Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Full download Nutrients in Dairy and Their Implications for Health and Disease Ronald Ross Watson & Robert J. Collier & Victor R. Preedy file pdf all chapter on 2024
Full download Nutrients in Dairy and Their Implications for Health and Disease Ronald Ross Watson & Robert J. Collier & Victor R. Preedy file pdf all chapter on 2024
https://ebookmass.com/product/nuts-and-seeds-in-health-and-
disease-prevention-victor-r-preedy/
https://ebookmass.com/product/dietary-interventions-in-
gastrointestinal-diseases-foods-nutrients-and-dietary-
supplements-ronald-ross-watson/
https://ebookmass.com/product/lifestyle-in-heart-health-and-
disease-watson/
https://ebookmass.com/product/nutrition-and-functional-foods-for-
healthy-aging-1st-edition-ronald-ross-watson-eds/
Elsevier Weekblad - Week 26 - 2022 Gebruiker
https://ebookmass.com/product/elsevier-weekblad-
week-26-2022-gebruiker/
https://ebookmass.com/product/group-duties-their-existence-and-
their-implications-for-individuals-stephanie-collins/
https://ebookmass.com/product/jock-seeks-geek-the-holidates-
series-book-26-jill-brashear/
https://ebookmass.com/product/the-new-york-review-of-
books-n-09-may-26-2022-various-authors/
https://ebookmass.com/product/modern-nutrition-in-health-and-
disease-modern-nutrition-in-health-disease-shils-11th-edition-
ebook-pdf/
NUTRIENTS IN DAIRY AND THEIR
IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH AND DISEASE
This page intentionally left blank
NUTRIENTS IN
DAIRY AND THEIR
IMPLICATIONS FOR
HEALTH AND
DISEASE
Edited by
Robert J. Collier
William Packer Agricultural Research Complex, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
Victor R. Preedy
Department of Dietetics, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
125 London Wall, London EC2Y 5AS, United Kingdom
525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, United States
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with
organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website:
www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may
be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding,
changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information,
methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their
own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any
injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or
operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 978-0-12-809762-5
Introduction51 Introduction87
Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 51 Milk and Colostrum Immunoglobulin Composition 87
v
vi Contents
Transfer of Passive Immunity Mechanism in Different The History of Iodine and Dairy 143
Animal Species 88 Summary145
Immunological Activities in Humans Associated With Milk 90 References146
Potential of the Use of Purified Bovine Immunoglobulins 92
Recuperation and Purification of Immunoglobulins 93 12. Dairy Product (Calcium) Consumption and Iron
Conclusions95
Nutrition
References95
KATHRYN L. BECK AND JANE COAD
24. Dairy as a Functional Food in Cardiovascular In Vitro Digestion of Deer Milk 371
Disease Potential Safety Issues of Deer Milk 374
Conclusion374
MARYAM MIRAGHAJANI, MAKAN POURMASOUMI AND
REZA GHIASVAND
References374
Introduction389
27. Minerals in Sheep Milk Medicinal Properties of Camel Milk 394
JADE CHIA, KEEGAN BURROW, ALAN CARNE, MICHELLE MCCONNELL, Acknowledgments400
LINDA SAMUELSSON, LI DAY, WAYNE YOUNG AND ALAA EL-DIN References400
A. BEKHIT
32. Influence of Goat Milk on Bone and Mineral Milk Protein Fraction: Focusing on the Effects on Childhood
Metabolism During Iron Deficiency Recovery Cow Milk Allergies and Epilepsy 436
Role of Lipid Fraction From Small Ruminant Milk on
JAVIER DIAZ-CASTRO, MARIA J.M. ALFÉREZ,
JORGE MORENO-FERNANDEZ AND INMACULADA LÓPEZ-ALIAGA
Human Health 437
References438
Introduction415
Iron-Deficiency Anemia and Bone Turnover 416 35. The Nutritional Value and Health Benefits of
Goat Milk 419 Goat Milk Components
Conclusion422
NAZLI TURKMEN
References422
Goat Population and Goat Milk Production in the World 441
33. Goat Milk and Oxidative Stress During The Chemical Composition of Goat Milk and Its Nutritional
Iron-Deficiency Anemia Recovery Value and Health Benefits Compared to the Other
JORGE MORENO-FERNANDEZ, MARIA J.M. ALFÉREZ, JAVIER DIAZ-CASTRO
Species of Milk 441
AND INMACULADA LÓPEZ-ALIAGA References448
Introduction435
Role of Protein Fraction From Small Ruminant Milk
on Human Health 435
This page intentionally left blank
List of Contributors
Irene Ai-Ling García Yu Complejo Asistencial Universitario Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc Centro de Referencia
de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de
Farhad Alavi University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Tucumán, Argentina
Laila AL-Ayadhi King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Carlos Augusto F. de Oliveira University of São Paulo,
Arabia Pirassununga, Brazil
Marzia Albenzio University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy Javier Diaz-Castro University of Granada, Granada, Spain
Maria J.M. Alférez University of Granada, Granada, Spain Whitney Duff University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK,
Canada
Arturo Anadón Universidad Complutense de Madrid,
Madrid, Spain Alaa El-Din A. Bekhit University of Otago, Dunedin,
New Zealand
Irma Ares Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid,
Spain Zahra Emam-Djomeh University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
Giovana V. Barancelli University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Maurício J. Fernandes Federal University of Paraná,
Brazil Curitiba, Brazil
Dale E. Bauman Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United Carolina M. Galdeano Centro de Referencia para
States Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de
Tucumán, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de
Kathryn L. Beck Massey University, Auckland, New
Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
Zealand
Rohin Galhotra University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United
John Birch University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
States
Phil Bremer University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Reza Ghiasvand Isfahan University of Medical Sciences,
Keegan Burrow University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Isfahan, Iran
Kathleen L. Caldwell Centers for Disease Control and Bruna L. Gonçalves University of São Paulo, Pirassununga,
Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States Brazil
Felipe C. Cardoso University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United Dost M. Halepoto King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi
States Arabia
Domenico Carminati Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura Kasper Hettinga Wageningen University & Research,
e l’analisi dell’economia agraria – Centro di ricerca per le Wageningen, The Netherlands
produzioni foraggere e lattiero-casearie (CREA-FLC), Lodi,
Furhan Iqbal Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan,
Italy
Pakistan
Alan Carne University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Robert L. Jones Centers for Disease Control and
Mariangela Caroprese University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
Jade Chia University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Caroline C. Kalebich University of Illinois, Urbana, IL,
Philip D. Chilibeck University of Saskatchewan, United States
Saskatoon, SK, Canada Shrikant D. Kalyankar MAFSU, Udgir, Nagpur, India
Jane Coad Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand Halit Kanca Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
Robert J. Collier University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United Rajeev Kapila ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute,
States Karnal, India
Giuseppe Conte University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Suman Kapila ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute,
Carlos H. Corassin University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Karnal, India
Brazil Humera Khatoon Jinnah University for Women, Karachi,
Marine S. Da Silva Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada Pakistan
Li Day AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Chaitali C. Khedkar SMBT Medical College and Research
Zealand Centre, Maharashtra, India
Gilberto V. de Melo Pereira Federal University of Paraná, Chandraprakash D. Khedkar MAFSU, Pusad, Nagpur,
Curitiba, Brazil India
xi
xii List of Contributors
Saija Kontulainen University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Makan Pourmasoumi Isfahan University of Medical
SK, Canada Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Naresh Kumar CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Midathala Raghavendra CCS Haryana Agricultural
Hisar, India University, Hisar, India
Jean Guy LeBlanc Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos Ali Rashidinejad University of Otago, Dunedin,
(CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina New Zealand
Sarah H.I. Lee University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, José I. Recio-Rodríguez The Alamedilla Health Center,
Brazil Castilla y León Health Service (SACYL), Biomedical
Romina Levit Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Spanish Network
(CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina for Preventive Activities and Health Promotion (redIAPP),
University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Inmaculada López-Aliaga University of Granada, Granada,
Spain Iwona Rudkowska Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
Amir Makhmudov Centers for Disease Control and Maryam Salami University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States Linda Samuelsson AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North,
María R. Martínez-Larrañaga Universidad Complutense de New Zealand
Madrid, Madrid, Spain Natalia Sánchez-Aguadero The Alamedilla Health Center,
María A. Martínez Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Castilla y León Health Service (SACYL), Biomedical
Madrid, Spain Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), Spanish Network
for Preventive Activities and Health Promotion (redIAPP),
Sue Mason Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
Salamanca, Spain
Michelle McConnell University of Otago, Dunedin, New
Antonella Santillo University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
Zealand
Graciela Savoy de Giori Centro de Referencia para
Marcello Mele University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de
Maryam Miraghajani Isfahan University of Medical Tucumán, Argentina
Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Andrea Serra University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Eliran Mizelman University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,
Yasser Shahbazi Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
SK, Canada
Hari R. Singal CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar,
Mehdi Mohammadian University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
India
Jorge Moreno-Fernandez University of Granada, Granada,
Carlos R. Soccol Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba,
Spain
Brazil
James D. Morton Lincoln University, Christchurch, New
Valcineide O.A. Tanobe Federal University of Paraná,
Zealand
Curitiba, Brazil
Rahela Najam University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Flavio Tidona Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e
Ivanna N. Nuñez Universidad Nacional de Córdoba l’analisi dell’economia agraria – Centro di ricerca per le
(UNC), Córdoba, Argentina produzioni foraggere e lattiero-casearie (CREA-FLC), Lodi,
Indrawati Oey University of Otago, Dunedin, New Italy
Zealand Jayanti Tokas CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar,
Sebnem Ozturkoglu-Budak University of Ankara, Ankara, India
Turkey Nazli Turkmen Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
Maria G.B. Pagnoncelli Federal University of Paraná, Hein van Valenberg Wageningen University & Research,
Curitiba, Brazil; Federal University of Technology – Wageningen, The Netherlands
Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, Brazil
Kathryn A. Vance Centers for Disease Control and
Alyssa M. Parker University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
United States
Filipa Vicente CiiEM – Egas Moniz Cooperativa de Ensino
Ami R. Patel Mansinhbhai Institute of Dairy and Food Superior CRL, Monte de Caparica, Portugal
Technology (MIDFT), Mehsana, India
Rishika Vij ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute,
Gabriela Perdigón Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos Karnal, India
(CERELA-CONICET), San Miguel de Tucumán,
Ye Wang Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San
Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina Ronald Ross Watson University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ,
United States
Paula C. Pereira CiiEM – Egas Moniz Cooperativa de
Ensino Superior CRL, Monte de Caparica, Portugal Yao Xiao University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
Anna N. Polito Complex Structure of Neuropsychiatry Wayne Young AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North,
Childhood – Adolescence of Ospedali Riuniti of Foggia, New Zealand
Foggia, Italy
Acknowledgments
The work of Dr. Watson’s editorial assistant, Bethany L. Steven, in communicating with authors, editors, and
working on the manuscripts was critical to the successful completion of the book. It is very much appreciated.
Support for Ms. Stevens’ and Dr. Watson’s editing was graciously provided by the Natural Health Research Institute
(www.naturalhealthresearch.org) and Southwest Scientific Editing and Consulting, LLC. The encouragement and
support of Elwood Richard and Dr. Richard Sharpee was vital. Direction and guidance from Elsevier’s staff, espe-
cially Billie Jean Fernandez, was critical. Finally, the work of the librarian at the University of Arizona Health Sciences
Library, Mari Stoddard, was vital and very helpful in identifying key researchers who participated in the book.
xiii
This page intentionally left blank
S E C T I O N A
C H A P T E R
1
Regulation of Factors Affecting Milk Yield
Robert J. Collier1, Yao Xiao1, Dale E. Bauman2
1University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States; 2Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
INTRODUCTION
The class Mammalia is defined by the presence of a mammary gland (Knight, 1984), and the synthesis and secretion
of milk by specialized mammary epithelial cells predates placental pregnancy since there are egg-laying mammals
that lactate (Knight, 1984). The human population has taken advantage of the ability of certain species to produce
large quantities of milk in excess of the nutrient requirements of their offspring. This provided the basis for one of the
largest agricultural industries in the world, the dairy industry, which includes the production of fluid milk, cheeses,
yogurts, frozen desserts, and fortified liquid diets for humans of all ages from the milk of cattle, goats, sheep, and
horses. Milk fractions also serve as food sources such as the production of butter from milk fat and the use of whey
proteins as protein supplements.
Placode
Mammary Fat pad Rudimentary
bud precursor gland
Pregnancy
Birth Puberty
Myoepithelial cell
Luminal epithelial cell Cap cell
Body cell
Basement membrane
FIGURE 1.1 Stages of growth and development of the mammary gland (Gjorevski and Nelson, 2011). The mammary gland development
initiates when five lens-shaped placode pairs sequentially form within bilateral milk lines on embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) in mice. Due to cell
invagination, placodes transform into bulb-like mammary buds adjacent to the fat pad precursor (E15.5). The mammary buds elongate and branch
by birth and then stay quiescent. Activated by hormonal signals, the terminal end buds, which comprise myoepithelial cells, luminal epithelial
cells, cap cells, body cells, and basement membrane, develop during puberty. To prepare for lactation, a tree-shaped mammary gland finally forms
during pregnancy.
Metabolic Problems
Early Postpartum
Genetic Gain bST/IGF-I
Nutritional
Management Photoperiod
Management
High
Yield at
Milk
Milk Yield
Stasis
Increased Milking
Frequency
Days in Milk
FIGURE 1.2 Factors affecting yield of milk during lactation in dairy cattle. The dashed line indicates estimated improvement in milk yield
due to genetic gain and application of management practices at different stages of a lactation period. From Annen, E.L., Collier, R.J., McGuire, M.A.,
Vicini, J.L., 2004. Effect of dry period length on milk yield and mammary epithelial cells. J. Dairy Sci. 87 (E Suppl.), E66–E76.
also demonstrates that nutritional management is also critical in the transition period from the nonlactating pregnant
state to the lactating state. Proper nutritional management permits cows to achieve their full genetic potential, which
is directly related to the amount of mammary secretory tissue. Failure to do so leads to metabolic problems in early
lactation, which is a common problem in lactating dairy cows (see Fig. 1.2). Enhancing established lactation is referred
to as galactopoiesis (from Greek, “gala”—milk and “poiesis”—production). In dairy production, the capacity for mam-
mary tissue to synthesize and secrete milk components is maximal at peak lactation and declines in a linear manner
thereafter. The slope of the decline in milk yield following peak lactation is referred to as the persistency of lactation.
A. DAIRY MILK IN CONTEXT: THE DAIRY COW, MILK PRODUCTION, AND YIELD
Introduction 5
Lactation persistency is a result of maintaining mammary epithelial cell (MEC) number and cellular secretory activity.
Cellular dynamics from early postpartum stages to peak lactation can be characterized by an increase in secretory capac-
ity of MEC rather than gland growth via MEC proliferation. Enhancing established lactation has major economic benefits
to dairy producers. Hence, the factors that regulate mammary epithelial cell turnover and secretion rate together with
mechanisms mediating mammary nutrient uptake and milk synthesis/secretion have been a major focus of research.
Milking Frequency
In dairy animals, increased milking frequency enhances milk production and lactation persistence (Erdman and
Varner, 1995). Milk production in dairy cows declines after peak lactation by a phenomenon referred to as secretory
diminution (Hadsell et al., 2006). Secretory diminution is associated with dramatic changes in mitochondrial oxida-
tive damage within the mammary glands (Hadsell et al., 2005). Recent research by Wall et al. (2005) found that mam-
mary expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins are elevated during prolonged lactation. Increased
milking frequency increases milk production (Erdman and Varner, 1995), and in most cases (Bar-Peled et al., 1995;
Hale et al., 2003) milk production remained elevated for a period after the treatment was terminated. Changes in
milking frequency lead to changes in mammary cell turnover in cattle (Hillerton et al., 1990; Hale et al., 2003). The
activity of key enzymes involved in milk synthesis also changes because of changes in milking frequency (Wilde
et al., 1987; Travers et al., 1996). Hale et al. (2003) suggest that mammary cell apoptosis can be transiently stimulated
after 3 days of increased milking frequency.
Photoperiod
Photoperiod is a galactopoietic management tool utilized by dairy producers to increase milk yield (Dahl et al.,
1997). Natural photoperiod is greatly influenced by latitude, and near the equator there is little variation in pho-
toperiod. However, at latitudes greater than 30 degrees north and south the range in photoperiod is much more
pronounced. When photoperiod or day length is increased to 16 h of light and 8 h of darkness from 12 h of light and
12 h of darkness, milk yield is increased by 8%–10% (Dahl et al., 2004). This increase in milk yield is associated with
increased feed intake and increased plasma prolactin concentration and sometimes an increase in plasma insulin-
like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels (Dahl and Petitclerc, 2003). Stage of lactation does not appear to alter the response
to photoperiod, and there is no evidence of altered mammary growth when photoperiod is altered during lactation
or pregnancy. The concentration of milk components is generally not affected by long-day photoperiod, although
some studies have reported both increased and decreased milk fat percentages (Dahl et al., 2004). When cattle are
exposed to continuous light, there is a change in milk yield, which is hypothesized to be due to desynchronization of
the cows’ biological rhythm (Dahl, 2008). The increase in milk yield due to increased photoperiod has been shown to
be additive to increased milk yields due to exogenous bovine somatotropin (bST) and increased milking frequency.
This suggests that the three management methods (milking frequency, bST, and photoperiod) are increasing milk
yields through differing mechanisms. Studies evaluating photoperiod effects during the dry period on milk yield in
the subsequent lactation do result in increased milk yield postpartum. On the contrary, short-day photoperiod treat-
ment of pregnant dry cows resulted in higher milk yields in the subsequent lactation. However, there was no further
increase in milk yield by extending the photoperiod in the same cows during lactation. In other words, the dairy
producer can either use short photoperiods during late gestation or long photoperiods during lactation to achieve
the increase in milk yield. Interestingly, during short-day photoperiod of late pregnant goats, there was no increase
of IGF-1 or prolactin during treatment associated with greater milk yields during lactation (Dahl et al., 2004).
Somatotropin
Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) is a production-enhancing technology that allows the dairy industry to
produce milk more efficiently. The commercial formulation is recombinant sometribove-zinc and is marketed under
the trade name Posilac. Cows treated with rbST produce a liter of milk with reduced feed resources and a reduced
carbon footprint. As the first recombinant protein approved for use in production animals, rbST received unprec-
edented scrutiny. In the United States this included the traditional evaluation by the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) as well as public hearings, science evaluations, and legislative reviews (Bauman, 1992). After a thorough
review of well-controlled studies, the FDA concluded that rbST could be used safely and effectively by the US dairy
industry. Use commenced in February 1994 and to date an estimated 35 million US dairy cows have received the com-
mercial formulation of rbST (St-Pierre et al., 2014).
A. DAIRY MILK IN CONTEXT: THE DAIRY COW, MILK PRODUCTION, AND YIELD
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
wegblies. Nur das Allerfeinste war stehen geblieben. Hierauf rief er
den Wirbelwind, der den Acker ganz frei fegte. Tatutunpa bat die
Papageien um Samen, sie kamen aber mit untauglichen
Samenkörnern, die alle entzwei waren. Als er sah, daß diese Samen
nichts taugten, bat er die Enten und Tauben und die ganz kleinen
Tauben, sie möchten mit allerlei Samen kommen, und diese taten es
auch. Sie säeten sogar selbst. Als die Saat beendet war, begab sich
Tatutunpa auf dem Wege, der nach seinem Hause führte, heim. Er
war noch nicht weit gekommen, da drehte er sich um, um nach
seinem Acker zu sehen. Er sah, daß die Pflanzen schon zu keimen
begannen. Wieder ging er ein Stück und wendete sich wieder um,
um nach seinem Acker zu sehen. Die Pflanzen waren schon groß.
Wieder ging er weiter und drehte sich wieder um. Da fand er seinen
Acker schon in Blüte. In der Nähe seines Hauses wandte sich
Tatutunpa wieder um, um nach seinem Acker zu sehen, und fand,
daß alles, was er gesäet hatte, schon reife Früchte trug.
Bei Aguaratunpa, der so fleißig gearbeitet hatte, war noch nichts
reif oder in Blüte.
Am folgenden Tage sagte Tatutunpa zu seiner Frau: „Wir wollen
gehen, um nach unserem Acker zu sehen. Sie gingen nach dem
Acker und die Frau sah, daß alle Früchte reif waren. Tatutunpa gebot
ihr, ein Feuer anzumachen, um Mais und alle anderen Früchte zu
rösten. Er sagte ihr, sie solle einen Maiskolben, zwei Bohnen und
einen Kürbis ausgraben, aber nicht mehr. Nicht einmal dies
vermochten sie aufzuessen.
Danach gingen sie nach Hause und sagten zu der Alten, sie solle
mit ihnen kommen und alles abernten, was sie zu essen wünsche.
Die Alte glaubte ihnen nicht, sondern glaubte, sie hätten gestohlen.
Sie konnte nicht glauben, daß sie etwas zu ernten hätten, da sie
nicht gearbeitet hatten. „Ich gehe lieber zu meiner anderen Tochter,
die fleißig gearbeitet hat“, sagte die Alte.
Aguaratunpa begab sich nun zu Tatutunpas Acker und stahl
Kürbisse, die er nach seiner Anpflanzung brachte. Mit Stäbchen und
Dornen befestigte er die Kürbisse an den halbgewachsenen
Kürbisstengeln. In der Dämmerung kehrte er heim und sagte zu
seiner Frau, sie solle ihre Mutter bitten, in seinem Acker Kürbisse zu
ernten. Die Tochter ging zu ihrer Mutter und sagte: „Wir wollen nach
dem Acker gehen, um Kürbisse zu holen.“ Vergnügt machte die Alte
sich auf den Weg, denn sie hatte gesehen, daß sie viel gearbeitet
hatten, und sie glaubte ihrer Tochter. Sie gingen, fanden aber nicht
mehr Kürbisse, als wie sie in einer Getreideschwinge einernten
konnten.
Am folgenden Tage bat wieder Tatutunpas Frau ihre Mutter, mit
aufs Feld zu kommen. Die Alte glaubte ihr gar nicht, als aber der
Alte, ihr Mann, sah, daß sie so hartnäckig waren, befahl er ihr, zu
gehen. Ärgerlich machte sich die Alte auf den Weg. Tatutunpa ging
vor ihr, auf seiner Pfeife flötend. Als sie auf den Acker kamen, sah
die Alte, daß er voll von allerlei Früchten, Mais, Kürbissen, Bohnen
und Kalebassen war. Die Alte wurde richtig vergnügt, sie konnte ihre
Freude kaum mäßigen.
Als sie nach dem Ackerrain kam, sah sie eine gewaltige
Kalebasse und sagte zu ihrer Tochter, diese wünsche sie für sich.
Während sie plauderten, fiel die Kalebasse auf die Alte, diese fiel hin
und konnte sich infolge der schweren Kalebasse, die sie drückte,
kaum bewegen. Die Tochter kam ihr zu Hilfe und versuchte die
Kalebasse zu heben, sie vermochte es aber nicht. Sie rief ihrem
Manne zu, er solle kommen und ihr helfen. Dieser blieb jedoch eine
lange Weile fort, und erst als die Alte dem Tode nahe war, kam er,
hob die Kalebasse auf und setzte sie wieder an ihrem alten Platze
fest. Die halbtote Alte hob er auf.
Als sie sich nach einem Weilchen erholt hatte, sahen sie sich
weiter den Acker an. Die Alte wollte einen Maiskolben abbrechen.
Tatutunpa sagte ihr, sie solle seinen Acker schonen und nur den
Kolben abbrechen. Sie erntete nun zwei Maiskolben und zwei von
allen anderen Früchten, ohne etwas zu zerstören. Alles, was sie
abgeerntet hatte, setzte sofort wieder reife Früchte an. Mit den
Früchten beladen, ging sie nach Hause. Sie erzählte ihrem Manne,
daß Tatutunpa schon einen großen Acker habe. „Das ist somit der
Tatutunpa, den wir haben kommen lassen“, sagte der Alte.
„Aguaratunpa hat uns betrogen.“
Am folgenden Tag sagte Tatutunpa zu seiner Frau: „Wir wollen
nach unserem Acker gehen.“ Sie gingen dorthin. Er grub nun ein
Loch, in welchem er ein Feuer machte. Als das Loch richtig warm,
richtig rot war, nahm er eine sehr große Kalebasse und kroch in
dieselbe hinein. Er bat seine Frau, die Kalebasse zuzustopfen, in die
warme Grube zu legen und die Kalebasse, wenn er pfeife,
umzudrehen, damit er hinaus könne. Die Frau tat so, wie er gesagt
hatte. Als er pfiff, drehte sie die Kalebasse um und Tatutunpa kam
heraus, schön und jung, mit allen seinen alten Schmucksachen
geschmückt.
Nach einem Weilchen wärmte Tatutunpa die Grube wieder und
seine Frau kroch in die Kalebasse. Er bedeckte diese und warf sie in
die Grube. Als sie pfiff, drehte er die Kalebasse um. Jung und schön
kam sie aus derselben.
Sie kehrten nach Hause zurück und nahmen ein
Quebrachostäbchen mit, um damit Feuer anzumachen. Als sie nach
Hause kamen, war die Alte mit dem Brauen von Maisbier
beschäftigt.
„In dieser Nacht wird es sehr kalt und deshalb habe ich dieses
Stäbchen mitgenommen, damit wir etwas haben, woran wir uns
wärmen können“, sagte Tatutunpa. Aguaratunpa hatte viel „Tartago“-
Holz mit nach Hause genommen, es reichte aber nicht die ganze
Nacht. Mitten in der Nacht war das Holz zu Ende. Er ging zur
Feuerstätte seiner Schwiegermutter, die beim Maisbierkochen war.
Als die Alte sah, daß ein Fuchs sich zu ihrem Feuer schlich, steckte
sie ein Stück Holz in Aguaratunpas Hinteren. Mit dem Holz im
Hinteren sprang er davon, für immer in einen Fuchs verwandelt.
Ü b e r d e n S o h n v o n Ta t u t u n p a u n d w i e e r s e i n e
Mutter gerettet hat.
D e r M a n n , d e r s i c h m i t d e r To c h t e r d e s
Donnergottes, Chiqueritunpa, verheiratete.
„Choihuihuis“ Frauenraub.
W i e A g u a r a t u n p a Ta t u t u n p a t ö t e t e u n d d a n n s e l b s t
getötet wurde.
Abb. 130. Silberne Nadel zur Befestigung des Tiru. Die Form indianisch, die
Ornamente spanisch. Chiriguano. Parapiti. ⅓.