Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 25

�1JD#trfJ�ffi�g��f[JffigiAlnJ

fflj!
Dual language phenomena and Language Identity
Description in Singapore

-�:¥�tt�ffi§���ffi. ffi§����¾ffiffi§�ffi��. �
i\g-§�/;L i\3-§;gi,Ji-, ffi§ftffi%'-IJJt§:Jco :(£$i\g-$::t1-ta'-Jffitm:11!ltt�
•�:lj!q,, �:i:�$:i:ffi§��¾&,f'&:£11\ao :zls:::t1ff .%3m:tlx1ffi1J0:1Bla=J�

l1::h ��,��
'-'sl-h:1 n•�
f l1:h =., ;;,r;;:l1::h •*b�)
f)/( /J\ li::1 ' ���- =���-� =
-'-F /l;/UJ i=i ' Jli/1 JJ0-'t)(.J:\,;'R: li::1 ' lf>'I

�:1Bl�$ffiffl��ffi§�����$#�ffi��§�-�*�*fi, �
�ffi1Jo:11!l�i\3-�§�ao #�� 20171f:ffi1Jo:11!lOO���iJaJJtt� 20201¥
A□���ffl. MOO*��, ����, ::t�����1Jffi�ttffi§
����ffi�§�-�**· ��-�:IBl��ffi�§�-��OOffl�
M- tt. ����--�:IBlffi§�B�M�R�o

1
AA:/JO�i¥i?$WI:k$00:sHf(�$�iU�fl. ]tYfMift1§">C1t$$WJW±ff ( r:p)C*±ff) , l¥i
?$WI:k$'&$�±, 1M�1Jfol1'1$::Sc-ft::hffi=i1=t11fl¥.1i*;W--'=i�$, 21 ttt2�9jjj�ff, :X�ift
4:!(ff, AA:/J□�t±�i1:}11f'tri#z o Email: guatpoh.aw@nie.edu.sg; ��%:iii?,: (+65) 67903558
:iillilUtl!hl: NIE3-03-90, 1 Nanyang Walle, Singapore 637616

=
tJr:/JD�i¥i?$WI:k$003L�ff$��ffijj:9lp, AA:/Ja�r:p$$::Sc�9jjj�*i-=l=H�, iff1§"$:&.lillffl
2

ift�$1'± , 1iff�1Jfol 1'1ift�J�iat--'=ii-'fft, $:Sc-ft::hffi ift� B�i*W--'=5 �$, $ >C�ff� 5¥U


�ffi!i/!:ffi 0 Email: li.sun@nie.edu.sg iffiif{,:ltl!,:f:JJ:: NIE3-03-27, 1 Nanyang Walle, Singapore 637616
Abstract: From a sociolinguistic perspective, language identity encompasses the
recognition of one's linguistic affiliation and is intricately linked ro language
attitudes, consciousness, and usage. In the multilingual and multicultural
context of Singapore, the phenomenon of dual or multiple language identities is
inevitable. This paper undertakes an analysis of the diverse bilingual or multilingual
phenomena in Singapore, comprising English, mother tongues (such as Mandarin,
Malay, Tamil), Chinese dialects, Singlish (Singaporean English), Singdarin
(Singaporean Mandarin), and other languages and ethnic dialects. Drawing upon
the 2017 Singapore National Identity Survey and the 2020 population census
data, this study explores the intricate relationship between language identity and
bilingualism, examining the perspectives of national identity, ethnic identity,
and cultural identity. It elucidates the distinctive characteristics of bilingualism
and language identity in Singapore, thereby shedding light on the significance
of these phenomena in shaping the research trajectory concerning Singapore's
language issues.

Keywords: bilingualism, language identity, dual language identity, Singaporean


language phenomena

1 9651f'.�1Jn:l:&:J!i!.1zJtl3sl, 1t�iftjgf(�1'J�1fz£:&, 5E�i-B-1'Jfijgfcfflift


s"JOO�o ffffFn, �1Jn:!Eli&��1f, ���� "�ift1'J±, ·Bhft1'J�" s"J
101f'.�iffftltl:�ift�W'' ffftl}j[{t-0!1:iiE�'.£.:(££1it!l�1f�����ift$j:1f �ii O

$1'tttt2s"JgjJ, tt- JJdt�ift�W-1'1�11□:!Eltt���**�oo�, �Wr�$


5c1ta{].!f!.iftlf!.'g�Wf!P]1t1'1�m�g, J§"�B�1'1�4-ffiJr1Jn:l:Elt±�s"J£:2fs:ift
��1iEo

2014) o 3 "�ift" (bilingualism) ffi-1' Axtt±�9=1iW�±�iftgB"J § Fl=l1s!!ffl


i�jJ; "��" ( diglossia) 1/j:(£tf��ffi:(£:;f lP]ift�9=1xtiW�i-8-����s{J
{5Qfflt�f1, ep:(£i£:rt:%�1s!!ffl "1.£�ffi-g" ��FiE:r-t:%��ffl "{��i-8-�"
ffi������•�•�••"�m� 3

( Luke & Richards, 1982) o 4 Snow ( 2010) iA:1-J�ft�gf±l2sJl�$Ji:5jEJ-9*


:!tl2 iA IP] �1iE , i,q: $� g*f lK 89 m � 1H1H�* :!tl2 �!II t# X 1-t � 15} 89 ffk� , ep �
A6�m�mfigEJ-9W�. &�••�m�mm*, �mz:1-1-�•��
f;}iAIP]fi:1-J 5 � ]]11 :l&'.Jd'.£ s 1ir I 1t ;fl:!� J3 q:t � ffl 'g 1ri-a R fi rtJ Jffl ' ep ft
O *
��-����c��
.l!:!1l:i::t:9�;l;i::t.!!)(.'--'J-l:i::t fl:i::t,
rr•�
-=:J7J":l:i::t,
�*&�)
fJJ< /J'\l:i::t ,
�*s-������-
·u=..,p: ffl::t:.il:'.IT·ocmJJ i=i,

�:/Jn:llt:i-\'.:�ift ( Singlish) ;fllfJr;/]11:flt:i-\'.::f#i-et ( Singdarin) �iftg�i-et§f1f:f;i$::itr


fi�-o �H¾*�EI-9��:llt�ift�M��EI-9W tt�•, &¾$�8-9U�
X 1-txit8-9§� � o *
i-a§fiAIP)l'i:iJM¾�J§�f--t89iN:M, � Elt±��, i-etR�, A��, {.,
W�,�-�, -��, ����ffi�o ��M�IP]mffi, �IP]ffi:i-\'.::itrfi�
Jt, 1£51 $ /:L\�IP)EJ-9•.�*131Hti-agiAIP]o Mt±�iftg�EJ-9t�ffi;g, i-agiA
IP]�,&t¾1/jift§f�15}i,AIP] 03�!&, 2020) / 1982���fig�*Gumperz8-9
(fi§f�t±�iAIP]) 1 8-9ili�, ��-fi§fiAIP]MJt�At±�fi§f�EJ-9��
MJt, &&�TMJtffi:itM����fiRiAIP]��-���ffi§fiAIP]�ff
1f: Gumperz 89Wi�-1rliiJi :i::Ht���*ffflf-ff�f;i$:;fllfff:4s:89iftR�15}-iAIP] '
0

�-1rliiX •• §ffit±IK�m%��f:4s:�tlff:4s:8-9��M��EJ-9iAIP]o ��tt


;,:..:s+
���-TEJ-9iAIP)ffl��B��:1-J�ft�Jtffi§fiAIP)EJ-9��ffi:it, 1f:�MJt
ff$
� ( Eckert, 2012) 8 ;fll��MJt� ( �1cl'Y3, 2010) 9 t�*fflffl�Wi�ifflf-ffi-a
k- ':E.
1'-1:i::t
R�filiAIP]�M, iA:1-J�f:4s:�fff:4s:�-�§fffiMmT�-§�8-9ffi§f�B�

L
�ffl 4
Luke, K.K., J.C. Richards, "English in Hong Kong; Functions and Status", English World-Wide, 3(1982),
1:8� pp. 47-64.
5
:;6"
Snow, D., "Diglossia in East Asia', journal ofAsian Pacific Communication, 20,1(2010), pp. 124-151.
6
:M�ro: <flfJe1iA.1A1�*1W:»-X�fi:ili:mn, f�:sz:5'�1:!lfl½:k��;plO, 20201Pm4M, Jfi:13-160
7 Gumperz, J.J., Language and Social Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
8
Eckert, P., "Three Waves of Variation Study: The Emergence of Meaning in the Study of Sociolinguistic
Variation", The Annual &view ofAnthropology, 41(2012), pp. 87-100.
4o 9
i#s:kllA 0±�.g.1f$�iUUU (:·Jt:J?:: :1t:J?::k�tll!l1.H±, 2010), JJr 1760
WrJ!¥gfQ��. Jtt�Ut#wt¥®ffi1f:3/gg�*�-�fJJ'iA['gjo ,�,z. i-a�W£
�:itTiA['gj, -t!1tEJ!t1gtfiA[P] (jj1J\�, 2018) 0 10
ffi1fiA[P]�¥Ll�:rf�l'sJfQfi�*.¥•12SJ·s{J1tftl� ( Blommaert, 2006) 11, �mzmffi
¾tE��s{J1fffittgffi1fffiMm�%�. �ffi1fwtffi1f��:1gg�*�-� {;jiit; ( �

ffiiA['gjs{JMW 0 ���12Si*W�mffi��l2Sl-xtffi����f'gjs{J�Wf. tE� ����

ft.iA, �-� ■ ,tt�%�, OO*iA['gj.J!¥g�-iA�as{J�ffi�&. � MiA['gj�


�m�6�M�����
IIIJJ�J-1)(.1:::l LJP:Jl:i::t 1=t 1/llEI.Nt:i, ���-
l:1=11=1�/�, ���- *W�6����filllS
l:1=11=t I�!�, :JTff,jU1oJ l:::l LJl:i::t n:;,fl)J1;�1PJ l/r:h□:ilt�
s{]J!¥goffl¾, ��s{J�ftiA['gjR¾-#ffi�$�. �ftJ!¥gX�s{Jffi1fiA s{J��tm
f'gj, i-a1fiA['gj�&,��1iftJ?,�iA['gjs<J�{>( Cn1J\�, 2018)/ 2 i-a1fiA['gjs{]Jt
;t1g¾1fffittgs{J���ff��Wr��. 12Sl��R¾��s{J�ftiA['gj, -t!1W¥
��s{JiA[P]�ftffl�-��ffi. tE�ffl1fffittgs{Jff�iA['gj�%�ffi��ffi
iA['gjo 1fffittgs{Jff�tE%�s{Jftf'gj1fffiiA['gjs{J��k. �ffl-��s{Jffi�
15e:J:fHli'5B�ifUJU, #UWTJt-tk:�Xi-a1r�fJJ', Jt�uftiJ�ftf;:s{Jffi1f15e:J:IH1li!�iA
f'gjo l2SJ�, ffi1fiA['gjt£¥#W�ktk:�tf��tE¥�1fffittgs{Jffi1f�ffl. i3l��A
ffi1f�ffltE�-ffi1fiA['gjs{J[P]�-t!1�fflft�¥#�ffiffi�1fffittg%�-� � ( di 7:
s<J 121 We*-¥ o WAfQ©(
tt�ffi1f*���OO. ffi1fffiffi�00ffl¾��wtff��ffis{J-�$%, "$Cc�
�OO"ft¾*", ¾ttg�Bs{J��o A�tt�¾�-.¥�ttgftf'gj�ffl�
8'9. ���-, ��,*•, ��, oo*•�f'g] ■ tt���*:1g�f'gj��.
fll�#��i!-ffif§xfti:. -ill.ffMit-Z6ito �::kOO C 2004) tRctl:lffffiftiK:f][
�. ffltf:lttg¾ffi-&s{J, ffi1f¾ffi=&B'9, ffi1§��ttg�, ffffittg ,l � * �'
266-274,
14�
� <

x�).:
15 JJ/]\� <
10
JJ+� < �litri-!1fi:Al\'fl./iJr�a<Jtm*��), (iif1f ht�iil!JO, 201s�m3:!g:�BWL :lit 22-320 9l77-86
11
Blommaert, "J. Lan guage Policy and National Identity", In T. Ricento (Ed.), An Introduction to Language 1, *m 0�
Policy: 1heory and Method (Oxford: Blackwell, 2006), pp. 238-2544. 53-600
12
j]lj\� C:1,iiitri1½1f-/:Al\'fJ./iJr�a<Jll!]*��), 9l25o I' ii'itl1J (
ffi����•�•�•�••��m� s

�-fN:tt!Ke{] IKJJIJ¾�i1H±IKJt.ffi!�iJd��!l3m!.i-J{o 13 "i!�iAfAJ" 'fr.


�T*ffitt�';&.-e{]·��m,ttlK�m��T��e{]ffi�-m. H�§�
•�m�•�tt�Wffe{]ffi*��. ft���ffi���iA��tt�e{]�%tt
ti� ( �*�,
2018)o 14 �-'t�WffM-'t�ffit±IKB{]m!tt��ffi�{,tat, JJi"}t
����-ffi*iAfAJ, M-'t�ffittlKB{]ffi�-��¾�-'t�e{]�ffi, W��
miAfAJ7G-�¾3JZ-H:rts9 c :;r1J\�, 2O1s) / 5 �llt, t£$ffi$x1-t$#�s9
!frjJ0:!lOf:!Jti:p, �-�$mi!�iAfAJ¾�,f&fftEB9:fJ\1�, ¾!ITJJn�AtE7GfAJ
e{]�����-, �-, ��, �-%�8{]$mffi*�ffiiAfAJo

= , � ttm :JJa�� m �� n<1 � !.t'l

flfnn�¾-'ti!� 1J\ .% , m T *1¥j�a{]i:p ,t,, � �ft� 89 :t-tk:FJIHftil:Jtl��


�B9ffi�:t-tl!Wtlftii�o 1s191fflrJJ0�ffi&'-Bt, .%__t.�1f 12O�.Qi*A� 3O�
$Ao 16 �ffi�:t-mat, !frno�1lt1T��5G�& § rum, 111:ttte{]�}m�-K�
'31 �-@.A#�@T llt a 19571:j:: e{]A i:::i ��lfil.�, !ITJJ0� a{]@��$�@
$ c 2:t"75.4%), 1t=rx¾.Qi*� c 2:t"13.6%) �f/J�� c 2:t"9.0%), �ff itt
WA�ltt�tl#A�{t!?,� C 2:t"2%), ,�,Ai:::1-�1447J5929Ao' 7 5(0�,
"$ ( Chinese ) - & ( Malays ) - f/J ( Indians ) -{ti?, ( Others ) " �;r.\'.; ( ffir

13
�*�, �hEP, W!Jc� O'Ht*1�i-l:l-1f'i: » ( :itJ?::"P OOU�fll.�iliillHI:, 2004), :vt
�*�
266-2740
14
(i-lt1f¾1ff/H11KB9�-*T "iit1flJUW 5fll "ift"l'fv-liil" 89iti-Q: >' OrOOi-Ei'f
x�». 201s�m2M, :9tll5-218o
15
JI+� ($illliF:tJff "-ffJ:ii!f" ffl�B9#i'-JE:�!Jl--'=JWJm), <ii!t1r::ie*!.&FID, 2015�JF,2WJ,
:9t77-86o
16
*m OiH-'5--'=Jffi:/Jll:IJk'. "1i�.A." JI1f�-l!Htl��1ilf�), ftlt���», 20101:j::Jf, 1 AA, :vt
53-600
17
�tfU1J <ffi:/JU:IJk'.t±�if!lift�) ( ffi:/J□:IJk'.: 1¥J�H!l!Ij;::�"P�i!�::ief.t"P L', 1996) , :vt 5o
1
II -41m
���
�1f (%) 2010
9.5
15-24
2020
9.7
25-34
2010
12.3
2020
9.7
35-44
2010
18.9
2020
12.8
45-54
2010
36.4
2020
20.0
55 tt.t
2010
61.6
2020
50.3
I �*��it 90.5 90.3 87.7 90.3 81.1 87.2 63.6 80.0 38.4 49.7

J!�Xll.ift!Xll-RA §tiJ:;f$, !z9jg:00t£i�$�nRB"1A�Bi3?.�o tHi


�:bn:f&'.�it �M 1980 !if� 2020!.f B"JA D ff-1ttJfil_�, $�@�*i::f=tiJt:nRB"J
J...�BJfil_��y, M 1980 !.fa"J78.8%��¥0 2020!.fs"J11.8%, im+!.f�ili:
�yT =- ?tz=a"JJ...� (��5) o lft-Jj_xJ5(i:iJ�3�r "$·itl=$i!, y·itf::n
E
§" a"Ji}t$ift�zsfJo 1979!.f:rHi L �:ba:f&'.::kJJtt; "iJt$ill�zsfJ", § a"J¾
w���$•*�*:n§s"J�ffl. W�$tt*$�:nRB"1mR�m. �$m
•�:nR. �jg$�@�z�s"J��m. Mw�m����mfiXll-mft•H
�tls"Ji!R�mo

�/j!')ltffl� (%) 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020


-1 J.- �li
:!R:1:i:, 7.5 19.3 23.9 32.6 47.6
$iif 9.9 30.1 45.1 47.7 40.2
1f1[ 78.8 50.3 30.7 19.2 11.8
i.
l
;ltftl!.* 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2

W� 2020!.f*ffi!?itfflift;fOZX?it ffli!B"JJl{;ti:ff-1tt·lwl5?. C �� 6), *i::f=t?it


ffli!jgjJ§s"JA�P-� 8.7%, Jtfmi!§�!!Y, f.£� 1.4%; W*MtX?itffl

27
:Bi�*tml: Census of Population 2020, pp. 24.
28
18'.f�*tm\: Singapore Department of Statistics. Census of Population. 1980-Table 62,1990-Table 30,
2000-Table 30, 2010-Table 48, 2020-Chart 4.5.
o#wq;
±&���ij��Y��m���M� ·�-±���••mw�••m•
����M ·��%m�*�nmw�m•���m�•�±$ ·�w
arm±
w��uw�mw�Y%�m��•�mw ·��m•����� ·��
0
i1w�lil�JI:±� 'fr$i1�4�=tti1wnlU�1K.�2:f�d3��� '�¥gJi:p
• :tr�i1w�i1w�f}$ lil�ir±�i1wf}$�d::1 --�:!B; , 1K!il*n • �ir�
0 $±
�-���%ffl--�ID�*•rn�� ·�••&¥W�W�$¥�� ·oo
�DY���NID '���WY�������fi 0 ffl-�Y��ffl¥1:p$
filLW�gM��* •���-�#-W��fm •���y�--W�L�
W���fflw 0 fflwlli�nWY�0���mffl• '$.fflwlli*�-�W
�ffi$&¥ '-�fflwllinT*��$M�� 0 $ffl¾gMu•��*•S
�W�ID�*-M '$ffl¾gM�ij���U�8Z '$ffl¾a�rmmw�m
�� ·�•$ID�� 0 q;a�fi$�ffl���M$ffl--�ID�*•rn
0 0
i1�4f}$�:m:Wi1w 'i:p*tJ-M.f}$1K!il2:f��� �w@
-�T�ffl�¾fflM�*���ID '$ffl#-fmWTW� 'W����M¾
s-e
f¥lgf�i:pi1*n"1 ',;l),13Hlk C n,{epv,re qea) i1*nf}$•4 '1K!il*n --�uq:
���W (I) i12:f�Mi1¾gf}$1K!il2:f�� 'Wf}$*=fHrf00 ° �-M-iH1
[}$ "i1w+i1*n,, f-U'Jf!J- '*Y:1�iJi£�%:4;t86I ij-4 °i1lli$.M§
t!1r1�1:p*tr••$,f11:pWi1w • ••¥1.=¥1• '¥1w 'i1*n��1K!il
n ° $ffl¾g�m�M-4�1K!il*nW�ID*n ° 1K!il2:f���-4 'I
!ia*ngj��M�Urf:iflij *�� 'Y$�i1���M%i1--�i1*ltr'r:1
0
@�$�i1�M$tf:'rt�fli¾
¥•M-•:rt����-��!il*nM� 'ffl$�ro$ID$•���$tp�
0
L-vYI • c9ooz ·:i:nMm�tJ9:rt :$1n «5f?�fg]YD ttoo�.a ':§'i�!M¾ • �m� •£
0
IL-ol YI 'w I ��9!0Z 'Oi:11!�&1? �m > ' ( < ¥,1-
y � .. fg]Y!-SJ"�it. > �!1�) ($ll�nt� \�tt1:t9:i:t '-��tm:f:-?J:?J:�fg]Y!-�:lin Ji!,ifft¥ Lf
fgj'ft*ils} 'zfilfgj'{tf}$Jff¥!t*il.f'.tY:fli:Dq!,t�- ':t}fgj:ff:�{)fj!��ipf-}­
O
f? ::lJ:flj:Dq!,t *¥!I�$ WBl:J'.:!l!t rnJ:?zfil � Eo �fgj'ft�i! ' .ffi,if :!l NW%i!
W��$¥tJil*-WY ¥ '%i!4$fgj'ft:J:1f�;:gy¥/'.�:fll:Dqif!f'?'-09''d 'W¾3Jz:if t/:i �}�
���-�*�:fll:�!lt�'d::IJI..Jm�¥-�fflwffl&� 'R���ffl::IJI ��
����-�%ffl�-����f?::!Jfflw��ffl--v*��fil ':?W 0 [g]'ft.ffi, 'f?
%Y:fll:Uq!,t���'J1 �f?i!wi!&�r.1W*Y:fll:W!lt'.?i-}�$} '*t±W$}i!w if!�
0
4f?t..J�t{�iji-H€�%�� WD:k��4$¥EI L flJ�:flj:Uq!,tf{;tJ}Ef83!lR� ':t} d3yR
���MM¥/'.#�BUY:fll:�!ftTI '�a����%Wfflw�� •*��ff fii;I if!
K*il8�--v-f?::IJ�il-:fll:W!lt 0 ¥W��ti��W�%ffl '¥W�&�
9� ••m�&$} '¥w•m�•�mwE ·���� 0 U¼�E���� ...+,-·
Y ,;:i-,-.
%ffl��:?Y�W!lt��MW#�$:!lN� 'fflW�����u�•m��
g'$ffl�!ft'••��'::IJilli���!ftW 'fflW����!ltWfflw
0
*¥fit�:!l!t
•fgj'ft�¥ '[gj'ft¥/'.#'fgj'ft*il�M-�fg]'ft.ffi,if�ffl '��3Jz:if�W
$--vWm ':trB��¥W 'VI���W%ffl 0 ��fgj'ft.ffi,%%ffl�M$
•$rn�� ·���-������ '�mmw ·•��•M��a•v
Uqift&w ''-09'*(}$9:J=i%�ir&�Uqift&'.;)-}� 0 fgj'ft=J?H�'iif�W¥4N" '�ilf?�:?
�¥••m�-���� '%ffl��f{;Mgm��W#��fflwfflW�*M
���uqifJ 8£ 0 c 90oz ':W!M¾ • �If��) fg]'ft�H�'iif��fg]'ft�HHW "M
;f;l,¥t�E?#r.1fu�*M$�[gj'ft%i1 L£°C9rnz ·�f.fnt) tii�niit '11. _
01'}����
m�-�WfflW��m����ID*nrn ·�-�-¥�ID*n�IDWB*
'$5*5Y*n�inf�Hi '-��W2�ifwJ!!JEI 'WIT} 0 �it��$iB€
ID*nWT*� ·�-��B���fflW*n�-��m����ID*nrn
'r,1:!@ 0 ?f��OO=Mr,1 '���*��OO����i�ir.µt '�lif�wJ�W���t
�ij Gp .µt 'it00�it*n r,1 - □[('.if!�$%'�*n 3;F[]y';J:JT� ':ft*�$¥D� 'ij1fZIK .W
*W:ft@l 'i100�$�4 '1Kfil!f!f�d3 '"ZIKfil!*nil��- □[('.�WID*n ° Bf!:JJ
�*�W����m ·n���w�±¥J� ·moo�••m*nM� '¥±
fl§ViHi'b-'r q:i t1Y.LI[('.�:!tY*n '..J±#li].Htf$J-�$-LI[('.�3tit*n °itOO
�it*n�wf$21fl�flfil� 9961 '�001. W¥J E;l ¥IH!i.µE�qj£-□[('.�� �961 ° it
OO�it*n�•�Y=il¥tNl�}7-J, '#�"ZIK*n�£M-1${iJtf!. □[('.:!l'!.µE� ·�u
0
4$.µEUijt S �'$-□[('.�� 6�61 W '4$'$ a4*nW�OO �-□[('.if! itOO �­
LI[('.if!Wm 'iH&4$Y*nWit*n ° �it��:ft@lW��w�m '�i1�4i
@lWit*n • �@l�rsl!Y*n Gr° c 9661 • nt11,.g) it*nlJ•�is:-1fYW*n
·wm•n�•sl!ID '*ID�-m"ZIK• 'm�w --m*n�af¥1W*n
0
���f.f�� -.µtJID mm��
��m����ID$rn '�*';J:JTrn ° IDW#��B*W*����fil$ 'q:1
B*�filw�3t 0 ���-���mmmmmB*�ID$�fil&#M '�T ii[£
����rn�ooms���mw�m&B* '�Nm i �RY*��m�� ��
���fil$��rn '�W���fil$�-��rnmm��#�W�*� 0 � {fJ,�
=i=tY$�afitw-□[('.if!Y�Ei} ·��J��+-Yfil�-□[('.� '��IJ,±:lfilru- )S:Qg
, *�:lf1�!±�$¥iiY$-□[('.��e�r,1�v=- � '�*wf 0 �!¼�i1�:tt� :fH.=¥
RW$W�T*�ID$$J- 'fil$�-□[('.�����*�V&�q:iW�#B� u·
'M:ftfil$���-��:1tY•�� 0 •��-�fil$�-��l.W�fi� 4$�
·w�m$&$}���WW$$•*• ·•ws�Y���ffl ·���� ��

You might also like