03 .

Atoms elements , , compounds

3.1 Physical chemical
C .
+
changes •

compound :

C. 3.2 Elements compounds mixtures pure substance

-

.
, ,

32 elements chemically combined

•
element -
unlimited #

-
atoms w/ same -

# of protons
-

limited # .
mixture :

-
-

32 substances
NOT
chemically combined
-

can be separated physically

-

•
metals and non
-

metals

metals non -

metals
conduct heat +
4 ✓ ✗

shape malleable ,
ductile brittle

surface texture lustrous (shiny ) dull , non -

reflective

density melting
+
pt .
high low

ions formed + ve -
ve

oxides formed basic acidic

•
conc =

amount of solute

specific V of solvent

unit ?

of both
v. display properties
 NUCLEON NUMBER
C. 3 .
Atomic structure a Periodic Table → +
=p n

in shells
1- 08
+ -1 +

+ 1-

1
12 14

negligible gc % AN

Electron shells

try some
configurations ?

Noble
gases
•
:

Group 0 / VII
-

-
full outer shells → unreactive

= stable
 Isotopes :

•
atoms of same element

#
same
proton
•

•
dif nucleon #

same
properties
•

( same # e- in outer shell )

\
 Ionic bonds between metallic +
non
-

metallic
C. 3. 4 .
Ions a ionic bonds

Ions

Ionic compounds form

lattice structures :

regular arrangement
-

alternating ve and ve
+ -

ions
C 3.5 .
Molecules and covalent bonds
Non metallic -
elements form simple molecules

outer shell
with
gains full
covalent bonds between atoms .
→ each atom

Single covalent bonds Hz , Clz , H2O , Cha ,

MHz ,
HCl

7- 7

Complex ( double / triple) covalent bonds Nz Gta CH } OH CO2

•

, , ,

us .
covalent

IoniÉt
meltinglboilingpt.fi
solid liquid

stwt.IE?.s?iu?t#no-oeaporateeasixusua-yyes-aromas
, gas
volatile ?

usually no
polar
compounds
:
non ;
ionic
-

yes :

conduc.to?#terrPdissdvesinorganic
solvents

yes : molten / in solution no : all e- in bonds

*
melting a
boiling pt .

ionic compounds have

high mlbpt simple covalent substances
-
-

oppositely charged ions in lattice strong covalent bonds in each molecule

-

electrostatic forces weaker intermolecular forces

↳
strong
-

↳
require large amounts of energy to overcome
↳ less
energy required
C. 3.6 .
Macromolecules

allotrope : -

dif atomic / molecular arrangement

-

same element
-

same
physical state
•
element : C

giant covalent structures

?
→
giant lattice structure →
mlbp ? amount of
energy

4 free

¥-5
- 1C bond to 4 Cs - 1C bond to 3 Cs -0-8-0
→ tetrahedron →
layers of hexagonal shaped -
forms I
covalent bonds 1 free C
very strong → e-
per
-

intermolecular forces ↳ free to

-

no in between
layers ,
move

conduct 4 ? covalent bonds

no
strong
-

→ °

? intermolecular forces
m.p. weak between layers
•
-

extremely hard
•

,
dense →
layers slide →
slippery ,
smooth

→ used
jewellery
as ,
cutting tools → °
conduct 4 ? yeah
( e.g. drill bits ) ?
:
heavy duty m.p.
•
-

soft
slippery "
Gines
•

-1
,

→ used as •

pencils ,
industrial lubricants locks

4 conductor ( electrodes in
electrolysis )
•

0
Sick
Silicon CIV ) Oxide a.k.a .
Silicon Dioxide
-

macromolecule [macromolecular ]
-
occurs
naturally as sand , quartz
10 bonds to 2 Si
J 1- Si bonds to 40s

shape
-

→
predictions ?