IELTS WRITING

(TASK 1)
IELTS WRITING TASK 1

A. DYNAMIC CHARTS .............................................................................................................. 2

1. LANGUAGE FOR DESCRIBING CHANGES IN DATA ..................................................... 2
VERBS/NOUNS DESCRIBING CHANGES IN NUMBERS ................................................. 3
ADV/ADJ DESCRIBING DEGREES OF CHANGES ........................................................... 4
5 COMMON STRUCTURES ............................................................................................... 5
LINKING WORDS & OTHER PHRASES ............................................................................ 5
APPROXIMATION .............................................................................................................. 6
PREPOSITIONS ................................................................................................................. 6
PARAPHRASING ............................................................................................................... 7
2. TEMPLATES FOR DYNAMIC CHARTS ............................................................................ 9
3. TYPES OF CHARTS .........................................................................................................11
[4 CATEGORIES] ..............................................................................................................11
[5+ CATEGORIES] ............................................................................................................13
[2-3 CATEGORIES] ...........................................................................................................15
[TOTAL] .............................................................................................................................17
[2 YEARS]..........................................................................................................................19
[FUTURE] ..........................................................................................................................21
[MONTHS IN A YEAR] .......................................................................................................23
B. STATIC CHARTS.................................................................................................................25
1. TEMPLATES FOR COMPARISON STRUCTURES ..........................................................25
2. TYPES OF CHART ...........................................................................................................27
[2 SUBJECTS + SEVERAL CATEGORIES] .......................................................................27
[SEVERAL SUBJECTS + SEVERAL CATEGORIES] ........................................................29
C. MIXED CHARTS ..................................................................................................................31
D. PROCESS ............................................................................................................................36
1. TYPES OF PROCESS ......................................................................................................36
2. TEMPLATES FOR PROCESS ..........................................................................................38
3. PRACTICE ........................................................................................................................39
E. MAPS ...................................................................................................................................42
1. LANGUAGE FOR DESCRIBING MAPS ...........................................................................42
2. TEMPLATES FOR MAPS .................................................................................................50
3. PRACTICE ........................................................................................................................51

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A. DYNAMIC CHARTS

1. LANGUAGE FOR DESCRIBING CHANGES IN DATA

MAIN FEATURES
The bar chart below shows the percentage of government spending on roads and
transport in 4 countries in the years 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

What are the “main features” in any charts?

● highest figures
● lowest figures
● most dramatic changes
● stability
● similar patterns (group these categories together in 1 paragraph)
● opposite patterns (group these categories together in 1 paragraph)

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VERBS/NOUNS DESCRIBING CHANGES IN NUMBERS

- TĂNG:

Verb (infinitive) Verb (past/past participle) Noun

increase increased increase

rise rose - risen rise

grow grew - grown growth

go up went up

- GIẢM:

Verb (infinitive) Verb (past/past participle) Noun

decrease decreased decrease

decline declined decline

drop dropped drop

fall fell - fallen fall

- DAO ĐỘNG:
+ fluctuate (v)/ fluctuation (n) + in the range from ... to .../ around (average point)

- ĐẠT ĐỈNH:
+ reach a peak (n) of …
+ peak (v) at ...
+ reach/hit a high of …

- CHẠM ĐÁY:
+ fall to a low of .../ to its lowest point of ...
+ hit a low/trough of …/ its lowest point of ...

- ỔN ĐỊNH/ÍT THAY ĐỔI:

+ remain (v) + unchanged/stable/steady (adj) / stabilize (v)
+ to level off → a levelling off
+ to reach a plateau → a plateau (n)

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ADV/ADJ DESCRIBING DEGREES OF CHANGES

- TĂNG/GIẢM RẤT MẠNH (góc trên 60 độ):

Adjective Adverb

sharp sharply

dramatic dramatically

- TĂNG/GIẢM TƯƠNG ĐỐI MẠNH (góc 30-60 độ):

Adjective Adverb

significant significantly

considerable considerably

remarkable remarkably

- TĂNG/GIẢM MỨC TRUNG BÌNH (10-30 độ)

Adjective Adverb

moderate moderately

- TĂNG/GIẢM ĐỀU ĐỀU, KO BIẾN ĐỘNG (thường dùng với tăng mức trung bình):

Adjective Adverb

gradual gradually

steady steadily

consistent consistently

- TĂNG/GIẢM RẤT NHẸ (<10 độ)

Adjective Adverb

slight slightly

slow slowly

marginal marginally

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5 COMMON STRUCTURES

LINKING WORDS & OTHER PHRASES

- Verbs:
+ finish at … = end at …
+ start at … = begin with …

- Adjectives:
+ subsequent (=at a later period): sau đấy
+ small = tiny = modest = negligible : rất ít

- Adverbs:
+ generally (=usually) vs. consistently (=always)
+ respectively = in that order = with respective figures being …: theo thứ tự

- Phrases to refer to the next subject:

+ As for = In terms of = Regarding = With regard to = With respect to + N/V_ing

- Linking words (at the beginning of sentences to connect with the previous
one):
+ In contrast,/ By contrast,/ Conversely, : ngược lại
+ Similarly, : giống nhau
+ Meanwhile,/ In comparison, (2 category ko similar, ko contrast)
+ In addition,
+ Finally,

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APPROXIMATION

- approximately = around = about = roughly (khoảng)

- a little over/ just over = north of = upward of (hơn 1 chút)
- a little under/ just under = shy of = downward of = nearly = almost (gần đến)
- exactly = precisely (chính xác)
- between X and Y

PREPOSITIONS

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PARAPHRASING
- Countable nouns:
+ the number of … = how many + S + V
e.g. the number of tourists = tourist numbers = how many people travelled to …
(nên tận dụng cấu trúc “how + S + V” ở Introduction)
+ 500 people travelled to Vietnam. (đưa data lên làm Subject)
+ Synonyms:
tourists = travellers = vacationers = holidaymakers;
visitors/sightseers/backpackers (tùy context)
+ Relative clause: the number of people who travelled
+ Participle clause: the number of people travelling to
+ Reference words (this figure/it; the figure)
e.g.
1. The number of tourists increased to 10 million. After that, it/this figure
decreased to 5 million.
2. The number of tourists in Vietnam increased to 10 million. Meanwhile, the
figure for Thailand decreased to ...

- Uncountable nouns:
+ the amount of (...) = how much + S + V

e.g. the amount of money spent on books → how much people spent on books

+ Data as subject:
e.g. 1 million dollars was spent on books …
+ Synonyms:
e.g. 1 million dollars was spent/expended on books by… = spending on books
= expenditure = X% of the budget was spent on/went into …
+ “it/this figure”; “the figure”

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- Percentages:
+ the + (percentage/proportion) + of + synonyms/clauses
+ share: khi nói về money/budget
+ rate: chỉ dùng với một số topic (unemployment rate/ poverty rate/ birth-death
rate/ crime rate)

e.g.
The proportion of female members in parliament
= The percentage of members who are female in parliament
= The proportion of parliamentary members who are women
= The percentage of women holding a position in parliament

+ Data as subject:
e.g. 5 percent of parliamentary members were women ...

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2. TEMPLATES FOR DYNAMIC CHARTS

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

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BODY 1

BODY 2

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3. TYPES OF CHARTS

[4 CATEGORIES]
TOPIC 1:
The bar chart below shows the percentage of government spending on roads and
transport in 4 countries in the years 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005.

decline invested approximately

saw rose fluctuated highest

The bar chart provides information about how governments in four countries (1) ________ in the
transport infrastructures between 1990 and 2005.

Overall, there was a (2) _______ in the proportion of government spending on roads and
transport in Italy, Portugal and the UK, while a rise was seen in the USA. In addition, Portugal
generally had the (3) ________ figures throughout the period.

The share of the government's budget spent on roads and transport in Portugal started at about
27%, after which it (4) _____ a progressive decrease to exactly 20% in 2005. Conversely, the
figure for the USA (5) _____ from just over 10% in 1990 to 15% in 2005, despite a small fall in
the first 5 years.

(6) ______________ 22% of the Italian national coffers went into the transport infrastructure,
with subsequent fluctuations and a final decline from 24% in 2000 to about 19% in 2005.
Similarly, the figure for the UK (7) _________ in the range from 9% to 13% from 1990 to 2000,
followed by a decline to 7% at the end of the period.

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TOPIC 2:

The graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a
European country between 1979 and 2004.

TOPIC 3:

The graph below shows the amount of money spent of books in Germany, France, Italy
and Austria between 1995 and 2005.

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[5+ CATEGORIES]
TOPIC 1:

The graph shows the percentage of female members of Parliament in European countries
between 2000 and 2012.

TOPIC 2:

The line graph shows the number of people who used different communication
services in the world. (Unit: millions of people)

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TOPIC 3:

The picture below shows the use of renewable energy accounting the total energy
from 1971 to 2011. (Unit: %)

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[2-3 CATEGORIES]
TOPIC 1:

The table below shows the number of cars made in Argentina, Australia and
Thailand from 2003 to 2009.

Rearrange the following sentences to create a complete Task 1 report:

a. The number of automobiles manufactured in Thailand started at 735,852 units, after
which it saw a dramatic rise to 1,162,356 in 2006.
b. From 2006 to 2009, the number of cars produced in Argentina continued to increase,
reaching 466,085 units.
c. It is also clear that Thailand consistently had by far the highest figures throughout the
period, even though a considerable decline was witnessed in the latter half of the period.
d. By contrast, 452,135 cars were made in Australia in 2003, with a subsequent significant
decline to 341,268 units in 2006.
e. Conversely, the figures for Thailand and Australia dropped to 999,963 and 245,624 units
respectively.
f. Overall, there was an increase in the number of cars manufactured in Argentina and
Thailand, while a constant decline was seen in Australia's car production.
g. The table illustrates how many cars were produced in Argentina, Australia and Thailand
between 2003 and 2009.
h. A similar change was seen in the figure for Argentina, which increased from 235,088 to
352,759 in the first 3 years.

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TOPIC 2:
The line graph below shows the production of paper, wood pulp and sawn-wood
in the UK from 1980 to 2000.

TOPIC 3:

The graph below shows the percentage of people in Africa subscribing to mobile
and fixed line phones from 1994 to 2004.

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[TOTAL]
TOPIC 1:
The graph below shows UK air pollutants in millions of tonnes, from three different
sources, between 1990 and 2005.

The line graph provides information about how much toxic gases were (1) ________ (emit) into
the atmosphere from three different sources in the UK from 1990 to 2005.
Overall, there was a decline in the total amount of air pollution in the UK, which was the result of
decreases in the amounts of (2) _________ (emit) from industrial and domestic activities. In
addition, the amount of air pollutants released from transport vehicles saw an increase,
(3) ___________ (surpass) the industry sector to become the most serious polluter from 2002
onwards.
Just under 8 million tonnes of air pollutants were (4) __________ (discharge) from all three
sectors, with a gradual decline to 5 million tonnes at the end of the period. Similarly, the figure
for the industry sector decreased (5) ________ (steady) from 6 million tonnes to exactly 2
million tonnes in 2005.
The amount of toxic fumes (6) _________ (release) from the transport sector started at 1 million
tonnes, after which it experienced mild fluctuations at this level, before increasing from 1.2
million tonnes in 1999 to shy of 3 million tonnes in 2005. Opposite changes, but to a lesser
extent, can be seen in the figures for household activities, which (7) ___________ (contribute)
1 million tonnes of air pollutants in the first 10 years, followed by a progressive drop to almost 0
in 2005.

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TOPIC 2:

The graph below shows the number of tourists visiting a particular Caribbean island
between 2010 and 2017.

TOPIC 3:

The table below shows the monthly expenditure of an average Australian family in 1991
and 2001.

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[2 YEARS]
TOPIC 1:
The charts below show the results of a questionnaire that asked visitors to the Parkway
Hotel how they rated the hotel's customer service in the years 2005 and 2010.

halved result majority thought

as responded opposite rating

The pie charts illustrate how visitors (1) __________ to a survey about customer service at the
Parkway Hotel in 2005 and in 2010.

Overall, there was a significant decline in the proportion of hotel guests rating customer service
as satisfactory, poor or very poor, while an (2) ___________ trend can be seen in the figure for
those describing the hotel's service as good or excellent. In addition, most customers gave a
'satisfactory' response in 2005, but in 2010, the (3) ___________ felt that the hotel's service
was good.

The percentage of hotel's visitors (4) _________ its customer service as excellent started at
5%, after which it saw a significant rise to 28% in 2010. Furthermore, only 14% of guests
described customer service in the hotel (5) ____ good in 2005, with a subsequent three-fold
increase to 39% five years later. As a (6) _______, the figure for people giving a 'satisfactory'
response declined significantly from 45% to 17% over the period.

The proportion of guests who considered the hotel's customer service to be poor almost
(7) ________, ending at 12%. A similar change can be seen in the figure for people who
(8) ________ customer service to be very poor, which dropped from 15% to only 4% over the 5-
year period.

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TOPIC 2:

The chart shows the main methods of transportation for people traveling to a university
for work or study in 2004 and 2009.

TOPIC 3:

The graph below shows female unemployment rates in each country of the United
Kingdom in 2013 and 2014.

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[FUTURE]

Language to describe future trends:

Verb (passive): to be likely to/ expected/ predicted/ forecasted/ projected to ...

Noun: a prediction/ estimation/ projection + of a rise/decline to …

TOPIC 1:

The graph below shows the percentage of population in cities since 1970s with
projection to 2030.

e.g.

1. The proportion of US citizens living in cities/urban areas started at 70% in 1970, after which it
experienced a steady rise to about 88% in 2010, before being expected to reach 90% in 2030.

2. 70% of the people living in the US chose to reside in urban areas in 1970, with a steady
growth to about 88% in 2010, and a prediction of a slow growth to 90% at the end of the
period.

3. The proportion of the US populations residing/ inhabiting/ dwelling in cities increased steadily
from 70% in 1970 to about 88% in 2010, followed by a projection of a slow rise to 90% in
2030.

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TOPIC 2:
The table below shows information regarding the change in the percentage of the
population aged 65 and above in three countries.

TOPIC 3:

The line graph shows the percentage of New Zealand population from 1950 to
2050.

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[MONTHS IN A YEAR]
TOPIC 1:

The bar chart shows the number of visitors to four London museums.

The bar chart provides information about how many people came to four different museums in
London from June to December.

Overall, there was a general stability in the number of guests coming to the National Museum
during most of the period examined, while considerable variations were seen in that for the
others. In addition, the highest figures were recorded in the month of August, except for the
Science Museum, whose busiest month is September.

The number of visitors to the History Museum started at north of 400000, after which it saw a
remarkable growth to exactly 600000 in August, before decreasing to end the period at around
270000. Similar changes, but to a greater extent, can be seen in the figures for the British
Museum, which also increased from over 400000 to upward of 700000, and it later fell to about
470000 in December.

Around 400000 people visited the Science Museum in the first three months, followed by a
significant rise to 500000 in September and a final decline to 300000 at the end of the period.
Meanwhile, the figure for the National Museum fluctuated around 200000, despite a sudden
increase to shy of 400000 in August.

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TOPIC 2:

The climograph below shows average monthly temperatures and rainfall in the city of
Kolkata.

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B. STATIC CHARTS

1. TEMPLATES FOR COMPARISON STRUCTURES

Comparing/Contrasting
• While ..., .../ ..., whereas …
e.g. Kuwait had the highest use of water, at 63%, whereas its use for agriculture
was only less than a third of this (19%).

• while ..., this is only the case for …

e.g. While 26% of the immigrants said that they entered the UK for academic
pursuits, this is only the case for a mere 4% of emigrants.

• (number) ..., compared to ... / as opposed to / in comparison to(with) …

e.g. About 70 million tonnes of oil was consumed in Japan, compared to about
20 million in the UAE and 35 million in Canada.

• ... was double that of …

e.g. The oil production in the Middle East was double that of Europe throughout
the period, …

• ... is equal/ the same/ similar

e.g. The production of oil in the Middle East and Europe is equal/ the same/
similar.

• Specific verbs
e.g.
1. Western countries consume three times as much oil as the Middle East for
most of the period.
2. Russia consumes slightly more oil than Germany.

• Nouns:
e.g. dramatic/pronounced + differences

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Adding numbers to comparison

• ..., followed by …
e.g. The oil consumption in Japan was highest, at 70 million tonnes, followed
by Canada (35 million) and the UAE (20 million).

• ..., and the figures for ... and ... are lower, at ... and ... respectively.
e.g. The oil consumption in Japan was about 70 million tonnes, and the figures
for the UAE and Canada were lower, at 20 million and 35 million respectively.

• ... was far higher than that of ... and ..., which was ... and ... respectively.
e.g. The oil consumption in Japan (about 70 million tonnes) was far higher than
that of the UAE and Canada, which was 20 million and 35 million respectively.

• ... (far) exceeds that of ... and ..., with respective figures being ... and …
e.g. The oil consumption in Japan (far) exceeds that of/in the UAE and Canada,
with respective figures being 70 million, 20 million and 35 million tonnes.

• ... accounts for far less of ... than ... or ..., and the figures are ..., ... and ...
respectively.
e.g. Solar power accounts for (make up/represent/constitute) far less of the
total energy production than gas or coal does, and the figures are 2%, 20%
and 60% respectively.

• Specific verbs
e.g.
1. Developing countries are more reliant on alternative energy production than
developed countries (around 69% and 20% respectively).
2. The Middle East produces twice as much oil as Europe throughout the
period, with respective figures being ...

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2. TYPES OF CHART

[2 SUBJECTS + SEVERAL CATEGORIES]

TOPIC 1:
The graph below shows information about the activities that Australian teenagers enjoy
doing the most in 2010.

order did same higher

figures compared pastimes outdoor slightly

The bar chart provides information about how many teenage boys and girls in Australia
engaged in different (1) ________ in 2010.

Overall, while boys generally enjoyed (2) _______ activities the most, girls tended to join indoor
ones. It is also clear that similarities can be seen in the (3) ________ for children of both sexes
playing computer games or watching DVDs.

About 27% of the boys in the survey said that they often played sports in their free time,
(4) ________ to only 12% of their female counterparts. Similarly, the percentages of teenage
boys going to the park was far (5) ______ than that of girls, with respective figures being 25%
and 12%. Dramatic differences were also seen in the proportion of girls and boys doing art and
craft, which was 25% and 4% in that (6) _____. As for reading books, around 18% of girls
enjoyed this activity, while only 10% of boys (7) ____ so.

The percentage of teenagers playing video games was the (8) _____ for both genders, with
15% of the total boys and girls in the survey having this leisure pursuit. While 15% of boys also
chose to watch DVDs in their leisure time, a (9) ________ higher percentage of girls
(approximately 18%) did the same.

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TOPIC 2:

The pie charts show the main reasons for migration to and from the UK in 2007.

TOPIC 3:

The chart below shows the amount of leisure time enjoyed by men and women of
different employment status in a typical week.
(Unit: hours per week)

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[SEVERAL SUBJECTS + SEVERAL CATEGORIES]

TOPIC 1:
The bar chart below shows the amount of money invested in each category from five
organisations.

as doubling whereas case

far compared least respectively less

The chart illustrates how much money five organizations spent on four different areas in 2010.

Overall, organization B invested by (1) _____ the most resources in all categories, with the
largest part of its expenditure going into renting offices. This was also the (2) _____ for
organization D and E. In addition, while organization A invested the most in staff training
programs, this area received the (3) ______ money in organization C.

Regarding organization B, its spending on building was 1.7 billion Euros in 2010,
(4) __________ to around 0.5 billion in the remaining four organizations. Similarly, 1.6 billion
Euros was invested in research in organization B, (5) ________ that of organization A. The
figures for organization C, D, and E were lower, at about 0.7, 0.3, and 0.35 (6)__________.

Staff training cost the most in organization A, at 1 billion Euros, which was still 0.5 billion
(7) ______ than that of organization B. The figures for the remaining three organizations were
around 0.4 billion. (8) ___ for the cost of machinery, organization B spent 1.3 billion on it,
followed by organization A (0.8 billion) and organization C (0.7 billion), (9) ________ both
organization D and E used only 0.4 billion for this area.

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TOPIC 2:

The table shows the proportion of monthly household income five European countries
spend on food and drink, housing, clothing and entertainment.

TOPIC 3:

The chart below gives information about levels of education by age range in Glasgow in
2010. (Unit: %)

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C. MIXED CHARTS
TOPIC 1:
The charts below give information about travel to and from the UK, and about the most
popular countries for UK residents to visit.

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TOPIC 2:

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TOPIC 3:

The charts below give information on the ages of people when they got married in one
particular country in 1996 and 2008.

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TOPIC 4:

The table and pie chart give information about the population of Australia according to
different nationalities and areas.

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TOPIC 5:

The graphs show changes in the trends of the urban and rural population and by
different age groups from 1950 to 2040. (Unit: millions of people)

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D. PROCESS

1. TYPES OF PROCESS

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2. TEMPLATES FOR PROCESS

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW

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3. PRACTICE
TOPIC 1:
The diagram shows the process for canning pears.

so which finally continues then

after once beginning before

The pictures illustrates how pears are canned for sale in the fruit manufacturing
industry. Overall, the process consists of a number of steps, beginning with the hand
picking of pears and ending with the final products being transported to supermarkets
and being sold to customers.

At the (1) __________ of the process, the pears are picked by hand, after which they
are transported by trucks to a factory where they are washed. Subsequently, the clean
pears are checked to ensure that they are qualified for production (2) ________ they
are put in cold storage. (3) _______ being stored in low temperatures, the pears are
weighed carefully and divided into different groups according to their quality. (4) ______
they have been categorized, the pears are peeled, cored and sliced into smaller chunks.

The process (5) _________ with the chopped fruit slices being packed into tin cans.
These cans are (6) ______ sealed tight with a lid before being cooked and sterilized
under high heat in order to eliminate unwanted bacteria (7) _____ that the food inside
can be kept edible for a longer period. A label is then attached to each can, (8) _______
is followed by the cans being put in storage. (9) _________, the finished products are
shipped to retailers and wholesalers for sale.

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TOPIC 2:

The diagram gives information about the process of making carbonated drinks.

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TOPIC 3:

The diagram below shows the process for recycling plastic bottles.

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E. MAPS

1. LANGUAGE FOR DESCRIBING MAPS

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2. TEMPLATES FOR MAPS

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3. PRACTICE
TOPIC 1:

Below is a map of the city of Brandfield. City planners have decided to build a new
shopping mall for the area, and two sites, S1 and S2 have been proposed.

TOPIC 2:

The map below shows tourists a number of different ways of visiting mountain Eron in a
national park.

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TOPIC 3:

The plans below show a student room for two people and a student room for one person
at an Australian university.

TOPIC 4:

The following maps show the changes that have taken place in the centre of a town since
1700.

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TOPIC 5:
The maps show the town of Gotham in 1995 and at the present.

TOPIC 6:

The maps below show how the town of Harborne changed from 1936 to 2007.

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TOPIC 7:
The diagrams below show the site of a school in 2004 and the plan for changes to the
school site in 2024.

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