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A Good Life on a Finite Earth
STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE ENERGY
AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS
DANIEL J. FIORINO
1
1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Paperback printed by WebCom, Inc., Canada
Hardback printed by Bridgeport National Bindery, Inc., United States of America
To Beth Ann
CONTENTS
4. Ecological Governance 74
Notes 205
References 207
Index 235
LIST OF TABLES, FIGURE, AND BOX
TABLES
FIGURE
BOX
7.1. Statements Casting the Clean Power Plan as a Zero-Sum Policy 175
FOREWORD
Desperate times call for desperate measures and creative thinking. The central-
ity of climate change and strong and proactive energy and environmental poli-
cies is under question, at least in the United States, where this new book series
is being launched. Despite the bedrock consensus in the scientific community
about the need to diversify the earth’s sources of energy and find also other
means of drastically cutting greenhouse gas emissions, important sectors of
the public—and now political leadership—question these facts. This backdrop
offers us a particularly auspicious moment to launch our new book series with
Oxford University Press and to introduce the second title in the new series,
“Studies in Comparative Energy and Environmental Politics.” We are striving to
launch the series at a moment of particular flux in US policies because we think
that by focusing more concertedly on the advancements made in some parts of
the world regarding energy and environmental policies, we can help showcase
and compare for scholars, students, and practitioners everywhere the quickly
emerging advances and best practices in empirical research, policymaking, and
implementation. We can think of no better book to help us showcase the objec-
tives of this new series than Dan Fiorino’s empirically grounded and innova-
tively argued monograph, A Good Life on a Finite Earth: The Political Economy
of Green Growth.
While the previous generation of global environmental politics research
focused primarily on environmental treaty making, this new era of envi-
ronmental governance has shifted, for a host of reasons, to a need to better
understand the development and implementation of national and subnational
policies. This requires both an in-depth understanding of domestic contexts as
well as a complex understanding of the relationship between state actors across
all levels of governance as well as nonstate actors. Our premise in the series is
xii foreword
that few studies exist to systematically address the domestic energy and envi-
ronmental policy strategies of the world’s nations. National and subnational
solutions also are increasingly being viewed as vital in the face of international
negotiation stalemates. In addition, as developing and emerging economies
play ever increasing roles in global energy and climate challenges and solutions,
more focus on these regions is particularly important. Of course, as Professor
Fiorino’s book shows us, new forms of thinking about economic growth and
development in industrial economies—where energy usage and environmental
degradation disproportionately impact the rest of the world—are also central
to creating a better future.
Seeking to reframe debates about sustainable growth away from the tra-
ditional dichotomy between growth and environmental protection, Fiorino
provides an important argument that these two goals may be complementary
rather than opposed. Indeed, he argues in the preface that “the business-as-
usual brown [growth] scenario is irresponsible and ultimately a recipe for a
fundamentally different and damaged world.” At the same time, Fiorino warns
that the opposite perspective, of “rejecting growth” is “politically unrealistic,
economically risky, socially unfair, and undermines our ability to deal with the
sources of ecological degradation and threats to our collective well-being.”
A Good Life on a Finite Earth refutes the conventional argument that unqual-
ified growth is beneficial for the environment, or even for the economy. In this
era of policy polarization and an increasingly narrow focus on evaluations of
environmental policies, Professor Fiorino steps back and takes a larger view
and admonishes us that the discussion needs to be reformulated, as entrenched
interests have gotten us stuck in the endless debate over whether economic
growth requires a smaller role for government while environmental protec-
tion may need a larger one. The critique is an important one, which the author
makes with compelling and well-stated claims; indeed, even this clear and cut-
ting diagnosis of the problem would have constituted a successful book. But
Professor Fiorino’s contribution goes much further.
After discrediting the futility of much of the existing debate between either
unrestrained and unguided or no growth, he picks up the pieces to structure a
new and proactive approach for how to define green growth, understand poli-
cies which can lead us there, and to take stock of the progress already being
made—mostly by subnational entities in the United States—when we dare to
contemplate strong economic growth with responsible environmental stew-
ardship. Indeed, a rich policy stream has emerged through which subnational
actors, from city mayors and activists to supranational actors such as the World
Bank and United Nations Environment Program, have recognized the “critical
interactions among issues like energy and water, food and climate, or energy
foreword xiii
and health.” These interactions can be (and are being) studied and addressed
interactively and dynamically, rather than through the more static and unidi-
mensional approaches taken separately to address each issue during “first gen-
eration” efforts to solve them. Using stream theory to convey how the agenda
might be reset, and the Advocacy Coalition Framework model to consider con-
crete interest-group coalitions and how these might involve subnational actors,
the author offers the beginning of a strategy for formulation of a green growth
coalition in the United States.
Fiorino’s far-reaching and ambitious book lays the groundwork for our
series, along with the first book in the series, Prakash Kashwan’s outstanding
monograph, Democracy in the Woods: Environmental Conservation and Social
Justice in India, Tanzania, and Mexico. Kashwan’s book was in press when
arrangements were finalized to launch the series, but the editors felt it would
be an important cornerstone—along with A Good Life on a Finite Earth—to
lay the foundation for our title list. Kashwan’s book traces the effects of domi-
nant political party intermediation of forest and land rights into policy on
redistributive policies, be they inclusive (Mexico), or exclusive (Tanzania and
India). Democracy in the Woods also sets the series on track with meticulous
and explicit comparisons among the three countries’ policy inputs (which vary
according to impacts of party involvement in setting land policy) and divergent
policy outcomes.
Taken together, the books offer an auspicious beginning to the series, which
we hope will unearth new arguments, perspectives, and comparisons relating
to how energy and environmental policies are being retooled and redirected to
contribute to our collective well-being and ensure the continuance of A Good
Life on a Finite Earth. This is an ambitious agenda for a book series, but in
these times the stakes are high if we fall short. More importantly, Kashwan and
Fiorino embraced this challenge, and we look forward to continuing to strive
for excellence in forthcoming contributions to this series. We congratulate
Dan Fiorino on his contribution, and thank our colleague Angela Chnapko of
Oxford University Press for her steady guidance and leadership.
Todd A. Eisenstadt and Joanna I. Lewis
Editorial Board
Co-editor Todd A. Eisenstadt, American University (USA)
Co-editor Joanna I. Lewis, Georgetown University (USA)
Members:
Moises Arce, University of Missouri (USA)
Guri Bang, Center for International Climate Research (Norway)
Navroz K. Dubash, Centre for Policy Research (India)
Jennifer Hadden, University of Maryland (USA)
xiv foreword
Since the beginning of the 1970s, the United States and many other nations
have been engaged in an effort to protect the environment and public health
against a variety of threats: air and water pollution, harmful chemicals, loss of
ecosystems, land degradation, habitat and species loss, and now climate change
and its manifold consequences. There have been modest successes, to be sure.
Especially in the United States, environmental conditions would be far worse
without such innovations as the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, National
Environmental Policy Act, and other laws and policies that, whatever their
flaws, delivered a far better, healthier environment.
In my 2006 book on The New Environmental Regulation, I was concerned
about the effects of a regulatory system that focused too narrowly on simple
compliance, failed to distinguish among levels of performance by regulated
firms, and prescribed solutions that constrained innovation and creativity in
solving environmental problems. The challenge there was the limitations in
environmental regulation given the changes that had occurred since the 1970s.
Those issues still are relevant, but this book examines an even larger set of chal-
lenges: the growing pressures that economic growth and activity are placing on
the planet. Despite the best efforts of critics of ecological protection to dismiss
the threats to our ecological and thus to our economic and social well-being, the
worlds of ecology and economy are on a collision course.
The case in this book is based on several assumptions. The first is that econo-
mies will grow, at least until external ecological (energy or water crises or mass
climate migrations) or other events (global military conflict or major failures
in the financial sector) stop or reverse growth. Like it or not, there are simply
too many forces driving the global growth machine (discussed in Chapters 1
and 3) to expect leaders and institutions at many levels of government delib-
erately to shrink or constrain the scale of their economies. It makes sense to
rethink the purpose and quality of economic growth—of a good life on a finite
xvi P reface
earth—and the effects it has on ecology and health, but focusing on stopping or
reversing economic growth is a distraction from the need for greener growth.
As important, or perhaps even more important than growth itself, is a degree
of fairness in distributing the benefits of that growth. Although economic
equity and fairness have been a normative theme in the environmental policy
field, I think there is a practical dimension to this issue as well, as examined in
Chapter 5. More equitable societies may have an edge in achieving green or at
least far greener growth.
Another assumption is that a transition to durable green growth is most
likely to occur under a modified version of existing economic and political sys-
tems. Simply railing against capitalism or calling for a departure from demo-
cratic governance, in my view, will not address the conflicts between unabated
growth and local, regional, and global ecological limits. Capitalism has been
hard on ecosystems and resources, to be sure, but most other economic systems
have been worse. The key to green growth is to restructure economic systems
to account for the deficiencies in markets, institutions, and investments, and
to link economic and ecological goals in positive ways. Although democratic
governance is not the only way to accomplish this, and other models may work
in some settings, it is the established and transitional democracies that may
offer the best hope for effective ecological governance and green growth, as
discussed in Chapter 4.
A third assumption is that a rich and varied set of policy solutions exists
for advancing a green growth agenda, as presented in Chapter 6. Nearly half a
century of experience with such issues as air and water pollution, habitat and
species loss, and the like has generated a great number of policy solutions and
evidence on their effectiveness, fairness, and feasibility. The challenge is not
a lack of policy solutions; it is the inability to get political systems to get past
short-term, narrow interests.
The final two chapters apply the analysis and evidence from the first six to
the United States, specifically to its capacities for undergoing a durable transi-
tion to green growth. Viewed as a leader in the 1970s and in some respects into
the 1990s, the United States has been evaluated less favorably for its ecologi-
cal performance over time. Many reasons have been given for this trend—the
many institutional veto points that make change difficult; the rise of a conser-
vative political ideology, often captured in the term neo-liberalism; the power
of brown sectors, like the fossil fuel industry; and a pluralist, fragmented, and
adversarial policy style, to name a few. All of these should be taken into account
in thinking about green growth politics and strategies.
Central to this book is the argument that a fundamental, long-term transi-
tion to a far greener growth path is necessary. Unguided growth that is insen-
sitive to ecological limits is a path to disaster. Even a strategy of balancing
P reface xvii
CHAPTER V. MOKUNA V
Halemano Returns to Oahu, Hoi o Halemano i Oahu, Alaila, i
Thence to Kauai.— Kauai.—Hahai o Kamalalawalu
Kamalalawalu Follows Him.— Iaia.—Noho a Hookahuahale Oia
She Leaves and Settles on ma Oahu.—Hoouna o Huaa a me
Oahu.—Huaa and the King of ke Alii o Hilo i Kekahi Puali e Kii
Hilo Send an Army to Secure Iaia.—Mahope o ka Luku ia ana o
Her.—After a Slaughter of ko Oahu mau Kanaka, Hoihoi ia
Oahu Forces She Is Taken to Oia i Hawaii.
Hawaii.
On the next day Huaa, the king I aku o Huaa ke ’lii o Puna ia
of Puna, said to Kulukulua: “Let Kulukulua: “E, o na kahuna a me
us consult the priests, the ke kilo, ke kuhikuhi puuone, ke
astrologers and diviners as to hai mai i ka pono o keia hele ana
our proper course and also as to aku.” A hiki lakou i mua o na ’lii,
the outcome of this expedition.” olelo mai na ’lii: “O ka oukou ike
When the priests, astrologers ke olelo mai.” Olelo aku ke kilo o
and diviners came in the Kalapana: “E moe hou kakou i
presence of the two kings, they anei, i keia la a me ka po, apopo
were asked: “Let us hear what kakou holo.” Ae mai na ’lii; moe
you have to say as to our future lakou [263]a ao ae, hai aku ke
course?” The astrologer from kilo, i kana olelo ike, penei: “I
Kalapana then spoke out: “Let us holo kakou i ka moana, a i uhi ka
again spend this day and night in noe ma ka hikina, na kakou ka
this place and tomorrow we may make, a ina i pamaloo a pae
continue on our journey.” The kakou i uka, na Oahu ka make.
two kings consented to this and Eia ka lua; i halii ka ua koko i ka
another night was spent at the moana a hiki i ka aina, hee o
place. On the next day [262]the Oahu ia kakou.”
astrologer said: “If after we set
out a thick fog comes from the
east, we will win the day; but if
hot, warm weather is
encountered all the way until we
land, Oahu will be victorious.
The second sign is this: if we
encounter a heavy rain and the
rainbow is seen and these things
keep up until we reach land, we
will rout Oahu.”
At the end of the astrologer’s A pau ka olelo ana a ke kilo,
predictions, the canoes once holo aku la lakou, a pae ma
more set sail and landed at Makapuu, hoonoho ke kaua. Ma
Makapuu, where the armies keia holo ana i ka moana, ua uhi
were placed in line of battle. In ia e ka noe, a me ka ua koko, e
coming across the channel they like me ka olelo a ke kahuna, a
encountered a thick fog and rain, makaukau lakou, hele mai la
the signs of victory predicted by lakou mauka a hiki i Kaneohe.
the astrologer. After the armies Hoomaka ke kaua, ma ia kaua
were placed in line they ana, ua hee honua o Oahu nei, a
advanced overland, going by ua luku ia o Waiahole, a o
way of Kaneohe. At Kaneohe Kamalalawalu hoi kai loaa aku e
proper they met the enemy and ola ana, a hoi ae la ia me na ’lii o
the fighting began. Early in the Hawaii, o ia o Huaa a me
battle Oahu was routed and a Kulukulua, a hoi aku la lakou i
great slaughter took place at Hawaii.
Waiahole. After the battle
Kamalalawalu was found, still
alive, and she was taken by the
kings of Hawaii, Huaa and
Kulukulua, to Hawaii. [229]
Legend of Kaao no
Keaweikekahialii. Keaweikekahialii.
One day Keliiokaloa sent all the I kekahi la, hoouna aku la o
chiefs, together with all the Keliiokaloa i na ’lii a pau loa e pii
people, to the uplands to work e koele me na kanaka a pau loa;
on the king’s farm lands, as it a pau lakou i ka pii, noho iho la o
was the king’s labor day. After Keliiokaloa me Keaweikekahialii.
everybody had gone, Keliiokaloa Ma keia noho ana, hookahi a
and Keaweikekahialii remained laua hana o ke konane. Ekolu eo
at home playing konane. 4 ana o Keaweikekahialii ia
Keaweikekahialii had lost three Keliiokaloa, a hookahi i koe o ka
games to Keliiokaloa and the ha, alaila, eo o Keaweikekahialii.
fourth game was also about to Ia laua e konane ana, hiki ana o
be lost, when Mao came in. Mao Mao. Ma keia hiki ana o Mao, he
had secreted on his person a pohaku eho loihi kana e huna
long stone club, about two feet in ana, ua paa i ka aha, he elua
length and covered over with a kapuai kona loa, a hiki i mua o
network of cords. As he stood Keliiokaloa, ninau aku la ia: “Na
before them watching the game wai ka iliili keokeo?” I mai o
he asked: “Whose are the white Keaweikekahialii: “Na
pebbles?” Keaweikekahialii Keliiokaloa ka iliili keokeo, o ka’u
answered: “The white pebbles ka iliili eleele.” Ia wa, kokoke e
are Keliiokaloa’s and the black pau loa na iliili eleele, alaila,
ones are mine.” At this time make o Keaweikekahialii ia
there were but very few black Keliiokaloa.
pebbles left on the board, in
other words Keaweikekahialii
was about to again lose to
Keliiokaloa.