Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Full download Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis, 4th Edition Takahiko Akiyama file pdf all chapter on 2024
Full download Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis, 4th Edition Takahiko Akiyama file pdf all chapter on 2024
https://ebookmass.com/product/chiral-building-blocks-in-
asymmetric-synthesis-synthesis-and-applications-elzbieta-
wojaczynska/
https://ebookmass.com/product/stereochemistry-and-organic-
reactions-conformation-configuration-stereoelectronic-effects-
and-asymmetric-synthesis-1st-edition-dipak-kumar-mandal/
https://ebookmass.com/product/catalytic-air-pollution-control-
commercial-technology/
https://ebookmass.com/product/metal-catalyzed-asymmetric-
hydrogenation-evolution-and-prospect-montserrat-dieguez/
Catalytic Kinetics. Chemistry and Engineering 2nd
Edition Dmitry Yu Murzin
https://ebookmass.com/product/catalytic-kinetics-chemistry-and-
engineering-2nd-edition-dmitry-yu-murzin/
https://ebookmass.com/product/asymmetric-organo-metal-catalysis-
concepts-principles-and-applications-liu-zhu-gong/
https://ebookmass.com/product/catalytic-processes-for-water-and-
wastewater-treatment-john-vakros-2/
https://ebookmass.com/product/catalytic-processes-for-water-and-
wastewater-treatment-john-vakros/
https://ebookmass.com/product/pincer-metal-complexes-
applications-in-catalytic-dehydrogenation-chemistry-akshai-kumar/
CATALYTIC
ASYMMETRIC
SYNTHESIS
CATALYTIC
ASYMMETRIC
SYNTHESIS
Fourth Edition
Edited By
TAKAHIKO AKIYAMA
Department of Chemistry
Gakushuin University
Tokyo
IWAO OJIMA
Department of Chemistry
SUNY Stony Brook
New York
Edition history
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis, 1st Edition, 1995, Ojima. ISBN: 978-0-471-18625-0
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis, 2nd Edition, 2004, Ojima. ISBN: 978-0-471-22054-1
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis, 3rd Edition, 2010, Ojima. ISBN 978-0-470-17577-4
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to
obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Takahiko Akiyama and Iwao Ojima to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been
asserted in accordance with law.
Registered Office
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
Editorial Office
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at
www.wiley.com.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some content that appears in
s tandard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.
Preface ix
Yujiro Hayashi
Takahiko Akiyama
Kazuaki Kudo
6 Asymmetric Carbene Catalysis: A Brief Highlight of Developments in the Past Decade 199
Santos Fustero, Attila M. Remete, Loránd Kiss, Mercedes Medio-Simón, Jorge Escorihuela,
and Daniel M. Sedgwick
Ken Tanaka
Takanori Shibata
Index869
PREFACE
The first, second, and third editions of Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis published in 1993, 2000, and 2010,
respectively, were warmly received by research communities in academia and industries, from graduate
students, research associates, faculty, staff, senior researchers, and others. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis
has become a common tool for the synthesis of enantiopure compounds in both industry and academia.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2001 was given to W. Knowles, K. B. Sharpless, and R. Noyori for their
outstanding contributions to the advancement of catalytic asymmetric synthesis, using transition-metal
catalysis. Quite recently it was announced that Benjamin List and David MacMillan won the Nobel Prize
in Chemistry 2021 for their work on the development of asymmetric organocatalysis, using small organic
molecule. This is the second Nobel Prize given to the field of asymmetric catalysis, following the Nobel
Prize in Chemistry 2001, which clearly indicates the profound importance of asymmetric catalysis.
More than 10 years have passed after the third edition was published, and 2010s has witnessed revo-
lutionary advancement of asymmetric catalysis. Therefore, the publication of the fourth edition of this
book series, capturing the highly innovative progress in this field, deemed in demand and was fully justi-
fied. In order to cover the revolutionary advances in the last decade, Takahiko Akiyama joined as the
leading editor in this fourth edition.
In the first and second editions, chiral metal-based catalysts played the central roles for the asymmet-
ric synthesis because transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective reactions were extensively studied, in
particular, in the 1980s and 1990s. Organocatalysis, Lewis and Brønsted acids, C–H activation, carbon-
heteroatom bond forming reactions, and enzyme- catalyzed reactions were introduced in the third
edition.
After 2010, in addition to transition-metal catalyzed reactions, organocatalysis, including Brønsted
acids and C–H activation reactions, has been making remarkable advances. Photoredox catalysis emerged
as a useful new synthetic reaction mainly after 2008 and has been rapidly growing and has become a criti-
cal methodology. Because the chapters in the third edition are still very informative and the methodolo-
gies described therein are still inspiring and stimulating even today, those methodologies are considered
“classics” in catalytic asymmetric synthesis.
We decided to edit a new book, which would be the most useful desktop reference book by covering
new methodologies, but at the same time keeping the progress in the “classics” of the third edition. In
order to capture the most significant progress in the 2010s, several new chapters of organocatalysis are
introduced, i.e., enamine and iminium catalysis (Chapter 1), acid catalysis (Chapter 2), base catalysis
(Chapter 3), phase transfer catalysis (Chapter 4), peptide catalysis (Chapter 5), carbene catalysis
(Chapter 6), and hypervalent catalysis (Chapter 7). Photochemical reactions are also introduced, i.e.,
photoredox catalysis (Chapter 8), photoredox reactions in the absence of photoredox catalysis
(Chapter 9), and [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions (Chapter 10). The asymmetric C–H bond activation reac-
tions are covered by two chapters, i.e., C(sp2)–H bond (Chapter 11) and C(sp3)–H bond (Chapter 12).
ix
x PREFACE
Takahiko Akiyama
Iwao Ojima
November, 2021
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
Biological systems, in most cases, recognize a pair of enantiomers as different substances, and the two
enantiomers will elicit different responses. Thus, one enantiomer may act as a very effective therapeutic
drug, whereas the other enantiomer is highly toxic. The sad example of thalidomide is well-known. It is
the responsibility of synthetic chemists to provide highly efficient and reliable methods for the synthesis
of desired compounds in an enantiomerically pure state, that is, with 100% enantiomeric excess (% ee),
so that we shall not repeat the thalidomide tragedy. It has been shown for many pharmaceuticals that
only one enantiomer contains all of the desired activity, and the other is either totally inactive or toxic.
Recent movements of the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States clearly reflect the
current situation in “Chiral Drugs,” that is, pharmaceutical industries will have to provide rigorous justi-
fication to obtain the FDA’s approval of racemates. Several methods are used to obtain enantiomerically
pure materials, which include classical optical resolution via diastereomers, chromatographic separation
of enantiomers, enzymic resolution, chemical kinetic resolution, and asymmetric synthesis.
The importance and practicality of asymmetric synthesis as a tool to obtain enantiomerically pure or
enriched compounds have been fully acknowledged to date by chemists in synthetic organic chemistry,
medicinal chemistry, agricultural chemistry, natural products chemistry, pharmaceutical industries, and
agricultural industries. This prominence is due to the explosive development of newer and more efficient
methods during the last decade.
This book describes recent advances in catalytic asymmetric synthesis with brief summaries of the
previous achievements as well as general discussions of the reactions. A previous book reviewing this
topic, Asymmetric Synthesis, Vol. 5—Chiral Catalysis, edited by J. D. Morrison (Academic Press, Inc.,
1985), compiles important contributions through 1982. Another book, Asymmetric Catalysis, edited by B.
Bosnich (Martinus Nijhoff, 1986) also concisely covers contributions up to early 1984. In 1971, an excel-
lent book, Asymmetric Organic Reactions, by J. D. Morrison and H. S. Mosher, reviewed all earlier impor-
tant work on the subject and compiled nearly 850 relevant publications through 1968, including some
papers published in 1969. In the early 1980s, a survey of publications dealing with asymmetric synthesis
(in a broad sense) indicated that the total number of papers in this area of research published in the
10 years after the Morrison/ Mosher book, that is, 1971–1980, was almost the same as that of all the papers
published before 1971. This doubling of output clearly indicates the attention paid to this important topic
in 1970s. Since the 1980s, research on asymmetric synthesis has become even more important and popu-
lar when enantiomerically pure compounds are required for the total synthesis of natural products, phar-
maceuticals, and agricultural agents. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the number of publications
on asymmetric synthesis has been increasing exponentially every year.
Among the types of asymmetric reactions, the most desirable and the most challenging is catalytic
asymmetric synthesis because one chiral catalyst molecule can create millions of chiral product mole-
cules, just as enzymes do in biological systems. Among the significant achievements in basic research: (i)
asymmetric hydrogenation of dehydroamino acids, a groundbreaking work by W.S. Knowles et al.; (ii)
xi
xii PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
the Sharpless epoxidation by K.B. Sharpless et al.; and (iii) the second-generation asymmetric hydro-
genation processes developed by R. Noyori et al. deserve particular attention because of the tremendous
impact that these processes have made in synthetic organic chemistry. Catalytic asymmetric synthesis
often has significant economic advantages over stoichiometric asymmetric synthesis for industrial-scale
production of enantiomerically pure compounds. In fact, a number of catalytic asymmetric reactions,
including the “Takasago Process” (asymmetric isomerization), the “Sumitomo Process” (asymmetric
cyclopropanation), and the “Arco Process” (asymmetric Sharpless epoxidation), have been commercial-
ized in the 1980s. These processes supplement the epoch-making “Monsanto Process” (asymmetric
hydrogenation), established in the early 1970s. This book uncovers other catalytic asymmetric reactions
that have high potential as commercial processes. Extensive research on new and effective catalytic
asymmetric reactions will surely continue beyond the year 2000, and catalytic asymmetric processes
promoted by man-made chiral catalysts will become mainstream chemical technology in the twenty-first
century.
This book covers the following catalytic asymmetric reactions: asymmetric hydrogenation (Chapter 1),
isomerization (Chapter 2), cyclopropanation (Chapter 3), oxidations (epoxidation of allylic alcohols as
well as unfunctionalized olefins, oxidation of sulfides, and dihydroxylation of olefins) (Chapter 4), hydro-
carbonylations (Chapter 5), hydrosilylation (Chapter 6), carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions (allylic
alkylation, Grignard cross-coupling, and aldol reaction) (Chapter 7), phase-transfer reactions (Chapter 8),
and Lewis acid-catalyzed reactions (Chapter 9). The authors of the chapters are all world leaders in this
field, who outline and discuss the essence of each catalytic asymmetric reaction. In addition, a convenient
list of the chiral ligands appearing in this book, with citation of relevant references, is provided as an
Appendix.
This book serves as an excellent reference for graduate students as well as chemists at all levels in
both academic and industrial laboratories.
Iwao Ojima
March, 1993
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
xiii
xiv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Yonggui Robin Chi, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and
Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore and Laboratory
Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide
and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
Tomislav Rovis, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Yuki Saito, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Daniel M. Sedgwick, Department of Organic Chemistry, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Valencia,
Valencia, Spain
Yangyang Shen, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
Takanori Shibata, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering,
Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
Brian M. Stoltz, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
Bin Tan, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen,
China
Ken Tanaka, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology,
Tokyo, Japan
Masahiro Terada, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
F. Dean Toste, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
Muhammet Uyanik, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Xavier Verdaguer, Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Facultat de Química, Universitat
de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain and Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The
Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
Anton Vidal-Ferran, Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Facultat de Química,
Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain and Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced
Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain and Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat
de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Hongling Wang, Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering,
Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou
University, Guiyang, China
Tomasz Wdowik, Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Thomas Hin-Fung Wong, ICIQ – Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, Tarragona, Spain
Shaohua Xiang, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology,
Shenzhen, China
Jia-Lei Yan, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Xiao Zhang, Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
PART I
ASYMMETRIC ORGANOCATALYSIS
1
ASYMMETRIC ENAMINE AND IMINIUM
ION CATALYSIS
Yujiro Hayashi
Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
1.1. INTRODUCTION
Enamines are key reactive species in many asymmetric organocatalytic reactions. The field of asymmet-
ric catalytic reactions involving an enamine as a reactive intermediate dates back to the seminal work in
the 1970s on proline-mediated intramolecular aldol reaction of triketone reported by Hajos and Parrish
at Hoffmann-La Roche [1] and Eder, Sauer, and Wiechert at Schering AG [2] (Eq. 1.1). In 2000, List,
Lerner, and Barbas reported a proline-mediated intermolecular aldol reaction (Eq. 1.2) [3], in which
enamine is a key intermediate. In the same year, MacMillan reported a Diels-Alder reaction catalyzed
by a chiral imidazolidinone via an iminium ion as a reactive intermediate (Eq. 1.3) [4]. In these reactions,
small organic molecules catalyze reactions enantioselectively. Since these discoveries, chemistry based
on organocatalysts involving an enamine and an iminium ion as an intermediate has developed dramati-
cally [5]. There are several advantages to performing reactions with organocatalysts: (i) exclusion of
water and air is not necessary, (ii) the product is free from metal contamination, (iii) most of the organo-
catalysts are nontoxic, (iv) most reactions do not need low temperature or high temperature, and (v) it is
easy to carry out the reaction on a large scale. Given these merits, many catalysts and reactions have been
developed. In the previous book of this series published in 2010 [6], progress in the field of organocataly-
sis is nicely summarized up to 2010. In this chapter, a brief introduction to enamine and iminium ion
species will be presented, including work before 2010, and more recent developments in this field will be
expanded. Reactions using a combination of organocatalyst and photocatalyst, which have been devel-
oped recently, will be described in Chapter 9 of this book.
O O
L-proline
(1.1)
CH3CN
O O O
OH
93% ee
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis, Fourth Edition. Edited by Takahiko Akiyama and Iwao Ojima.
© 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3
4 ASYMMETRIC ENAMINE AND IMINIUM ION CATALYSIS
O O L-proline O OH
+
H R DMSO-acetone R
(1.2)
R = 4-NO2C6H4, 68%, 76% ee R = i-Pr, 97%, 96% ee
R = Ph, 62%, 60% ee
O Me
N
Me
N Me
O Ph H HCl
+ + (1.3)
Ph CHO
Ph H MeOH–H2O
CHO Ph
99% 93% ee 93% ee
1.3 : 1
1.2.1. Introduction
Enamines are generated from aldehydes or ketones upon reaction with secondary or primary amines,
and the enamine can react with an electrophile to give an α-functionalized derivative of the carbonyl
compounds (Eq. 1.4).
α,β-Unsaturated aldehydes or ketones also react with secondary or primary amines to generate an
iminium ion, which has lower LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) level compared with the
parent α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound. A nucleophile reacts with the iminium ion to afford a β-
functionalized derivative of the carbonyl compound (Eq. 1.5).
R3 R4
O N R3 R4 O
H N E+
E (1.4)
R2 R2 R2
R1 R1 R1
O R3 R4 R3 R4 O
N N Nu-
H OH
R2 R2 (1.5)
R2
R1 R1 Nu
R1
Enamine and iminium ions are reactive species and many reactions involving these intermediates
have been developed. Representative organocatalysts that have been used to generate enamines and
iminium ions are presented in Figure 1.1.
Proline is a secondary amine catalyst that was first used in the intramolecular aldol reaction in the
1970s (Eq. 1.1). It is a bifunctional catalyst, possessing an amine moiety and an acid moiety (carboxylic
acid) vide infra [3]. Imidazolidinone catalyst, which was developed by MacMillan, is a secondary amine
catalyst prepared from phenylalanine [4]. Diarylprolinol silyl ether [7], which was developed by
Jørgensen [8] and Hayashi [9] independently at the same time, is synthesized from proline; it is also a
secondary amine catalyst. These two catalysts are not bifunctional catalysts, and do not possess an acid
moiety. Cinchona amine-based catalysts [10] are prepared from cinchona alkaloids, which are primary
amines. This catalyst has several functional groups, and acts as a bifunctional catalyst.
1.2. REPRESENTATIVE ORGANOCATALYSTS 5
O Me OR
N Ar
Me NH2
CO2H Ar
N N Me N N
H Ph H H OTMS
1 2 N 3
L-proline MacMillan Cinchona amine-based
catalyst catalyst catalyst
Ph
Ph O O
O SiMe H Electrophile
3
N N R
R
H H
Electrophile
Figure 1.2. The reaction of enamines generated from diphenylprolinol silyl ether and proline.
The design concepts underlying bifunctional and monofunctional organocatalysts are different.
Diphenylprolinol silyl ether, a monofunctional catalyst, reacts with an aldehyde to generate an enamine,
in which one of the enantiofaces of the enamine is completely shielded by the bulky diphenyltrimethyl-
siloxymethyl moiety, and an electrophile approaches from the opposite side of this bulky substituent
(Figure 1.2). Thus, the steric shielding of one of the enantiofaces is a key for the high enantioselectivity.
Irrespective of the electrophile, high enantioselectivity is expected because the enantioface selectivity of
the nucleophile is controlled by the catalyst. This is a contrast to bifunctional catalysts such as proline, in
which an acid moiety activates the electrophile. Thus, the most suitable catalyst for a given reaction
depends on the electrophile.
Ph O Me
N
Ph Me
N N
H H OTMS N Me
Ph H
2 1
Nucleophilicity
N 18.58 12.03 6.04
Ph O Me
N
Ph Me
N N
OTMS N Me
Ph
Ph Ph Ph
Electrophilicity
E –9.8 –8.2 –7.2
Figure 1.3. Nucleophilicity and electrophilicity of enamines and iminium ions. Source: Based on [11].
OR
O NH
NH2
R1 R1
H H
N
R2 R2
N
O
NH
R1 R1 is not H.
H
R2 R1
R2
O
R1 is not H. N
R2 R1
R2 R1
Cinchona alkaloid catalysts act as efficient bifunctional catalysts. They possess a primary amine moi-
ety that can react with aldehydes, ketones, and α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds to generate enam-
ines and imines. The catalysts have a basic quinuclidine moiety, which acts as a base, and a hydroxy or
alkoxy group on C9, which can make a hydrogen-bonding interaction. Thus, they can simultaneously
activate both electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents in a reaction.
1.3. ENAMINE 7
1.3. ENAMINE
NHTf
NH
(1.6)
O O OH O
+
R1 H H NMP, rt R1 H
R2 R2
syn selective, 92 – 99% ee
Acetaldehyde is a synthetically useful aldehyde that can act as both a nucleophile and an electrophile. Given
its high reactivity, it is difficult to use acetaldehyde as a nucleophile in the aldol reaction even with a metal cata-
lyst. Hayashi developed diarylprolinol, which is an effective catalyst with acetaldehyde as a nucleophile
(Eq. 1.7) [15]. This catalyst is also effective in the other cross-aldol reactions of two different aldehydes [16].
Ar
Ar
N
H OH
O Cl OH Cl
O Ar = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3 NaBH4
+ H HO (1.7)
H MeOH
85%, 99% ee
N O
O H
R 3
R1 H
R 2
Figure 1.4. Transition state for the aldol reaction catalyzed by proline. Source: Based on [13].
8 ASYMMETRIC ENAMINE AND IMINIUM ION CATALYSIS
CHO OMe
NH2
O L-proline
+ + O HN
(1.8)
DMSO, rt
NO2 OMe
NO2
50%, 94% ee
MeO OMe
O L-proline
+ N O HN
DMSO, rt (1.9)
H CO2Et CO2Et
82%, 95% ee
NHTf
NH
O Boc NaBH4
N OH NHBoc (1.10)
H +
H Ar NMP, rt Ar
NHZ NHZ
Antiselective, 97 – 99% ee
Instead of using a bifunctional catalyst, organocatalysts without an acid moiety, such as diphenylpro-
linol silyl ether, are effective catalysts in the Mannich reaction to afford the anti-product selectively with
excellent enantioselectivity (Eq. 1.11) [20].
MeO
O
N N
H O
R3
H R1
R2