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Autonomous Vehicle Ethics: The Trolley Problem and Beyond Ryan Jenkins full chapter instant download
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Autonomous Vehicle Ethics
Autonomous
Vehicle Ethics
The Trolley Problem and Beyond
Edited by
RYA N J E N K I N S , DAV I D Č E R N Ý,
A N D T OM Á Š H Ř Í B E K
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197639191.001.0001
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America
Ryan Jenkins dedicates this book to those injured or killed in automobile accidents
the world over—and those working to bend the arc of technological progress to
minimize the human suffering that results.
David Černý dedicates this book to his fiancée, Alena, who gives meaning and joy
to his work.
Tomáš Hříbek dedicates the book to all those who are tired of being drivers and
hope to be liberated by AV technology.
Contents
Acknowledgments xi
Contributors xiii
Introduction xix
PA RT I AU T O N OM OU S V E H IC L E S
A N D T R O L L EY P R O B L E M S
Introduction by David Černý
1. Ethics and Risk Distribution for Autonomous Vehicles 7
Nicholas G. Evans
2. Autonomous Vehicles, the Badness of Death, and Discrimination 20
David Černý
3. Automated Vehicles and the Ethics of Classification 41
Geoff Keeling
4. Trolleys and Autonomous Vehicles: New Foundations for the
Ethics of Machine Learning 58
Jeff Behrends and John Basl
5. The Trolley Problem and the Ethics of Autonomous Vehicles
in the Eyes of the Public: Experimental Evidence 80
Akira Inoue, Kazumi Shimizu, Daisuke Udagawa, and Yoshiki
Wakamatsu
6. Autonomous Vehicles in Drivers’ School: A Non-Western
Perspective 99
Soraj Hongladarom and Daniel D. Novotný
7. Autonomous Vehicles and Normative Pluralism 114
Saul Smilansky
8. Discrimination in Algorithmic Trolley Problems 130
Derek Leben
viii Contents
PA RT I I E T H IC A L I S SU E S B EYO N D
T H E T R O L L EY P R O B L E M
Introduction by Ryan Jenkins
9. Unintended Externalities of Highly Automated Vehicles 147
Jeffrey K. Gurney
10. The Politics of Self-Driving Cars: Soft Ethics, Hard Law, Big
Business, Social Norms 159
Ugo Pagallo
11. Autonomous Vehicles and Ethical Settings: Who Should Decide? 176
Paul Formosa
12. Algorithms of Life and Death: A Utilitarian Approach to the
Ethics of Self-Driving Cars 191
Stephen Bennett
13. Autonomous Vehicles, Business Ethics, and Risk Distribution in
Hybrid Traffic 210
Brian Berkey
14. An Epistemic Approach to Cultivating Appropriate Trust in
Autonomous Vehicles 229
Kendra Chilson
15. How Soon Is Now?: On the Timing and Conditions for Adopting
Widespread Use of Autonomous Vehicles 243
Leonard Kahn
16. The Ethics of Abuse and Unintended Consequences for
Autonomous Vehicles 257
Keith Abney
PA RT I I I P E R SP E C T I V E S F R OM
P O L I T IC A L P H I L O S O P H Y
Introduction by Tomáš Hříbek
17. Distributive Justice, Institutionalism, and Autonomous Vehicles 279
Patrick Taylor Smith
18. Autonomous Vehicles and the Basic Structure of Society 295
Veljko Dubljević and William A. Bauer
19. Supply Chains, Work Alternatives, and Autonomous Vehicles 316
Luke Golemon, Fritz Allhoff, and T. J. Broy
Contents ix
PA RT I V AU T O N OM OU S V E H IC L E
TECHNOLOGY IN THE CIT Y
Introduction by Tomáš Hříbek
22. Fixing Congestion for Whom? The Distribution of Autonomous
Vehicles’ Effects on Congestion 375
Carole Turley Voulgaris
23. Fulfilling the Promise of Autonomous Vehicles with
a New Ethics of Transportation 390
Beaudry Kock and Yolanda Lannquist
24. Ethics, Autonomous Vehicles, and the Future City 415
Jason Borenstein, John Bucher, and Joseph Herkert
25. The Autonomous Vehicle in Asian Cities: Opportunities for
Gender Equity, Convivial Urban Relations, and Public Safety
in Seoul and Singapore 432
Jeffrey K. H. Chan and Jiwon Shim
26. Autonomous Vehicles, the Driverless City, and
the Pedestrian City 451
Tomáš Hříbek
The editors of this collection would collectively like to thank our editors at
Oxford University Press, whose stewardship of the manuscript through the pro-
cess of proposal, review, editing, and publication, has been tremendously helpful,
in particular Peter Ohlin.
Ryan Jenkins would like to thank Patrick Lin, Keith Abney, and Zachary Rentz
for innumerable enlightening and invigorating conversations about the ethical
and social implications of emerging technologies. Without them, in fact, his in-
terest in technology might have never been stoked. His mentors and advocates
are too numerous to list, but among them are Bradley Strawser, Benjamin Hale,
Alastair Norcross, and Duncan Purves. If it is true that we are a reflection of the
people closest to us, then Ryan has been lucky to have found himself close to this
group of insightful, careful, and indefatigable thinkers. Finally, he’d like to thank
his wife, Gina, with whom he has been grateful to share both his successes and
setbacks.
David Černý would like to thank Saul Smilansky for his friendliness, kind-
ness, and continuous support. Saul sets a fine example of philosophical sophisti-
cation, exactness, courage to explore unprecedented routes, and love of wisdom.
Special thanks go to Patrick Lin for his passion for philosophy, love of discussion,
and generosity. Without Patrick, this book would not be possible.
Tomáš Hříbek joins David Černý in thanking Patrick Lin for his friendship
and collegiality, and for his invaluable support of this project. Tomáš also wishes
to extend a big thank-you to Ryan Jenkins for bearing most of the responsibility
for preselecting and contacting the candidate contributors, and communicating
with them. Without his good rapport with the contributors, the project would
have hardly gotten off the ground. Finally, Tomáš thanks his colleagues Dan
Novotný and Pavel Kalina for their advice and feedback.
Both David and Tomáš are grateful for the support of grant project
TL01000467 “Ethics of Autonomous Vehicles” of the Technology Agency of the
Czech Republic.
Contributors
Keith Abney is Senior Lecturer in the Philosophy Department and a Senior Fellow at the
Ethics +Emerging Sciences Group at California Polytechnic State University in San Luis
Obispo. His research involves the ethics of emerging technologies, especially space ethics,
artificial intelligence/robot ethics, and bioethics, as well as autonomous vehicles.
Dr. Fritz Allhoff, JD, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Philosophy at Western
Michigan University, and Community Professor in the Program in Medical Ethics,
Humanities, and Law at the Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M. D. School of
Medicine. He publishes in ethical theory, applied ethics, and philosophy of law.
Brian Berkey is an Assistant Professor in the Legal Studies and Business Ethics
Department in the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania. He works in
moral and political philosophy, and he has published articles on moral demandingness,
obligations of justice, climate change, exploitation, effective altruism, ethical consum-
erism, and collective obligations.
Jason Borenstein, PhD, is the Director of Graduate Research Ethics Programs at the
Georgia Institute of Technology. His appointment is divided between the School of Public
Policy and the Office of Graduate Studies. His teaching and research interests include
xiv Contributors
robot and artificial intelligence ethics, engineering ethics, research ethics/RCR, and
bioethics.
Dr. Anne Brown is an Assistant Professor in the School of Planning, Public Policy, and
Management at the University of Oregon. She researches issues of transportation equity,
shared mobility, and travel behavior.
John Bucher, AICP, PMP, is a Senior Planner at Stantec and a Fellow at Tulane University’s
Disaster Resilience Leadership Academy. His work is focused on building sustainable re-
silience through community development, climate adaptation, and hazard mitigation.
Dr. David Černý is a Research Fellow at the Institute of State and Law of the Czech
Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of
Sciences. He is a founding member of the Karel Čapek Center for Values in Science and
Technology.
Dr. Jeffrey K. H. Chan is an Assistant Professor in the Humanities, Arts and Social
Sciences cluster at the Singapore University of Technology and Design. His research
focuses on design and planning ethics, and he is the author of two books, Urban Ethics in
the Anthropocene and Sharing by Design.
Dr. Madhu C. Dutta Koehler is an MIT-educated dreamer, designer, dancer, and entre-
preneur. Dutta-Koehler has been a professor of architecture and planning for over two
decades and recently founded The Greener Health Benefit Corporation. An award-
winning practitioner, she has lectured worldwide on issues where human development
and climate change collide.
Dr. Paul Formosa is an Associate Professor in Philosophy and Director of the Centre for
Agency, Values and Ethics (CAVE) at Macquarie University. Paul has published widely on
topics in moral and political philosophy, with a focus on ethical issues raised by technolo-
gies such as videogames and artificial intelligence.
Luke Golemon, MA, is a PhD student in the Department of Philosophy at the University
of Arizona. His research is focused primarily on ethics of all flavors, political philosophy,
and philosophy of science. He pays special attention to their applications to technology,
medicine, feminist theory, and scientific theorizing.
Jeffrey K. Gurney is a partner with Nelson Mullins Riley & Scarborough, LLP. He is the
author of Automated Vehicle Law: Legal Liability, Regulation, and Data Security, which
was published by the American Bar Association, and numerous publications on auto-
mated vehicles. His practice includes representing companies involved in deploying auto-
mated driving systems.
Jennifer Hatch is the Strategic Advisor for Convergence at the Center for Sustainable
Energy, where she guides strategy for decarbonization infrastructure. Previously she
was a visiting scholar at the Boston University Urban Planning Department and led the
Transportation and Utility Practice at the BU Institute for Sustainable Energy. She holds a
bachelor’s degree from Wellesley College and a master’s degree in public policy from the
Harvard Kennedy School.
Soraj Hongladarom is Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Center for Science,
Technology, and Society at Chulalongkorn University.
Dr. Tomáš Hříbek is a Research Fellow at the Institute of Philosophy of the Czech
Academy of Sciences. Together with David Černý, he is the founder of the Karel Čapek
Center for Values in Science and Technology. He also teaches at several colleges, including
Charles University and Anglo-American University.
Dr. Ryan Jenkins is an Associate Professor of Philosophy, and a Senior Fellow at the Ethics
+Emerging Sciences Group at California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo.
He studies the ethics of emerging technologies, especially artificial intelligence and robot
ethics. He has published extensively on autonomous vehicles.
xvi Contributors
Leonard Kahn is the Associate Dean of the College of Arts & Sciences and an Associate
Professor of Philosophy at Loyola University New Orleans. He is also the 2021–2022
Donald and Beverly Freeman Fellow at the Stockdale Center for Ethical Leadership, US
Naval Academy.
Dr. Geoff Keeling is an Affiliate Fellow at the Institute for Human-Centered Artificial
Intelligence at Stanford University, an Associate Fellow at the Leverhulme Centre for the
Future of Intelligence at the University of Cambridge, and a Bioethicist at Google. His re-
search focuses on ethics, decision theory, and artificial intelligence.
Dr. Beaudry Kock works on mass transit products at Apple, Inc. He has previously
worked in transportation technology at the MBTA, Ford Motor Company, Daimler, and
in numerous startups. His focus is on making both cities and the mass transportation ex-
perience more pleasant, safe, equitable and sustainable.
Yolanda Lannquist is Head of Research & Advisory at The Future Society (TFS), a US
nonprofit specializing in governance of artificial intelligence and emerging technologies.
She leads artificial intelligence policy projects with international organizations and is ap-
pointed to the OECD AI Policy Observatory expert group on implementing trustworthy
artificial intelligence. She holds a master’s degree in public policy from Harvard Kennedy
School.
Derek Leben is Associate Teaching Professor of Ethics at the Tepper School of Business
at Carnegie Mellon University. His research focuses on the ethics of artificial intelligence
and autonomous systems, and he is the author of the book Ethics for Robots: How to Design
a Moral Algorithm (Routledge, 2018).
Daniel D. Novotny received his PhD from State University of New York at Buffalo and
is an Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the University of South Bohemia. He has
published in the area of the history of philosophy, metaphysics, and applied philosophy.
Ugo Pagallo is a Full Professor of Jurisprudence at the University of Turin and Faculty
Fellow at the CTLS in London. He is a member of several high-level expert groups of
international institutions, such as the European Commission and the World Health
Organization, on the legal impact of artificial intelligence and other emerging
technologies.
Dr. Kazumi Shimizu is a Professor in the Department of Political Science and Economics,
Waseda University, Japan. His research and teaching focus on experimental economics,
behavioral economics, and decision theory. His research is not only empirical but also
examines the methodological bases of empirical research.
Contributors xvii
Dr. Patrick Taylor Smith is Resident Fellow at the Stockdale Center for Ethical Leadership
at the United States Naval Academy. He was also a Postdoctoral Fellow at the McCoy
Center for Ethics in Society at Stanford University. His published work concerns the jus-
tice of emerging climate and military technologies.
Dr. Carole Turley Voulgaris is an Assistant Professor of Urban Planning at the Harvard
University Graduate School of Design. She is trained as a transportation engineer and as a
transportation planner. Her teaching and research focus on how transportation planning
institutions use data to inform plans and policies.
Dr. Yoshiki Wakamatsu is a Professor at Gakushuin University Law School, Japan. His
research and teaching focus on legal and political philosophy. Recently, he has published
two books about paternalism in Japanese, one about libertarian paternalism and the other
about J. S. Mill.
Introduction
Ryan Jenkins, David Černý, and Tomas Hribek
Autonomous Vehicle Ethics. Ryan Jenkins, David Černý, and Tomáš Hříbek, Oxford University Press.
© Oxford University Press 2022. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197639191.001.0001
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