DIFFUSION

-
states :
liquid # ,

random motion requires energy ?

-
*

-
[ h_ ] → [ -1 ]
until
evenly spread out

* make faster ?
-

relative molecular mass ( Mr )

•
faster in than

•
same to ,
different rates

→
Mr d → of

C2 .
Experimental techniques
C2 1
.
.
Measurements

unit equipment
liquids
2
-

time s stopwatch , stopcock

-
to 0C thermometer ( traditional /
digital )
mass
g. kg digital balance
-

'

volume ?m3 [ ]
accuracy
-

⇐
em

✗ precise :

variable V accurate :

3 fixed V
O -

50cm
⇒ minions -
10cm
}

3
-
25cm

gases
↳
 Criteria of
c. 2.2 .

purity

why do we need purity ?

only substance
•
one
pure
=

food additives not ? ?

in
drugs * what happens if impurities
•

how ?
↳
melting and
boiling point analysis * → data tables

g. pure water b.
e. :
p
:

I
.

M.p.
:

* if not exact values ?

•
mixtures melt / boil over a
range of to
*
why ?

ww
Paper chromatography
•

separate substances w/ different solubilities

(
in a solvent
•
solvent travels via
capillary action
>
dif rates

•
Retention factor ( Rf ) values

identify components of mixtures

→

compare Rf ( unknown) with Rf ( Known )

under same conditions

/ I.
7

ratio
/ )
units )
Rf = d moved
by compound ¥ ( no

d solvent
Cmf
" "

£1

?
highest / lowest solubility
-

pure / impure ?
C 2.3 .
Methods of purification
difference physical properties ?
-

rely on a in such as

Mixture of solids
-

f ,
magnetic properties , solubility ,
. . .

Mixture of liquids : immiscible liquids Filtration :

decanting (
pouring carefully ) separate undissolved solid from mixture of centrifugation
• •
*

separating funnel a solid and

liquid / solution

crystallisation
•

separate dissolved solid from solution ,

when a solid is more soluble
in a hot solvent than cold

yet;¥eÑ heat
•

•
cool

→
( once cooled ) o
filter to collect crystals
•
wash w/ cold , distilled water to remove impurities
•

dry
 Simple Distillation Fractional distillation
separate soluble solid from solution
separate 32 miscible liquids
•