Sodium salts:

1.NaOH
Common name: caustic soda
Chemical name: sodium hydroxide
Chemical formula: Na+H2O→NaOH+H2
Balanced equation: 2Na+2H2O→2NaOH+H2
Preparation:
Sodium hydroxide is prepared by the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride solution (brine
solution) in a Castner-Kellner cell

Properties-Phy-chem:

Physical Properties of Sodium Hydroxide

● Sodium Hydroxide in its pure form is a white crystalline solid.
● It is odourless.
● It is soluble in water, glycerol and ethanol. When solid sodium hydroxide is mixed with water
it results in a highly exothermic reaction.
● Has a higher viscosity than water about 78 mPas.
● It can rapidly absorb carbon dioxide and water from the air.
● It can also exist in the form of a liquid.

Chemical Properties of Sodium Hydroxide

● It has an ionic bond between the Na(+1) ion and OH(-1) ion.
● It can react with protic acids to form water and salts.
● It has high acidity of 13.
● Sodium hydroxide is a popular base that is used for leaching amphoteric hydroxides or
oxides.
● There is a covalent bond, between Oxygen and Hydrogen in the hydroxide

Uses:
sodium hydroxide is used to produce soaps, rayon, paper, products that
explode, dyes, and petroleum products
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 2.NaCl

Common name: table salt

Chemical name: Sodium chloride
Chemical formula: Na+Cl2→NaCl
Balanced equation:2Na+Cl2→2NaCl
Preparation:
Sodium chloride is obtained by mining the deposits and brine solution is obtained by passing water into the
deposits. Hence the salts get dissolved then the solution is pumped out.
Properties-Phy-chem:
Chemical properties of table salt:

● It is non-flammable.
● It is toxic in excessive amounts.
● It is a neutral salt, not acidic or basic.
Phy properties
● a white crystalline solid,
● a melting point of 801 °C
● boiling point is about 1,413 °C

Uses:
● food seasoning.
● acting as a natural preservative.
● enhancing the natural colors of foods.
● curing, or preserving, meats.
● creating a brine for marinating foods.

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 3.Na2CO3.10H2O

Common name: Washing soda

Chemical name: Sodium carbonate
Chemical formula: Na2CO3+10H2O→Na2CO3.10H2O
Balanced equation: nil
Preparation:
It is an inorganic hydrate of sodium carbonate. It was extracted from the ashes of plants growing in
sodium-rich soils
Properties-Phy-chem:

Physical Properties of Sodium Carbonate

● It is a white crystalline solid substance.

● It is odourless
● tasteless
● highly soluble in water.

Chemical properties :

inorganic hydrate of sodium carbonate.

Uses:
Uses of Na2CO3.10H2O

1. It is used in soap, and glass preparation.

2. It is used in the cleaning of clothes.

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4. NaHCO3

Common name: Baking soda

Chemical name: Sodium bicarbonate
Chemical formula: H2CO3+NaOH→NAHCO3+2H2O
Balanced equation: H2CO3 + 2NaOH → Na2CO3 + 2H2O
Preparation:made by saturating a solution of sodium carbonate with carbon dioxide.
Properties-Phy-chem:
Physical properties-
NaHCO3,is a white
crystalline solid which
is odorless
Has a melting point 50 c
- Non - flammable

Chemical properties-
It is basic in nature
- Used as a cleaning nature to clean fat.

Uses:It is used as pest control to kill cockroaches and controlling fungal growth
● It is used as a disinfectant
● It is used to protect armpits from bad smell and irritation
● It is used in cooking especially to bake food items
● It is used in medicine to be injected intravenously to the prevention of chemotherapy side
effects
● It is used to wash kitchen products due to its antibacterial properties
● It is used to have clean teeth and mouth

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 Calcium salt
1)CaOCl2
Common name: bleaching powder
Chemical name:calcium hypochlorite
Chemical formula: Ca(OH)2(aq)+Cl2(g)→CaOCl2(aq)+H2O(l)
Balanced equation:
Preparation:By passing chlorine into dry slaked lime CaOH2CaOH2+Cl2 → CaOCl2. Ca(ClO)2 is produced
on an industrial scale via the reaction of chlorine gas with calcium hydroxide.
Properties-Phy-chem:Physical Properties
● Calcium hypochlorite is a white/grey solid at room temperatures.
● Its solubility in water is 21g/100 mL and it reacts with the water when dissolved.
● Its solubility in hard water is relatively low when compared to its solubility in
soft/medium-hard water.
● Ca(ClO)2 has a strong smell of chlorine (because it reacts with the water molecules present
in air).

3. Chemical Properties
● It acts as a strong base since it readily accepts H+ When dissolved in water, the hypochlorite
anion accepts a proton from H2O, liberating an OH– ion.
● The chemical reaction is given by ClO– + H2O → HClO + OH–
● This compound is also a powerful oxidizing agent since it can readily accept an electron.
● Calcium hypochlorite reacts with hydrochloric acid, yielding calcium chloride (CaCl2), water,
and chlorine gas (Cl2).
● The chemical equation for this reaction is 4HCl + Ca(ClO)2 → CaCl2 + Cl2 + H2O
 Uses:
■ Bleaching powder is used as disinfectant and germicide especially in the sterilization of drinking water.
■ It is used for manufacturing of chloroform.
■ It is used for bleaching silk and wool.
■ It is used as an oxidising agent in many chemical industries to obtain various chemical
products.
■ It is mainly used as bleaching agent for cotton, linen and wood pulp.

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2) CaSO4.½ H2O
Common name: plaster of paris
Chemical name:calcium Sulphate hemihydrate
Chemical formula: CaSO4.2H2O→CaSO4.½ H2,O+1 ½H2O ( by applying heat at 100 degrees)
Balanced equation:
Preparation:It is prepared when gypsum or calcium sulphate dihydrate (CaSO4) is heated to a
temperature of 100°C, it loses three-fourths of its water of crystallization and produces a Plaster of
Paris.
Properties-Phy-chem:
phy:
white or yellowish,
finely divided,
odorless powder

Chem:

1. The material nature is non-combustible and non-flammable.

2. It slowly expands with a slight setting upon it.
3. There is a formation of a hard mass after the drying process without cracks.
4. It has the property to absorb water
 Uses: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in
medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient.
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3) CaSO4.2H2O
Common name: Gypsum
Chemical name:calcium sulfate dihydrate
Chemical formula: CaOH+H2SO4 → CaSO4+2H2O
Balanced equation: Ca(OH)2 + 4H2SO4 → CaSO4 + 2H2O
Preparation: prepared from a chemical reaction between calcium carbonate and sulfuric acid at room
temperature (25ºC).
Properties-Phy-chem:
Physical properties -
It is a soft sulphate material
- usually white or gray.
- Crystalline powder
 chemical properties.-
It has a melting point
-I00-150 c
-It is neutral

Uses: gypsum is used as a fluxing agent, fertilizer, filler in paper and textiles, and retarder in portland
cement.
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