
vlawmolawmü rpyf[yfonfrsm; &SdEkdifonf/ xkdcsdefcgrsKd;wGif em;0ifatmif
ajymjy&onf/ ae&mwkdif;wGif BuD;pkd;vTrf;rkd;jcif; rjyKygESifh/ ae&mcsdefcgtvkduf
0wfpm;qif,ifwwf&ef wku d w
f eG ;f yg/ taxGtxl; pdwyf yl efjcif;r&Syd gESi/hf umv
a'otavsmuf 0wfpm;aexkdifwwf&efom ta&;BuD;onf/ csKyfcs,fvGef;vQif
rdba&SUwGifwrsKd;? uG,f&mwGif wrsKd; jyKrlwwfMuaMumif;udkvnf; odxm;yg/
aygif;zufarGUavsmfjcif;aemufuG,fwGif
om;orD;rsm;\ aygif;zufarGUavsmfjcif;onf aygif;oif;qufqHa&;\
ed*kH;r[kwfyg/ tem*wfzGHUNzdK;a&;wHcg; zGifhvSpfay;jcif;jzpfonf/ ocifbk&m;\
vTrf;rkd;rIatmufü om;orD;rsm; udk,fpDudk,fiS aysmf&TifMuyHkudk rdbwkdif;u awGU
jrifcsifMuonf/ xkdodkY awGUjrif½Iaysmf&ef atmufygtwkdif; vkyfaqmif&onf/
1/ c&pf,mefpdwfoabmxm; zGHUNzdK;jcif;/ om;orD;rsm;tm; c&pf,mef
,HMk unfjcif; ydrk zdk UHG NzKd ;apyg/ ae&mwkid ;f ü awGUBuKH orQtm; or®musr;f pmpHcsed jf zifh
trSm;trSef a0cGJqHk;jzwfyg/
wcgwGif a[omonf okawoepmwrf; a&;onf/ taMumif;t&mu
uav;oli,ftay:odkY tEkdifusifhtMurf;zufjcif;jzpfonf/ c&pf,mef½Iaxmifh
tygt0if rdbrsm;u om;orD;rsm;tay: qufqaH &;taMumif; a&;xm;onf/
pmwrf;NyD;pD;onfhtcg ppfaq;ay;&ef vmjyonf/ c&pf,mefpHcsdefpHñTef;jzifh
ed*;kH csKyaf Mumif; awGUjrifaomtcg auseyf0rf;omonf/ uav;oli,frsm;tay:
EkdifxufpD;eif;jyKjcif; ajz&Sif;&mtajzonf c&pf,mef,HkMunfjcif;enf;vrf;om
&Sdonf/
2/ t&G,fa&mufNyD;olrsm;ESifh &if;ESD;cifrifa&;/ þae&mwGif tcsuf
ESpfcsuf&Sdonf/
(u) toif;awmfxEJ iS hf ywf0ef;usiw f iG f t&G,af &mufNy;D olrsm;ESihf
rdwfzGJUaygif;oif;jcif;/
262
(c) jyKpyk sK;d axmifjcif;ESihf rdwzf UJG aygif;oif;rI zGUH NzKd ;a&;? r&if;ES;D ao;
olrsm;odkY 0ifqefYa&;/
3/ trIawmfvkyfief;jyK&m ae&mrsm;wGif tpGrf;tprsm; xkwfazmfzGHUNzdK;
a&;/ þum; bk&m;ay;vufaqmif tpGrf;tprsm;udk ywf0ef;usifvlrsm;xHodkY
a0iSo;D yGiahf pjcif;jzpfonf/ tjcm;oltm; bk&m;ocif\vljzpfatmif oifu, kd f
wkid u f pGr;f aqmifEidk pf rG ;f r&Syd g/ oef&Y iS ;f 0dnmOfawmf\ az;ryg0ifun l rD I vkt d yf
onf/ xkdtaMumif;udk aocsmpGm od&Sd&onf/
4/ bk&m;&Si\ f rdeaYf wmfrcl sut f wkid ;f olrsm;udk ulnrD pEkid &f ef rdru d , kd f
wkid üf pum;awmfemcHjcif; jynf0h &onf/ rdrüd jynf0h rSomvQif tjcm;olrsm;tm;
jznfhqnf;ay;Ekdifonf/ xkdodkY pGrf;aqmifEkdif&ef rdrdtm;enf;csufESifh tm;om
csufod&Sd&onf/ tm;enf;csufod&SdrSomvQif jynfh0atmif jznfhqnf;&aumif;
rSe;f od&o
dS nf/ tjcm;vlrsm;\ tm;eJcsurf sm;udv k nf; od&jdS znfqh nf;ay;Ekid o f nf/
odkYrSomvQif vkd&mc&D;a&mufatmif yHhyl;ulnDEkdifonf/
5/ olwkdYrdom;pkESifh aetdrftm; bk&m;&Sif\ rdom;pkaysmfpH&mtjzpf
wnfaqmufay;yg/ rdom;pktwGi;f qufqaH &;ajyvnfacsmarGUatmif ulnyD g/
bk&m;w&m;oduRr;f a&; vdrm® yg;eyfpmG ulnyD g/ aygif;oif;qufqaH &;udk tjrwf
wEkd;wefbkd;xm;yg/ xkdodkY aygif;oif;qufqHjcif;jzifh bk&m;ocifa&SUawmf&Sd
rdom;pkwnfaqmufapyg/ rdbESihf om;orD;qufqaH &;onf ,m,DwcPom
jzpfí tdrfcGJoGm;NyD; tdrfaxmifopfwnfMuonfhtjyif vifr,m;qufqHa&;
omvQif b0wouf wnfNraJ Mumif; od&x dS m;yg/ ]]xkt
d aMumif;aMumifh a,mufsm;
onf ud, k rhf b
d udk pGeí Yf ud, k Zhf eD;udk rS0D oJ jzifh xkod wl odYk nf wom;wud, k w f nf;
jzpfoGm;Muonf}}(u 2;24)/
6/ rdbESifh aygif;oif;qufqHa&;onf &ifhusufjcif;ü BuD;xGm;&onf/
bk&m;&Siu f pD&ifcefcY aJG wmfro l nfth wkid ;f trIawmfjrwfü ESpu f , kd w
f l usiv f nf
&ifhusufaom qufqHa&;jzpf&onf/
oifhom;orD;rsm;onf bk&m;&Sifudk ,HkMunfudk;pm;Muap

rdbrsm;\ tcef;u@ NyD;qHk;awmhrnf/ om;orD;rsm; tkyfxdef;onfh
0efwm Ny;D pD;awmhrnf/ rdbESihf om;orD; ESpu
f ,
kd Mf um;qufqaH &; ukeq
f ;kH awmh
263
rnf/ touft&G,&f vmí tdraf xmifjyKMuNy;D oD;oeft Y rd af xmifwnfMuaom

tcg wcef;&yf jynfzHk;um;csMuawmhrnf/ rdb0wå&m;onf bk&m;ay;,m,D
wm0efjzpfonf/
aemufqHk;pum;rSmcsifonfrSm oifhom;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;&Sifudk ,Hk
MunfwnfrMDS uap&ef vrf;cif;ay;xm;cJyh g/ oifah pmihaf &SmufauR;arG;cJo h rQonf
bk&m;ocifukd ,HMk unfu;kd pm;Murnfh ajrqDvmT ajrMoZmaumif;jzpfygap/ bk&m;
ocifxH toufwmqufuyftyfEo HS nfh tarGaumif;cHEidk o f rl sm;jzpfapyg/ rdb
&ifciG w f iG f &Sad eMupOf bk&m;&Siu
f kd ,HMk unfu;kd pm;jcif;toufwmtm; qufvuf
zGHUNzdK;&Sifoefapyg/

1/ aygif;oif;qufqHa&;wGif tcsif;csif; em;vnfa&;ESifh tema&m*guif;Nidrf;
a&; rnfodkY jr§ifhwifrnfenf;/ xkdokdY wnfaqmufEkdif&ef aemifw&a&;ESifh
tjypfcGifhvTwfjcif; jyKaeygovm;/
2/ q,fausmfoufom;orD;rsm;tay:odkY BuD;pkd;vTrf;rkd;vkdonfhtcg or®musrf;
pmoGefoifcsuftwkdif; vkyfaqmifygovm;/
3/ q,fausmfoufumv&Sd om;orD;rsm; xdef;ausmif;&mü ,HkMunfjcif;
taMumif; oHo,pdwfESifh ½IyfaxG;jcif;&SdwwfaMumif; ajymjyygovm;/ ½Iyf
axG;onfhar;cGef;rsm; ar;vmMuvQif ulnDajz&Sif;vkdpdwf &dSygovm;/
4/ q,fausmo f ufom;orD;rsm;odYk taumif;qH;k ajymqkq d ;kH rcsed o
f nf rnfonfh
tcsed ef nf;/ om;orD;rsm;\ wHjYk yefcsurf sm;tm; rnfonft h csed üf yGiv
hf if;pGm
BudKqkdoenf;/
5/ om;orD;rsm;tm; zGUH NzKd ;wk;d wufaeNy[
D k pdwcf spmG xm;&SEd idk yf govm;/ t&G,f
a&mufvlvm;ajrmufNyD;aom om;orD;rsm;tm; taxGtxl; xdef;ausmif;
Muyfrwfa&; rnfokdYaom ½lyg½Hk&Sdoenf;/
----- 000 -----

264
aemufausmzHk;twGuf
Dr. Tedd Tripp \ þwzefwnf;jzwfxm;aom Shepherding a Child's Heart pmtkyf
onf oif;tkyq f &m? twkid yf ifc?H ausmif;tkycf sKyaf &;rSL;? zcifwOD;\ ESpaf ygif;oH;k q,fausmf
tawGUtBuKH jzpfonfth jyif urÇmw0Se;f wGif jyKvyk af om "r®nv D mcHü oGeo f ifcsurf sm;jzpfí
rdbrsm;twGuf tzkd;wefoifcef;pmjzpfonf/
þpmtkyo f nf oifo
h m;orD;\ pdwEf v
S ;kH xJoaYkd &mufatmif pum;ajymqked nf;jzpfonf/ om;orD;rsm;\ &ifxrJ S
cHpm;ESpfouf&mjzpfonf/ vk 6;45 wGif ]]&ifxJrS xGufvmonfrsm;udk pum;jzifh ajymqkdMuonf}}[k qkdonf/
rdbESihf t&G,faygif;pHk om;orD;rsm; pum;ajymqkdjcif;taMumif;jzpfí oifhom;orD;rsm;\ b0c&D;vrf;
ajymjyay;&m pmaumif;ayrGefjzpfonf/
]]Tedd Tripp onf rnfolUxHokdY rnfonfhpum;ajymqkd&aMumif; od&Sdonf/ om;orD;rsm;ESifh rdbrsm;tm;

bk&m;&Sif\ rif;ra[mfvrf;rawmfodkY ykdYaqmifEkdifonf/ þpmtkyfonf tqHk;wkdifatmif vufawGUusifhoHk;
p&mjzpfonf/ om;orD;rsm;odkY rnfokdY pum;ajymqkd&aMumif; ajymjyonf/ rdbrsm;odkY txl;oifcef;pmay;
aom pmaumif;ayaumif;jzpfonf}}/
DR. DAVID POWLISON, Westminster Theological Seminary
]]rdbtkyfxdef;rItaMumif; pmtkyfaumif;jzpfonf/ pdwftm;i,folrsm;odkY usrf;pmvm cGeftm;ay;onfh &Sm;yg;

pmtkyfjzpfonf/ rdbrsm;odkY usrf;pmESifhtnD tkyfxdef;a&;oGefoifcsufjzpfonf/ vufawGUusifhoHk;vQif
ydkaumif;aom vrf;ñTefcsufjzpfoGm;rnf}}/
PASTOR JOHN MACARTHUR
]]axmufcHpm;a&;ay;orQaom pmtkyfrsm;teuf þpmtkyfonf usrf;pmESifhtnD om;orD;rsm;tkyfxdef;a&;

taumif;qH;k taxmuftuljyKpmtkyjf zpfonf/ t"duausm½k;d onf tuREyfk \ f tkyx f ed ;f jcif;udk axmufronf/
xkdYtjyif ausmif;om;rsm;? twkdifyifcH,lolrsm;ESifh rdwfaqGrsm;odkY rsm;pGm tusKd;jyKonf}}/
DR. EDWARD WELCH, Christian Counseling and Education Foundation
]]þpmtkyfonf ½kd;pif;í usrf;pmESifh nDñGwfonfhtjyif vufawGUoGefoifp&mvnf;jzpfonf/ zcif? rdcif

rsm;u rvGJraoG vkyfaqmifbG,f&mjzpfonf}}/
ELISABETH ELLIOT
265

Shepherding a Childs Heart Burmesefull

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Shepherding a Childs Heart Burmesefull

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

oli,fpdwfraem xdef;ausmif;jcif;

tykdif; 1 or®musrf;pmvm uav;oli,frsm; ysKd;axmifa&;

tykdif; 2 uav;oli,fb0 tqifhqifhtm; xdef;ausmif;jcif;

14 arG;uif;prS uav;oli,fb0? avhusifhjcif;&nf&G,fcsufrsm; 171

þuav;oli,f\ pdwfESvHk;xdef;ausmif;yJhjyifa&; pmtkyfudk q,fESpf

xkdodkY b0ifESvHk;ta&; vrf;vGJonfhtcg wqufwnf;wGif owif;

onf rdbrsm;uvnf; om;orD;&if;aoGrsm;odkY oGefoifp&m or®mw&m;rsm;

þpmtkyfa&;om;&ef pdwfESvHk;xJü EId;aqmfrI w&G&Gjzpfaeonf/

atmif ulnDtm;ay;Muonf/ vkyfazmfaqmifbuf oif;tkyfrsm;? oif;axmuf

þpmtkyfonf wu,fhpHerlempmtkyfjzpfonf/ pma&;ol wufx&pf

vlUavmurdom;pkta&;üvnf; vufawGUtoH;k r0if/ aumif;aom tBuÓ H Pf

r*sifeDzmonf tdrfpmvkyfonf/ olUq&mu jyifytultnDrsm; vkd

xkaYd Mumifh rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;ESihf wwfEidk o f rQ xdawGUtcsed af y;

Muonf/ xkdYaMumifh usrf;pmvm enf;vrf;? &nf&G,fcsufyef;wkdifESifh rnDaom

&Sda&; tav;teufxm;í bk&m;&Sif\ aus;Zl;awmfw&m;atmufü cH,lwwf

em;axmifemcH&onfhtcsdefvnf; &Sd&onf/ om;orD;rsm;onf rdbwkdYpum;udk

oli,f\ tawG;tjrif yg0ifvmap&ef qGJaqmif&onf/ uav;oli,ftm;

atmif ajymjy&onf/ xkdtcg uav;oli,frsm;u tvGJtrSm;jyKvkyf&jcif;

aus;Zl;awmfcpH m;wwf&ef oGeo

owif;aumif;\ twGif;o½kyfxJodkY 0ifa&mufESHYpyfa&;

bk&m;&Sifawmfatmuf&Sd vlrsm; tjyeftvSef

or®musrf;pmwGif toJESvHk;onf touf\ tcsKyftjcm[k qkdonf/

aumif;aomolonf aumif;aom rdrdpdwfESvHk;b@mwkdufxJu raumif;aom

þusr;f yk'd rf sm;onf uav;oli,frsm; jyKpyk sK;d axmifa&; vrf;ñTecf suf

um;csyf 1? pdwfESvHk;u tjyKtrljyXmef;

tyfonf/ tb,forl Q þtrltusiu hf kd vufcaH useyfEidk rf nfr[kw/f þokaYd om

uav;ESpfa,mufu tjcm;olrsm;xuf rdrdta&; a&SUwef;wifMuonf/ xkd

þae&mwGif rdom;pk\ ed,mrOya'ota&; tav;ay;xm;onf/

1/ uav;i,fonf taygif;toif;rsm;\ Bu;D pk;d vTr;f rk;d rI cHae&onf/

vmrnfhtcef;(2)ckwGif uav;oli,f zGHUNzdK;a&;taMumif; qufvuf

tcef; 1 rS toHk;csp&m ar;cGef;rsm;

3/ trlt&m ab;acsmfvGJroGm;&ef pdwfESvHk;ykdrkdta&;BuD;yHk &Sif;jyyg/

pma&;ol\ om; 11 ESpft&G,fonf 0wfarG;jrLa&;jzifh tvkyf½Iyfae

aeMuonf/ ,ckrl rdom;pkü aysmf&TifpGm aexkdifwwfvmMuonf/ rdom;pkaysmf

rdom;pkzGJUpnf;yHk rdom;pkjyóem ajz&Sif;jcif;

jrm§ ;wcsuof nf rdom;pkta&; oufa&mufyu kH kd jyoonf/ rdom;pkonf

olUcifyeG ;f u rdom;pkta&;tjzpf *½krpku

csif;rsm;ESifh aygif;oif;qufqH&mwGif &if;ESD;azmfa&Gtyfovm;? zmodzmom

avh&Sdonfhtwkdif; ajz&Sif;EkdifpGrf;&Sdonf/ xkdokdYaom rdom;pkjyóemudk rnfodkY

rdom;pku uav;\ tm;eJcsuf az;ula&;

oifjyjcif;cH,laom uav;oli,frsm;onf trSm;trSef? tqkd;taumif; a0cGJ

ar;/ uav;oli,frsm;udk b,fESpfBudrf a&SUa&;oGefoifovJ/

t,ltqvGJrSm;rI od&Sdem;vnf&ef MoZmvTrf;rkd;a&;

toifpm½Iol\ om;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;&SifawmfxHodkY toufwm

tcef; 2 rS toHk;csp&m ar;cGef;rsm;

aumvdyfausmif;om;b0wGif yxrqHk;tBudrf avSavSmf&GufvTifhbl;

um;csyf 3? bk&m;&Sifudk a&S;½Ia&;

pdwfESvHk;xJwGif ywf0ef;usif&Sd tkwfcJ&THUap;jzifh udk,fwkdifjyKvkyfonfh tkwfyHk

arQmfvifhcsufrsm;tm; uav;oli,frsm;\ pdwfESvHk;xJodkY xnfhay;vkdufMu

uav;onf rnfolUudk udk;uG,f&tHh

jcif;xuf taumif;jrif0g'jzifh qHk;ryJhjyif&onf/ om;orD;rsm;\ usef;rm

bk&m;&Sifudk OD;wnfa&S;½Ia&; ta&;BuD;yHk

olrudk aus;uRefjyKoltjzpf olUocifudk rjrifawmhbJ tultnDvkdtyf vuf

tcef; 3 rS toHk;csp&m ar;cGef;rsm;

om;rsm;u jyifywGif upm;aeMuonf/ orD;i,fu npmpm;&ef

rdbrsm;u ,Ofaus;rIxHk;pHaemufodkY vkduf&ef rMumcP MuyfrwfMu

Mu&ef rdefYawmfrlonf/ xkdpum;awmfudk emcHolrsm;onf aetdrfwGif om;orD;

zcif/ tazhpum;udk em;raxmifbl;[kwfvm;/

þae&mrS om;i,f\ pum;udk rnfokdY oabm&MuygovJ/ olUudk

bk&m;&Sifudk,fpm; rdbu tkyfxdef;jcif;jzpfonf/ vkyfief;aqmifwm vkyfudkif

uav;oli,ftm; emcHolr[kwfbJ qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfol jzpfaponf/ rdbrsm;

xkdodkY jyKrljcif;onf u 18 yg om;orD;rsm;tm; bk&m;&SifxHodkY vrf;jy

rdbrsm;onf om;orD;rsm;qH;k r&mwGif tjypfruif;onfh trsuaf 'go

þusrf;csufudk oabmaygufcsifrS aygufMurnf/ ajzmifhrwfolonf