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Neue Horizonte
INTRODUCTORY GERMAN
Eighth Edition
Da v id B. Dollenmayer
Wor c e s t e r P o l y t e c h n i c I n s t i t u t e
T homas S. Hansen
We l l e s l e y C o l l e g e
Ellen W. Cr ock er
Mass a c h u s e t t s I n s t i t u t e o f Te c h n o l o g y
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial
review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to
remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous
editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by
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Neue Horizonte: Introductory German, © 2014, 2009, 2003 Heinle, Cengage Learning
Eighth Edition
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein
David B. Dollenmayer, may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means
Thomas S. Hansen graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying,
Vice President, Editorial Director: P.J. Boardman recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks,
or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under
Publisher: Beth Kramer
Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior
Acquiring Sponsoring Editor: Judith Bach written permission of the publisher.
Development Editor: Esther Bach
Editorial Assistant: Greg Madan For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706
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About the Authors
David B. Dollenmayer is an emeritus professor Ellen W. Crocker, author of the Student Activities
of German at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Manual, is a senior lecturer in German at the Massa-
Worcester, Massachusetts. He received his BA and chusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge,
PhD from Princeton University and was a Fulbright Massachusetts. She received her BA from Skidmore
fellow at the University of Munich. He has written on College and her Magister Artium from the University
the twentieth-century writers Alfred Döblin, Joseph of Freiburg, Germany. She is the coauthor (with Claire
Roth, Christa Wolf, and Ingeborg Bachmann and is the J. Kramsch) of Reden, Mitreden, Dazwischenreden
author of The Berlin Novels of Alfred Döblin (Berkeley, (Boston, MA: Heinle, 1990), a workbook/audio CD for
CA: University of California Press, 1988). He has conversational management, and the coaauthor (with
translated works by Elias and Veza Canetti, Peter Kurt E. Fendt) of Berliner sehen (Cambridge, MA:
Stephan Jungk, Michael Kleeberg, Anna Mitgutsch, M.I.T., 2000), a hypermedia documentary funded by
Perikles Monioudis, Mitek Pemper, Moses Rosenkranz, grants from the National Endowment for the Arts and
and Hansjörg Schertenleib and is the recipient of the the Consortium for Language Teaching and Learning.
Helen and Kurt Wolff Translator’s Prize and the Her current research is on the design of digital
Austrian Cultural Forum Translation Prize. learning environments based on pedagogical practice.
About t he A u t h o r s v
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Contents
• Guten Tag 4
Einführung • Wie heißt du? 5
• Wer ist das? Was ist das? 7
Introduction 2
Dialoge 44
Kapitel 2
• Wer liest die Zeitung?
Familie und Freunde 42 • Ich hab’ eine Frage
• Paul sucht ein Zimmer
Lyrik zum Vorlesen 47
Du bist mein
Dialoge 68
Kapitel 3
• Du hast es gut!
Jugend und Schule 66 • Eine Pause
• Heute gibt’s keine Chemiestunde
Lyrik zum Vorlesen 71
Rätsel
„Bruder Jakob”
vi C o n t en t s
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• Auf Wiedersehen! 9 • Die Zahlen 11 Almanach:
• Die Woc hentage 9 • Wie spät ist es bitte? 12 Where is German Spoken? 15
• Das Alphabet 10 • Woher kommst du? 13
Contents vii
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Dialoge, LYRIK zum VORLESEN
Dialoge 98
Kapitel 4
• Am Starnberger See
Land und Leute 96 • Winterurlaub in Österreich
• Morgens um halb zehn
Lyrik zum Vorlesen 101
„Die Jahreszeiten“
Dialoge 128
Kapitel 5
• Der neue Bäckerlehrling
Arbeit und Freizeit 126 • Beim Bäcker
• Schule oder Beruf?
Lyrik zum Vorlesen 131
Georg Weerth, 131
„Die gold’ne Sonne“
Dialoge 156
Kapitel 6
• Alina sucht ein Zimmer
An der Universität 154 • Am Semesteranfang
• An der Universität in Tübingen
Lyrik zum Vorlesen 159
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,
Wanderers Nachtlied
Wanderer’s Nightsong II
Dialoge 188
Kapitel 7
• Am Bahnhof
Auf Reisen 186 • Vor der Urlaubsreise
• Am Telefon
Lyrik zum Vorlesen 191
Wilhelm Müller, „Das Wandern“ 191
viii C o n t en t s
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Grammatik Lesestück Almanach
1. More uses of the accusative Tipps zum Lesen und Lernen: The Common Origin of
case 102 Masculine Nouns 116 German and English 124
2. Suggestions and commands: Deutschland: Geographie und
the imperative 105 Klima 118
3. The verb werden 111 Schreibtipp:
4. Equivalents of English to Free writing in German 121
like 112
Vokabeln im Alltag:
5. Sentence adverbs 115
Geographie, Landschaft und
6. Gehen 1 infinitive 98 Klima 122
1. Dative case 132 Tipps zum Lesen und Lernen: Freizeitbeschäftigungen 152
2. Dative personal pronouns 135 Masculine agent nouns 143
3. Word order of nouns and Drei Deutsche bei der Arbeit 146
pronouns 136 Vokabeln im Alltag:
4. Prepositions with the dative Berufe 150
case 137
Schreibtipp:
5. Verbs with separable
Writing a dialogue 151
prefixes 139
6. Verbs with inseparable
prefixes 142
1. Simple past tense of sein 160 Tipps zum Lesen und Lernen: Universities in the
2. Perfect tense 160 Strong Verbs in English and German-Speaking
German 176 Countries 184
3. Two-way prepositions 170
Eine E-Mail aus Freiburg 178
4. Masculine N-nouns 174
Schreibtipp:
Einen Brief schreiben 180
Vokabeln im Alltag:
Das Studium 181
1. Der-words and ein-words 192 Tipps zum Lesen und Lernen: Jugendherbergen 212
2. Coordinating Translating “to spend” 204
conjunctions 194 Unterwegs mit Fahrrad,
3. Verbs with dative objects 196 Auto und Bahn 207
4. Personal dative 198 Schreibtipp:
5. Using würden + infinitive 199 More on free writing 208
6. Verbs with two-way Vokabeln im Alltag:
prepositions 201 Reisen und Verkehr 209
7. Official time-telling: the
twenty-four-hour clock 203
Contents ix
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Dialoge, LYRIK zum VORLESEN
Dialoge 216
Kapitel 8
• Ein Stadtbummel
Das Leben in der Stadt 214 • Im Restaurant: Zahlen bitte!
• Die Einkaufsliste
Lyrik zum Vorlesen 219
Marlene Dietrich „Ich hab’ noch einen
Koffer in Berlin“
Dialoge 250
Kapitel 9
• Recycling im Studentenwohnheim
Unsere Umwelt 248 • Ein umweltfreundliches
Geburtstagsgeschenk
• Treibst du gern Sport?
Lyrik zum Vorlesen 252
Heinrich Heine, „Ich weiß nicht, was soll
es bedeuten“
Dialoge 278
Kapitel 10
• Damals
Deutschland im 20. Jahrhundert 276 • Das ärgert mich!
• Schlimme Zeiten
Lyrik zum Vorlesen 281
Bertolt Brecht, „Mein junger Sohn
fragt mich“
Dialoge 308
Kapitel 11
• Am Brandenburger Tor
Deutschland nach der Mauer 306 • Ein Unfall: Stefan bricht sich das Bein
• Anna besucht Stefan im Krankenhaus
Lyrik zum Vorlesen 311
Hoffmann von Fallersleben, „Das Lied der
Deutschen“
x C o n t en t s
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Grammatik Lesestück Almanach
1. Subordinate clauses Tipps zum Lesen und Lernen: Drei Kulturstädte 246
and subordinating Compounds with -stadt 238
conjunctions 220
Aspekte der Großstadt 240
2. Infinitive phrases with zu 225
Schreibtipp:
3. The genitive case 229
Brainstorming ideas for a
4. Prepositions with the genitive topic 242
case 232
5. Nouns of measure, weight, and Vokabeln im Alltag:
number 233 Gebäude und Orte 243
6. Wohin? Equivalents of
English to 235
1. Adjective endings 254 Tipps zum Lesen und Lernen: Seid ihr schlaue
2. Word order of adverbs: time/ Identifying noun gender 266 Umweltfüchse? 274
manner/place 261 Unsere Umwelt in Gefahr 270
3. Ordinal numbers and Schreibtipp:
dates 262
Using adjectives in
descriptions 272
Vokabeln im Alltag:
Sport 273
1. Simple past tense 282 Tipps zum Lesen und Lernen: German Politics and the
2. Equivalents of “when”: als, Nouns ending in -ismus 296 European Union 304
wenn, wann 290 Eine Ausstellung historischer
3. Past perfect tense 292 Plakate aus der Weimarer
4. More time expressions 293 Republik 297
Schreibtipp:
Using simple past tense to write
about the past 302
Vokabeln im Alltag:
Politik 302
1. Reflexive verbs and Tipps zum Lesen und Lernen: Zeittafel zur deutschen
pronouns 312 Country names; nouns and Geschichte, 1939 bis
2. Dative pronouns with clothing adjectives of nationality 328 heute 338
and parts of the body 318 Michael Kleeberg, „Berlin nach
3. Adjectives and pronouns of der Wende: Wo sind wir
indefinite number 320 eigentlich?“ 330
4. Adjectival nouns 321 Schreibtipp:
5. More on bei 326 Enhancing your writing style 336
6. Designating decades: Vokabeln im Alltag:
The 90s, etc. 326
Aussehen 337
Contents xi
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Dialoge, LYRIK zum VORLESEN
Dialoge 342
Kapitel 12
• Erinnerungen
Erinnerungen 340 • Klatsch
• Vor der Haustür
Lyrik zum Vorlesen 345
Joseph von Eichendorff, „Heimweh“
Dialoge 374
Kapitel 13
• Skifahren in der Schweiz
Die Schweiz 372 • Probleme in der WG: Im Wohnzimmer ist es
unordentlich
• Am Informationsschalter in Basel
Lyrik zum Vorlesen 377
Eugen Gomringer, „nachwort“
Dialoge 398
Kapitel 14
• Auf Urlaub in Salzburg
Österreich 396 • An der Rezeption
• Ausflug zum Heurigen
Lyrik zum Vorlesen 401
Ernst Jandl, „ottos mops“
Dialoge 426
Kapitel 15
• Wo liegt die Heimat?
Kulturelle Vielfalt 424 • Die verpasste Geburtstagsfeier
• Vor der Post
Lyrik zum Vorlesen 429
Vier Gedichte von Mascha Kaléko
xii C o n t en t s
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Grammatik Lesestück Almanach
1. Comparison of adjectives and Tipps zum Lesen und Lernen: Denkmäler 370
adverbs 346 The suffix -mal 364
2. Relative pronouns and relative The prefix irgend- 364
clauses 355
Anna Seghers, „Zwei
3. The verb lassen 361 Denkmäler“ 366
4. Parts of the day 363
Schreibtipp:
Creative writing in German 368
Vokabeln im Alltag:
Hobbys und Freizeit 369
1. Verbs with prepositional Tipps zum Lesen und Lernen: Profile of Switzerland 394
complements 378 German equivalents for only 386
2. da- and wo-compounds 381 Zwei Schweizer stellen ihre
3. Future tense 383 Heimat vor 387
4. Directional prefixes: hin- and Schreibtipp:
her- 384 Formulating interview
questions 390
Vokabeln im Alltag:
Haus und Wohnung 392
1. Subjunctive: Present Tipps zum Lesen und Lernen: Profile of Austria 422
tense 402 Adverbs of time: The suffix
2. Subjunctive: Past tense 411 -lang 414
Schreibtipp:
Using the subjunctive to write a
speculative essay 419
Vokabeln im Alltag:
Im Hotel 420
1. Passive voice 430 Tipps zum Lesen und Lernen: Foreigners Living and Working
2. The present participle 437 German equivalents for to in Germany 444
think 438
Zafer Şenocak, „Ich bin das
andere Kind“ 440
Schreibtipp:
Choosing between the subjunc-
tive and the indicative 441
Vokabeln im Alltag:
Freundschaft, Partnerschaft,
Ehe 442
Contents xiii
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Preface
Neue Horizonte, Eighth Edition, is a comprehensive and climate of the German-speaking countries. You
first-year German program for college and university will read about city life, history, and the current
students. True to its name, the goal of Neue Horizonte politics of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. You will
is to guide you, the learner, across the boundaries of also learn to use different modes of address and
your first language and open new horizons onto the registers of politeness, to talk and write in German
world of contemporary Germany, Austria, and about past and future occurrences, to express wishes
Switzerland. The text also aims to excite your curios- and possibilities, and to recognize and apply differ-
ity about German-speaking cultures and to help you ences between the active and the passive voice.
view your own culture through the prism of another.
Neue Horizonte not only prepares you for intermediate
The main goal of the program is to help you reach a German courses but gives you the basic linguistic tools
basic level of communicative competence in German. you need for traveling and studying in a German-speaking
Such competence includes grammatical, lexical, and country. Once you are there, you will be able to commu-
discursive knowledge of the language as well as nicate in many everyday situations and continue to build
awareness of cultural differences. You will learn to on what you have learned in this course.
use German to understand and produce meaningful
We subscribe to the words of the Austrian philosopher
utterances and texts, communicate your thoughts and
Ludwig Wittgenstein, who wrote, “Die Grenzen
ideas, and interact with other speakers of German.
meiner Sprache bedeuten die Grenzen meiner Welt ”
Neue Horizonte offers a variety of activities that (The boundaries of my language represent the
practice the four basic skills of listening, speaking, boundaries of my world). There is no better way to
reading, and writing. You will learn to talk and write expand those boundaries than to learn another
in German about yourself, your interests, your family, language. With this course in introductory German,
and your life in college or at the university. In addition, we encourage you to cross linguistic, geographical,
you will encounter many aspects of German-speaking and personal boundaries. Through your study of
culture. Neue Horizonte includes a variety of texts German you will begin to achieve an international
on family life, school and university studies, and the intellectual identity as you discover new dimensions of
workplace, as well as on travel and on the geography the imagination.
xiv Pr e f a ce
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Student Components
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
An especially valuable feature of the Workbook is the Neue Horizonte, Eighth Edition
Zusammenfassung und Wiederholung (Summary Premium Website
and Review) section located after every five chapters, The Premium Website includes a variety of resources
thus after chapters 5, 10, and 15. This section contains and practice to be used as you study each chapter or
condensed grammar summaries and reviews useful as you review for quizzes and exams. Each chapter
expressions. It also includes the self-correcting Test contains the following free resources:
Your Progress, which you can use to review the
preceding chapters of the textbook. • Vocabulary and Grammar Tutorial Quizzes
• Audio flashcards
The Video Program, coordinated with the Video
Manual, consists of fifteen modules, one to accom- • Web search activities
pany each chapter of the Student Textbook. This • Web links
two-tier video was shot on location in Germany, • Text audio files
Austria, and Switzerland and features situational clips
• SAM audio program
with recurring characters as well as interview
• Video Program
segments. The script for these brief, colloquial scenes
was written to reinforce and augment the material in
the textbook. In each situational clip, a group of young
people played by native German-speaking actors using
idiomatic language engages in social situations related
to the chapter’s cultural theme.
xvi S t u d e nt Components
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Acknowledgments
We wish to express our special gratitude to our colleagues and students at Wellesley College,
Worcester Polytechnic Institute, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who have used
and improved Neue Horizonte along with us, as well as to our users, whose comments and
criticisms help improve the program from edition to edition. Thanks also to our Development
Editor, Esther Bach. Special thanks to Maia Fitzstevens, Susanne Even, Kurt Fendt, Arthur
Jaffe, and Alexander Simec for providing photographs and realia.
We wish to thank the following colleagues and institutions for their advice and help through the
development of the Eighth Edition:
Ackno w le dg m e n t s xvii
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
We wish to thank especially the following colleagues and institutions for their advice
and help through several editions of Neue Horizonte.
We welcome reactions and suggestions from instructors and students using Neue Horizonte.
Please feel free to contact us.
Ellen W. Crocker
Foreign Languages and Literatures, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 e-mail: ecrocker@mit.edu
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Table of Equivalent Weights and Measures
Weight
1 Gramm 5 0.03 ounces
1 Pfund (500 Gramm) 5 1.1 pounds
1 Kilogramm oder Kilo (1 000 Gramm) 5 2.2 pounds
1 ounce 5 28 Gramm
1 pound 5 0,45 Kilo
1 U.S. ton (2,000 lbs) 5 900 Kilo
Liquid Measure
1/4 Liter 5 0.53 pints
1/2 Liter 5 1.06 pints
1 Liter 5 1.06 quarts
Distance
1 Zentimeter (10 Millimeter) 5 0.4 inches
1 Meter (100 Zentimeter) 5 39.5 inches or 1.1 yards
1 Kilometer (1 000 Meter) 5 0.62 miles
Temperature
0° Celsius (centigrade) 5 32° Fahrenheit
100° Celsius 5 212° Fahrenheit
10 (°F 2 32)
°C 5
18
18 3 °C
°F 5 1 32
10
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Einführung (Introduction)
2 E i n f ü h r ung
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decision, and ordered a retractation of the offensive paper on pain of
excommunication. The case then came 1710.
before the General Assembly, who left it to
be dealt with by its commission. It hung here for six years, during
which it may be presumed that M‘Taggart and his wife were either
separated or only lived together under the load of presbyterial
censure; and at length, in March 1738, it was sent back, along with
the still older case of Baxter, by the commission to the Assembly
itself.[426] How it was ultimately disposed of, I have not learned.
What would these church authorities have thought of a recent act
of the state of Indiana, which permits marriages with any of the
relations of a deceased partner, and forbids the union of cousins!
The last time we had the Post-office under our attention (1695), it
was scarcely able to pay its own expenses. Not long after that time, in
accordance with the improved resources of the country, it had begun
to be a source of revenue, though to a very small amount. It was
conducted for three years before the Union by George Main, jeweller
in Edinburgh, with an average yearly return to the Exchequer of
£1194, 8s. 10d., subject to a deduction for government expresses and
the expense (£60) of the packet-boat at Portpatrick. Immediately
after that time, the business of the central office in Edinburgh was
conducted in a place no better than a common shop, by seven
officials, the manager George Main having £200 a year, while his
accountant, clerk, and clerk’s assistant had respectively £56, £50,
and £25, and three runners or letter-carriers had each 5s. per week.
An act of the British parliament[432] now placed the Scottish Post-
office under that of England, but with ‘a chief letter-office’ to be kept
up in Edinburgh. The charge for a letter from London to Edinburgh
was established at sixpence, and that for other letters at twopence for
distances within fifty English miles, greater distances being in
proportion. For the five years following the Union, there was an
annual average gain of £6000—a striking improvement upon 1698,
when Sir Robert Sinclair found he could not make it pay expenses,
even with the benefit of a pension of £300 a year.
The light-thoughted part of the public 1711. Sep.
was at this time regaled by the appearance
of a cluster of small brochures printed in blurred type on dingy
paper, being the production of William Mitchell, tin-plate worker in
the Bow-head of Edinburgh, but who was pleased on his title-pages
to style himself the Tinklarian Doctor. Mitchell had, for twelve years,
been employed by the magistrates of the city as manager of the
lighting of the streets, at the moderate salary of five pounds. He
represented that his predecessor in the office had ten pounds; but ‘I
took but five, for the town was in debt.’ The magistrates, doubtless
for reasons satisfactory to themselves, and which it is not difficult to
divine, had deprived him of his post. ‘Them that does them a good
turn,’ says he, ‘they forget; but they do not forget them that does
them an ill turn; as, for example, they keep on a captain [of the town-
guard, probably] for love of Queensberry, for making the Union—I
believe he never did them a good turn, but much evil to me, [as] he
would not let me break up my shop-door the time of the fire, before
my goods was burnt.’ The poor man here alludes to a calamity which
perhaps had some share in driving his excitable brain out of bounds.
Being now in comparative indigence, and full of religious
enthusiasm, he took up at his own hands an office of which he
boasted that no magistrate could deprive him, no less than that of
giving ‘light’ to the ministers of the Church of Scotland, who, he
argued, needed this service at his hands—‘otherwise God would not
have raised me up to write to them.’ The ministers, he candidly
informs us, did not relish his taking such a duty upon him, since he
had never received any proper call to become a preacher: some of
them called him a fool, and the principal of a college at St Andrews
went the length of telling him to burn his books. But he acted under
an inward call which would not listen to any such objections. He
thought the spirit of God ‘as free to David and Amos the herds, and
to James, John, and Simon the fishers, and Matthew and Levi the
customers, as to any that will bide seven years at college.’ And, if to
shepherds and fishermen, why not to a tin-plate worker or tinkler?
‘Out of the mouths of babes,’ &c.
The Tinkler’s Testament, which was the great work of Mitchell,
was heralded by an Introduction, dedicating his labours to Queen
Anne. He claimed her majesty’s protection in his efforts to illuminate
the clergy, and hinted that a little money to help in printing his books
would also be useful. He would willingly go to converse with her
majesty; but he was without the means of travelling, and his ‘loving
wife and some small children’ hindered 1711.
him. This brings him to remark that, while
he lived upon faith, ‘my wife lives much upon sense,’ as the wives of
men of genius are very apt to do. After all, ‘although I should come, I
am nothing but a little black man, dull-like, with two scores upon my
brow and a mole on my right cheek;’ which marks ‘I give to your
majesty, in case any person come up in a counterfeit manner;’
nevertheless, ‘if I had clothes, I would look as big as some
gentlemen.’[433]
In this pamphlet, Mitchell abuses the ministers roundly for neglect
of their flocks, telling that for six years the pastor of his parish had
never once inquired for him. They would go and play at bowls,
alleging it was for their health, and allow suffering souls to perish. It
was as if he were employed by a gentleman to make lanterns—took
the money—but never made the articles required, for want of which
the gentleman’s servants were hindered in their work, and perished
in pits. ‘Now whether think ye an immortal soul or my lanterns of
most value? I will sell a good lantern at ten shillings [Scots], though
it be made of brass; but the whole world cannot balance one soul.’
The Tinkler’s Testament he dedicated to the Presbyterian
ministers of Scotland, telling them ‘not to be offended, although I be
set over you by providence,’ nor ‘think that I shall be like the bishops
that were before me—necessity gives me a right to be your overseer—
necessity that hath neither law nor manners.’ ‘I know you will not
hear of a bishop over you, and therefore I shall be over you, as a
coachman to drive you to your duty.’ He saw their deficiencies in
what had happened in his own case. In his evil days, they never told
him sufficiently of his sins. He might almost have supposed he was
on the way to heaven for anything they said to him. It was affliction,
not their ministrations, which had loosed him from the bonds of sin.
Their own preachings were cold and worthless, and so were those of
the young licentiates whom they so often engaged to hold forth in
their stead. Here he applied another professional parable. ‘You
employ me to make a tobacco-box. I spoil it in the making. Whether
is you or I obliged to pay the loss? I think ye 1711.
are not obliged to pay it. Neither am I
obliged to take these sermons off your hand.’ ‘Perhaps,’ he adds, ‘you
trust in your elders.’ But ‘I may keep strange women in my house for
them; I may stay out till twelve o’clock at night and be drunk for
them: a cart-horse, when he comes up the Bow, may teach them their
duty, for it will do its duty to the outmost of its power; and before it
will disobey, it will fall to the ground.’ In short, the Tinkler had been
used by these clergy with a lenity which he felt to be utterly
inexcusable.
It is to be feared that the Tinkler was one of those censors whom
no kind of conduct in persons of authority will please, for we find
him in this brochure equally furious at the ministers for not
preaching evangelical discourses, and for being so slack in telling
their flocks of the weighty matters of the law. He threatens to tell
very sad things of them at the great day, and yet he protests that it is
not from hatred to them. If such were his feelings, he would not be at
the pains to reprove them; still less would he have ever given Dean of
Guild Neilson a speaking-trumpet for a seat in the kirk, not worth
twenty shillings sterling, seeing it is but a back-seat, where he may
fall asleep, and the minister never once call on him to sit up. ‘This,’
however, ‘is only a word by the by.’
One great charge which the Tinkler has to make against the clergy
is, that they are afraid to preach freely to the consciences of men, for
fear of angering the great. ‘If ye be feared to anger them, God will not
be feared to anger you. “Cry aloud and spare not; tell the poor their
transgressions, and the great folk their sins.”’ Then he proposes to
relate something of the justice he had himself experienced. ‘The
Laird of Cramond hath laid down a great cairn of stones before my
shop-door, which takes away my light. They have lain near these two
years (because he is rich). If I lay down but two carts-full, I believe
they would not lie twenty-four hours. I pursued a man at court; I
could both have sworn and proved that he was owing me; yet,
because he had a blue cloak and a campaign wig, the judge would not
take his oath, and would not take my word. I had a mind to buy a
blue cloak, that I might get justice; but I was disappointed by the
dreadful fire. I bought some wool from a man. He would not give it
out of his house till I gave my bill. The goods was not weighed, and I
feared they came not to so much money; yet the man persuaded me
if it was not so, he would restore me the 1711.
money back. I believed his word, because I
am a simple man. So I pursued the man, thinking to get my money.
The judge told me I would get no money, although there were a
hundred pounds of it; so I went home with less money than I came
out.... Ye will say, what is the reason there is so little justice; I shall
tell you my opinion of it. I have a vote for choosing our deacon. A
man comes to me and offers me a pint to vote for such a man. I take
it because he never did me no ill, and because I am a fool-body. I
vote for the man. So fool-tradesmen make fool-deacons, and fool-
deacons make fool-magistrates, and fool-magistrates make fool-
ministers. That is the reason there is so little justice in the city.’ The
crazy whitesmith has here touched a point of failure in democratic
institutions which wiser men have overlooked.
This singular genius afterwards published a brochure, entitled The
Great Tinklarian Doctor Mitchell his Fearful Book, to the
Condemnation of all Swearers, at the end of which he announced
another ‘concerning convictions;’ ‘the like of it ye have not heard
since Cromwell’s days.’ But probably the reader has now heard
enough of the effusions of the white-ironsmith of the Bow-head.[434]
Notwithstanding the severity of the laws 1711. Nov. 6.
against Catholic priests, and particularly
that of 1701, which a proclamation two years back put into fresh
vigour, there was at least one minister of the hated faith of Rome
sheltered in Edinburgh. It would be curious to learn under what
disguise he contrived to live in a city where all, except a handful of
people, were disposed to tear him in pieces. From its being
mentioned that his paraphernalia for worship belonged to Lady
Seaforth, it may be surmised that he lived under her protection.
Thomas Mackie, being now at last apprehended by the magistrates,
and ordained to remove immediately out of Britain, was so bold as to
call for a suspension of their act in the Court of Session, setting forth
that he had lived for many years inoffensively in Edinburgh—the
vestments, altar, crucifixes, &c., found in his house belonged to the
Countess of Seaforth—he had not been taken in the act of saying
mass, and it had not been proved that he was a priest—finally, and
above all, the magistrates of Edinburgh were going beyond their
powers in banishing any one forth of the island. The magistrates
having answered these objections, the Lords ‘ordained him to enact
himself to remove betwixt and a day out of the kingdom; and in case
of refusal, to be imprisoned till a ship was ready to transport
him.’[435]
The art of printing had fallen sadly off in Scotland during the latter
half of the seventeenth century. James Watson[439] points out truly
that Bassandyne’s folio Bible of 1576, Arbuthnot’s first edition of
Buchanan’s History in 1582, Andro Hart’s Bible of 1610, and the
Muses’ Welcome to King James in 1618, were well printed books; the
last of these Bibles so much so, that ‘many after-impressions of the
Bible in folio, had, as the greatest commendation that could be made
of them, at the foot of their title-pages, that they were “conform to
the edition printed by Andro Hart.”’ Watson adds: ‘The folio
Common Prayer-book, printed before the Troubles by Robert Young,
then printer for this kingdom to the Royal Martyr, is a pregnant
instance of this. I have with great pleasure viewed and compared that
book with the English one in the same volume, printed about the
same time by the king’s printer in England; and Mr Young’s book so
far exceeded the other, that there could be no comparison made
between them. You’ll see by that printed here, the master furnished
with a very large fount, four sheets being inset together; a vast
variety of curiously cut head-pieces, finis’s, blooming letters, fac-
totums, flowers, &c. You’ll see the compositor’s part done with the
greatest regularity and niceness in the Kalendar, and throughout the
rest of the book; the pressman’s part done to a wonder in the red and
black, and the whole printed in so beautiful 1712.
and equal a colour, that there is not any
appearance of variation. But this good and great master was ruined
by the Covenanters for doing this piece of work, and forced to fly the
kingdom.’
After the Restoration, one Archibald Hislop, a bookseller, with
William Carron as his workman, produced a neat edition of Thomas
à Kempis and some other small books. Some Dutchmen, who had
been brought over to assist Hislop’s successor, John Cairns, also
printed a few respectable volumes, including the acts of parliament,
and Sir Robert Sibbald’s Prodromus; but all tendency to attain or
maintain the level formerly attained, was checked by a monopoly
which was granted to one Andrew Anderson in 1671. This Anderson,
who seems to have come from Glasgow, was early in that year
condemned by the Privy Council for a very faulty edition of the New
Testament; yet, for ‘payment of a composition in exchequer and
other weighty reasons,’ they immediately after granted him, as king’s
printer, an exclusive right to print all kinds of lawful books in
Edinburgh, with a right of supervision over all other typographers
within the kingdom. He died in 1679; but his widow succeeded to the
monopoly, and exercised it for some years with the greatest rigour,
persecuting all who attempted to interfere with the business of
printing. As might be expected, the productions of her own press
were miserable beyond all example; she both produced bad and
erroneous editions of the Bible, and much fewer of them than were
required to satisfy the demands of the public. A restriction was at
length put upon her privilege, so as to allow general printing to be
executed by others; but she continued through the whole term of her
patent to be the sole printer of the Scriptures in Scotland. Fac-similes
of a few pages from her Bibles—in poor blurred type, almost
unintelligible with errors, with italic letters employed wherever the
Roman fount fell short, and some lines wholly without spaces
between the words—would appal the reader. It plainly appears that
no such functionary as a corrector was at any time kept by Mrs
Anderson; nor was she herself able to supply the deficiency. The
Bible being then almost the only school-book in use, we may imagine
what unrequired difficulties were added to the task of gaining a
knowledge of the elements of the English language. What, for
example, was a poor child to make of the following passage in her
duodecimo Bible of 1705: ‘Whyshoulditbethoug tathingincredi ble
wtyou, yt God should raise the dead?’ Mrs Anderson’s Bibles being of
such a character, there was a great 1712.
importation of English and foreign copies,
but only in despite of strenuous efforts on her part to keep them out.
Strange to say, when now her government patent expired, she
contrived to obtain the appointment of printer to the Church of
Scotland. Her ability to buy up a heavy stock of acts of the General
Assembly was what secured her this piece of otherwise most
unmerited patronage.
Had the government patent expired a few years earlier, she might,
for anything that appears, have obtained a renewal of it also. But,
now that a Tory ministry was in power, this lucrative privilege was
conferred on two zealous Jacobites—Mr Robert Freebairn, publisher,
and Mr James Watson, printer. These gentlemen were better
typographers than Mrs Anderson; and the Bibles they issued were
much superior. But their Tory principles prevented them from long
enjoying the privilege. Probably acting in the spirit of their patrons,
they ‘seem to have exercised a discretionary power of declining to
publish royal proclamations when they were not consonant with
their own views; otherwise it is difficult to discover why the queen’s
proclamation against unlawful intruders into churches and manses
was printed, not by either of her majesty’s printers, but by John Reid
in Bell’s Wynd.’[440] This zeal led Freebairn, on the breaking out of
the rebellion in 1715, to go to Perth with printing apparatus and
materials, to act as printer for the person whom he called James the
Eighth; and he consequently forfeited his patent.[441] Politics now
favoured Mrs Anderson. In partnership with an Englishman named
Baskett, the king’s printer for England, she once more became the
exclusive printer of the Scriptures in Scotland, and for forty-one
years more! The Bibles produced during the greater part of that time
were indeed a little better than those under the former patent—the
general progress of the country necessitated some little improvement
—but they were still far inferior to the unprivileged productions of
the Scottish press during the same epoch.
There is a reflection which must, or ought somewhat to modify our
feeling regarding this monstrous absurdity; 1712.
namely, that the printing of the Scriptures
was kept upon the footing of a monopoly, with the effect of poor
work and high prices, till our own age, and that so lately as 1823 the
patentees, in a legal document, set forth their expenses in erecting a
printing-office and ‘other charges of various descriptions,’ as
entitling them ‘to enjoy the relative profits and emoluments without
interference from any quarter.’
At the date of the present article, the two parties had what
Wodrow calls ‘a little ruffle’ at Auchterarder—a bleak parish in
Strathearn, which has at various times contrived to make a
prominent appearance in ecclesiastical politics. The trouble arose in
consequence of an attempt to use the funeral-service of the English
Church at a funeral. ‘The common people,’ says Wodrow, ‘though not
very Presbyterian in their principles, yet they reckoned the service
popery, and could not away with it. When the corpse came to the
churchyard, the women and country-people 1712.
began and made a great mutiny. The Lord
Rollo, a justice of the peace, interposed, but to no purpose. The Duke
of Montrose’s bailie, Graham of Orchil, was there; and writes it was
not Presbyterians, but the whole of the common people there; and
they chased off the liturgy-man, and they behoved to bury in their
wonted manner.’
Just at this crisis, the Tory administration of the Church-of-
England-loving Anne interposed with an act of toleration for the
distressed Episcopalians of Scotland, enabling clergymen, who had
orders from Protestant bishops, and took the oaths of allegiance,
assurance, and abjuration, to celebrate divine service—using, if they
chose, the English liturgy—and to perform baptisms and marriages,
without molestation; only further enjoining such clergymen to pray
for the queen, the Princess Sophia, and the rest of the royal family,
under a penalty of twenty pounds. The church commission had fasts,
and prayers, and addresses against the measure—even spoke of
reviving the Solemn League and Covenant—but their resistance was
in vain.
Hitherto, the western section of the country had been clear of this
abomination; but, in November, to the great distress of the serious
people of Glasgow, an attempt was made there to set up the
Episcopal form of worship. The minister officiating was one
Cockburn, ‘an immoral profane wretch, and very silly,’ according to
Mr Wodrow, ‘a tool fit enough for beginning such a work;’ who,
however, had prepared well his ground by qualifying to the
government. A number of persons of social importance joined the
congregation. ‘The Earl of Marr, and [the Laird of] Bannockburn
were there lately with two coaches, and many go out of curiosity to
see it.’[443] The boys took the matter up in their usual decisive
manner; but the Toleration Act compelled protection from the
magistrates, and three town-officers stood guard at the chapel door.
On the 27th of December, an English soldier having died, his officers
wished to have him buried according to the solemn ritual of his
church, and Mr Cockburn performed the ceremony in canonicals in
the cathedral cemetery, the company all uncovered, and a rabble
looking on with suppressed rage. The clergy took a look into the
statute-book, to see if they should be obliged to endure this kind of
insolence as well as the liturgy. Wodrow had hopes that Cockburn’s
congregation would tire of supporting him, 1712.
though his ‘encouragement’ did not exceed
twenty-two pounds a year, or that his free conversation and minced
oaths would make them put him away. A foolish shoemaker who
attended his chapel having lost his wife, Cockburn wished to have a
second exhibition of the funeral-service; but the magistrates would
not allow it. One day, he was baptising a soldier’s child at a house in
the Gorbals, and great was the commotion which it occasioned
among the multitude. On coming out, he was beset by a host of boys
calling to him ‘Amen, Amen!’ the use of this word in the service being
so odious to the public, that it had stuck to Cockburn as a nickname.
For nearly two years were the religious feelings of the people
outraged by the open and avowed practice of the ‘modified idolatry’
in the midst of them, when at length a relief came with the Hanover
succession. As soon as it was known that Queen Anne was no more,
occidental human nature could no longer be restrained. On the
evening of the 6th of August 1714, the little chapel was fairly pulled
down, and the minister and his wife were glad to flee for their lives.
So ended Episcopalian worship in Glasgow for a time.[444] A few
verses from a popular ballad will assist in giving us some idea of the
local feelings of the hour:
‘We have not yet forgot, sir,
How Cockburn’s kirk was broke, sir,
The pulpit-gown was pulled down,
And turned into nought, sir.
· · · · ·
· · · · ·
The chess-window did reel, sir,
Like to a spinning-wheel, sir,
For Dagon he is fallen now;
I hope he’ll never rise, sir.’[445]