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 THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF

MEDIEVAL CENTRAL
EUROPE
 THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF

MEDIEVAL CENTRAL
EUROPE

Edited by
NADA ZEČEVIĆ and DANIEL ZIEMANN
 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the
University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing
worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and
certain other countries.
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.
© Oxford University Press 2022
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in
writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under
terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning
reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department,
Oxford University Press, at the address above.
You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same
condition on any acquirer.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Zečević, Nada, editor. | Ziemann, Daniel, editor.
Title: Oxford handbook of medieval Central Europe / Nada Zečević, Daniel Ziemann.
Description: New York, NY : Oxford University Press, [2022] |
Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2021056067 (print) | LCCN 2021056068 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780190920715 (hardback) | ISBN 9780190920739 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Europe, Central—History—To 1500. |
Europe, Central—Civilization. | Civilization, Medieval.
Classification: LCC DAW1046 .O94 2022 (print) | LCC DAW1046 (ebook) |
DDC 943/.01—dc23/eng/20220105
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021056067
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021056068
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190920715.001.0001
 About the Editors

Nada Zečević teaches the history of the Balkans at Goldsmiths,

University of London, where she also directs the Centre for the Study
of the Balkans. She earned her PhD in Medieval Studies from the
Central European University (CEU), Hungary (2004). Dr. Zečević’s
research focuses on the history of the Balkan peninsula and its
global relations, the historical societies of this region, and
interpretations of its past.
Daniel Ziemann is Associate Professor at the Department of
Medieval Studies at Central European University (CEU) in Vienna. He
is a medieval historian and received his PhD in history from the
Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt on the Main in
2002. Prior to his appointment at CEU in 2009, he taught at the
University of Cologne. He researches the political and legal history of
the early and high Middle Ages with a special focus on Southeast
and Central Europe.
 Contents

Contributors
Acknowledgments
Preface
Nada Zečević and Daniel Ziemann
Selected Bibliography

Introduction: “Central Europe”: Perceptions, Definitions, and

Comparisons in a Historiographical Context
Nada Zečević

PART I. LAND, PEOPLE, AND STRUCTURES OF

POWER
1. Geography, Natural Resources, and Environment
András Vadas
2. From Avars and Slavs to the First Medieval Kingdoms in Central
Europe: Population and Settlement, 700–1100
Daniel Ziemann
3. The Central European States: From Monarchy to Ständestaat
Julia Burkhardt
4. Government: Central and Local Administration
János M. Bak and Suzana Miljan
5. Law and the Administration of Justice
János M. Bak and Yuriy Zazuliak
6. Wars, Warfare, and Military Organization
Attila Bárány
 7. Cooperation and Conflict in Diplomacy and War within and
around Central Europe
Gerald Schwedler and Paweł Figurski, with contributions by László
Veszprémy, Emir O. Filipović, and Christian Raffensperger

PART II. SOCIETY AND ECONOMY

8. Changing Elites in Medieval Central Europe
Cosmin Popa-Gorjanu
9. Locals and Immigrants in Medieval Central Europe
Stefan Donecker
10. Gender and Family in Medieval Central Europe
Michaela Antonín Malaníková, Witold Brzeziński, and Marija
Mogorović Crljenko
11. Rural Land Management in Medieval Central Europe
Edit Sárosi
12. Cities and Towns in Medieval Central Europe
Katalin Szende and Felicitas Schmieder
13. Mining, Finances, and Commerce in Medieval Central Europe
Grzegorz Myśliwski and Balázs Nagy

PART III. CULTURE AND RELIGION

14. Cultural Landscapes: Education and Literature
Farkas Gábor Kiss and Lucie Doležalová
15. A History of Social Communication in East-Central Europe:
Words, Scripts, and Beyond
Anna Adamska
16. Art and Architecture in Medieval East Central Europe
Béla Zsolt Szakács and Zoë Opačić
17. Contexts of Late Medieval Daily Life
Gerhard Jaritz
 18. Religious Practices (and Confessional Variants) in Medieval
Central Europe
Stanislava Kuzmová
19. The Papacy and the Region, Church Structure, and Clergy
Agata Zielinska and Igor Razum
20. Jews in Medieval Central Europe
Tamás Visi
21. Monasticism in Medieval Central Europe (c. 800–c. 1550)
Marie-Madeleine de Cevins, with contributions by Marek Derwich and
Beatrix Romhányi

PART IV. IMAGES OF THE PAST

22. The Image of East Central Europe in Medieval European
Literature
Levente Seláf
23. Musical Culture in Medieval Central Europe
Paweł Gancarczyk
24. The Middle Ages after the Middle Ages: Popular Traditions and
Medievalism
János M. Bak and Gábor Klaniczay

Index
 Contributors

Anna Adamska, Utrecht University, Utrecht

János M. Bak, 1929–2020

Attila Bárány, Debrecen University, Debrecen

Witold Brzeziński, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego, Bydgoszcz

Julia Burkhardt, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg

Marie-Madeleine de Cevins, University of Rennes

Marek Derwich, University of Wrocław, Wrocław

Lucie Doležalová, Charles University, Prague

Stefan Donecker, Austrian Academy of Sciences—Institute for

Medieval Research, Vienna

Farkas Gábor Kiss, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest

Paweł Figurski, University of Warsaw, Warsaw

Emir O. Filipović, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo

Paweł Gancarczyk, Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of

Sciences, Warsaw

Gerhard Jaritz, Central European University, Budapest/Vienna

Gábor Klaniczay, Central European University, Budapest/Vienna

Stanislava Kuzmová, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava

Michaela Antonín Malaníková, Palacký University, Olomouc

Suzana Miljan, Institute of Historical and Social Sciences, Croatian

Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb

Marija Mogorović Crljenko, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Pula

Grzegorz Myśliwski, University of Warsaw, Warsaw

Balázs Nagy, Eötvös Loránd University and Central European

University, Budapest/Vienna

Zoë Opačić, Birkbeck College, London

Cosmin Popa-Gorjanu, “1 Decembrie 1918,” University of Alba

Iulia, Alba Iulia

Christian Raffensperger, Wittenberg University, Springfield, OH

Igor Razum, Central European University, Budapest/Vienna

Beatrix Romhányi, Gáspár Károli Calvinist University, Budapest

Edit Sárosi, Budapest History Museum, Budapest

Felicitas Schmieder, FernUniversität Hagen, Hagen

Gerald Schwedler, University of Zürich, Zürich

Levente Seláf, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest

Béla Zsolt Szakács, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Piliscsaba

and Central European University, Budapest/Vienna

Katalin Szende, Central European University, Budapest/Vienna

András Vadas, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest

László Veszprémy, Institute of Military History, Budapest

Tamás Visi, Palacký University, Olomouc

Yuriy Zazuliak, Ukrainian Catholic University, Lviv

Nada Zečević, Goldsmiths University of London, London

Agata Zielinska, University College, London

Daniel Ziemann, Central European University, Budapest/Vienna

 Acknowledgments

“A tale is but half told when only one person tells it,” says a wise
medieval maxim. Our group’s work on this Handbook would never
have been complete without the gracious support of:
Dr. Judith Rasson, Los Angeles, whose meticulous language
scrutiny, experience in editing, and incredible degree of collegial
patience helped us align our thoughts and formats with standard
English usage and our dialects with the standards and style of native
English expression.
Professor Katalin Szende, Medieval Studies Department, Central
European University, Vienna/Budapest, director of the Medieval
Central European Research Network (MECERN), who patiently used
MECERN’s diverse resources to address all our needs for
interdisciplinary expertise and smoothed our outreach to the
members of the network.
The Humanities’ Initiative at Central European University of
Vienna/Budapest, for generously providing the funds to foster
discussion among the volume’s contributors at MECERN’s
conferences in Olomouc and Zagreb (2016 and 2018), and for
supporting the costs of preparing this volume for publication in the
English language.
Csilla Dobos, administrator of the Medieval Studies’ Department at
the Central European University, Vienna/Budapest, for her detailed
and dogged support of this project.
The late Professor János M. Bak, without whose incitement,
encouragement, and scholarly input our work would have been far
less motivated and intellectually rewarding.
Our friends, colleagues, and dear ones, whose love and patience
shielded us from all sorts of discomforts and challenges. We dedicate
this Handbook to those among them whom we sadly lost during our
journey.
 Preface

Several years ago, a group of international medieval scholars (there

must have been more than thirty individuals of various backgrounds
and career stages) had a lively discussion over brown-bag lunches in
the cafeteria of the University of Olomouc (Czech Republic), where
they had gathered after a long session at MECERN’s Second Biennial
Conference (Medieval Central European Research Network). The
topic of their discussion was this collection. The idea for a handbook
had been around for several years, raised intermittently in
discussions at the Medieval Studies Department of Central European
University. These conversations kept returning to the need to
compare the diverse local interpretations of the region’s past and
update the generally vague picture that this this region has in
international, especially English-speaking, literature. Publications of
this scale are usually delineated, structured, and coordinated by a
single editor or a small editorial team; but, in this case, it was the
lively, casual meeting—under the baroque arches of the Olomouc
university’s cafeteria, with its participants of diverse ages, academic
positions, backgrounds, and interests—that established the
conceptual framework for this volume.
Unusual in mainstream humanities circles, this meeting and its
informal modus operandi were, in fact, entirely justified. It was the
only way to gather the initial critical input for such a project, in the
form of a direct exchange of opinions from scholars of remarkable
diversity and dispersion across the world. During the meeting, one
heard a rare mixture of the world’s languages, marked by variable
dynamics and accentuation of international English, the tones and
undertones of which became one common voice after the group
agreed that it did not want to produce a conventional report on the
“glorious accomplishments” of the regional knowledge of the
medieval period, but rather innovative and challenging accounts that
blended critical debates, controversies, and contributors’ personal
views of the field’s current trends and future perspectives. The group
agreed that it also wanted to take a more flexible approach to the
field’s usual “borders.” This is how medieval Central Europe became
larger in this volume than the usually assumed space of its three
“core” medieval kingdoms (Poland, Bohemia, and Hungary),
stretching to the shores of the Baltic, the Adriatic, and the Black Sea,
to accommodate and examine even modern geopolitical
interpretations of the past; and to tie the “usual” medieval timeline
(500–1500 ce) to “the chronology of the space” that extends, when
needed, to the reception and transmission of Late Antiquity and the
Early Modern era, even to the present day. The final major
agreement of the Olomouc cafeteria meeting was to experiment with
authorship and collaborative networking. Instead of leaving it solely
to the editors to decide upon and solicit chapter authors among the
most visible and established scholars (determined by the criteria of
seniority and specialization), the group agreed that the handbook
should facilitate participation from all interested contributors,
regardless of their formal positions within academia. Well aware of
the professional backlash that medievalists meet in today’s
commodifying world, the group was firm in their belief that the
handbook should accommodate important but underrepresented
scholarly voices—junior researchers who are just embarking on their
careers, and also scholars from less privileged parts of Europe who
have little or no access to the international medievalists’ exchanges
and networks; and colleagues from “industry,” who do not formally
belong to academia but still provide prominent signposts and
resources for studying medieval Central Europe.
Over the next few years, this ambition turned into a series of
exciting and fruitful communications. Some materialized into
individually authored (or, better to say, centrally coordinated)
chapters pieced together by many different contributors from all
over the region and the world—almost like a giant puzzle—leading to
some chapters representing larger, individually tailored pieces that
were then scrutinized by interdisciplinary teams. Blending different
disciplinary perspectives and levels of academic and personal
experience, these mixtures yielded tangible and colorful “added
value,” such as new questions and combined disciplinary
perspectives. It took a while to align them with the conventions of
academic publication and the handbook’s original timeline; it also
required a complex approach to the handbook’s standard apparatus
technicus, where even details commonly known to everyone but
represented in a variety of ways— for instance, the names of the
local rulers or bibliographic entries quoted differently in different
local traditions—had to be discussed and formulated according to a
consensus. These details needed to be worked out with meticulous
diligence, with special help from the colleagues whose names are
singled out in our Acknowledgments. The editors hope that dialogue
and collaboration of this kind will continue and inspire new and
innovative opportunities in the field.
From the beginning, the spiritus movens of this Handbook was
János M. Bak (1929–2020), reputed for his endless energy in
shaping medieval studies in Central Europe, especially at the
Department of Medieval Studies’ at the CEU in Budapest, which,
owing to his and his colleagues’ commitment, became a world-
renowned institution in innovative and global studies. To the
international scholarly community, János is best known by his
nickname, The Man of Many Devices, Who Wandered Full Many
Ways, which he merited for his valuable and daring approaches to
exciting topics such as medieval rulership, legal practices, structures
of the region’s medieval society, folklore, and the uses and abuses of
the past. He meticulously collected, translated, and interpreted
primary sources of narrative and documentary type. Scholars of
Central Europe also know János as a powerful academic (powerful in
the very best sense of the word), who truly lived the region: His
childhood in Budapest’s Újlipótváros in the 1930s, amid the smell of
cakes and the sound of table cutlery coming from the open windows
of his neighborhood; the memory of a teenage boy who avoided the
Holocaust by wandering the familiar streets of Budapest that
shielded him from the notorious Red Arrows militia (on one occasion,
a narrow escape after “Oh, let’s leave him, it is just János”), and the
determination of a young scholar to choose life in exile for more
than thirty years over Soviet tanks and life in fear of their local
puppets. With such personal experience already accumulated in his
youth, what else would János offer as an academic and senior
colleague but brave challenges and daring boundary crossings in
every aspect of the discipline?
János’s Central Europe was a place—perhaps better to say, a
“theme”—where his courage, creativity, and life experience produced
serious scholarship that some colleagues would describe as
“German-style precision” and a “cold-blooded” critical approach that
allowed no mercy for pro forma and artificially forced work. He never
failed to express his opinion openly or prompt the existing state-of-
the-art, just as he never avoided acknowledging his colleagues’
accomplishments. Among all contributors to this Handbook, János,
at ninety-one years of age, was the first to submit his contributions
by the deadline, and he worked on their revisions, fully focused and
committed, even three days before he passed away. Among all our
colleagues, he knew best the potential pitfalls of the protracted,
“asymmetrically” structured dialogue that we adopted in organizing
this volume, but he believed deeply in every participant, especially
the less experienced ones. That we came to the end of this journey
is largely the outcome of his unconditional support, which motivated
all the contributors involved in this project.
The medieval Central Europe residing in János M. Bak and his
scholarly contributions cannot but generate strong and undivided
emotions. Scholarship in the region will continue to rely on his
marvelously conceived, informative, incredibly useful publications,
just as it will evoke his intolerance of scholarship that lacks integrity
or is motivated by dishonesty, arrogance, or rivalry. His students will
continue propagating his lessons in the field, as well as values such
as curiosity, lucidity, and humanity that prioritize the essence, the
pleasure, and the common benefit of learning over form. This
Handbook and its chapters, each in its own way, continue this
legacy.
Nada Zečević
Daniel Ziemann
London–Budapest–Vienna–Cologne
August 2020
 Selected Bibliography

The selection of titles listed here is given for the convenience of the
reader when summarizing the resources used by contributors in this
account of medieval Central Europe. It does not represent, by any
means, a comprehensive list of the topic’s bibliography.

Primary Sources
Archdeacon Thomas of Split/Thomae Archidiaconi Spalatensis. Historia
Salonitanorum atque Spalatinorum pontificum/History of the Bishops of Salona
and Split. Latin text by Olga Perić. Edited, translated, and annotated by Damir
Karbić, Mirjana Matijević Sokol, and James Ross Sweeney. Central European
Medieval Texts 4. Budapest: CEU Press, 2006.
Bak, János M., ed. Decreta Regni Mediaevalis Hungariae/The Laws of the Medieval
Kingdom of Hungary. All Complete Monographs. Online, 2019.
https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/lib_mono/4/.
Charles IV. Autobiography of Emperor Charles IV and His Legend of St. Wenceslas.
Edited by Balázs Nagy and Frank Schaer. Budapest: CEU Press, 2001.
Codex diplomaticus regni Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae. Edited by Jakov Stipišić
and Miljen Šamšalović. Zagreb: Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti,
1967.
Constantine Porphyrogenitus. De administrando imperio. Edited by Gyula
Moravcsik. Translated by R. J. H. Jenkins. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks,
1967.
Cosmas of Prague. Chronica Bohemorum/The Chronicle of the Czechs. Edited and
translated by János M. Bak, Pavlina Rychetrová, et al. Budapest: CEU Press,
2019.
Decreta regni medievalis Hungariae/The Laws of the Medieval Kingdom of
Hungary. Edited and translated by János M. Bak, Péter Banyó, Martyn Rady, et
al. 5 vols. Idyllwild, CA–Budapest: Schlacks–Dept. of Medieval. Studies Central
European University, 1989–2007.
Fontes rerum Bohemicarum. 8 vols. Prague: Naklada Nadání F. Palackého, 1871–
1932.
Friedrich, Gustav, ed. Codex diplomaticus et epistolaris regni Bohemiae. Prague:
Wiesner, 1904–1907.
[Gallus Anonymous]. Gesta principum Polonorum/The Deeds of the Princes of the
Poles. Translated and annotated by Paul W. Knoll and Frank Schaer. Central
European Medieval Texts 4. Budapest: CEU Press, 2003.
Gerard of Csanád. Deliberatio Gerardi Moresanae ecclesiae episcopi Supra
hymnum trium puerorum. Edited by Béla Karácsonyi and László Szegfű. Szeged:
Scriptum, 1999.
The Illuminated Chronicle: Chronicle of the Deeds of the Hungarians from the
Fourteenth-Century Illuminated Codex/Chronica de gestis Hungarorum e codice
picto saec. xiv. Edited and translated by János M. Bak and László Veszprémy.
Central European Medieval Texts 9. Budapest: CEU Press, 2018.
Legenda vetus, acta processus canonizationis et miracula sanctae Margaritae de
Hungaria/The Oldest Legend, Acts of the Canonization Process, and Miracles of
Saint Margaret of Hungary. Edited by Ildiko Csepregi, Gabor Klaniczay, and B.
Péterfi. Translated by Ildiko Csepregi, C. Flanigan, and L. Perraud. Budapest:
CEU Press, 2018.
Joannis Dlugossi Annales seu cronicae incliti regni Poloniae, liber decimus, liber
undecimus, liber duodecimus. Warsaw, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe,
1985.
Jus regale montanorum: Právo královské horníkuov. Edited by Jaroslav Bílek.
Kutná Hora: Kuttna, 2000.
Kadłubek, Vincentius. Chronica Polonorum. Edited by Marianus Plezia. Cracow:
Secesja, 1994.
Liber vetustissimus Antiquae Civitatis Pragensis 1310–1518. Edited by Hana
Pátková et al. Prague: Archiv hlavního města Prahy & Scriptorium, 2011.
Monumenta Poloniae historica: Pomniki dziejowe Polski. 6 vols. Edited by Wydał A.
Bielowski. Warsaw: Wydawn. Naukove, 1864–1893.
Monumenta Poloniae historica: Series nova. Instytut historii. Warsaw: Państwowe
wyd. Naukowe, 1946–present.
Pfeifer, Guido Christian. Ius Regale Montanorum: Ein Beitrag zur
spätmittelalterlichen Rezeptionsgeschichte des römischen Rechts in
Mitteleuropa. Ebelsbach am Main: Aktiv, 2002.
Sacri canones editandi. Edited by P. Krafl. Brno: Reprocentrum, 2017.
Scriptores rerum hungaricarum tempore ducum regumque stirpis arpadianae
gestarum. Vol. 1. Edited by Emericus Szentpétery. Budapest: Typographiae Reg.
Universitatis Litterarum Hungarie, 1938.
Scriptores rerum hungaricarum tempore ducum regumque stirpis arpadianae
gestarum. Vol. 2. Edited by Kornél Szovák and László Veszprémy. Budapest:
Nap, 1999.
Sermones de sancto Ladislao rege Hungariae. Edited by Edit Madas. Debrecen:
Debreceni Egyetem, 2004.
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