Received July 1, 2020, accepted July 10, 2020, date of publication July 20, 2020, date of current version

July 30, 2020.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3010266

DC Side Over-Voltage Characteristics Analysis of

AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Power System
ZHANQING YU , (Member, IEEE), XIAORUI WANG , LU QU,
WENPENG ZHOU, (Graduate Student Member, IEEE),
AND RONG ZENG , (Senior Member, IEEE)
State Key Lab of Power Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Corresponding author: Zhanqing Yu (yzq@tsinghua.edu.cn)
This paper was supported by National Key Research and Development Program 2017YFB0903201.

ABSTRACT AC/DC hybrid power distribution network are adopted to replace traditional AC power
distribution network with the continuous access of distributed renewable energy to power grid, which can
solve the source and load power supply as well as power consumption demand comprehensively. However,
the over-voltage characteristics of AC/DC hybrid system are quite different from traditional AC system for
their different structure. For this reason, the over-voltage generation mechanism on DC side of a proposed
AC/DC hybrid distribution system was analyzed. Then based on the system simulation model established
in MATLAB/Simulink, the over-voltage characteristics under DC side pole-to-pole short-circuit fault were
obtained. The simulation results show that the maximum over-voltage of 10kV DC pole-to-pole fault can
reach 121.8kV and the maximum over-voltage of ±375V DC pole-to-pole fault can reach 12kV. An over-
voltage suppression method by applying arresters was proposed. Simulation results show that the maximum
over-voltage of 10kV DC side drops to 12kV and the maximum over-voltage of ±375V DC side drops to
1.2kV. The above analyses provide basis for the design of over-voltage and insulation of AC/DC hybrid
distribution system.

INDEX TERMS DC distribution system, DC over-voltage, pole-to-pole short-circuit, arrester.

I. INTRODUCTION composed of power devices, is gradually applied in trans-

Traditional AC power distribution network can no longer
meet the requirements of efficient access of DC sources with
continuous access of distributed renewable energy. Using
AC/DC mode instead of traditional AC distribution network
can comprehensively solve the power supply and power con-
sumption demand of source and load [1]–[4]. DC distribution
system can reduce the number of power converters and the
resulting loss, and there are no frequency stability and passive
power problems in the DC distribution system. Researches
on system structure, modeling simulation, fault protection,
insulation coordination and other related technologies for
AC/DC hybrid distribution systems have been carried out in
view of the above problems [5]–[10].
With the development of semiconductor power devices,
such as gate turn off thyristor (GTO) and insulated gate
bipolar transistor (IGBT), solid-state transformer (SST),
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and
approving it for publication was Sudhakar Babu Thanikanti
mission and distribution system. Its multi-port characteris-
tics facilitate the interconnection of different levels of AC
and DC distribution networks, and enable the bi-directional
transmission of power between the DC distribution network
and other networks, so as to flexibly control the power flow
in the distribution network [11]–[13]. However, the over-
voltage and over-current capacity of the power electronic
devices that make up SST is limited, we must pay attention
to the fault characteristics and insulation coordination of the
AC/DC system as in the AC system, so as to avoid the damage
to the safety and reliability of the system in case of fault.
With the continuous development of ultra-high voltage
(UHV) technology, there has been some research on the
over-voltage characteristics and insulation coordination of
UHVDC transmission project [14]–[17]. In [14], character-
istics, generation mechanism and dynamic process of the
DC over-voltage caused by the line fault at the near send-
ing of converter station in the Zhangbei Rouzhi project is
. analyzed. In [15], the cable fault in VSC based DC network

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133248 VOLUME 8, 2020
Z. Yu et al.: DC Side Over-Voltage Characteristics Analysis of AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Power System
FIGURE 1. Topology of the AC/DC hybrid system.
is analyzed in detail, and the most serious fault phase to
avoid is determined. An efficient modular multilevel con-
verter (MMC) HVDC system model is established in [16],
and the transient characteristics of the system are studied
including different kinds of fault modes. In [17], the char-
acteristics of switching overvoltage were analyzed and dis-
cussed in detail including the main influencing factors and
worst-case conditions in the ±1100-kV UHVDC converter
station. Different protection or control schemes were used
based on the over-voltage characteristics of MMC in HVDC
system [18], [19]. Different approaches are applied to limit
the lighting over-voltage or the dynamic over-voltage in
DC lines, among which, using arresters is an effective way
to suppress the over-voltage [20]–[22]. Research in paper
[20] shows that the extensive application of arresters in DC
lines has successfully solved the problem of lightning over-
voltage in China. In [21], the mechanism of transient over-
voltage caused by DC side to ground fault in MMC-HVDC
lines connected by cables is studied and the results reveal
that arresters are needed in the system to limit the transient
over-voltage.
However, the research mainly focuses on topology, control
strategy, and the flexible DC transmission which has been
put into operation because of the short development of DC
distribution system. As the over-voltage level significantly
affects the system parameter selection and manufacturing
cost, a reasonable protection scheme can ensure the safety of
the equipment under fault conditions. Therefore, for ensuring
the safety of the system, it is necessary to study the over-
voltage characteristics of AC-DC hybrid distribution system,
and propose reasonable over-voltage control or suppression
methods.
The main contributions of this paper are as follows:
(1) Analyze the over-voltage generation mechanism of the
AC/DC hybrid distribution system which is the theoretical
basis of system over-voltage analysis.
(2) Analyze the over-voltage characteristics of DC side
pole-to-pole short-circuit fault in Matlab/Simulink of the
proposed AC/DC hybrid distribution system, which aims at
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reliable consumption of distributed renewable energy and
economic energy demand of DC load.
(3) Propose an arrester suppression method, to protect the
main equipment in this system and limit the over-voltage
appearing during fault.
(4) Analyze the over-voltage characteristics after arrester
arrangement. The result reveals the effectiveness of the over-
voltage suppression method.
II. AC/DC HYBRID SYSTEM STRUCTURE
An AC/DC hybrid system is developed aiming at reliable
consumption of distributed renewable energy and economic
energy demand of DC load, its topology is shown in Fig.1. For
AC/DC hybrid system, its main equipment includes SST, fault
current controller (FCC), photovoltaic (PV), wind power,
energy storage, light and heat, IT load (I means that there
is no working grounding on the power supply side; T refers
to grounding protection on the load side electric equipment),
and etc. The system includes 10kV AC and 10kV DC, as well
as 380V AC and ±375V DC. The total capacity of the system
is 5.352MW, the proportion of distributed renewable energy
is 64.29% (3.441MW/5.352MW), more than 60%; the total
capacity of DC load is 50.86% (2.722MW / 5.352MW), more
than 30%. The details of the hybrid AC/DC system are shown
in Table 1.
III. DC OVER-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS
In this section, the over-voltage generation mechanism of on
DC side is discussed based on the AC/DC hybrid system
given in the above section. Over-voltage characteristics are
obtained when pole-to-pole short-circuit fault occurs in 10kV
DC and ±375V DC system respectively.
A. OVER-VOLTAGE GENERATION MECHANISM
ON DC SIDE
There are two reasons for over-voltage on the DC side of
AC/DC hybrid distribution system: one is the over-voltage
passed from AC fault side to DC side; the other is the
over-voltage generated by fault on DC line. In this paper,
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 Z. Yu et al.: DC Side Over-Voltage Characteristics Analysis of AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Power System
TABLE 1. The type and capacity of source and storage in the scheme.
FIGURE 2. Equivalent discharge circuit in stage 1.
we mainly analyze the over-voltage caused by DC fault.
When fault occurs in DC side, the SST will go through three
stages.
(1) Stage 1: DC side capacitor will inject current into the
fault point before power electronic device blocking;
(2) Stage 2: AC side injects current into the fault point
through anti-parallel diode and DC side capacitor inject cur-
rent into the fault point at the same time before fault removal
and after power electronic device turning off.
(3) Stage 3: after fault removal and before unlocking of
power electronic device.
In stage 1, at the beginning of the fault, the DC voltage
(udc ) is greater than the AC side line voltage, the DC line fault
current will mainly discharge from DC capacitor to the failure
point. The discharge circuit of SST is shown in Fig.2. DC
capacitor discharge is a second-order under-damped oscilla-
tion process because the small value of the loop resistance,
and the capacitor voltage will attenuate to zero. The dynamic
process in this stage can be expressed as:
d2 udc dudc
LC 2
+ RC + udc = 0 (1)
dt dt
where R, L and C are the loop resistance, inductance and
capacitance respectively.
In stage 2, when the udc drops to the AC side line voltage,
the AC side power supply will start to inject fault current to
the fault point through the free-wheeling diode. At this time,
the conduction of diode is based on the natural commutation
principle of uncontrolled rectifier bridge, so this process can
be called the diode natural commutation conduction stage.
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FIGURE 3. Flow path of fault current in conduction phase of diode
natural commutation.
FIGURE 4. Equivalent circuit in stage 3.
In this stage, the capacitor and inductor will be in the state
of alternating charge and discharge. During this process,
the DC side of converter station will appear over-voltage phe-
nomenon. Until the converter station is unlocked, DC voltage
gradually returns to normal level. Flow path of fault current
in conduction phase of diode natural commutation is shown
in Fig.3.
In stage 3, this stage can be divided into two parts: three-
phase short-circuit and DC side discharges, as shown in Fig.4.
The diode’s natural commutation and full conduction will
keep a continuous alternating state, while the overall fault
current and voltage level will gradually decrease and finally
tend to be stable. In this stage, current in the converter is
impacted by the three-phase short-circuit current at the AC
side and the short-circuit reactance continuous current at the
DC side at the same time, resulting in sharp over-current and
over-voltage.
B. OVER-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF
AC/DC HYBRID SYSTEM
Simulation analyses of the DC side pole-to-pole short-circuit
fault are conducted without consideration of DC protection
strategy in order to study the characteristics of DC side over-
voltage in AC/DC hybrid system, thereby providing reference
for voltage suppression method.
The AC/DC hybrid distribution power system simulation
model is established in MATLAB/Simulink. The steady-state
operation characteristics of the DC power distribution system
are simulated. The voltage levels at each key position of the
system are shown in Table 2. As pole-to- pole short-circuit
fault is the most serious condition among all DC line faults,
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Z. Yu et al.: DC Side Over-Voltage Characteristics Analysis of AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Power System
TABLE 2. Key node voltage during stable operation.
FIGURE 5. 10kV DC pole-to-pole short-circuit fault.
FIGURE 6. Time sequence after fault, where t1 is the time at the end of
the step 1, so as to t2 and t3. DCCB (DC circuit breaker).
over-voltage generated under DC side line pole-to-pole fault
is mainly discussed in the paper.
1) POLE-TO-POLE SHORT-CIRCUIT FAULT IN 10KV DC
SYSTEM
It is assumed that the pole-to-pole short-circuit fault is intro-
duced at the time of 1.1s in the 10kV DC system as shown in
Fig.5.
The time sequence after fault is shown as follows and in
the flowchart in Fig.6:
(1) Step 1(10-19µ s): In 10-19 µs after the fault occurs,
the short-circuit current will trigger the over-current protec-
tion of FCC, FCC will input its current limiting reactor unit
to limit the increase speed of the short-circuit current, and
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FIGURE 7. Over-voltage of 10kV DC pole-to-pole short-circuit fault.
send out the breaking instruction to isolate the whole 10kV
area, thereby matching the action of other DC fault isolating
devices.
(2) Step 2: FCC completes fault separation after 3ms of
step 1 (3ms is the action time of the hybrid DC circuit
breaker in FCC). During this period, the system protection
configuration shall be able to complete the identification of
the fault area and give the breaking command to the DC fault
isolation device at both ends of the fault area.
(3) Step 3: The mechanical DC circuit breaker in the 0kV
line completes separation after 7ms of step 2.
The voltage level at each key position of the system is
shown in Table 3 in the case of pole-to-pole short-circuit fault
of 10kV DC system. Table 3 shows that over-voltage with
the extreme value of about 121.8kV is generated on 10kV
DC output port in the process of FCC breaking, which is
12 times of that in stable operation. Simulation result is shown
in Fig. 7.
According to standard [24], the line breaker shall not break
the no-load line when line-to-ground voltage is no more
than 1.3 p.u., which means over-voltage shall not appear.
Therefore, arresters should be arranged in these parts, inside
of FCC, valve side of electric reactor, and FCC side of electric
reactor. Because of the high-frequency isolation of the SST,
there is no obvious over-voltage in ±375V DC side.
2) POLE-TO-POLE SHORT-CIRCUIT FAULT
IN ±375V DC SYSTEM
When pole-to-pole short-circuit fault occurs at the ±375V
DC line side of the system at 1.5s after the system enters into
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 Z. Yu et al.: DC Side Over-Voltage Characteristics Analysis of AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Power System
TABLE 3. Key node voltage during 10kV DC system pole-to-pole short-circuit fault.
FIGURE 8. Time sequence after fault, where t1 is the time at the end of
the step 1, so as to t2.
FIGURE 9. Simulation result in the ±375V DC line when the current
limiting inductance of FCC is 1mH-5mH.
steady state, and the fault sequence is as follows and in the
flowchart in Fig.8:
(1) After the fault occurs, input the current limiting reac-
tance of all FCCs to suppress the rise of short-circuit current;
(2) 1 ms after the previous step (the assumed time required
for differential protection), after determining the fault loca-
tion and giving the breaking command to the controller,
the controller is disconnected instantly to isolate the fault
area.
Simulation results, shown in Fig.9, reveal that over-voltage
fluctuation with the extreme value of 600V occurs in the
375V DC line when the current limiting inductance of FCC is
1mH-5mH. What’s more, over-voltage generates on the pole
line of the solid-state DC circuit breaker when the opening
time is not synchronous. The extreme value of the operation
over-voltage is about 12kV when the asynchronous time is
1ms as Fig.10 shows. Arresters are needed to suppress the
over-voltage here.
When pole-to-pole short-circuit fault occurs at the valve
side of SST at moment of 1s, and the time sequence after the
fault is as follows and in the flowchart in Fig.11:
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FIGURE 10. Operation over-voltage generated on the pole line of the
solid-state DC circuit breaker when the opening time is not synchronous.
FIGURE 11. Time sequence after fault, where t1 is the time at the end of
the step 1, so as to t2.
(1) Step 1: The current limiting reactor in the output port
of SST acts to limit the increase of the short-circuit current
after the fault occurs;
(2) Step 2: SST will be locked after the fault occurs for 5ms
in order to protect the power devices in case of over-current.
SST provides fault current for the fault point through
DAB, and ±375V bus voltage drops at the moment of short
circuit. It is assumed that the converter on the fault side is
blocked to isolate the fault area at 5ms, and the internal bus
voltage returns to normal value. There is slight over-voltage
in the SST output port due to the rapid change of energy
distribution. The simulation results are shown in Fig.12 and
Table 4. Similarly, due to the high frequency isolation of SST,
no obvious over-voltage can be observed at 10kV DC side.
IV. DC OVER-VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION METHOD AND
EFFECTIVENESS
The over-voltage suppression method by applying arresters
is discussed in this section. Firstly, arrester configuration
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TABLE 4. Key node voltage during ±375V DC system pole-to-pole short-circuit fault.

TABLE 5. Function of various arresters.

FIGURE 12. Slight over-voltage in the SST output port in ±375V system.

TABLE 6. Typical arrester parameters for power station.

FIGURE 13. Basic process of arrester selection.

scheme is given based on the analysis of last section. Then,

effectiveness of this method is verified by simulation. TABLE 7. Parameters of arrester for 750V DC system.

A. DC SIDE OVER-VOLTAGE SUPPRESSION METHOD

Arrester is commonly adopted as a key equipment of the
over-voltage protection in modern power system. Arrester
has high impedance characteristics under normal circum-
stances, and it has low impedance characteristics when
external over-voltage is applied. Reasonable arrester config- TABLE 8. Selection basis of arrester parameters.
uration can effectively protect the devices inside the con-
verter station, improve the reliability of the system, reduce
the cost of the devices, and achieve the optimal perfor-
mance in terms of technology and economy. Over-voltage
protection measures of reasonably configuring arresters
are mainly studied in this paper. The basic process of
arrester selection is shown in Fig.13, including configuration
principle, configuration scheme and selection of arrester (2) DC side over-voltage is limited by DC side arrester as
parameters. far as possible. For example, DC line arrester and DC bus
arrester;
1) CONFIGURATION PRINCIPLE OF ARRESTER (3) The key equipment of the system should be directly
The principles are listed as follows: protected by arrester close to them, such as transformer,
(1) AC side over-voltage is limited by AC side arrester as power sub-module, AC/DC electric reactor, AC/DC cable and
far as possible; other important equipment.

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 Z. Yu et al.: DC Side Over-Voltage Characteristics Analysis of AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Power System
TABLE 9. Key node voltage of 10kV DC pole-to-pole short-circuit fault.
FIGURE 14. Arrester arrangement scheme of multi-port SST.
FIGURE 15. Arrester arrangement scheme of IT load interface.
2) CONFIGURATION SCHEME OF ARRESTER
Multi-port power electronic transformer, dual port DC trans-
former, VSC and FCC are considered in the system arrester
configuration.
The arrester arrangement of 10kV DC port is shown
in Fig.14(a). It’s protected by DB10k arrester in the main
converter area at both ends, thereby ensuring that there
is no pole-to-pole over-voltage in the high-voltage side
of DC bus. DB375 is used for suppressing the impact of
±375V DC system operation over-voltage to converter. The
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TABLE 10. Arrester action condition during 10kV DC system pole-to-pole
short-circuit fault.
FIGURE 16. Arrester arrangement scheme of VSC.
arrester configuration of dual port DC transformer for IT
load access is shown in Fig.15. The protection is realized by
DB375 arrester, thereby ensuring that DC bus voltage of grid
side is not too high. Arrester arrangement scheme of VSC is
shown in Fig.16.
The FCC used in AC/DC hybrid power grid can be divided
into three types of topology: mechanical structure, solid-
state structure, and hybrid structure. FCC is equipped with
arrester, which is used to: (a) discharge the over-voltage
caused by the operation of DC circuit breaker; (b) pro-
tect the power electronic devices in the circuit breaker;
(c) protect the capacitor devices in the circuit breaker. For
the operation over-voltage generated by other equipment,
line arrester (DL, as shown in Fig.17) shall be added to
the system to suppress the invasion of system over-voltage.
Details of arresters used in the system are summarized
in Table 5.
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TABLE 11. Key node voltage during ±375V DC system pole-to-pole short-circuit fault.
FIGURE 17. Arrester arrangement scheme for FCC.
FIGURE 18. Over-voltage of 10kV DC pole-to-pole short-circuit fault after
configuration of arresters.
3) SELECTION OF ARRESTER PARAMETERS
The general design method based on the chargeability is
used to determine the parameters of the arrester, and the
factors such as the chargeability, lightning impulse, operation
impulse and the capacity of the arrester are comprehensively
considered.
The chargeability of DC arrester is defined as the ratio
of peak value of continuous operation voltage (PCOV) to
reference voltage Uref; the selection of chargeability must
consider the stability of arrester, the value of leakage current,
peak value of continuous operation voltage, DC voltage com-
ponent, and other factors. For DC arresters, the chargeability
can be taken as 0.8-1.0 according to the different voltage
waveforms and installation positions of the arresters.
According to the national standard GBT 28547-2012 guide
for selection and use of MOA, the parameters of typical power
station arresters are shown in Table 6. The arrester chosen for
10kV DC system is YH5WZ-17-45kV, and the rated voltage
is 17kV. For 750V DC system, the residual voltage limit is
1.2kV according to parameters of arrester for 750V DC sys-
tem in Table 7. According to the above selection principles,
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FIGURE 19. Over-voltage of ±375V DC pole-to-pole short-circuit fault
after configuration of arresters.
the selection basis for parameters of arresters configured in
the project is shown in the Table 8. CCOV is the crest value
of continuous operating voltage of arrester.
B. OVER-VOLTAGE CONDITION AFTER CONFIGURATION
OF ARRESTER
Based on the arrester configuration scheme, and the protec-
tion scheme proposed above, a new simulation model with
arresters is built and pole-to-pole fault characteristics of 10kV
DC and ±375V DC are analyzed in detail.
1) POLE-TO-POLE SHORT-CIRCUIT FAULT IN 10KV DC
SYSTEM
When not taking H-bridge converter blocking (or blocking
failure) at the outlet of SST 10kV DC into consideration,
the fault area is isolated by FCC configured on the 10kV pole
line and the mechanical DC circuit breaker configured on the
0kV pole line. The over-voltage of key node in the AC/DC
system is shown in Table 9. The acting condition of the
arresters in the system after the acting of DC circuit breaker
is shown in Table 10. The electromagnetic energy generated
is absorbed by arresters by 3.89kJ, and the rest energy is dif-
fused to the rest energy storage elements, such as inductors,
capacitors, etc., thereby causing high-frequency electromag-
netic oscillation until the energy is consumed by resistive
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 Z. Yu et al.: DC Side Over-Voltage Characteristics Analysis of AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Power System
TABLE 12. Arrester action condition during ±375V DC system
pole-to-pole short-circuit fault.
elements in the system. The maximum over-voltage of 10kV
DC bus drops from 121.8kV to 12kV shown in Fig.18.
2) POLE-TO-POLE SHORT-CIRCUIT FAULT IN ±375V DC
SYSTEM
Simulation result of the pole-to-pole short-circuit fault occurs
in ±375V DC system with arresters configured is shown
in Table 11. The acting condition of the arranging arresters in
the system after the breaking operation of DC circuit breaker
is shown in Table 12. According to the previous analysis,
when the breaking time of the solid-state DC circuit breaker
is not synchronous, the operating overvoltage on the pole line
of the circuit breaker can be observed to be about 12kV. The
residual voltage limit of the arrester in 750V DC system is
1.2kV. The arrester acts to absorb over-voltage after fault.
Because the photovoltaic side is short-circuit after action,
the fault area is isolated by the circuit breaker. And after
the circuit breaker acts, energy absorbed by arrester is about
656.52J. The over-voltage is suppressed within 1.1kV. The
voltage response at both ends of arrester is consistent with
the waveform of 750V DC output port, while the over-voltage
value is about 600V as shown in Fig.19.
V. SUMMARY
For the demand of continuous access of distributed renewable
energy, AC/DC distribution system network becomes more
and more important and widely known. As over-voltage pose
great threat to power system and power equipment, over-
voltage characteristics and insulation coordination should be
analyzed comprehensively. In this paper, an AC/DC hybrid
system structure is proposed. Analyses are conducted based
on the simulation model established in Matlab/Simulink.
Conclusions can be drawn from the above analyses:
1) Over-voltage generation mechanism of AC/DC hybrid
system is obtained by dividing into three stages;
2) Pole-to-pole short-circuit fault of the proposed structure
is simulated. Over-voltage in 10kV DC system can reach
121.8kV when FCC operates. Over-voltage in ±375V DC
system can reach 12kV when the solid-state DC circuit
breaker on the pole line operates asynchronously by 1ms.
3) Measures have to be taken according to related standards
when high over-voltage appears in power system. For the
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excellent V-A characteristics of MOA, different kinds of
arresters are applied to different equipment and key nodes.
4) Reasonable arrester configuration can suppress the over-
voltage effectively. Simulation results show that the maxi-
mum over-voltage of 10kV DC bus drops to 12kV and the
maximum over-voltage of ±375V DC bus drops to 1.1kV.
5) For a new structure of power system, analyses have to
be taken to ensure the safety and reliability of the system,
of which over-voltage characteristics and insulation coordi-
nation are necessary. The analyzing method of the proposed
AC/DC distribution system can be applied to analyzing other
AC/DC hybrid system.
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ZHANQING YU (Member, IEEE) was born in
Inner Mongolia, China, in 1981. He received the
B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Bei-
jing, in July 2003 and July 2008, respectively.
After graduation, he held a postdoctoral, lecturer,
and an associate professorship positions with the
Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua
University, Beijing, in July 2008, July 2010, and
December 2012, respectively. His research inter-
ests include dc grid, dc breaker, electromagnetic environment, electro-
magnetic compatibility, and lightning protection. He has participated in
several projects sponsored by the High-Tech Research and Development
Program (863 Program), the National Basic Research Program of China
(973 Program), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
XIAORUI WANG was born in Henan, China,
in 1993. She received the B.S. degree from the
School of Electric and Electronic Engineering,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology,
Wuhan, China, in 2016. She is currently pursu-
ing the Ph.D. degree with Tsinghua University.
Her current research interests include reliability
of power semiconductor devices and dc circuit
breaker.
VOLUME 8, 2020
LU QU was born in 1987. He received the Ph.D.
degree in electrical engineering from the Uni-
versity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei,
in 2016. He currently holds a postdoctoral posi-
tion at Tsinghua University. His research interests
include dc grid and dc breaking technology.
WENPENG ZHOU (Graduate Student Member,
IEEE) was born in Heilongjiang, China, in 1995.
He received the B.S. degree from the Department
of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University,
Beijing, China, in 2017, where he is currently
pursuing the Ph.D. degree. His current research
interests include the power semiconductor devices,
including IGCTs and IGBTs, as well as their appli-
cation in multilevel modular converters and dc
circuit breakers.
RONG ZENG (Senior Member, IEEE) was born
in Shanxi, China, in 1971. He received the B.Eng.,
M.Eng., and Ph.D. degrees from the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Bei-
jing, China, in 1995, 1997, and 1999, respectively.
He was a Lecturer, an Associate Professor, and a
Professor with the Department of Electrical Engi-
neering, Tsinghua University, in 1999, 2002, and
2007, respectively. He is currently the Dean of the
Electrical Engineering Department, Tsinghua Uni-
versity. He is currently working in the fields of air gap discharge, lightning
protection, and electromagnetic compatibility in power systems, electric and
magnetic field measurement by integrated electro-optical sensors, power
semiconductor, HVDC systems, and direct current circuit breaker.
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