Trends in leisure time: Different geographic and developmental contexts

- HICs : more leisure time than work time

- LICs : more work time than leisure time
- Spends a lot of time on unpaid work
- EEs : more work time than leisure
- Working towards becoming a HIC, and thus they spend more time on paid
work to generate income for the country, leading to lesser leisure time
Factors leading to growth in tourism
1. Economic factors
- Economic development of a country (EEs / HICs)
- HICs government have sufficient funds to invest in widespread leisure
facilities throughout the country, which can cater to all age groups
- Countries are able to afford to build infrastructure such as airports and
hotels, and amusement parks to accommodate domestic travels, as well
as international travels.
- An example would be: Within recent years Changi has
completed its 225,000sqm fourth terminal T4 (Oct-2017).
Terminal 4 increased the airport's capacity by 16 million
passengers per annum, bringing the overall total to 82 million.
- Able to build secondary tourist resource, to satisfy needs of tourists
- Tian Tan Buddha in Hong Kong is a religious site which can be
considered as a primary resource. However, it was also built
with visitors in mind, with food and activities provided for
tourists and can be considered a secondary resource as well.

- Technological advancements → people can afford electronics → People have

access to technology → allow people to know more about other less traditional
destinations through media coverage → increase in number of people
travelling further to far flung countries
- TV, social media and online advertising
- Increase in convenience due to online booking sites that allows an
individual to book flights and hotels at their own time and pace.
- Technology also increased accessibility of new places through better
transport systems and information systems

- Higher income, tied with lesser working hours and more leisure time → more
disposable income → able to spend more on travelling to further places →
increase in international and domestic travel (individual level)
- People can afford to spend more on travelling further or staying in a
destination for a longer period of time due to more disposable income
and increase in leisure time
- Chinese are wealthier now and are spending more on international
tourism as they are able to afford it.
- In China in 2016, 51.2% of all trips were international travels,
which was the first time ever.
- China had the highest international tourism expenditure of 277
billion dollars in 2018, which was a 5% increase from 2017.
- Greater number of chinese are heading towards further places such as
Europe and North America rather than Asia.
- Able to afford technology and have access to technology, and thus they
are more aware of less traditional destinations.
 - Iceland, Poland and Georgia received more than 40% increase
of chinese tourists

2. Social factors
- Ageing population / increased life expectancy
- Due to high SOL, paired with healthcare and nutrition, people tend to
live longer.
- In HICs, there is an increase in the number of people having early
retirement, and elderly nowadays tend to have more savings and they
have a high disposable income.
- Many of them would spend their money on travelling, as they
have a lot of leisure time and are able to afford travelling.
- Leisure industry had to accommodate the needs of the over 65
age group who comprise 25% of the population.
- More people are also living for a longer time, and thus there would be
more people participating in leisure activities such as tourism.

- However, in recent years, there are HICs that have extended their
retirement age due to ageing population → curb the number of
economic burdens in the country → government requires elderly to
work for a longer period to contribute to the country’s workforce and
economy → elderly to work longer → lead to decrease in leisure time
→ lead to decrease in travelling and participation in leisure activities
- In Singapore, the government has extended the retirement age
from 63 to 68 years old.

- Flexible working hours → able to choose one’s preferred working hours →

increase in leisure time → increase in participation in leisure activities such as
tourism (weak point)
- Owning a business or working part-time can lead to flexible working
hours.

- Changes in lifestyle
- Strive for work life balance

3. Political factors
- Government expenditure → growth in tourism can be attributed to government
investments into tourism → evident in presence of dedicated government
tourism board which plans and structures tourism opportunities for the country
→ opportunities include drawing in international collaborations and
investments in attractions such as amusements parks like Disneyland,
 Universal studios → tourists would be attracted to country’s facilities and
would want to travel there → increase in tourism in country
- Greater supply of tourists facilities worldwide
- In 2016, Disney opened its own resort in Shanghai, which is the
largest Disneyland in the world, and it is expected to become
the world’s most visited theme park → attracting up to 50
million visitors annually.
- Most countries now have more tourist attractions compared to the past,
and more secondary resources such as hotels and restaurants that make
places suitable for tourists.
- Hotels and restaurants were built near Niagara Falls, which is a
primary resource, to attract more tourists to visit the area. Easy
access to lodging and necessities would attract tourists to visit
the area.

- However, this is only in HICs. In the LICs, governments have

sufficient funds. Tourism sector is less prioritised than survival and
economic development, thus expenditure on tourists facilities are
extremely limited.

- Government policies
- Offer attractive deals for tourists such as discounts for hotels and
attractions.
- Decline in working hours → increased leisure time → more time to
spend on leisure activities → certain groups of people would choose to
spend their time on tourism → increase in number of people travelling
overseas.
- Government regulations has limited the number of hours
permitted for employers to expect employees to work
- In 2008, the Chinese government introduced a policy to give 2
full-week holidays and 5 three-day holidays per year. This
resulted in “Golden week” which occurs around 1st October,
with the entire country taking the week off and many migrant
workers returning to their family homes in central and western
provinces. (domestic tourism)
- The European Union’s Working Time Directive limits work to
48 hours per week

- Greater level of international security

- Military and diplomatic measures taken by United nations to ensure
peace and security
- Thorough checks are conducted in the airports before allowing an
individual to enter the country
Factors leading to decline in tourism
1. Political factors
- Political instability → deter people from visiting countries → as people are
worried for their safety → decrease in people travelling there.
- Terrorism is a huge factor involved in deterring people
- In 2015, terrorist attacks took place in Paris towards the end of
the year. Paris and its region have lost an estimated 1.3 billion
euros in tourist income since the 2015-2016 terror attacks on
France. The number of tourists fell 1.5 million in 2016, with
the steepest decline in Chinese and Japanese visitors, with
around 300,000 fewer visitors.

- Global pandemic → covid-19 → many countries were on lockdown

throughout 2020 → majority of people are not able to travel in or out of
country → severe decline in tourism
- 1 Billion fewer International Arrivals. Global tourism suffered its
worst year on record in 2020, with international arrivals dropping by
74%.
- Many governments implemented restrictions on citizens travelling out
of the country during this period, as well as tourists entering a country.
This severely led to a decline in tourist departures and arrivals.
- In Singapore, the government imposed $10,000 fines on
citizens who left the country and broke the safety measures.
This deterred many Singaporeans from travelling out of the
country, and tourists from travelling into Singapore, with 85%
decline in tourist arrivals.

2. Environmental factors
- Natural disasters → people are worried for their safety as there is increased
risk in travelling → they are deterred from travelling to that country → decline
in tourism in that country
- People would be deterred from going to a country with natural
disasters, as they are worried for their safety. They would choose to
travel to other countries instead, and it would cause a decrease in
tourism
- In 2011, Japan experienced a 9.0 magnitude earthquake which
caused detrimental effects on its environment, and 20,000
people were killed. A nuclear accident was caused by the
earthquake, releasing raidioactive substances. People suffered
severe health impacts from radiation, and thus tourists would be
deterred from going there. There was a 28% decrease in
international arrivals that year.
 3. Economic factors
- Economic downturn → people would cut down on their spending → only
spend on necessities → tourism is a luxury → people would not spend on
travelling → decrease in tourism
- Covid-19 caused economic recssion around the world
- The outbreak of the pandemic caused many to lose their jobs
due to retrenchment and shutting down of businesses. Many
people had a pay cut to save costs, and this led to a severe
decrease in disposable income. People are not willing to spend
on unnecessary things such as travelling and would focus on
spending on necessities. Thus, coupled with government
policies, people refrained from travelling and thus tourism
around the world suffered a major decline.

Factors leading to growth in sports

1. Economic factors
- Higher income and lesser working hours → more disposable income and more
leisure time→ more money can be spent on supporting sports or playing sports
→ increase in participation in sports
- People are able to afford picking up more sports due to more
disposable income. People in HICs play sports that require expensive
equipment as they are able to afford it.
- People are also able to afford to watch sporting events online or even
travel overseas to support events.
- Formula 1 is a racing event that occurs every year, and it travels
to a new destination every race. It has a global fanbase, which
makes it a very popular sport. F1 also particpates in Singapore
every year in September, and a large group of people who are
wealthy enough would travel to Singapore just to watch the
race.

- At a national scale, the country can afford to develop more infrastructure to

accommodate a larger extent of leisure activities
- Numerous parks throughout China have free-table tennis tables set up,
and there are also free badminton courts. Kite Flying, taichi, chess,
public dancing and jogging are all common in the parks. Accessibility
to the parks, as well as the accommodation for different types of sports
further encourage people to participate in sports.

- Technological advancements
- Advancements in technology are due to the economic development of
a country, and most people are able to afford electronics in HICs, many
 of whom have their personal electronics such as mobile phones and
laptops. Watching sports can be made very accessible through
television and online streaming services, where people are able to
support sports from the comfort of their homes.
- The FIFA world cup is the most watched competition in the
world. In 2018, its online viewership, on TV and on online
streaming platforms, reached about 1.1 billion people.

- However, due to advancements in technology, internet based gaming and other

online activities are more popular than physical sports in China. People might
choose to spend their leisure time on gaming online rather than playing
physical sports.

2. Political factors
- Government policies
- Encourge people to exercise and pick up sports → encourage healthy
living and prevent obesity and other health issues such as coronary
heart disease → people do not want to be fined → abide by law →
increase in exercise → increase in participation in sports
- In 2008, the Japanese government implemented a policy termed
‘Metabo Law’, to combat obesity. This law states that both
females and males in Japan are not allowed to be overweight,
and there are specific body measurements requirements they
have to adhere to. This led to an increase in exercise amongst
the people in order to avoid being fined.
- In 2008 after the Beijing summer olympics, the state council
made ‘Sports for All Day’ annually on 8th August.

- Government expenditure
- Investments in sporting areas and creating awareness about sports
amongst its citizens. This is mostly in EEs or HICs as they are able to
afford it. Inclusion of more types of sports would also lead to an
increase in participation in sports.
- In 2015, the chinese government invested directly in sports by
providing around US$130 million to over 1200 sports venues to
reduce or eliminate fees.
- The 2016-2020 national fitness five year plan includes 1.8
meters per person to be allocated for sports within 25 minutes
of people's homes, in order to increase medium intensity
exercise participation.

- Investment in creating a sports education in schools

- The Ministry of Education in China planned to encourage the
growth of football by identifying 20,000 schools for
 promotional activities in 2015, and they plan on increasing to
50,000 in 2025.

Factors leading to decline in sports

1. Economic Factors
- Lesser leisure time
- Especially in LICs, where people have low paying jobs, and they work
for much longer hours to make up for the low wages, as compared to
jobs in HICs that pay well and have much shorter hours. People in
LICs also tend to work 6 to 7 days a week. This would lead to people
in LICs having lesser leisure time and thus they have lesser time to
participate in leisure activities such as sports.
- Countries such as Malawi, a LIC, work for around 940 hours
per person annually and the GDP per person is extremely low.
Compared to countries such as France, a HIC, which has
around 540 annual hours worked per person, and a high GDP
per person. More time is spent on earning money in LICs, thus
they would have less leisure time.
- However, even though disposable income in EEs are increasing a lot,
working hours have not significantly decreased. This is because people
in EEs are working towards improving standard of living and quality
of life, and until they become a HIC. Sports is a secondary priority,
while earning more money is their first priority. Thus, more time is still
spent on working towards better SOL, and they have less leisure time
to participate in sports and leisure activities.
- Indonesia is an EE, and although its GDP per person is
increasing, there are still high annual hours worked per person
of about 880 hours.

- Lack in technology in LICs

- Most people in LICs are not able to afford technology and more time
would be spent on doing household chores. More time spent on doing
household chores would lead to people having less leisure time to
participate in sports.
- In HICs, there are washing machines and dryers to wash
clothes, but in LICs, people have to manually scrub and wash
their clothes. This results in them spending more time on
chores and less time on leisure.

- However, even though agricultural machinery has freed up some time

for some farmers, an increase in leisure activities is not necessarily a
result.
 - Most people in LICs cannot afford electronic devices such as TVs and
the internet → no access to internet → no access to online streaming
platforms → no access to different types of sports and sports
competition around the world → lesser people supporting sports →
lesser participation in sports.

2. Cultural Factors
- Certain cultures do not allow them to remove their cultural clothings
- A low particpation of Muslim women in atheltics and swimming due
to the convention for muslim women to remain robed
- France ban on hijab’s will further alienate muslim women from
partaking in sports. Girls took longer to finish their education, due to
discrimination in schools. The negative educational shock hindered
economic and social integration in the long term.

Trends in tourism
- Purpose
- Duration
- Types of accommodation
- Further distance of travel
- More modes of transport
- People are travelling to capital cities
- More travel to LICs and EEs
- More types of travel
- More groups of people

Trends in sports
- Viewership
- Cost of sport
- Type of sport
- Accessibility of sports
 By using detailed examples to illustrate recent changes in participation for two or more
societies at contrasting stages of development, examine the link between economic
development and participation in leisure activities.

Indicators China USA

Background Experiencing increase in leisure time and High levels of engagement in leisure activities
participation in sports and tourism and sports.

Economy Emerging economy High income country

- Result of a growing economy, which - World’s Largest economy and has a

generates more income and disposable population of over 320 million
income to spend on tourism and sports

Increased leisure Political factor Political factor

time 1. Chinese are enjoying more leisure time 1. Due to shorter working weeks
than before → due to government - Since the 1960s, there has been a
policies → more time to spend on leisure large increase in the amount of
activities leisure time that most American
- In 2008, the chinese government adults have, up to an extra 4 to 9
introduced a policy to give 2 full hours per week.
week holidays and give 3-day
holidays per year
- Resulted in ‘Golden Week’, with
the entire country taking the week
off and many of china’s migrant
workers returning to their family
homes in the central and western
provinces

Types of leisure Most popular leisure activity is travelling Leisure is becoming more individualised
activites domestically, spending time on the internet, 1. There has been a decline in the number of
watching TV and going to the movies. people playing in team games, but an
increase in the number of jogging and
1. Advancements in technology due to going to health clubs.
economic development → country and - Many people use headphones and
it’s citizens are richer → more people are are essentially alone when the
able to afford their own elcetronic exercise
devices → spend leisure time online
- About one third of Chinese adults Due to economic development
spend time on the internet through 1. Cinemas and theatres are increasingly
their mobile phone or laptop being replaced by the development of the
‘home theatre’.
- Internet based gaming and other - This is in contrast to EEs, where
online activities are now more cinemas are still popular as it is
popular than physical sports in more affordable for them.
China. - In the 20th century, Americans
sought leisure in cinemas, theatres
 2. Other leisure time activities include
shopping, table tennis and badminton.
- With government interventions,
numerous parks throughout china
have free table tennis tables set up
and there are also free badminton
courts → leads to higher pick up
rates amongst people → increase
in participation in sports.
- Kite-flying, taichi, chess.
Mahjong, playing cards, public
dancing and logging are all
common in chinese parks.
- However, for many chinese, they
do not have the time to engage in
leisure activities, since many
migrant workers work extremely
long hours and may be too tired to
engage in leisure activities. They
also do not have much disposable
income, especially if they have to
remit some of it to their family.
Particpation in People have higher income due to economic
tourism development → have higher income → more
disposable income coupled with more leisure
time.
- Thus, with the chinese becoming
wealthier, they spend more on tourism
and the number of chinese travelling
internationally is also increasing.
- In 2016, 51.2% of all trips made by
mainlanders travelled beyond greater
China.
1. With economic development and
adevancements in technology → acces to
more media coverage → people are more
aware of less traditional destinations →
greater numbers of chinese heading to
europe and north america
- Iceland, poland and georgia
received more than 40% increase
of chinese tourists, and nepal
increased by 56%
and at restaurants and sports
matches. But in the 21st century,
there is a trend towards more
leisure being provided within the
home environment.
Economic / social factor
1. Ethnic differences exist in participation in
leisure activities
- There is a large disparity between
the rich and the poor in the
country, and it is closely linked to
ethnicity, where the whites are
given more opportunities and thus
they earn higher incomes and are
able to afford technology.
- 71% of the whites reported going
online to use social media or play
games, compared to 60% of
African-americans and 56%
Hispanics. This is due to the
whites receiving more education
and earning higher incomes.
Tourism in the united states is dominated by
domestic tourism
- Partly due to culture, where even though
their disposable income is high, many
have no interest in international travels.
- Compared to China, where as disposable
income increases, international travel also
increases.
- While there has been some recent growth
in tourism, led by international tourism,
the figures have remained largely
constant
- Only a third of americans have
passports
Factors why international tourism is not
popular in USA
Political factor
1. Lack of holidays and paid vacation time
→ people are not willing to spend their
paid leaves on travelling, especially to
further countries as they have very
limited days

Participation in China has been gaining ground in its sporting
sports achievements, which is evident in the increase in
olympic medals won, espeically the high
numbers of gold medals won.
- Medal tally in china has nothing to do
economic development → power of the
government is the most important →
government invested a lot and put a lot of
focus in training athletes → lead to more
wins of gold medals in olympics →
people would be aware and notice China
→ bring economic investments into the
country
Political factor
1. Chinese wanted to showcase the
development of the country and athletic
ability to the world → government
invested a lot
- Increased training and awareness
- 1 in 4 Americans have no paid
vacation time at all, while the
average is just 16 days per year.
- This is much lower than in other
countries such as the EU, where
every worker is guaranteed no
less than 4 weeks off per year.
Accessibility
- Due to continental scale of the states,
travelling is time consuming and
expensive to travel the long distances
required for most americans to travel out
of the country
- In smaller states, it is inconvenient to
travel internationally as they have to
travel within the states before being to go
out of the states
- In contrast, in europe, many
people would need to travel for
less than a few hours to reach
several other countries
Infrastructure
- There is not much need to travel beyond
the national border to experience a huge
diversity of landscapes and environments
Particpation in physical exercise and sports has
remained largely consistent in the USA over
recent years
- Sporting nation since 1980s
- Higher paid leave than China, but they
have shorter holidays and thus lesser paid
leaves
- Higher income → higher disposable
income and leisure time
- The wealthier the person, the more likely
they are to exercise
- $100K income = 18.3% inactivity
- <$25k = 41.4% inactivity
Cultural factor
- Sports have been part of their culture for
a long time
- Major sports such as basketball and
baseball were brought over from Europe
 among citizens about, due to
government’s support and
intervention.
- Chinese government have the
highest funded high-perfomance
programme in the world, with the
aim of achieving an olympic gold
medal
- structured pyramid program, 5000
sports schools filtering into
province training centres, and
then the best athletes enter the
olympic center. Athletes spend all
their time on sports to be the best.
- During the period of the 2008
Beijing Olympics, chinese
government put in a long term
plan involving infrastructure
development, training of athletes
and showcasing of cultural
inheritance.
by one of the first few settlers in the
states.
- In Ivy league schools, sports inclusivity is
a major factor, and thus manu students
incorporate sports and fitness in their
daily routines
- Sports is particularly associated with
education, with high schools and
universities having organised sports
- There is the President’s Council on
Physical fitness and sports, which
includes people of all ages and abilities
and promotes fitness through sports and
games

2. Government’s policy on fitness → people

have to comply with policy and
participate in sports → increase in
number of people doing sports →
increase in participation in sports
- After beijing summer olympics in
2008, government made a sports
for all day annually on 8th august
- Provided 130 million USD to over
1200 sports venues to reduce or
eliminate fees

3. Centralised government
- They have control over people
- Encourages higher level of
participation of sports at a larger
scale

Economic factor
1. Recently, due to the economic
development of China → people have
higher income → higher disposable
income → able to participate in more
types of sports and more expensive sports
→ the trend of China being a sporting
nation is beginning to change.
 - In the past, despite a strong focus
on national pride in elite sporting
competitions, historically China
has not been considered a sporting
nation.
- In recent years, growth in sports is
not only amongst elite athletes
- Visits to ski regions
increased from 5.5 million
in 2009 to 15.1 million in
2016.
- Beijing is the host of the
2022 winter olympics,
which is anticipated to be
a major spectator event.
The chinese governemnt
has to prepare fake snow
just in case there isnt
enough supply of real
snow. They also have to
build infrastructure for the
different types of olympic
sports. This can only be
possible because China is
extremely wealthy.

Conclusion

- Demand for leisure, recreation and tourism is affected by many processes

- People with disposable income and leisure time are able to afford such activities
- People lacking either facto have reduced leisure activity options
- However, it is not just based on wealth and free time.
- People who are rich and have leisure time might not participate in leisure activities such as travelling and
sports.
- Largely based on personal preference
- They might choose to spend their time on work
- Leisure activities change as countries become wealthier
- Able to afford more types of sports or more expensive sports
- Able to afford to travel further
- Able to afford technology, and thus have access to the internet
Factors affecting location of a service
1. Land space required
- Some recreational activities require a lot of space, such as Golf courses or
swimming pools. It is thus impossible to build these facilities in the city
centre.
- The golf course and swimming pool could be built in the suburbs where there
is more available land.

2. Land value
- Land towards the centre of towns and cities has higher value than land on the
periphery.
- Some recreational facilities would not be able to afford to locate on higher
land value.
- For example, a local cricket pitch would not be located on expensive land
because it does not generate enough income. Instead, it would be located in
the suburbs where land is vast and more affordable.
- On the other hand, luxury clothing stores and 5 star hotels can be located in
the CBD area as they generate a lot of income.

3. Land use of surrounding area

- Depends on the demand
- For example, swimming pools and local libraries would attract the locals and
thus they are usually situated in residential areas where the demand is.
- Museums and theatres are usually located in the city centre where tourists
demand.

4. Accessibility
- Some recreational facilities need a higher threshold population to be offered.
Hence, they need to be located in an area with high accessibility and relatively
large population.
- For example, facilities such as new sports stadiums have to be built near main
roads or good public transport links so people are able to easily access the
area.

5. Physical characteristics
- Some recreational activities are dependent on the physical environment, such
as fishing and skiiing.
- Hence, some recreational facilities are found more in the rural- urban fringe or
rural areas.
National sports league : Factors influencing the English Football League (England)
- English football league is a series of interconnected leagues for association football.
- System is hierarchical and linked by promotion and relegation
- Barclays premier league is at the top of the pyramid
- There are more than 140 individual leagues, containing over 480 divisions
- League system is overseen by the Football association, which is the oldest football
association in the world being founded in 1863.

The English Football league system

- At levels 1-8, each division promotes to the division that lies directly above it and
relegates to the division that lies directly below it.
- Level 1, the top division of English Football, is run by the premier league
(Barclays Premier league). Winners of the league are regarded as champions
of England.
- Levels 2 to 4 are run by Football league
- These four divisions make up the “league football”

The Barclays Premier League

Background :
- Established in 1992
- The Premier League has 20 teams, with 3 teams being relegated and promoted each
year.
- This makes it different from many leagues (NFL, NBA) which operate franchise
systems with no relegation or promotion
- It is at the top of the hierarchy in terms of Englsih Football.
- League consists of each team playing each other home and away
- There are no play-offs
- Top 4 teams qualify for the lucrative european competition - the Champions
League
- Most watched league in the world, watched by half a billion in 202 countries
- Global sphere of influence
- World’s richest league, generating $4.5 billion in income during the 2018/2019 season
- Since 2004, the premier league has been sponsored by Barclays, that is why it
is often referred to as the Barclays Premier league
- Extra revenue come from selling TV right and internet rights
- Due to access to and advancements in technology

Measuring Hierachy
- Biggest stadium : Man U
- Stadium capacity of 75,000
- Average attendance : Man U
- Most premier league titles : Man U with 13 titles
- Current champions : Man City
- Most FA cup titles : Man U
 - Most champions league titles : Liverpool
- Highest wage bill : Chelsea and Man City
- Richest club : Man U

City population and premier league

- Does not have a direct relationship
- Man U has a population of 500,000 people and is considered to be at the top of the
hierachy. West Ham, which has a far greater population of 7.5 million people, is not
considered to be at the top.
- City population is not the most important factor in determining the hierarchy of the
Premier League, but the city authorities are.

For one national sports league you have studied, examine the relationship between the
location of the teams and the residence of its supporters. [10]

Over the years, many national sports leagues, which are sports leagues found in a country,
have gathered many fans from all over the world. The English football league is a national
sports league in England, which includes many famous teams such as Liverpool and
Manchester United. These teams have agined international support over the years, as
compared to in the past, where fans come from their area of origin. This is due to factors such
as increase in advertisement, social media and disposable income. (increasing international
supporters) this is due to tech advancements
- How quickly this thing scales up (bigger leagues vs smaller leagues)
- Popularity can come from championships and not just advertisements and social
media
Festival in Rural location: Glastonbury Music Festival Costs and Benefits
- Large-scale musical festival that is a temporary leisure site held annually in the UK
- Lasts around five days
- Audience of up to 250 000 people.
- Growth of visitor numbers and increase in the price of attending the Glastonbury
Festival
- Tickets used to be free, and they have increased till 270 euros
- Location:
- The festival is held in Worthy Farm, a rural area, with Bristol as its nearest city
40km away. The festival is held in a huge open air area that spreads across 800
acres.
- Choice of Site:
- Low population in open rural areas, disruption to the small population of
locals avoided.
- Large scale and affordable
- Fallow year, the festival does not take place due to soil degradation.

- Stand : Costs outweigh benefits - bringing positive economic impacts to locals,

glastonbury festival company, locals, TNCs, businesses, but there were negative
social and environmental impacts that outweigh the economic impacts.
- However, there were long term environmental impacrs due to the festival
- Evaluation : it is up to the government to implement stricter rules and
regulations to minise negative impacts from the festival (enforcement of
policies). Efforts were also made by the organsiers to reduce the impacts.

Benefits: Economic
Generates £100 million annually for the southwest region of the UK, making it the main
reason why the festival is held. Power of the local government is extremely important in
ensuring this revenue is well spent.
1. Supports the local economy by providing jobs and supporting local businesses.
- In 2017, the festival also spent over 6 million USD with local companies to
provide services for the festival.
- Local shops, restaurants and accommodation enjoy a significant influx of
customers over the course of the festival period.

2. Develops the tourism industry in the area.

- 700 over world media outlets come to the festival to provide media coverage
of the events and performances.
- Large sphere of influence and more people would visit the area even
after the glastonbury festival, creating jobs for the locals and
generating income for the country
- Increases the festival’s global influence, resulting in higher influx of tourists
into the area during the festival. (Multiplier effect)
- Finances local projects as well
Benefits: Social (Large Scale)
Community festivals help to strengthen relationships between people in Glastonbury.
1. Festival organisers use their platforms to collaborate with charity organisations to
raise awareness for certain causes.
- In 2015, the health focus of the festival was blood donations, encouraging
festival goers to donate blood to people in need.
- 20% of festival goers donated blood that year, successfully increasing UK
hospitals’ bloodstock.

Costs: Social (Local Scale)

1. Lack of management of workers’ rights at the festival.
- In 2017, Organisers laid off 700 workers all on zero hour contracts with little
to no warning only after two days of work. This exploitation impacts a viable
source of income for local workers.

2. Overtourism / congestion
- A number of school buses were caught up in the traffic caused by influx of
tourists/cars for the festival, and were running late or not at all
- Many festival-goers who drove to the area queued in their cars for up to 12
hours in 2016 before arriving at the festival and this caused a massive jam not
only for the festival goers, but the locals as well
- Irridex of locals would be high as many are not able to commute to work or
school and this causes a massive disruption to their daily lives.
- Causes tension between locals and tourists

Costs: Environmental
1. Pollution
- Water pollution
- In 2016, the festival had caused thousands of litres of human sewage to
be leaked into nearby Whitelake River. This resulted in the killing of
42 fish, including the protected Brown Trout species.

- Land pollution
- The festival goers’ tents and trampling over the years had caused soil
degradation on the tourist site, making it in-viable for repurposing for
agriculture for example.
- Rubbish is one of the greatest problems at the site, consisting mainly of
human waste, empty plastic water bottles and tents. Festival-goers
leave behind their tents.

- Noise pollution
 - Many of the performances continue through the night, which causes
disturbance to local residents
- Decrease quality of life
- Disrupt their daily life

- Air pollution
- Carbon dioxide emissions increase dramatically during the 3-day
festival. Car-transport is still very popular because of its flexibility, but
attempts have been made to encourage supporters to use public
transport.

While the environmental costs may justifiably outweigh the economic benefits, the locals in
Pilton, Somerset, do not benefit off the environment as much as the economic revenue that
the festival brings to the area.

Reducing impacts of festival shows the effort by organisers (waste management)

- Attendees are required to sign a Green Pledge when they pay the balance on their
tickets
- However, the onus is on the attendees to abide by the pledge as there aren’t
people making sure of it. This might not be an effective measure as it is not
strictly enforced.
- Stewards at the festival would hand the attendees one clear bag for general waste and
one green bag for recyclables.
- There are 15.000 bins around the site, so visitors are never far from somewhere to put
their rubbish
- In 2018, 50% of rubbish was reused or recycled, and 132 tonnes of food waste was
turned into compost

Plastic at Glastonbury festival

- Aluminium drinks bottles were offered for a 5 euro deposit, and those who brin
reusables would be rewarded with free water from 37 WaterAid water kiosks dotted
around the site
- The organisers reacted by implementing no single use plastic policies, processing and
recycling 50% of all waste, and encouraging festival goers to clean their litter.

Transport to and from Glastonbury festival

- Festival and coach package tickets are offered at a reasonable price, and free shuttle
buses run regularly between Worthy Farm and the nearest train station
- 40% of glastonbury festival goers arrive via public transport
Tourism as a strategy for development, including social, economic and political factors

Tourism affecting development:

- Number of tourists
- Cost of goods and services

Types of developments
1. Economic
- Indicator :
- GDP of a country
- GNI of a country
- Salaries (urban)
- Employment rates

2. Quality of environment (environmental)

- Indicator :
- Types of housing
- Prices of housing
- Waste collection and disposal methods

3. Rapport (political)
- Indicator :
- Countries participation in sports based on international trading
Benefits of tourism as a national development strategy

1. Economic factors
- Cumulative causation can result in economic development and better standard
of living through developing tourist facilities → countries able to host more
tourists → more employment opportunities → people’s income increases and
this also generates income for the country → development of even more
tourist facilities to host more tourists → positive cycle of development
- taxes provided by governments with revenue to pay for the country’s
development needs such as education and health.
- Tourism receipts refer to the money received from tourist spending
generate large revenue for many countries

- However, the multiplier effect of tourism investments on the local

economy may be limited through “enclave tourism”→ some tourists
opt for “all-inclusive” vacation packages → they spend their entire stay
at the same cruise ship or resort that provides them with everything →
not much opportunity left for local people to profit from tourism.
- On many ships, especially in the Caribbean, guests are
encouraged to spend most of their time and money on board,
and opportunities to spend in some parts are closely managed
and restricted.

- Employment rates increased for the people

- tourism is a driver of job growth and economic prosperity, accounting
for 1 in 10 jobs worldwide and delivering 1 in 5 of all new jobs created
in 2017 → generate tourism related jobs such as travel agents and tour
guides → especially important for LICs as tourism offers large volume
of low skilled jobs for those without education → bring about benefits
to other occupations when tourists consume goods and services →
generate income for the country and allowing locals to have a higher
income → result in economic growth
- Tourism equates to 27% of costa rica’s GDP, 80% of this
benefits the lowest quintile and 60% of the jobs are for women
- Tourism arrivals to landlocked Bhutan have risen from around
20,000 a year to nearly 160,000 in the last 7 years, bringing
over 30,000 new jobs to far flung places.

- However, certain tourist activities depend on climatic

conditions. For example, skiing down the mountains in Niseko,
where real snow and suitable climatic conditions occur during
winter. This seasonal nature of tourism means that many staff
are unemployed for part of the year. The government holds the
most power here in ensuring that the locals are not unemployed
 during periods of tourist droughts. With loss of jobs, the
economy may take a dip and it would not be ideal for an area.

2. Social Impacts (primarily affect people and culture)

- Preservation of culture to make a place more attractive to tourists → restored
sites help locals preserve and promote their culture and identity of locals →
visit to historic sites help develop greater appreciation of historical legacy →
increase in tourists as more people would be attracted to unique features of a
place → more income generated → preserve and restore cultural heritage
- This can also enhance locals’ sense of history and belonging to their
countries. Tourists visiting myanmar are intrigued by the appearances
of the Kayan Lahwi women and they are therefore willing to play for
visits to toourists destinations.

- However, when commercial activities start to develop in these

conserved areas, the cultural value and identity of a place may be
affected, where cultural inauthenticity would occur. Religious or
cultural rituals may be modified to fit the itenary of the tourists, or
repeated several times a day. In Hawaii, the hula dance serves as a way
to document history and it is special to their natives. However, due to
wanting to attract tourists, natives perform this ritual many times a day,
destroying the significance of the dance. This reduced the authenticity
and significance of cultural events.

- Improved infrastructural development and social facilities for locals through

tourism → building of roads that link airports, cities and tourists sites allows
access to local attractions → allow locals to have better access to markets,
health care, education and jobs → infrastructure built to enhance tourism also
brings benefit to locals
- In Singapore, roads have been built to connect the airport, city area and
tourist attractions such as the USS and marina bay sands. This allows
for easier commuting for the locals as well, travelling from further
distances to their destinations.
- Sports venues and other infrastructure are built for major sporting
venues, such as the olympics and world cup. Venues are useful even
after event
- In both the cities of Athens in Greece, and Beijing in China,
underground rail systems were expanded to move a large
number of visiotes during the summer olympic games. Both
rail systems continue to serve local populations and tourists
even after the games.

3. Environmental Impacts
- Conservation of environment → coral reefs and rainforests may be conserved
→ for tourism purpose, especially ecotourism
- Private operators also put in effort to conserve wildlife populations
because tourists visit these areas to see large mammals. Entrance fees
to the national parks are used to fund the preservation of the
environment.
- The Sepilok Orang-Utan Rehabitation cnetre in Sabah,
Malaysia, partly relies on visitor entrance fees to pay its staff.
The staff help rehabilitate orang-utans that have been orphaned
or injured.
Costs of tourism as a national development strategy

1. Economic factors
- Leakages, also known as the loss of economic benefit from tourism due to
foregin ownerships of parts of tourists experience → profits repatriated back
to a HIC → money does not stay within the country for use → lack of funds
for further development
- tourism earnings pay for imported goods and services, pay foreign
owners of hotels and facilities, remittances from foreign workers,
costs to foreign air and cruise lines, government repaying loans
- 70% of all money spent by tourists ended up leaving Thailand, and it
leaked back to where the TNCs came from.

- Occurrence of natural disasters can discourage tourists from visiting a

destination → pose greater risks to safety → people are afraid of losing their
lives → deterred from entering country
- In 2015, a magnitude 7.8 earthquake struck Nepal with an epicenter of
about 50 miles northwest of the capital of kathmandu. A magnitude 6.6
aftershock hit about an hour after the initial earthquake and smaller
aftershocks followed for hours. Earthquake also triggered a deadly
avalanche on Mt. Everest, killing 19. Disaster resulted in an economic
loss of 11.5% for Nepal, as tourism, being one of the country's major
contributors to the country’s GDP, collapsed. In 2014, 790,000 visitors
came to the country, but plummeted to 539,000 in 2015 as visitors
chose to stay away with fear for their safety.
- Power lies in the foreigners who visit the country as they are
the ones bringing in the money. Locals and governments have
not much power regarding tourism as Nepal is a poor country
and does not have the means to promote tourism.

- The Japanese tsunami in 2011 resulted in a fall in the number of

tourists travelling into Japan due to fears of nuclear epxosure and
contamination of seafood. Economic impact caused by the tsunami
also resulted in a fall in Japanese tourists.
- However, Japan managed to increase tourist arrivals within one
year after the disaster due to the government's interventions.
The authorities put much effort into promoting Japan as a safe
and beautiful country. This shows how the power of the
government plays a huge role in tourism, especially when a
country is recovering from a natural disaster.

- Recessions can cause economic development to decline → people experience

a loss of income and jobs → people tend to cut back on spending and spend
 only on necessities → choose not to spend on travelling as that is a luxury →
reduction in the number of people travelling overseas.
- European sovereign debt crisis started when Greece was unable to
repay government debt. Countries such as Ireland, Portugal and Spain
sought help in repaying their debts as well. This resulted in devaluation
of the Euros, resulting in the collapse of businesses and financial
institutions. Number of european tourists decreased by 6.4% year after
year, only seeing slight improvements in the past 4 years. However,
there are tourists from other regions who took this chance to travel to
Europe due to the more favourable exchange rates between their
currency and euros.

- Occurence of diseases in destination country can deter tourists from travelling

→ people are afraid of contracting the disease which may kill them → causes
a huge drop in tourists arrivals → countries lose revenue generated by tourism,
especially countries that rely heavily on tourism → economic loss
- 1 Billion fewer International Arrivals. Global tourism suffered its
worst year on record in 2020, with international arrivals dropping by
74%.
- Many governments implemented restrictions on citizens travelling out
of the country during this period, as well as tourists entering a country.
This severely led to a decline in tourist departures and arrivals.
- In Singapore, the government imposed $10,000 fines on
citizens who left the country and broke the safety measures.
This deterred many Singaporeans from travelling out of the
country, and tourists from travelling into Singapore, with an
85% decline in tourist arrivals.
- For some countries, the tourism sector can represent over 20% of their
GDP and overall, it is the third largest export sector of the global
economy. Export revenues from tourism could fall by $910 billion to
$1.2 trillion in 2020, reducing global GDP by 2.8%.

2. Political factors
- Unfavourable political situations may discouarge people from visiting →
tourists fear for their safety → would choose to stay away from areas with
instability and travel to safer destinations → results in decrease in tourism
receipts in the country → economic loss
- Due to the Thailand riots in 2014, Thailand lost approximately 22.5
billion baht in tourism revenue. This proves to be critical for a country
where tourism makes up 9%-11% of its GDP. Additionally, Thailand
further suffered a 17% fall in visitor numbers after the bombing of the
Erawan Shrine in 2015.
3. Social Impacts
- Increased crime and vice
- There may be increased instances of crime targeted as tourists →
tourists feel that it is unsafe → tourists deterred from visiting area →
tourist numbers will drop → due to bad reputation on the country
- Organised pickpocketing in many european countries, where
they attack as a group and tourists’ belongings get stolen even
without their notice.

- Cases of alcoholic and drug abuse increase as drinks and drugs bceom
more available to satisfy demands of foreign tourists
- Prevalence of cheap alcohol and drugs result in frequent
tragedies occuring as a reuslt of mixing alcohol with tubing and
other river stunts. The Nam Song was once a central part of
family life, but today, very few locals will go near it due to the
number of deaths in the river. Locals have to endure noise
pollution, nudity, rude behavior and even problems of local
youths stealing tourists and getting addicted to drugs and
alcohol.
- Lao authorities have the power to interfere and takcle the
problem. They enforced regulations with regards to pollution
and increased numbers of deaths. In 2012, 7 bars were shut
down and rope swings and zip lines were removed.

- However, there is too much corruption and cronism

surrounding the bar scene and it can get out of hand. The
government holds the most power in making the right decisions
to tackle issues, though tourism may bring about revenue for
the area and their economy would collapse without it.

- Slavery and exploitations

- Orphanage tourism is seen as a type of volunteer tourism where
tourists visit the organisation and donate good and money → children
become tourists attractions → tourists become agents for orphanages
rather than as sites of care → orphanage trafficking, the recruitment of
children into orphanges for purpose of profit and children are exploited
through forced labour, sex tourism and eneforced begging →
compormises the well-being of children, but profits the orphange
owner.
- In Cambodia, the number of residential care institutions has
risen by 75% in the last decade, despite the fact that the number
of orphans have significantly decreased. The vast majority of
the children in these instituiions are not orphans, but are from
poor families.
 - Sex tourism occurs when vulnerable groups of people such as women
and girls, are often trafficked domestically or internationally to meet
the demand.
- UN estimates that there are 25,000 sex workers in Netherlands.
The Amsterdam suburb of De Wallen is regularly filled with
tourists linging the narrow streets, with women on display
through glass doors. Sex workers are now licenced by
authorities in amsterdam, with regular checks on health and
working conditions.

- Loss of locally owned land through land grabbing → land is taken for tourist
development without payment or consultation with local people as land is not
registered in any individual’s name → may lead to displacement of locals, and
locals may be denied access to tourist designated areas.
- In many beach resorts such as those in Bintan, the local people are
denied access to beaches to provide “exclusivity” for the visitors.
- The locals have no power, while the government and TNCs
have the most power.
- In most cases, tourists have more poer than locals as well,
leaving the locals with no choice but to give up their land and
abide by the government’s rules to generate income for the
country through tourism.

- Competition for resources between the locals and the tourists → due to
increased demand of goods and services from tourism → scarce resources →
price of goods and services may increase → locals unable to afford especially
in LIC → causing tension to develop between locals and tourists
- Competition for water resources in the Seychelles, where water
supplies to cater for tourists can withdraw more water than is available,
leading to water insecurity for locals who cannot pay.

4. Environmental Impacts
- Increased pollution and littering with increase in tourists due to failures of
authorities to implement measures that would properly manage waste left
behind by tourists → lead to degradation of such areas → negative
environmental impact
- Many islands in the Caribbean have limited space on land to treat
waste from ships. As a result, solid and liquid waste are sometimes
dumped into the Caribbean Sea by ships, causing pollution.
- Mount Everest receives around 100,000 visitors per year, and all those
people place a strain on the natural environment. Each person
generates, on average, around 8kg of trash and the majority of the
 waste gets left on the mountain. Litter is spilling out of glaciers, and
camps are overflowing with piles of human waste. Climate change is
causing snow and ice to melt, exposing even more garbage that has
been covered for decades. This poses a serious health risk to everyone
living in the Everest watershed.

- Destruction of habitats and wildlife when too many tourists visit → animals
and wildlife become in danger
- Egypt’s red sea has developed into a major diving snorkelling
destination for around 1.2 million visitors a year, causing the habitat of
coral reefs and exotic fish to be damaged by some swimmers.

- Increased congestion due to large numbers of tourists → overcrowding in

areas close to popular tourist attractions → tourists shops and accommodations
may also cluster near such areas → further making the area congested
- In Rome, Italy, many older walkways and narrow streets are filled with
tourists. Apart from adding to the local traffic, the huge inflow of cars
and buses also contribute to air pollution.
Explain the political, economic and cultural factors affecting the hosting of
international sporting events, including Olympics and football World Cup events.

Background
- International sporting events such as Summer Olympics and FIFA World Cup
- Wide sphere of influence which is good for publicity and marketing →
increase tourism → generate revenue for the country
- Countries compete with each other to host the events
- London has held the olympics 3 times, more than any other city in the world
- Show power, especially after 2010 european crisis

Factors affecting choice of host nation and city

- Usually held in locations which have an established cultural link to the sport being
played
- Major sporting events are usually held in HICs (USA and UK) or EEs (Brazil)

STAND
- Hosting such events can bring about many benefits, but it does not always outweigh
the costs. This largely depends on the scale of the event, as well as the host country.

Benefits of hosting international sporting events on the Host city and nation
1. Political factors
- Prestige is confered on a city or country through hosting a major international
sporting event → especially when the games are a success, the host city gains
reputation → profile raised internationally
- Olympics in Barcelona in 1992, where barcelona especially benefitted
from hosting the games and transformed its image from an industrial
city port to that of of world tourist destination
- The 2020 tokyo olympics was postponed to 2021 due to covid-19, and
even though covid-19 was still an all time high, they still went ahead
with hosting the games. No tourists were allowed to go to the games
unless you were an athlete, and this caused Japan to lose a lot of
money as hosting the Games required a huge investment. However,
Japan did this to show the world that they were capable of hosting the
games under such conditions.

- However, if an event does not do well, it might result in a loss of

esteem and the host country’s image would suffer, making it difficult to
attract other events in the future.

2. Economic factors
- Profits through the multiplier effects → through events that boost trade and
tourism when people come to watch → people would spend not only on
tickets to watch the event, but on hotels, restaurants, and various other
 accommodations → generate economic revenue for the country → earn back
more than they spent
- In London’s 2012 Olympics, around 600,000 people visited and spent
almost double the amount of non-olympic tourists
- The cost of the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing was US$42 billion,
spent over a period of 7 years. However, this figure was a
comparatively small price considering the games were estimated to
have added US$4 trillion to China’s GDP in 2008 alone.

- The Host country would also be able to make profit through sales of radio and
TV rights, tickets and merchandise → try to earn back the money they spent
on the games
- Some estimate that Rio De Janeiro’s 2016 Olympics earned around
US$1.3 billion from sponsorship

3. Socio-cultural impacts
- National unity and pride → unite the country and give citizens a sense of pride
→ which is a requirement for a country to be chosen as the host of the
olympics
- Since 2000, the olympic Games have relied heavily on voluntary
labour, which has helped create a stronger sense of pride among the
population

- Urban renewal → result of the games as urban infrastructure is improved →

venues usually built on disused or run-down areas of land known as
brownfield sites used in urban planning → the area is regenerated and brings
about a better standard of living for the people→ facilities and infrastructures
are further improved for the people’s use after the event
- London 2012 Olympics, where Stratford, Newham in London was
chosen as the home to the Olympic Village as it gave the borough the
chance to be regenerated, and also because it had a large area of
available land. Venues used for the Olympics would be left for future
use for the citizens. The athlete’s village was planned to be converted
into 2818 new homes, of which about 40% would be affordable homes
for low and middle income families.

- However, some have argued that the money spent on sport facilities
and urban infrastructure diverts finance away from the less visible
needs of the local population
Costs of hosting international sporting events on the Host city and nation
1. Political impacts
- Increased risk and terrorism → prime targets for terrorists who hope to stage a
high-profile attack → due to large numbers of people at the event → terrorists
use this chance to spread their message with international television coverage.
- In the 1972 Munich Olympics, the shooting of Israeli atheltes by
Palestinian terrorist group Black September occured
- 1996 Atlanta’s Olympics, a pipe bomb exploded killing one person and
wounding more than 100 others. The safety of the athletes, spectators,
and even locals were compromised and peace in the area would also be
disrupted as well with everyone fearing for their lives.

- However, this is in the case of a large-scale international sporting event and it

may not occur in smaller scale sporting events. The government and sporting
organisations have the most power in such scenarios. They would need to
increase security in host countries to thwart plots and disincline terrorists,
through vigorus checks and increased security personnels. For example, the
formula 1 organisation in Singapore received threats and news about possible
attacks during the 3-day event, and action was immediately taken by the
government and organisation by hiring more security and implementing strict
rules and regulations.

2. Economic impacts
- Possible financial loss → when the country does not receive and gain back as
much as they have spent on the event → results in a negative economic impact
from the country as they might not be able to recover from the loss → lesser to
spend on developing the country for the needs of its citizens
- By the end of 2016, Brazil invested $13 billion on the games, but
required a $900 million bailout from the federal government due to a
deep recession.
- 2012 Olympics in London brought about a negative balance of $13.5
billion and they has lesser money to spend on developing the country
for its citizens

- However, this would be more impactful in LICs as they do not have

the economic ability in the first place, and would need to rely on bank
loans and investments. Thus, major events like the olympics are
usually held in HICs as they are able to make a comeback more easily
and would be able to recover from a loss better than a LIC.
 LONDON OLYMPICS 2012 CASE STUDY
Why was London chosen?
- Youth engagement in sport
- Sustainability and legacy
- Regeneration of a deprived area, Stratford, was emphasised as part of the bid
- Sizeable available brownfield sites for redevelopment, as well as the green
spaces of the lower Lea valley, so there would be opportunities for further
growth
- UK government decided to focus it Olympics bids on London after failing to win the
Games in 1992, 1996 and 2000 with bids from Birmingham and Manchester
- London used children and presented a multicultural London during their presentation
- The British government was ready to back any over-spend on the construction of
Games facilities.

Reasons why London was chosen

Economic factors Socio-cultural factors Environmental factors Political Factors

Accesibility Regeneration Usage of brownfield sites Support of local and

- 5 intl’ airports - East london needed - Large brownfield national government
- Spectators can fly in regeneration, and sites in Newham that
to London from hoped to achieve a could be used to
anywhere in the higher SOL for the construct the
world deprived area Olympic Village on
- Good rail network
- 7 minutes - Athlete’s village was - East london is built
away from planned to be on a floodplain so
central converted into 2818 land is flat and easy
london new homes, of to built on, and thus
which about 40% does not pose much
Affordability would be affordable danger
- UK government for low and middle
guaranteed to cover income families and - During july and
the cost of the disbaled people august, london
Olympics normally has a good
- Development of a climate for
Investments major transport hub participating in and
- Wide SOI so it is in the form of viewing sport
easy to attract stratford
sponsorship and international station
advertising to the
venue - Swimming pools
- Also had a good were planned for
track record of conversion into
hosting major public pools after the
sporting events games

Tradition of sport
 - Lord is the home of
cricket, wimbledon
is the home of tennis
and twickenhma is
the home of rugby

Benefits and Costs of hosting the Olympic Games on London (use this as examples)
Benefits Costs

Economic Impacts 1. Financial benefit
- Estimated that the Games
would generate GBP 16.5
billion for the British
economy from 2005 to 2017
- During july and august 2012,
visitors spent on average
US$1800 per person, which is
almost double the normal
amount
- New westfield Stratford
shopping centre houses 250
retailers, 70 dining
establishments and represents
a US$1.95 billion investment
in East London
1. Financial loss → less money to pay for
the development of the country for their
citizens → government may be saddled
with long term debt paying off the
games → cost of living in area for
poorer people would increase
- Over the total period of the
Olympics, the city brought in
around US$4.5 billion revenues,
and spent in excess US$18
billion, resulting in a negative
balance of $13.5 billion.

- 75% spent on the Olympics

went towards providing a
lasting legacy to East London
residents.

2. With the Olympics held, more jobs

such as the constructing of the
Olympic park and Village were
needed, jobs at local restaurants and
malls were needed → created jobs
for people → reduces unemployment
rates → allows local to generate
income for the economy → economy
will be improved
- Games preparations were a
major factor behind a 1.2%
 reduction in London’s
unemployment rate in 2012.
More than 46,000 people
worked on the Olympic park
and village, 10% of whom
were previously unemployed

- The Westfield stratford

shopping centre created
10.000 permanent jobs from
day one, including 2000 for
local people who were
previously unemployed

- However, many jobs created

for olympics were only short
term, and it puts people out of
jobs in the long term

Social - cultural 1. Housing 1. Employment

Impacts - 9000 new homes were
constructed in total
- Olympic village was
converted into more than
2800 flats in 11 residential
plots, with spacious
courtyards, gardens and
balconies
- 5 new neighbouhoods were
being established around the
park to include 11,000
residences, one third of which
will be affordable housing
- Temporary jobs were created,
resulting in a positive multiplier
effect for a short period of time.
However, these people will be
out of jobs after the event ends
and they may not be able to earn
any income
2. Traffic congestion
- Road closures and increased
traffic which made it harder for
londoners to move around
- Short term impact

2. Education and sports particpation

- UK invested US1.4 billion in
youth sport over the 5 years
following the games and
created 6000 new community
sports clubs

- Education department
provided US$90 million to
encourage efforts by physical
education teachers to organise
competitive sports
 - 2012 education program “Get
Set” operated over 4 year
period in UK, providing
flexible teaching resources
for over 25,000 schools and
6.5 million young people to
assist them in learning more
about the London 2012 games

- Olympic venues were

available to the public to use
and to develop athletes in
new disciplines

- Equipments used in the

olympics were given to the
charities for free

3. National unity and pride

- First join in weekend in
August 2012, featured over
6000 events

Environmental Impacts 1. Urban renewal

- Olympic park is the biggest
new urban park in Europe

- The olympic delivery

authority excavated and
cleaned more than 2.3 million
cubic metres of contaminated
soil

- More than 98% of the

demolition waste were
recycled

- 300,000 plants were planted

in Olympic Park’s wetland

- Organisers helped develop 45

hectares of habitat, with a
10-year ecological
management plan to
encourage biodiversity

2. Transport
- $9 billion was invested in
transport infrastructure in
 london in preparation for the
2012 games

- 10 railway lines and 30 new

bridges continue to connect
London communities after the
games

- At least 60 games-related
projects promoted grenener
travel, including a US$14
million investment to upgrade
pedestrian and cycling routes
across london

3. Pollution was decreased due to 3. Pollution, on the other hand, was

implementations made by the
government → benefits the
environment
- Cars were not allowed into
the olympic village so all
spectators had to walk, cycle
or use public tranport
increased due to the influx of athletes and
spectators flying in to London
- Increase in flights into London
caused increase in air pollution
and greenhouse gas emission
- Increased number of spectators
and athletes increased waste and
litter which had to be dealt with
1. “The benefits of hosting an international sporting event always outweigh the costs.”
Discuss this statement, using appropriate examples. [10]

International sporting events are sport events that have participants from two or more
countries, and can be usually seen to have a wide sphere of influence. Hosting such events
can bring about many benefits, but it does not always outweigh the costs. This largely
depends on the scale of the event, as well as the host country. This essay will discuss how
social-cultural, economic and political factors can benefit the host country, but bring about
certain negative impacts as well.

Firstly, an international sporting event can bring about profits for the host country through a
multiplier effect. This can result in economic development for a country, especially a lower
income country. The event would not only bring in athletes, but also attract supporters from
all over the world as well. Tourists supporting the event would tend to visit tourist
attractions, and they would also have to spend on accommodations such as hotels, flights
and restaurants. This would result in a cumulative causation for the host country, where
businesses that are not directly related to tourism would benefit as well when tourists spend
in their shop. The total cost of the 2008 Beijing Olympics Games in Beijing was US$42 billion,
spent over a period of about 7 years. However this figure was comparatively small
considering the games were estimated to have added US $4 trillion to China's GDP in 2008
alone. This goes to show how international sporting events can encourage tourism in a
country, and the money spent on the event can be earned back, bringing economic benefits
to the host country.
However, the revenue earned depends on the scale of the international sporting event.
Events that have an extremely wide sphere of influence such as the Olympics and FIFA world
cup would be able to help the country generate an extremely large revenue. Smaller scale
events such as the European Artistic Gymnastics Championships would mostly attract the
Europeans only. Money generated from these smaller scale events could be a lot lesser than
events with a global sphere of influence.

Secondly, urban renewal is a positive socio-cultural impact that could occur due to an
international sporting event occurring. Urban renewal might occur as a result of the Games
as urban infrastructure is improved. The government would choose to refurbish sports and
other types of facilities, such that tourists coming into the country for the event can enjoy
the improved facilities. They could also build new buildings and facilities to host the event,
and even after the event has ended, these facilities could still be used by the locals.
Moreover, hosting the event usually increases the awareness of a particular sport
throughout the host country, leaving an ongoing legacy of improved fitness and involvement
in sporting activities. For example, during the 2012 London Olympics, the choice of area to
hold the event was Stratford, Newham in the east of London. This is a deprived area in
London which needed regeneration. The Olympics allowed the brownfield sites in Stratford
to be cleaned and built on, and residents found jobs in construction and Olympic
preparation. Equipment used in the Olympics were given to charities for free, and venues
were used to develop athletes in new disciplines. The olympic village was converted into
residential areas for the locals as well. This would provide facilities and improve the
standard of living for the people living in the area, bringing positive socio-cultural benefits to
them.
With that being said, there are negative political impacts associated with hosting these
sporting events, such as increased security risks - terrorism. World sporting events such as
the Olympics are major events with international television coverage. People from all over
the world watch the Olympics, and this would be the prime targets for would-be terrorists
who wish to stage a high-profile attack to spread their message to everyone around the
wolrd. For example, in the 1996 Atlanta’s Olympics, a pipe bomb exploded killing one person
and wounding more than 100 others. The safety of the athletes, spectators, and even locals
were compromised and peace in the area would also be disrupted as well with everyone
fearing for their lives. This shows how hosting large events as such carry a great risk, and it
might negatively impact the area and the country as well.
However, this is in the case of a large-scale international sporting event and it may not occur
in smaller scale sporting events. The government and sporting organisations have the most
power in such scenarios. They would need to increase security in host countries to thwart
plots and disincline terrorists, through vigorus checks and increased security personnels. For
example, the formula 1 organisation in Singapore received threats and news about possible
attacks during the 3-day event, and action was immediately taken by the government and
organisation by hiring more security and implementing strict rules and regulations.

In conclusion, with benefits, always comes risks. Benefits can outweigh risks with regards to
hosting an international sporting event, but this does not occur all the time. It is highly
dependent on the scale of the event, where an event with a global sphere of influence
would bring about more economic and sociocultural benefits than an event with a smaller
scale.
Consequences of overtourism case study : Venice
- Tourists numbers outnumber permanent residents, with 60,000 visitors everyday but
only 56,000 residents

1. Economic impacts
- Contributes to poverty alleviation → tourism provides source of income
through creating job opporutnities for the locals → tourism offers the chance
to improve well-being and prosperity of society (positive)

2. Social impacts
- Policies are put in place to improve security and well-being for the tourists →
also has a positive impact on the safety of the residents (positive)

- Loss of sense of belonging and place amongst the locals → undermines local
lifestyle and leads to reduction in socio-cultural ties

- Increased overcrowding and congestion in public areas → disrupts people’s

way of life → increases tension between locals and tourists

- Rise in residential property prices and everyday life prices → causes loss or
reduction in purchasing power of venice inhabitant’s
- Average 130 euros per night

3. Environmental impacts
- Climate change → evident in the rise in sea level, increasing frequency and
energy of storms and floods → beach erosion, coral bleaching and disrupted
water supply and changes in temperature and precipitation → affects the
market attractiveness of venice as venice’s ecological fragility is very high

Management strategies :
- Introduction of tourism tax to cover part of the external costs of tourism
- Introduc strict control of motories traffic in the canals to reduce the washing effect on
gondolas and buildings
- Introduction of multi-million pound mobile flood barrier
- Implemented strict rules which prohibits visitors from lying down in public places,
sitting or lingering in the steet or eating a picnic lunch, and dumping waste on the
ground. Any violation of these rules would result in a fine of between 25 euros and
500 euros
- In 2021, they banned large cruise ships from the venice lagoon
- In the summer of 2022, there are plans to implement entry fees for tourists entering
venice.
Benefits of Ecotourism as a strategy

1. Environmental factor
- Ecotourism is conducted in small groups → damage can be contained and it
inherently limits the pollution and damage on flora and fauna → hence
minimising negative impact on the environment
- In Galapagos Island, tourists can only visit on small ships of 10 to 16
tourists, most of which are owned by local people

2. Social-economic factor
- Growth of ecotourism provided many job opportunities for the locals →
allows locals to get out of poverty and to be employed → generates income for
the country → resulting in both social and economic benefits
- In Galapagos Island, local people make a valuable living from tourism
such as guides, boat operators, souvenir vendors. It is estimated that 1
islander is employed for every 4 tourists who visit
- Ecotourism helps ensure that the tourist dollar goes more directly to
the locals and hence minimises leakages.

- Revenue generated from tourism → can be reinvested into education and

health facilities for the locals, and improving country’s infrastructure →
improving locals’ SOL → allows for economic and social growth in country
- Ecotourism in the galapagos has helped the galapagos national park to
gain funds for its management for scientific research and for
conservation projects.

3. Political factor (most important factor)

- Rules and regulations can be enforced by planning authorities → control rate
and scale of development in tourist areas → ensures a good balance between
economic gains from tourism and carrying capacity of environment
Costs of Ecotourism

1. Environmental factor
- Successful ecotourism would lead to higher number of tourists → more
tourists infrastrcutre such as roads and hotels need to be built and increase in
carbon emissions from flights → habitat disturbance and forest degradation
resulting from trail erosion and air pollution is caused by planes, cars and
trains → destroys the environment and puts pressure on it
- In Kg Kuatan mangroves in Malaysia, manually towed small boats are
replaced by motorised boats that can take more toourists and travel
faster to cater to tourists and earn more money. Some guides even
allowed tourists to catch fireflies, causing disturbance to mangrove
habitat, threatening sustainability of the area

2. Economic factor
- Leakages can occur with growth of ecotourism due to TNCs → locals earn a
lot lesser than TNCs, with most of its profits taken out of the country and
locals may also be exploited → results in negative economic impact on the
country
- In Costa Rica, although about 75% of tour agencies and most of the
small hotels are owned by Costa Ricans, foreigners own a sizable
proportion of the biggest projects. Profits are taken out of the country
and the local population who work in the industry may be exploited in
low paid work.

3. Political factor
- Laws are not stricitly enforced to conserve the environment
- In Gabon, west Africa, there are large areas of pristine forests and a
variety of wildlife which makes it ideal for ecotourism. However, the
lack of regulations to protect these places has resulted in frequent
hunting and poaching of elephants and gorillas. Thus, tour operators
conduct trips that profess to be ecotourism in nature, knowing that they
are unlikely to be liable for any damages inflicted on the environment

- This is especially so in low income countries or rural areas where there

are not enough rnages to patrol the area and these rangers may also
turn to corruption due to not being paid enough
GALAPAGOS ISLANDS CASE STUDY HERE:

Description of eco-tourism sites

❖ 600 miles west of Pacific Coast of Ecuador, established as an Ecuadorian National Park in 1959, 1978
World Heritage Site (belongs to Ecuador in South America, main primary tourist resource)
❖ The Galapagos National Park consists of 120 islands, approx. land area of 8,000 sq km covered more
than 90% of the Galapagos Islands.
❖ Home to many endemic species, high biodiversity: Supports a wide range of habitats, > 25,000 species of
plants, > 15,000 species of birds.
➢ Waters around the volcanic archipelago host > 3,000 species of fish, many marine mammals,
(seals, dolphins, Endemic monitor lizard)
❖ Contains Amazon rainforest eco-lodges, e.g. Kapawai eco-lodge.
➢ employ local guides to show guests forest envt and creatures, how locals live + how they use
plants for medicines. → LOCAL INVOLVEMENT :)

Management of ecotourism
❖ Limit number of tourists entering the islands every week (so actual CC not exceeded)
❖ Visitor must pay US$100 on arrival → support Charles Darwin Research Station (focuses on
education+training for sustainable devt, conservation and env. improvement of local comms)
❖ Visitors must be led by a licensed guide. (not allowed to roam freely)
❖ Can only visit on small ships owned by locals. (reduce carbon emissions + employ locals), can
only visit a limited number of places → protects the rest of the Islands
❖ forward thinking, long-term planning, prioritise environment over everything else
❖ Prior to their departure, visitors also receive info. on how to conserve the Islands
❖ Strictly enforced Rules: no touching of animals, no litter, graffiti, smoking, mobile phones
❖ Zoning system implemented → a max. number of people allowed within each zone for National Park

Impacts of ecotourism (in islands)

❖ Well managed destination, but recently → growing tendencies towards greenwashing / conventional
tourism → puts biodiversity in danger. (consolidation stage of B’s model)
❖ Late 1960’s, (involvement and devt. stage), Galapagos tourism industry started with about 1,000
tourists/year → ↑ to 275,000 tourists in 2018.
❖ Several problems:
■ Growing human population, (tourists + locals in Ecuador migrate to Galapagos for job opp.s)
■ Introduction of alien and invasive species + Unwanted by-products from tourism.
❖ Result: 2007, GIs placed on UNESCO’s list of World Heritage Sites in Danger. (Evaluation and
examination: even with good rules and regulations it still might have negative outcomes)

Socio-economic impacts

❖ Employment and income (+ve) However,

■ Ecotourism hv helped Galapagos National
Park gain funds for its management for
scientific research and conservation
projects
■ Locals make a living from tourism (e.g.
guides, boat operators etc), estimated that
1 islander is employed for every 4 tourists
who visit.
❖ Growing human population (-ve)
■ Since 1970s, when ecotourism
started expanding in the GIs,
islands had unsustainable growth
rate of 10% per year to meet needs
of tourism industry.
 ■ Ecotourism ensures tourist dollars goes
directly to the locals (minimize leakage).
■ Profits earned → improve the community,
building schools / health centres.
■ Over the past few decades, pop.n
has increased > 300%. Around
180,000 tourists visit /yr
■ Rapid and unorganized growth of
infrastructure, crime rate ↑ed

Env. Impacts

❖ Ecuador: 1st country to pass a constitution to grant nature the same rights as human beings. →
Impt for sustainable devt to be prioritized > economic growth.
❖ Ecotourism integrated into the devt of Galapagos → Geo and bio-environment put first.
❖ Revenue helps fund scientific research + conservation efforts. → Up to 50% reinvested into
conservation
❖ Education: All visitors must be accompanied by trained knowledgeable guides, → visitors learn
about ecology and culture of the GIs

However,
❖ Resource usage:
➢ Tourism boom + immigration to GI and
unsustainable management lead Galapagos to
face conflicts over limited resources.
■ 1990s: Galapagos: 1 of the
fastest-growing regions of Ecuador
due to tourism.
■ Attracted immigrants from mainland
Ecuador seeking to take advantage of
the high SOL.
■ ↑ed demand for fresh water,
electricity, land → req. more fuel for
electricity, water desalination, garbage
disposal, cars and boats
■ Necessitated the expansion of the
airports + extension of road systems.
❖ Pollution:
■ Unwanted by-products such as
contamination from engines and oil
spills → major problem.
■ Floating trash and plastics strangled
sea lions and seabirds.
■ Groundwater supplies are inadequate
+ polluted by sewage.
■ ↑in tourist numbers → erosion along
sensitive trails, plant and animal
disturbance decline in quality of the
tourism experience.
■ Waste production from
industrialization + devt of settlements
+ air pollution → island is not suited
for such intensive tourism! :(

● Alien and Invasive Species ❖ ‘Greenwashing’

o Visitors have introduced plants and ➢ Promote ecotourism while doing the opposite,
animals from outside world. easy for tourist companies to come off as
o Introduced species compete with environmentally friendly E.g. Dishonest tour
native vegetation, take over habitats operators use ecotourism as a new selling
more quickly than native vegetation angle.
can adapt.
o Livestock compete with native
tortoises and iguanas for food +
destroy native vegetation.
o National Park and Charles Darwin
Station worked to remove invasive
species BUT rapid growth of pop.n
and tourism ⇒ still most impactful
env.t threat to GI.
 3.4. Improving Ecotourism in the Galapagos Islands
Legislation (POWER)
1998: Ecuadorian govt
passed “Special Law
for the Galapagos”,
limits immigration to
the islands + revenues
from the tourism
industry directly to
conservation efforts.
50% of all financial
gains from National
Park fees reinvested to
conserve the islands.
Tour Design and Interpretation Lessen Env Impact Internet marketing
of tourism packages
Tour design and interpretation Recycling cooking oil
can help mitigate -ve impacts to make biodiesel, Online marketing:
of tourism + build educated installing a most impt avenue to
and motivated stakeholders that waste-water system, reach potential
support envt. conservation and using compact responsible
social improvements to ensure fluorescent bulbs, travellers
a sense of personal stake in the recycling food and
Galapagos. beverage containers, Rise of online travel
effective techniques to info change ppl’s
Resulted in ↑ed knowledge of lessen impacts of perceptions about
host-protected areas + tourism the way they travel.
supportive attitudes to resource
management issues.

“To what extent do you agree that the development of ecotourism in the Galapagos Islands is truly sustainable?”
(Apply your 4Ps, time and scale.)
Not truly sustainable

Power Place Process Time Scale

overrules: even with carrying capacity → govt can restrict but if overtime, island will attracting more
restrictions in place, still part of an locals dc then not degrade if the CC ↑es people through online
locals can easily archipelago, an island effective if env is not overtime, priorities marketing even with
override/not care can only take so the main priority, might have changed ‘responsible people’
many impacts education can only do with ↑ing influence might be
locals want to earn towards the so much but unless from social media unsustainable, as the
more money environment, LIC locals and tourist idea of responsibility
have given effective practice it, might not is different
strategies at first be effective greenwashing
Explain the factors influencing future international tourism, including greater use of
social media, international security and diaspora growth

Stand : political factors are the most important factors in influencing future international
toursim

1. Economic factors
- Advancements in technology → growth of social media which can replace
traditional methods of marketing and advertising → decline in importance of
governments and companies → allow people to see the places and get
information from a ‘fellow tourist’ → people would want to accumulate
cultural capital and thus visit the area → tourist numbers would increase, but it
is becoming inauthentic.
- However, business meetings can also be conducted online with
technology and thus there isn’t a need to travel. Decline in tourism is
evident in this sector.

2. Social-cultural factors
- Diaspora growth results in more people travelling internationally → driven by
increasing number of people who do not live in the country that they were
born in → people would travel back to their ancestral homelands in search of
their roots or to feel connected to their personal heritage → this leads to an
increase in overall tourism due to past migration
- In Ghana, diaspora tourism is sometimes referred to as ‘slavery
tourism’ in an attempt to help descendants of african slaves now living
in the US to understand the sufferings endured by their ancestors

3. Political factors
- International security plays a crucial role in determining the extent to which a
country’s tourism potential can be developed → airports and airlines all
operate to international standards that help reduce attacks → serve as an
effective deterrent for a terrorist attack → people will feel that it is safer to
travel and are encouraged to do so → thus increase in International security
can lead to increase in international tourism
- The september 11 attack in the US caused the number of tourists to
decrease significantly due to fear of further attacks. However, since
then, the government has implemented strict airport security and
rigorous checks to deter attacks as such.

- Occurence of diseases in destination country can deter tourists from travelling

→ people are afraid of contracting the disease which may kill them → causes
a huge drop in tourists arrivals → countries lose revenue generated by tourism,
especially countries that rely heavily on tourism → economic loss
- 1 Billion fewer International Arrivals. Global tourism suffered its
worst year on record in 2020, with international arrivals dropping by
74%.
- Many governments implemented restrictions on citizens travelling out
of the country during this period, as well as tourists entering a country.
This severely led to a decline in tourist departures and arrivals.
- In Singapore, the government imposed $10,000 fines on
citizens who left the country and broke the safety measures.
This deterred many Singaporeans from travelling out of the
country, and tourists from travelling into Singapore, with an
85% decline in tourist arrivals.
Discuss the growing importance of political and cultural influences on international
sport participation, including international agreements, inclusion via changing gender
roles and the growing importance of the Paralympics

Stand : Although cultural factors are important, political factors are the most important factor
in influencing international sport participation.

Political factors :
- International agreements
- can encourage international sport participation → through freedom of
movement by relaxing migration and tourism restrictions so sports people can
compete more freely → more people would then be able to compete across
countries and increase international sport participation
- In the european union, countries that have signed up to the schengen
agreement do not even need to show identification to visit the other
countries

- Can encourage sport participation → through having a legal basis for sporting
competition
- During the olympics, countries who send athletes to the Games
officially agree to a UN backed ‘Olympic Truce’ in which hostilities
and existing international disagreements should be halted

Socio-cultural factors :
- Inclusion and intersectionality

- Changing gender roles

- Empowerment of women in most countries → Promotes female particpation in
major sporting events and male dominated professions
- In 1896, no female athlete participated in the olympic games.
However, in 2016 Rio de janeiro, there were 136 female events
compared to 161 male events, showing how women’s sports have been
gaining more recognition
- In some islamic countries, women were not allowed to participate in
any sporting events that exposed a significant part of their body.
However, some of them have relaxed their cultural rules and
encouraged women to participate in professional sporting events

- However, gender equality is still not reflected in most sports, which is

evident through the pay difference received between males and
females. There are also more male sports journalists, who would tend
to write about males, which results in a much higher profile for male
sports
Paralympics :
- Aim to be inclusive
- Area of study for intersectionality as female and athletes from non-HICs are less
likely to appear at the games than men from HICs
- Females in LICs are discriminated against due to their gender
- Higher participation at paralympics overall, regardless of gender
- Disabled people are recognised as role models for their ability to overcome adversity,
leading to a greater awareness of the games and its increasing improtance

- However, countries that have lower incomes are much less likely to participate
especially women
- Cost of participation, including equipments, travel and training, means that
athletes from HICs such as Norway and USA are up to 3.4 times more likely
to participate than people from countries such as south africa and india
Examine the extent to which sustainable tourism might be successfully implemented in
different environments

Sustainable tourism - being able to provide socially, environmentally and economically for
the current generation, while preserving tourists resources for future generations.

Successfully implemented - whether it has achieved its economic, social and environmental
goals for both urban and rural areas

Different environments - urban / rural

Stand -

Points / factors / impacts

1. Economic impacts

“Participation in sports is as much a gender issue as much it is a development issue”.

Discuss this statement.
- Which factor influences participation in sports more

Participation in sports - participation in sports entails either physically doing the sport or
supporting the sport as an audience

Gender - gender roles

Development - economic development / factors

Stand : development issues are more important in influencing participation in sports

Points
1. Economic development of a country allows for sports infrastructure and facilities to
be built, thus encouraging participation in sports
- However, this also depends on the government. Government’s intervention has
to be coupled with the financial ability to build facilities in an area.

2. Economic development of a country also allows for people to be able to watch the
sport over technology with technological advancements.

3. Gender roles is also an important factor in influencing physical participation in sports.

- However, this is changing over the years and now more sports and sports
competitions include women in it.

Examine the view that the potential for tourism and/or sport as a means of economic
development is extremely limited.
- Whether sports or tourism can result in economic benefits / development

Evaluate the roles of TNCs in the provision of touristic infrastructure and facilities.
- Which is the main stakeholder
Examine the advantages and disadvantages of the site used for one or more festivals.
Advantages - positive impacts / benefits
Disadvantages - negative impacts / costs
Site - location
Festival : Glastonbury - rural area
Stand : T

1. Economic impacts
2. Social impacts
3.

Examine ways of managing the negative impacts of tourism’s rapid growth in some
urban environments.

Discuss the view that the economic benefits of tourism in one country you have studied
outweigh its negative social and environmental impacts.
- Do economic benefits outweigh social and environmental costs
Economic benefits - positive economic impacts
Negative social and

“Land value is the most important factor influencing the location of recreation and
sports facilities in urban areas.” Discuss this statement with reference to specific urban
areas.

“The economic gains from tourism always exceed its negative social impacts.” Discuss
this statement with reference to one or more case studies.

“Examine the reasons why the growth of tourism hotspots can become unsustainable.”
[10]

unsustainable tourism - a country or a place is not able to provide socially, environmentally

and economically for the current generation, and is unable to preserve tourists resources for
future generations.

Tourism hotspots - areas which receive high levels of tourists, which are more than usual.

Stand : Time / scale / power

- Over time, government would prioritise economic over everything.
- Galapagos, glastonbury, mt everest
Recently, tourism has been increasing around the world, bringing both positive impacts and
negative impacts to many countries. Tourism hotspots, which are areas that receive high
levels of tourists that are more than usual, have been increasing as well. This brings about
unsustainability of tourism, which is defined as a country or a place not being able to provide
socially, environmentally and economically for the current generation, and is unable to
preserve tourists resources for future generations, which is largely due to the government
prioritising economic benefits over socio-cultural and environmental, but being able to
overcome these challeneges as well.

1. Growth of tourism results in socio-cultural costs, such as slavery and exploitations.

- In Cambodia, the number of residential care institutions has risen by 75% in
the last decade, despite the fact that the number of orphans have significantly
decreased. The vast majority of the children in these instituiions are not
orphans, but are from poor families.

2. Growth of tourism results in environmental costs such as pollution

- Mount Everest receives around 100,000 visitors per year, and all those people
place a strain on the natural environment. Each person generates, on average,
around 8kg of trash and the majority of the waste gets left on the mountain.
Litter is spilling out of glaciers, and camps are overflowing with piles of
human waste. Climate change is causing snow and ice to melt, exposing even
more garbage that has been covered for decades. This poses a serious health
risk to everyone living in the Everest watershed.

3. Growth of tourism results in economic benefits, such as a multiplier effect and

increased job opportunities.
-
- However, there are also economic costs such as leakages, that come with
benefits and since there are socio-cultural and environmental costs, tourism
becomes unsustainable.

4. However, some countries are able to mitigate and manage the situation. The success
of this management relies mainly on the power of the government.