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A Good Life on a Finite Earth: The

Political Economy of Green Growth


Daniel J. Fiorino
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A Good Life on a Finite Earth
STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE ENERGY
AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLITICS

Series editors: Todd A. Eisenstadt, American University,


and Joanna I. Lewis, Georgetown University

Democracy in the Woods: Environmental Conservation


and Social Justice in India, Tanzania, and Mexico
Prakash Kashwan
A Good Life on a Finite Earth
The Political Economy of Green Growth

DANIEL J. FIORINO

1
1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press


198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America.

© Oxford University Press 2018

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in


a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction
rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above.

You must not circulate this work in any other form


and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data


Names: Fiorino, Daniel J., author.
Title: A good life on a finite earth : the political economy of green growth / Daniel J. Fiorino.
Description: New York, NY : Oxford University Press, 2018. |
Series: Studies of comparative energy and environmental politics |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017020886 (print) | LCCN 2017047583 (ebook) |
ISBN 9780190605827 (Updf) | ISBN 9780190605834 (Epub) |
ISBN 9780190605803 (hardcover : acid-free paper) | ISBN 9780190605810 (pbk. : acid-free paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Environmental economics. | Environmentalism—Economic aspects. |
Economic development—Environmental aspects. | Environmental policy—Economic aspects.
Classification: LCC HC79.E5 (ebook) | LCC HC79.E5 F5147 2018 (print) | DDC 333.7—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017020886

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Paperback printed by WebCom, Inc., Canada
Hardback printed by Bridgeport National Bindery, Inc., United States of America
To Beth Ann
CONTENTS

List of Tables, Figure, and Box ix


Foreword xi
Preface xv

1. Two Worlds Colliding 1

2. What Is Green Growth? 25

3. Ecology and Economy: Partners or Antagonists? 50

4. Ecological Governance 74

5. Inequality and Green Growth 98

6. The Green Growth Policy Agenda 123

7. Prospects and Politics in the United States 150

8. Can Change Happen? 179

Notes 205
References 207
Index 235
LIST OF TABLES, FIGURE, AND BOX

TABLES

2.1. Intellectual Antecedents of the Green Growth Concept 33


2.2. Definitions of the Green Growth/​Green Economy Concept 38
4.1. Relative Degree of Policy Integration in Democracies 92
5.1. Gini Coefficients and Poverty Rates in Selected OECD Countries 103
6.1. Elements of the Green Growth Policy Agenda 135
7.1. Selected Country Rankings: Environmental Performance Index 155
7.2. High, Middle, and Low Ranking States in the Air, Climate,
and Energy Index 158
7.3. Congressional Voting on Major Environmental Laws 169
8.1. Elements of a Politics of Green Growth 199

FIGURE

3.1. Relationship of Pollution Drivers, Energy Consumption,


and Emissions 59

BOX

7.1. Statements Casting the Clean Power Plan as a Zero-​Sum Policy 175
FOREWORD

Desperate times call for desperate measures and creative thinking. The central-
ity of climate change and strong and proactive energy and environmental poli-
cies is under question, at least in the United States, where this new book series
is being launched. Despite the bedrock consensus in the scientific community
about the need to diversify the earth’s sources of energy and find also other
means of drastically cutting greenhouse gas emissions, important sectors of
the public—​and now political leadership—​question these facts. This backdrop
offers us a particularly auspicious moment to launch our new book series with
Oxford University Press and to introduce the second title in the new series,
“Studies in Comparative Energy and Environmental Politics.” We are striving to
launch the series at a moment of particular flux in US policies because we think
that by focusing more concertedly on the advancements made in some parts of
the world regarding energy and environmental policies, we can help showcase
and compare for scholars, students, and practitioners everywhere the quickly
emerging advances and best practices in empirical research, policymaking, and
implementation. We can think of no better book to help us showcase the objec-
tives of this new series than Dan Fiorino’s empirically grounded and innova-
tively argued monograph, A Good Life on a Finite Earth: The Political Economy
of Green Growth.
While the previous generation of global environmental politics research
focused primarily on environmental treaty making, this new era of envi-
ronmental governance has shifted, for a host of reasons, to a need to better
understand the development and implementation of national and subnational
policies. This requires both an in-​depth understanding of domestic contexts as
well as a complex understanding of the relationship between state actors across
all levels of governance as well as nonstate actors. Our premise in the series is
xii foreword

that few studies exist to systematically address the domestic energy and envi-
ronmental policy strategies of the world’s nations. National and subnational
solutions also are increasingly being viewed as vital in the face of international
negotiation stalemates. In addition, as developing and emerging economies
play ever increasing roles in global energy and climate challenges and solutions,
more focus on these regions is particularly important. Of course, as Professor
Fiorino’s book shows us, new forms of thinking about economic growth and
development in industrial economies—​where energy usage and environmental
degradation disproportionately impact the rest of the world—​are also central
to creating a better future.
Seeking to reframe debates about sustainable growth away from the tra-
ditional dichotomy between growth and environmental protection, Fiorino
provides an important argument that these two goals may be complementary
rather than opposed. Indeed, he argues in the preface that “the business-​as-​
usual brown [growth] scenario is irresponsible and ultimately a recipe for a
fundamentally different and damaged world.” At the same time, Fiorino warns
that the opposite perspective, of “rejecting growth” is “politically unrealistic,
economically risky, socially unfair, and undermines our ability to deal with the
sources of ecological degradation and threats to our collective well-​being.”
A Good Life on a Finite Earth refutes the conventional argument that unqual-
ified growth is beneficial for the environment, or even for the economy. In this
era of policy polarization and an increasingly narrow focus on evaluations of
environmental policies, Professor Fiorino steps back and takes a larger view
and admonishes us that the discussion needs to be reformulated, as entrenched
interests have gotten us stuck in the endless debate over whether economic
growth requires a smaller role for government while environmental protec-
tion may need a larger one. The critique is an important one, which the author
makes with compelling and well-​stated claims; indeed, even this clear and cut-
ting diagnosis of the problem would have constituted a successful book. But
Professor Fiorino’s contribution goes much further.
After discrediting the futility of much of the existing debate between either
unrestrained and unguided or no growth, he picks up the pieces to structure a
new and proactive approach for how to define green growth, understand poli-
cies which can lead us there, and to take stock of the progress already being
made—​mostly by subnational entities in the United States—​when we dare to
contemplate strong economic growth with responsible environmental stew-
ardship. Indeed, a rich policy stream has emerged through which subnational
actors, from city mayors and activists to supranational actors such as the World
Bank and United Nations Environment Program, have recognized the “critical
interactions among issues like energy and water, food and climate, or energy
foreword xiii

and health.” These interactions can be (and are being) studied and addressed
interactively and dynamically, rather than through the more static and unidi-
mensional approaches taken separately to address each issue during “first gen-
eration” efforts to solve them. Using stream theory to convey how the agenda
might be reset, and the Advocacy Coalition Framework model to consider con-
crete interest-​group coalitions and how these might involve subnational actors,
the author offers the beginning of a strategy for formulation of a green growth
coalition in the United States.
Fiorino’s far-​reaching and ambitious book lays the groundwork for our
series, along with the first book in the series, Prakash Kashwan’s outstanding
monograph, Democracy in the Woods: Environmental Conservation and Social
Justice in India, Tanzania, and Mexico. Kashwan’s book was in press when
arrangements were finalized to launch the series, but the editors felt it would
be an important cornerstone—​along with A Good Life on a Finite Earth—​to
lay the foundation for our title list. Kashwan’s book traces the effects of domi-
nant political party intermediation of forest and land rights into policy on
redistributive policies, be they inclusive (Mexico), or exclusive (Tanzania and
India). Democracy in the Woods also sets the series on track with meticulous
and explicit comparisons among the three countries’ policy inputs (which vary
according to impacts of party involvement in setting land policy) and divergent
policy outcomes.
Taken together, the books offer an auspicious beginning to the series, which
we hope will unearth new arguments, perspectives, and comparisons relating
to how energy and environmental policies are being retooled and redirected to
contribute to our collective well-​being and ensure the continuance of A Good
Life on a Finite Earth. This is an ambitious agenda for a book series, but in
these times the stakes are high if we fall short. More importantly, Kashwan and
Fiorino embraced this challenge, and we look forward to continuing to strive
for excellence in forthcoming contributions to this series. We congratulate
Dan Fiorino on his contribution, and thank our colleague Angela Chnapko of
Oxford University Press for her steady guidance and leadership.
Todd A. Eisenstadt and Joanna I. Lewis
Editorial Board
Co-​editor Todd A. Eisenstadt, American University (USA)
Co-​editor Joanna I. Lewis, Georgetown University (USA)
Members:
Moises Arce, University of Missouri (USA)
Guri Bang, Center for International Climate Research (Norway)
Navroz K. Dubash, Centre for Policy Research (India)
Jennifer Hadden, University of Maryland (USA)
xiv foreword

Kathryn Hochstetler, London School of Economics (Great Britain)


Llewellyn Hughes, Australian National University (Australia)
David Konisky, University of Indiana (USA)
Denise Mauzerall, Princeton University (USA)
Simone Pulver, University of California-​Santa Barbara (USA)
Miranda Schreurs, Technical University of Munich (Germany)
Erika Weinthal, Duke University (USA)
PREFACE

Since the beginning of the 1970s, the United States and many other nations
have been engaged in an effort to protect the environment and public health
against a variety of threats: air and water pollution, harmful chemicals, loss of
ecosystems, land degradation, habitat and species loss, and now climate change
and its manifold consequences. There have been modest successes, to be sure.
Especially in the United States, environmental conditions would be far worse
without such innovations as the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, National
Environmental Policy Act, and other laws and policies that, whatever their
flaws, delivered a far better, healthier environment.
In my 2006 book on The New Environmental Regulation, I was concerned
about the effects of a regulatory system that focused too narrowly on simple
compliance, failed to distinguish among levels of performance by regulated
firms, and prescribed solutions that constrained innovation and creativity in
solving environmental problems. The challenge there was the limitations in
environmental regulation given the changes that had occurred since the 1970s.
Those issues still are relevant, but this book examines an even larger set of chal-
lenges: the growing pressures that economic growth and activity are placing on
the planet. Despite the best efforts of critics of ecological protection to dismiss
the threats to our ecological and thus to our economic and social well-​being, the
worlds of ecology and economy are on a collision course.
The case in this book is based on several assumptions. The first is that econo-
mies will grow, at least until external ecological (energy or water crises or mass
climate migrations) or other events (global military conflict or major failures
in the financial sector) stop or reverse growth. Like it or not, there are simply
too many forces driving the global growth machine (discussed in Chapters 1
and 3) to expect leaders and institutions at many levels of government delib-
erately to shrink or constrain the scale of their economies. It makes sense to
rethink the purpose and quality of economic growth—​of a good life on a finite
xvi P reface

earth—​and the effects it has on ecology and health, but focusing on stopping or
reversing economic growth is a distraction from the need for greener growth.
As important, or perhaps even more important than growth itself, is a degree
of fairness in distributing the benefits of that growth. Although economic
equity and fairness have been a normative theme in the environmental policy
field, I think there is a practical dimension to this issue as well, as examined in
Chapter 5. More equitable societies may have an edge in achieving green or at
least far greener growth.
Another assumption is that a transition to durable green growth is most
likely to occur under a modified version of existing economic and political sys-
tems. Simply railing against capitalism or calling for a departure from demo-
cratic governance, in my view, will not address the conflicts between unabated
growth and local, regional, and global ecological limits. Capitalism has been
hard on ecosystems and resources, to be sure, but most other economic systems
have been worse. The key to green growth is to restructure economic systems
to account for the deficiencies in markets, institutions, and investments, and
to link economic and ecological goals in positive ways. Although democratic
governance is not the only way to accomplish this, and other models may work
in some settings, it is the established and transitional democracies that may
offer the best hope for effective ecological governance and green growth, as
discussed in Chapter 4.
A third assumption is that a rich and varied set of policy solutions exists
for advancing a green growth agenda, as presented in Chapter 6. Nearly half a
century of experience with such issues as air and water pollution, habitat and
species loss, and the like has generated a great number of policy solutions and
evidence on their effectiveness, fairness, and feasibility. The challenge is not
a lack of policy solutions; it is the inability to get political systems to get past
short-​term, narrow interests.
The final two chapters apply the analysis and evidence from the first six to
the United States, specifically to its capacities for undergoing a durable transi-
tion to green growth. Viewed as a leader in the 1970s and in some respects into
the 1990s, the United States has been evaluated less favorably for its ecologi-
cal performance over time. Many reasons have been given for this trend—​the
many institutional veto points that make change difficult; the rise of a conser-
vative political ideology, often captured in the term neo-​liberalism; the power
of brown sectors, like the fossil fuel industry; and a pluralist, fragmented, and
adversarial policy style, to name a few. All of these should be taken into account
in thinking about green growth politics and strategies.
Central to this book is the argument that a fundamental, long-​term transi-
tion to a far greener growth path is necessary. Unguided growth that is insen-
sitive to ecological limits is a path to disaster. Even a strategy of balancing
P reface xvii

trade-​offs—​of minimizing negative rather than seeking out positive ecology–​


economy relationships—​will not get the job done in the next several decades.
What follows is a path to a pragmatic way of responding to this challenge.
Although this book focuses at many points on the United States, it also is a
book on comparative ecological politics. Indeed, the first five chapters are inter-
national and comparative in their review of research and issues related to green
growth. Only the final two chapters are focused on the United States, where
American institutions and politics are my main concern.
I am indebted to a number of people for their support and assistance on
this book. I wish to thank Daniel Mazmanian, Manjyot Bhan, and the Oxford
University Press reviewers for reading and providing valuable suggestions for
the full manuscript. Riordan Frost provided expert research assistance and
editorial support from the start to the end of this project. James Meadowcroft
stimulated my interest in and appreciation of environmental concepts—​green
economy and green growth among them—​and offered insights and perspective
on this book in its early stages. I also wish to thank the entire team of authors
from the Conceptual Innovation in Environmental Policy project (MIT Press,
2017) for their critical perspectives on my early drafts of a chapter on green
economy, which greatly influenced my approach to this book. I learned a great
deal from Pete Andrews, Michael Kraft, Philip Vergragt, Johannes Stripple,
Karin Bäckstrand, Karen Baehler, Oluf Langhelle, Yrjo Haila, and the late Judy
Layzer. Thanks also go to my classes in environmental and energy policy in the
School of Public Affairs at American University for allowing me to test many
ideas and to series editors Todd Eisenstadt and Joanna Lewis.
Chapter 2 is based in part on material from my chapter on “The Green
Economy” in Conceptual Innovation in Environmental Policy, edited by James
Meadowcroft and Daniel J. Fiorino and published by MIT Press.
I am indebted to Angela Chnapko of the Oxford University Press for her
support and guidance in writing this book. Alexcee Bechthold and Alphonsa
Prabakaran guided this book through the production process, and Carol
Neiman served as an expert copy editor.
I want to thank Beth Ann Rabinovich for creating an ideal environment for
thinking, writing, and flourishing. My debt to her is reflected in the dedica-
tion to this book. Thanks also to Matthew and Jacob for making it all fun and
worthwhile.
Daniel J. Fiorino
Washington, DC
July 2017
A Good Life on a Finite Earth
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O my love, come back!

Halemano then threw the kilu Pehi aku la o Halemano i ke kilu


and it again hit the mark, a pa i ka pahu, helu mai la ka
counting him seven. Halemano helu ai, o ka hiku ia. Lalau hou
again took up the kilu and held it no o Halemano i ke kilu a paa i
in his hand; then he looked at ka lima. Nana aku o Halemano
Kikekaala and from her to ia Kikekaala a pau ia, huli ae la
Kamalalawalu. He then bent ia a nana ia Kamalalawalu, kulou
forward and wiped away the iho la a kaka ae la ka lima, i ka
tears from his face, for his mind waimaka, a ano wale mai la no
went back to the time when they ka noho ana me ka wahine i ka
lived in the forests of Moelana in nahele o Moelana, ma Kekele i
Kakele, Koolaupoko, Oahu; he Koolaupoko, Oahu. Nolaila, oli
therefore chanted the following aku la ia:
lines:

Koolau is made hot by the Wela Koolau i na keiki uwe anu,


children who cry against the Kuu aina kaikua e noho ai,
cold, A kuu hoa e noho la i ka lai,
My native land, where the sea I walea i ka ua Kanikoo o Heeia,
beats at the back I ka ua poai lau awa o Moelana
Of my companion who now Me he keiki makua ole la ka
dwells in the calm, hone,
Enjoying the Kanikoo rain of Ka hoolaau i kuu kino e,
Heeia, Ka elele waha ole a ka manao.
That rain that makes the awa Kuu wahine hoi e, hoi mai.
leaves of Moelana glitter
Like a fatherless child in its
playfulness,
For it is affecting my body,
By its speechless messenger,
love.
My love, O come, come back!

Halemano continued chanting Pela no ka hana ana a


and throwing the kilu until he had Halemano, a hiki i na ai eo, he
the required number, fifteen, umikumamalima, eo ae la o
sufficient to win the contest; so Kikekaala ia Halemano,
Kikekaala lost to Halemano and makaukau ka hoi o Halemano
she became his. 42 The contest ma i ka hale e moe ai, no ka
was then ended and they hooko i ka laua pili. Ia wa, lele o
prepared to retire, according to Kamalalawalu e aumeume ia
the [256]wager. As they were Halemano, aka, ua lele [257]mai o
leaving the kilu house, Kikekaala me ka huhu inoino
Kamalalawalu stepped in loa, me ka olelo mai ia
between Kikekaala and Kamalalawalu: “He kane haalele
Halemano, 43 ready to ask to be hoi nau, eia ka e kii mai oe. Aole
forgiven, but Kikekaala pulled e hoi me oe.” No keia lilo o
Halemano away, saying to Halemano ia Kikekaala, uwe iho
Kamalalawalu: “You deserted la o Kamalalawalu, a pea ae la
him and here you are coming na lima i ke kua, a kau mai la i
after him again. He shall not keia mele, me ka waimaka e
return to you.” As Kikekaala and haloiloi ana, mai na maka aku:
Halemano departed,
Kamalalawalu stood there
weeping; she placed her hands
at her back and as the tears
flowed down her face, she
chanted the following lines:

Koolau is burning with fire, Wela Koolau i ke ahi e,


Koolau is burning with the fire of Wela Koolau i ke ahi a ka
the goddess; wahine;
It is raging in the uplands of Ke noa la i ka uka o Hamakua,
Hamakua, I ka pokepoke a ka makani,
It is being cut up by the wind, A wela ka ukiuki me ka huhu,
Causing anger and hatred, O ka inaina o ke ino nau na kui.
Ill feeling and bad thoughts.

In these lines Kamalalawalu was Ma keia lalani mele a


chanting of her rival Kikekaala, Kamalalawalu, ua hoopili aku ia
for she had an unbecoming face no kana punalua, oia o
to look at. The closing lines are Kikekaala, no ka mea, he
in reference to her. helehelena inoino no kona ke
Kamalalawalu then continued: nana aku, a ua pili ia ia kela mau
lalani hope o keia mele:

Alas, thou art my bosom Auwe kuu hoapili o ke kane e!


companion, my love! Kuu hoa o ka hale wai anu o
My companion of the cold watery Hilo.
home of Hilo. No Hilo hoi au no ka ipu a
I am from Hilo, from the Kulukulua,
calabash of Kulukulua, 44 No ke one holu i Waiolama,
From the arched sands at No ka ua hehi lau ulu o
Waiolama, Piihonua,
From the rain that pelts the I noho kaua i na ulu o Malama e.
leaves of the breadfruit of Malama ke aloha i ka waimaka,
Piihonua; He makamaka ke aloha no kuu
For we live at the breadfruit trees hoa e,
of Malama. Kuu hoa o ka nahele
Love is shown by the tears, uluwehiwehi o Panaewa,
Love is the friend of my A kaua i hele koolua ai aohe
companion, kolu;
My companion of the thick Hookahi kinikini o kuu kino,
forests of Panaewa, Ke kuleana i noho ai i ka uka o
Where you and I have trod Laa—e.
without a third party; Ua laa kuu kino i ke aloha,
Auwe kuu hoa, he kane—e,
Our only fellow traveler was my Kuu kane o ka hale wai anu o
love, Hilo,
The only right we had for living in O ia hale makamaka ole i noho
the uplands of Laa, ai.
For my body is sacred to thee,
my love.
Alas, O my companion, my love!
My love of the cold, watery home
of Hilo,
That friendless home where you
and I lived.

When Kamalalawalu ceased A waiho o Kamalalawalu i ke oli


chanting, she turned and looked ana, huli ae la ia a nana aku i ke
at Halemano. When she did, she kane ia Halemano, i nana aku ka
saw Kikekaala biting Halemano hana, e nanahu mai ana o
in the side, so she chanted the Kikekaala i ka aoao o Halemano,
following lines: kau hou aku la o Kamalalawalu i
keia oli:

The bite of a native is a sign of Hoolawehala ka nanahu a ke


treachery; kupa,
The stranger laughs, for it is a Akaaka ka malihini he mea hewa
sign of evil; ia,
For you are then surrounded by Puni hoi i ka ua awa a ka
fine rain from the goddess. wahine,
I must be your wife and you my I wahine au i kane oe,
husband, Kuu kane o ka ua kanikani lehua
My husband of the Kanikani rain o Makaulele
of the lehua trees of Makaulele. Ke haki manua mai la i ka lae o
It is being broken in large pieces Kumukahi;
at Kumukahi Point, Akahi la a ke aloha i hiki ai.
For love has come for the first Ke olewa nei ka nuku wai o
time this day. Ohele,
Like the mouth of the Ohele Ke kaoo ae la ia uka o Piihonua,
stream, it is changeable, Kuu kane hoi o ka hale wai anu
For the clouds are gathering in o Hilo e!
the uplands of Piihonua, [259]
O my love of the cold, watery
home of Hilo!
[258]

At the close of the chant, A pau keia oli ana a


Kamalalawalu was removed by Kamalalawalu, lawe aku la na
force by the officers of Kikekaala ilamuku o Kikekaala a ma kahi e
to some other place. As she was hoonoho, alaila, oli hou o
being led away she chanted Kamalalawalu, penei:
these lines:

The wind is blowing, it is the A pa ka makani he


Koolauwahine. Koolauwahine,
You will surely see Haili, E ike aku auanei oe ia Haili,
Haili the plain of lehua entwined Haili kula lehua i wilia e ka
by the birds; manu;
They are carrying away the awa Ke lawe la ke awa kau laau o
of Puna that grow on trees, Puna,
The sweet sounding oo 45 of the Ka oo kani leo lea i ka nahele,
forest, E ano wale mai ana no i ke
Whose sweet notes can be ahiahi.
heard at eventide. Kuu hoa o ka hale wai anu o
My companion of the cold, Hilo,
watery home of Hilo, O ia hale koekoe a kaua i alo ai,
That cold wet home where you Auwe kuu kane aloha e!
and I lived,
O my own beloved husband! 46

At the end of this chant by A pau ke oli ana a


Kamalalawalu, Kikekaala said to Kamalalawalu, olelo aku o
her: “You have no husband Kikekaala: “Aole au kane, no ka
because you are a woman who mea, he wahine haalele kane
has deserted her husband. I see oe, a eia ka e kii hou mai ana;
that you have come back to him, aole e hoi aku ke kane me oe.”
but he will not go back to you.”

CHAPTER V. MOKUNA V
Halemano Returns to Oahu, Hoi o Halemano i Oahu, Alaila, i
Thence to Kauai.— Kauai.—Hahai o Kamalalawalu
Kamalalawalu Follows Him.— Iaia.—Noho a Hookahuahale Oia
She Leaves and Settles on ma Oahu.—Hoouna o Huaa a me
Oahu.—Huaa and the King of ke Alii o Hilo i Kekahi Puali e Kii
Hilo Send an Army to Secure Iaia.—Mahope o ka Luku ia ana o
Her.—After a Slaughter of ko Oahu mau Kanaka, Hoihoi ia
Oahu Forces She Is Taken to Oia i Hawaii.
Hawaii.

After this, Halemano lived with Mahope o laila, noho iho la o


Kikekaala as husband and wife. Halemano me kana wahine hou
She held him very closely by day me Kikekaala; aole wa kaawale,
and by night, and followed him i ke ao a me ka po, i na la a pau
wherever he went, therefore he loa; nolaila, uluhua a ikiiki loa o
became weary and greatly vexed Halemano i ka paa mau i loko o
at her for keeping him shut up in ka hale. No ia mea, olelo aku o
the house continuously. Because Halemano ia Kikekaala: “E
of this Halemano one day said to auhea oe, ke lohe mai nei au ua
Kikekaala: “Say, I hear that aku aku o Mahaiula, i Kaelehuluhulu,
has become plentiful at the nolaila, e ae mai oe ia’u e holo
Makaiula fishing grounds in au e hi aku na kaua.” I mai o
Kaelehuluhulu. You must Kikekaala: “O kaua pu no ke
therefore allow me to go and holo.” I aku o Halemano: “E lohi
catch us some.” Kikekaala said: auanei, e noho oe, owau no ke
“We must go together.” holo ae a hoi koke mai.” Ma keia
Halemano said: “It will only delay ae ana o ka wahine, holo aku la
me. You must stay home. I will o Halemano.
go alone and shall return in no
time.” The wife at last consented
and Halemano set out.

On this trip Halemano set out Ma keia holo ana a Halemano,


from Puaawela in Kohala; but holo mai la ia mai Puaawela ma
instead of going fishing, he set Kohala, a hiki i Mokulau ma
out for Mokulau in Maui, 47 where Maui, pae. O Kamalalawalu hoi,
he landed. Kamalalawalu, on the holo mai la ia mai Kohala mai a
other hand, set out soon after pae ma Hamoa ma Hana i Maui,
Halemano from Kohala, and hele ae la ia ma Koolau o Maui,
landed at Hamoa, in Hana, Maui, a pela no hoi o Halemano, hele
and from that place continued on ma ke komohana o Maui a hiki i
her way along the Koolau side of Lahaina.
Maui. Halemano continued his
journey along the west side of
Maui, next landing at Lahaina.

In this journey made by the two, Ma keia haele ana o laua, ua


many people followed them from hahai na kanaka, ia laua, no ka
place to place, because they makemake i ka wahine a me ke
admired their comeliness. kane, i ka maikai a me ka nani
Kamalalawalu followed launa ole. O ke kumu o ko
Halemano 48 because she found Kamalalawalu hahai ia
that she loved him and wished to Halemano, o ke aloha no. Ma
be taken back. In this journey, keia hele ana, hiki aku la o
Halemano next [260]stopped at Halemano i Hawe a [261]me
Hawe and Kekaa, Kaanapali, Kekaa i Kaanapali, a malaila
and from this place he set out for holo aku la a pae ma
Mokuhooneki on Molokai, then Mokuhooniki i Molokai, holo aku
landing at Waikolu, on the la a pae ma Waikolu i Kalaupapa
Kalaupapa side, where he mahope mai, noho iho la i laila.
stayed for some time. When O Kamalalawalu hoi, holo mai la
Kamalalawalu set out from Hana ia mai Hana mai a pae ma
she landed at Kapua in Kapua i Kaanapali, ee mai la ma
Kaanapali, then boarded a ka waa a pae i Kaluaaha ma
canoe and landed at Kaluaaha, Molokai komohana, hele aku la a
West Molokai, and from that hiki i Kaluakoi a me
place continued on to Kaluakoi Kaunakahakai.
and Kaunakakai.

From Waikolu Halemano next Holo mai la o Halemano, a pae


touched at Kailua, Oahu; and ma Kailua i Oahu, malaila aku a
from this place continued on to hiki i Kualoa i ka lae o Kaoio.
Kualoa at the Kaoio point; then Malaila aku a Hauula,
on to Hauula; then to Malaekahana, Laiewai, Waialua,
Malaekahana; then Laiewai; then ka lae o Kaena i Waianae, noho i
Waialua; and then to the Kaena laila. Holo mai la o
point at Waianae where he Kamalalawalu mai Molokai mai
stayed. Kamalalawalu, on the pae ma Waikiki, malaila aku a
other hand, after leaving Ewa, a Pokai, holo i Kauai, a
Molokai, landed at Waikiki; then pae i Wailua, noho iho la i laila, o
from this place she next landed Halemano hoi, holo aku la ia a
at Ewa; then at Pokai; and from pae i Wailua, launa kamailio,
this place she continued on to aole nae he pono o ka noho ana,
Kauai, landing at Wailua where e like me mamua. Nolaila hoi
she stayed. mai la o Kamalalawalu me ke
kaumaha. Holo mai la o
Halemano in the meantime also Kamalalawalu mai Kauai mai,
set out and he too landed at ma ka waa a pae ma ka lae o
Wailua, where he met Kaena, malaila aku ka hele ana
Kamalalawalu and had a friendly a hiki i Waialua, malaila aku a
talk, but their living together was Kahuku, a Hauula, a Kualoa.
not harmonious as before. Loaa o Waiahole, he ’lii no laila e
Kamalalawalu therefore returned noho ana, aohe ana wahine;
with a sad heart. 49 She then took lawe ae la ia ia Kamalalawalu i
a canoe and set out from Kauai wahine nana, a noho iho la laua
and landed at Kaena Point; from ma laila.
this place she continued on her
way to Waialua. From there she
journeyed to Kahuku; then to
Hauula; and then to Kualoa,
where she met Waiahole, a chief
of that place who was a single
man. He took Kamalalawalu as
his wife and they resided there
together.

After they had been living Ma keia noho ana a laua, he


together in this manner for some kane a he wahine, holo aku la
time, a certain canoe set out kekahi waa mai Oahu nei aku a
from Oahu for Puna, touching at hiki i Puna, ma Kaimu, i
Kaimu, Kalapana. By this canoe Kalapana, pae i laila. Na ia waa i
word was carried to olelo, lohe o Kamiloholuiwaiakea
Kamiloholuiwaiakea that ua noho o Kamalalawalu i Oahu
Kamalalawalu was living in nei, hele aku la ia olelo ia Huaa
Oahu. As soon as he received ke ’lii o Puna, a pela aku no a
this information he immediately lohe o Kulukulua ke ’lii o Hilo.
set out and informed Huaa the Ma ko laua lohe ana i keia olelo
king of Puna of the fact; and no Kamalalawalu, olelo iho la
from there word was carried to laua penei: “Ae, ua lilo ka kaua
Kulukulua the king of Hilo. After waiwai ia ia no kona kino, aka,
the two came together to discuss aole i loaa ia kaua kona kino,
the matter, they said: “Yes, we nolaila, e holo kaua e kaua i
have given her our properties kona wahi i noho ai.”
with the idea of getting her to be
our wife, but we did not succeed.
Let us therefore go and make
war on those with whom she is
now living.”

As soon as they decided upon Hoomakaukau iho la laua he


doing this they began to prepare mau mano waa, a me na kanaka
about eight thousand canoes, 50 he nui loa, na mea kaua o kela
and also got together a very ano, keia ano, mai ka mea nui a
large body of men who were me ka mea liilii. No keia mau
armed with all kinds of weapons, mea a pau loa, ua lilo nui na ’lii a
both large and small. Because of me na kanaka i ka hana a me ka
this vast undertaking, the kings imi, a hala elima anahulu. A
and their men spent over fifty makaukau lakou, holo mai la ma
days in the preparation for the Koolau o Maui. Malaila mai a
expedition. As soon as pae ma Kekaa i Kaanapali, moe
everything was ready they set iho la a ao ae, holo mai la a hala
out, coming along the Koolau o Halawa, a Waikolu, a
side (east) of Maui and touched Kalaupapa i Molokai, pae. Moe a
at Kekaa in Kaanapali, where ao ae.
they landed and stayed over
night. The next day they again
set out, coming past Halawa and
Waikolu and touching at
Kalaupapa, Molokai, where they
landed to spend the night.

On the next day Huaa, the king I aku o Huaa ke ’lii o Puna ia
of Puna, said to Kulukulua: “Let Kulukulua: “E, o na kahuna a me
us consult the priests, the ke kilo, ke kuhikuhi puuone, ke
astrologers and diviners as to hai mai i ka pono o keia hele ana
our proper course and also as to aku.” A hiki lakou i mua o na ’lii,
the outcome of this expedition.” olelo mai na ’lii: “O ka oukou ike
When the priests, astrologers ke olelo mai.” Olelo aku ke kilo o
and diviners came in the Kalapana: “E moe hou kakou i
presence of the two kings, they anei, i keia la a me ka po, apopo
were asked: “Let us hear what kakou holo.” Ae mai na ’lii; moe
you have to say as to our future lakou [263]a ao ae, hai aku ke
course?” The astrologer from kilo, i kana olelo ike, penei: “I
Kalapana then spoke out: “Let us holo kakou i ka moana, a i uhi ka
again spend this day and night in noe ma ka hikina, na kakou ka
this place and tomorrow we may make, a ina i pamaloo a pae
continue on our journey.” The kakou i uka, na Oahu ka make.
two kings consented to this and Eia ka lua; i halii ka ua koko i ka
another night was spent at the moana a hiki i ka aina, hee o
place. On the next day [262]the Oahu ia kakou.”
astrologer said: “If after we set
out a thick fog comes from the
east, we will win the day; but if
hot, warm weather is
encountered all the way until we
land, Oahu will be victorious.
The second sign is this: if we
encounter a heavy rain and the
rainbow is seen and these things
keep up until we reach land, we
will rout Oahu.”
At the end of the astrologer’s A pau ka olelo ana a ke kilo,
predictions, the canoes once holo aku la lakou, a pae ma
more set sail and landed at Makapuu, hoonoho ke kaua. Ma
Makapuu, where the armies keia holo ana i ka moana, ua uhi
were placed in line of battle. In ia e ka noe, a me ka ua koko, e
coming across the channel they like me ka olelo a ke kahuna, a
encountered a thick fog and rain, makaukau lakou, hele mai la
the signs of victory predicted by lakou mauka a hiki i Kaneohe.
the astrologer. After the armies Hoomaka ke kaua, ma ia kaua
were placed in line they ana, ua hee honua o Oahu nei, a
advanced overland, going by ua luku ia o Waiahole, a o
way of Kaneohe. At Kaneohe Kamalalawalu hoi kai loaa aku e
proper they met the enemy and ola ana, a hoi ae la ia me na ’lii o
the fighting began. Early in the Hawaii, o ia o Huaa a me
battle Oahu was routed and a Kulukulua, a hoi aku la lakou i
great slaughter took place at Hawaii.
Waiahole. After the battle
Kamalalawalu was found, still
alive, and she was taken by the
kings of Hawaii, Huaa and
Kulukulua, to Hawaii. [229]

1 These persons’ names are those of


well-known localities in the Waialua
district of Oahu, eastward of the
Leilehua plain, at the base of the
Waianae range. ↑ a b c
2 Kukaniloko was the name of the
place set apart from the time of
Kapawa as sacred, having special
powers or virtues as the birthplace of
the highest kapu chiefs. ↑
3 Halemano is famed through tradition
as the headquarters of a cannibal
chief of ancient time who, with a robber
band, waylaid travelers to feast
thereon, and ruled in terror for a season
till he was sought and killed in a
struggle by one in revenge for his
wanton deed upon a relative. ↑
4 Expressions signifying the Hawaiian
ideal of physical perfection. ↑
5 A very liberal supply of favorites, as
the dog was to a Hawaiian. ↑
6 Pele and mahuna were choice
scented kapas of Kauai. ↑
7 Pandanus blossoms, a creamy
white. ↑
8 The blossoms of the lehua are
feathery, and make a showy, bright
red garland; a white species also
exists. The lehua is Hawaii’s floral
emblem, as the ilima is that of Oahu. ↑
9 The ouholowai was one of the famed
scented kapas of Puna, and various
legends identify it with Laa, now Olaa,
as the special product of that locality.
Its two sides were dyed differently. ↑
10 Pukohukohu was a noni dyed red
kapa. ↑
11 Laenihi, a species of Iniistius. ↑
12Dreading the sorcerer priest’s
supposed power on possessing the
mauna of a party. ↑
13 Nawahinemakaikai; literally, sight
seeing women. ↑
14 Koieie, a plaything for floating in the
rapids. ↑
15 Red, to indicate a chief’s
distinction. ↑
16A crier, kukala, one who proclaimed
the orders of the chief; the ancient
method of promulgating royal
decrees. ↑
17 The recognized custom of
hookupu. ↑
18 In accordance with the belief that the
king’s demands were to be complied
with in all cases. ↑
19 Addressing his wife and
grandmother, implying they must
care for themselves individually. ↑
20 Lele, ancient name of Lahaina,
Maui. ↑
21 No refusal to the royal command in
this case, as at Oahu. ↑
22 Maile (Alyxia olivaeformis), a
fragrant vine with glossy leaves, in
great favor throughout the islands. ↑
23 Uu maile, the bruising of the vine to
rid it of woodiness and render it
pliant for entwining into strands for
wreaths, etc. ↑
24 Returning to her first love. ↑
25 The favorite surfing place of the
whole district. ↑
26 Palaholo, an unrecognized plant,
probably a running fern. ↑
27 A favorite poetic expression referring
to the various channels between the
islands of the group. ↑
28 Lauoho, not known as a vegetable,
or article of food. ↑
29 The game of kilu was an evening
entertainment in which the players,
men and women equally divided, on
two sides, throw an oblong cut gourd
toward a goal for a certain number or
prize, striking which gave the winner
the right to choose any one of the
opposite in the assembly as his (or her)
companion, or other prior defined
wager. ↑
30 Laka, god of the hula, generally, but
here assigned to the volcano. ↑
31 Referring to her desertion of him in
favor of Hua-a, the king of Puna. ↑
32 A section of submerged coast of
Puna has a number of its trees
growing in the water. ↑
33 Mokuola, Coconut Island, fronting
the town of Hilo. ↑
34 Kumukahi, place of sunrise; literally,
first foundation. ↑
35 Implying we are in a strange land,
etc.; cold and friendless. ↑
36 Character of the northern portion of
Hilo district. ↑
37 Recalling incidents of their first home
life. ↑
38 A shore section of Waianae. ↑
39 That section of Ewa bordering on the
western lock of Pearl Harbor. ↑
40 Pulee, his eldest sister. ↑
41
Nahu a kipepa ia, eaten sideways or on
the edges. ↑
42 A game of “heads I win, tails you
lose.” ↑
43With all Halemano’s pleadings for
the return of his lost love he was
unable to secure it when offered. ↑
44 Or from the table of the king. ↑
45Oo (Moho nobilis), the much-prized
bird for its feathers for cloak work
and kahilis of the ancient high chiefs. ↑
46 Kamalalawalu’s reminiscences
indicate a warmth of affection hard
to reconcile with her desertion of
Halemano, now recalled with self
condemnation as she realizes he is
won against his will by a rival
claimant. ↑
47Making the most of his freedom by
putting a safe distance between him
and his captor. ↑
48 If this was a concerted step it seems
strange they should miss each other
in all their journeyings until reaching
Kauai. ↑
49The experiences each had
undergone had unfitted them for the
mutual love they once enjoyed, which
was now only a memory. ↑
50 A formidable fleet to prepare in less
than two months. ↑
[Contents]

Legend of Kaao no
Keaweikekahialii. Keaweikekahialii.

Keaweikekahialii 1 was born in O Kailua i Kona, Hawaii, ka aina


Kailua, Kona Hawaii, during the hanau o Keaweikekahialii, i ka
reign of Keliiokaloa 2 who was wa e noho ana o Keliiokaloa he
one time king of the whole of ’lii no Hawaii a puni. He ’lii nui o
Hawaii. Keliiokaloa was a great Keliiokaloa no Hawaii, aia malalo
king and had something like ona elua lau alii (ua like me
eight hundred chiefs under him. ewalu haneri). No loko o keia
Amongst these chiefs was one, mau lau alii elua o
Kalapanakuioiomoa, 3 the Kalapanakuioiomoa, ke kupuna
progenitor of the kings of Hawaii. o na ’lii o Hawaii nei. He kahu ko
Keaweikekahialii had an Keaweikekahialii, o Mao kona
attendant by the name of Mao, inoa, he kanaka akamai loa ia i
who was a man of great ka imi ana i mea e lilo ai ke
learning. His chief ambition was aupuni i kana alii, he kanaka
the study of how his charge was noonoo loa.
to get control of the government,
and in some way become the
king of Hawaii.

One day Keliiokaloa sent all the I kekahi la, hoouna aku la o
chiefs, together with all the Keliiokaloa i na ’lii a pau loa e pii
people, to the uplands to work e koele me na kanaka a pau loa;
on the king’s farm lands, as it a pau lakou i ka pii, noho iho la o
was the king’s labor day. After Keliiokaloa me Keaweikekahialii.
everybody had gone, Keliiokaloa Ma keia noho ana, hookahi a
and Keaweikekahialii remained laua hana o ke konane. Ekolu eo
at home playing konane. 4 ana o Keaweikekahialii ia
Keaweikekahialii had lost three Keliiokaloa, a hookahi i koe o ka
games to Keliiokaloa and the ha, alaila, eo o Keaweikekahialii.
fourth game was also about to Ia laua e konane ana, hiki ana o
be lost, when Mao came in. Mao Mao. Ma keia hiki ana o Mao, he
had secreted on his person a pohaku eho loihi kana e huna
long stone club, about two feet in ana, ua paa i ka aha, he elua
length and covered over with a kapuai kona loa, a hiki i mua o
network of cords. As he stood Keliiokaloa, ninau aku la ia: “Na
before them watching the game wai ka iliili keokeo?” I mai o
he asked: “Whose are the white Keaweikekahialii: “Na
pebbles?” Keaweikekahialii Keliiokaloa ka iliili keokeo, o ka’u
answered: “The white pebbles ka iliili eleele.” Ia wa, kokoke e
are Keliiokaloa’s and the black pau loa na iliili eleele, alaila,
ones are mine.” At this time make o Keaweikekahialii ia
there were but very few black Keliiokaloa.
pebbles left on the board, in
other words Keaweikekahialii
was about to again lose to
Keliiokaloa.

Mao then said to Olelo aku o Mao: “Ua make ia oe


Keaweikekahialii: “You will win.” e Keaweikekahialii.” “Pehea ka
“How am I to win?” “The white make ana ia’u?” “Penei: Hapala
ones are besmeared, the black ke kea, na ka ele ka ai.” I mai o
ones will win.” Keaweikekahialii Keaweikekahialii: “Kau pohaku
answered: “Take the losing make hahau ia.” I aku o Mao:
blacks then and make your “Hahau no au make o
move.” Mao answered: “If I make Keliiokaloa.” Ekolu kena ana a
the move Keliiokaloa will lose.” Keaweikekahialii. I aku o Mao:
Keaweikekahialii then urged Mao “Ina au e uhau, kokua oe ia’u?”
three times; at last Mao asked: Ae mai la o [265]Keaweikekahialii:
“If I make the move will you “Ae.” Unuhi ae la o Mao i ka eho
assist me?” “Yes,” said pohaku ana, a hoomoe iho la i
Keaweikekahialii. [264]Mao then luna o ka hono o Keliiokaloa, a
took up the stone club and struck make loa iho la. Olelo mai o
Keliiokaloa on the back of the Keaweikekahialii: “Kupanaha oe,
neck, killing him instantly. eia ka he pepehi kau i ke alii a
Keaweikekahialii then said to make, kai no paha he konane
Mao: “How strange of you! Here maoli kau, aole ka.” I mai o Mao:
you have gone and killed the “Aole ka ou makemake e puni o
king. I thought yours was to be a Hawaii ia kaua? Eia ka la o ko
move on the konane board, but it aina.”
was not.” Mao then said: “Don’t
you want to rule over the whole
of Hawaii? You shall become the
ruler of this land this day.”

They then took up Keliiokaloa Lawe aku la laua kanu ia


and buried him, after which they Keliiokaloa, a nalo, hoi mai la a
returned to the house, when Mao hiki i ka hale, olelo aku o Mao ia
said to Keaweikekahialii: “Send a Keaweikekahialii: “E hoouna aku
man to the uplands and inform oe i ke kanaka i uka, e olelo aku
the chiefs that the king, penei, i olelo mai nei ke ’lii o
Keliiokaloa, desires one of the Keliiokaloa. E iho aku, i hookahi
chiefs to come on down alii o ke kanaka.” Mamua ae o
accompanied by one servant.” keia hoouna ana a
Before Keaweikekahialii sent off Keaweikekahialii i ke kanaka, ua
the messenger, he ordered that hoomakaukau oia i na kanaka a
his own followers be requested piha ka hale, a ua olelo hoi ia
to come to the house. After the lakou ina i hiki ke ’lii hookahi me
arrival of his men he gave them ke kanaka, e pepehi a make loa.
orders to kill the first chief and A hiki mai la ke ’lii me ke kanaka
his servant as soon as they hookahi, pepehi ia iho la a make
arrived. Upon the arrival of one loa, pela no ka hana ana a pau
of the chiefs and his servant they loa na ’lii o Hawaii, aohe alii i
were both set on and killed. This koe, hookahi wale no alii i koe o
was carried on until all the chiefs Kalapanakuioiomoa.
of Hawaii 5 were killed, except
Kalapanakuioiomoa.

When Kalapanakuioiomoa saw A ike o Kalapanakuioiomoa e


that all the chiefs were killed he make ana na ’lii a pau loa,
escaped through the forest and mahuka mai la ia ma ka nahele
came to and sojourned at a hiki i Waipio noho, moe iho la i
Waipio, where he took a wife of ka wahine kuaaina, nolaila, a
that place. In course of time his hapai ka wahine, holo mai la ia a
wife conceived a child; but taking pae ma Kaluaihakoko, i Maui,
a canoe he set out, landing at pae, mai laila aku a pae ma
Kaluaihakoko, Maui. From this Maunalei i Lanai, alaila, noho o
place he again sailed and landed Kalapanakuioiomoa. Ma keia
at Maunalei, Lanai, where he noho ana a Kalapanakuioiomoa i
settled down and made his Lanai, moe iho la i ka wahine i
residence. After laila, noho a makaainana iho la,
Kalapanakuioiomoa had been in mahiai, pii i ka wai; pela no kona
Lanai for some time, he took noho ana me ka ike ole o na
unto himself a wife there and mea a pau he ’lii ia.
lived as a commoner, tilling the
land and going to the uplands for
water. He lived without disclosing
his rank or his identity to any
one.

Shortly after this a search was A mahope, imi ia iho la ia ma

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