GIAO D~C NUOC H:G oAI
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SO BANH VAN DI PHAT TRllN NANG lUC SANG TAO CHO HOC SINH
THONG CHUONG TRiNH GIAD DOC
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0 MOT
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SO NU'OC VA VIET
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1. Phat trien nang /LfC sang f?O (NLST) cua hQC
a
. sinh (HS) cac mr6'c the hi$n trong mvc tieu, nqi
dung, yeu cau ve phL!O'ng phap d?Y hQC va danh gia
cua cac chLtong trinh giao dt.ic (CTGD) dLtqc bien
so?n nhling nam gan day. Phat trien NLST t?p trung
vao hai tr9ng tam: phat trien tlf duy sang t?O Va cac
kien tht.fc, ki nang sang t?O. Cac nL!O'c dL!a mvc tieu
phattrien NLSTvao trong ch Liang trinh (CT) hQc &tat
ca cac ITnh VlfC va hau het cac mon hQC: ITnh VlfC ngh$
thu~t (am nh9c, h¢i hqa hay sang t90 van hqc), ngon
ngli, toan hQc, khoa hqc tL! nhien (v~t Ii, h6a hqc, sinh
v~t. cong ngh$) va khoa hQC xa hqi (ljch SU, dja Ii, kinh
te hqc). Cac mvc tieu chi ro nhting kien tht.!c, ki nang
,. sang t?O can phattrien vaxac djnh cac nqidung tL!O'ng
t.!ng. VO'i mvc lieu phat trien NLST cua HS, thoi IL!qng
d?Y HS each sang t90 chiem mqt ti trqng dang ke
trong cac mon hQC, giao vien (GV) dL!qc yeu cau t.!ng
dvng cac phL!O'ng phap sang t90 vao qua trlnh d9y
hqcva thl,fc hi$n danh gia NLST cua HS b&ng nhling
san pham sang t90 Cl.J the hay b&ng Vi$c giai quyet
van de sang t90, t.!ng dvng kien tht.!c vao nhting tinh
huong m6i. • thu?t danh cho cac 16'p THPT (10-12) la 70 gio. Cac
2. Phattri6n NLSTtrong CTGD amc}tso nLiac
1) Doi v6i Sang t1JO ngh~ thu~t, CTGD cua
Canada, Australia, cac bang cua Hoa Ki, Nam Phi
deu chu tr9ng phat trien ki nang sang t?O am nh?C Va
mi thu~t, v6'i vi$c xac djnh mc)t each cv the: cac ki
nang, nc)i dung d9y h9c, phvong phap d9y, nqi dung
danh gia va each tht.!c danh gia. Thong thL!ong, cac
nL!O'c ho~c tach rieng Am nh?c · Mi thu?t ho~c gqp
chung hai mon hQC nay. Vi dv:
CTGD ngh~ thu~t cua tinh Ontario (Canada)
(The Curriculum Ontario, Grades 11-12: The Arts,
2010) d~t ra mt.JC tieu kham pha cac yeu to sang t?O
trong ngh$ thu~t, hieu biet ve cac phat minh, phat
trien NLST ngh$ thu?t (thi hieu ngh$ thu?t; thlfc hi$n
qua trinh sang t?O, giai quyet Van de, giai quyetthcich
tht.fc b&ng tiep c?n sang t?Of nang ll,(C t.fng dt.ing kien
&2 l.Tfiip chi Giao dye so 301
,
.... .A.
TS. TRAN TH! BfCH Ll~U*
thlrc vao hoan canh m6i). PhLIO'ng phap d~y hQC dLiqc
SU dvng ra't da d9ng: ta'n cong nao, phan tich, kham
pha, tLI duy khcic thL!ong, thao lu?n nh6m, tlf duy va
chia se, mo hinh, cac quan diem khac nhau ...
CT ctia Phan Lan de ra muc tieu: HS biet each
sli' dt.in~ cac yeu to cua am nh~c nhL! la v?t li$u de
phattrien Va hi$n thl,(C h6a cac suy nghiva ytL!Ong am
nh9c (EAS • European Association for Music
in Schools: Curricula).
Nam Phixac dinh ph?m vi cua cac mon ngh$
thu~t gom nh9c, nhay, dien kich, mithu~t. thu cong,
thiet ke. Mqt trong nhling m~c tieu duqc d~t ra la:
phat trien cac ca nhan sang t?o, c6 trach nhi$m, lam
vi$c c6 nang sua't tvang t.!ng v6'i cac gia tri ma hien .
phap cua Nam Phi da de ra. Tr9ng tam la phcit trien
NLST va ki nang sang t90 de lam cho HS the hi$n
dLtqc ytL!Ong am nh9c va Slf ng~u ht.fng am nh9c
cua ban than mpi em. HS trung h9c pho th6ng
(THPT) dvqc yeu cau sang tac mc)t ban nh9c dai 12
cung, c6 cau true, c6 cac do9n l~p l9i, _co cac am
tram, am cao hay do?n hqp xu6'ng. Sang tac mi
ueu chi danh gia la qua trinh sang t90, san pham
sang t90, vi$c trinh bay va the hi$n (diem sang t90
chiem 30% tong diem). Cong Cl.J danh gia gom bai
t?p va ho SO' (portfolio) (Depattment of Basic
Education, South Afric'! 2011 a).
2) Khoa hgc xa h9i (cac mon Ljch sLi, fJja Ii,
Giao df!C c6ng dan) la ITnh Vl/C h?n che nhat ve vi$c
xac d!nh mvc ueu, n<?i dung phat trien NLST cho HS
so v6'i ngh$thu?tva khoa hQc ti! nhien. Vi dt.i, CTctia
Estonia (2011) nhan m9nh rat nhieu ve phat trien
sang t90 trong finh Vl/C khoa hQC tl,f nhien Va toan hQC
nhll: giup HS hieu cac phL!O'ng phap nghien ct.lu khoa
hQC laSlf Sang !?O det90 nen xi nghi~p sang t?O; giup
HS tim hieu cac thong tin m&i, phat minh m6i trong
* Tntong D~i hQc giao d~c • D~i hQc quoc gia ~a Nqi
(kil-1/2013)
 ITnhvllckhoa hQC hayd9y HS cacphllO'ng phcipkham
pha, phat trien cac tiem nang ca nhan, tr?ng d6 c6
tiem nang sang t90, thao lu$n cac van de toan hQc
theo nhU'llg each thLrc sang t?o; khuyen khich HS nay
sinh cac ytl!Ong sang tqO va giai quyet van de cua bai
toan theo each sang tqO ... Nhllng, doi v6i ITnh Vl/C
khoa hQC xa hqi, CT chi de c$p duy nhatden vi~c giup
HS xay dlfng cac kjch ban va vien canh tvong lai can
thietcho ban than, vi~c tham gia vao dai song xa hqi
sau nay.
CTmon Ljch sticua Australia phattrien NLST
cua HS qua cac cau hoi kham pha (vi dl,J, khi hQC ve '
ljch sl! hi~n d9i, cau hoi d~t ra cho HS la: nhling y
tl!Ong m6'i va cac thanh tl,J'u khoa hQc ki thu~t chu
yeu dong g6p vao St! phcit trien cua thoi ki nay la gi?
Nhting phat minh dong g6p vao CUQC each m?ng
khoa hQc kithu?t? ... ). Tuy nhien, CT khong d~t m1,1c
tieu phattrien NLST cho HS ma chu yeu de c?p vi~c
cung cap kien thU'c l!ch Slr, each tim kiem Va SV d1,Jng
thong tin ve l!ch sl! tv cac nguon internet de tra IO'i
cac cau hoi d~t rave l!ch sLr, giup HS thao lu?n, tlm
ra cac moi quan h~ gilia cac St! ki~n l!ch sif, con
ngvai va noi chon...
CT cua Nam Phic6 le tien bQ hon trong vi~c nhan
a
m?nh phattrien SI./ Sang t?O cua HS mon fJia If. CT
yffil cau GV tang cuang sud1.,mg cac cong ngh~ m6'i
nhv ICTva GIS, giup HS phat kham 4 phan t?o nen y
tvctng l&n: vi tri, cac qua trinh khong gian, cac kleu IO?i
khong gian va tLJO'ng tac con ngvai, moi truang; cho
HS thlfchanhcac kinang:xacdjnh cacvan devacac
cau hoi, thu th?p, cau true l9i th6ng tin, dien giai va
danh gia thong tin, ap d1,1ng cac kien thuc hQC dllqc
vaothlfc tien CUQC song. Mon Lich siiyeu cau HS viet
l9i mi;>t mau chuy~n l!ch sutheo each hieu va tri tvong
tuqng cua cac em, neu nguyen nhan va danh gia h~
qua cua van de...
Do/ vOi Hoa Ki: tieng Anh, cac mon khoa hQc xa
hQi (Lich sii} va cong ngh~ can phat frien cac ki nang
dfi t?O CO' so cho HS the hi~n cac y tl!Ong, trinh bay
mi;>tcach sang t?o (Common core standards). Chuan
nay cho r~ng, d~y ljch svnghia la giup HS danh gia Slf
ki~n. tranh lu?n, t?p dong vaicac nhan v?t lich Slr. HS
duqc yeu cau phan tich t~i sao cac ytv&ng hay cac SL!
ki~n phat tri~n va phat trien nhll the nao. HS hQC ki
nang nghien Cllu khoa hQC Va phVO'ng phap kham
pha de tra IO'i cac cau hoi ho~c giai quyet van de.
3) CT cac mon khoa h<JC tl[ nhien (Toan, V?t If, ·
Hoa hQC, Sinh hQCVa Cong ngh?)
Hoa Ki(2008): Nhling CT khoa hQc cong ngh~
dvqc chu trqng phat trien d~ phat.trien tai nang cho
(ki l · 7 l I 2013)
HS gom: Dau tll cho mon Toanva Khoa hQCOcap
hQC ph6 thong (dao tqO 10.000 GV cho 10 tri~u tri
tu~; phat trien cac loqi CT giao d1,1c tieu chuari the
gi6'i (world class standards)). Mon Toan trong CT
giao dl,IC pho thong dvqc xem la ITnh Vl/C quan trqng
hay ITnh Vl/C de phat trien cac y tllc3'ng ion cho HS.
NhU'llg yeu to phat trien sang tqO thehi~n ovi~c yeu
cau HS viet cac bieu thLrc v6'i cac hinh thLrc tvong
ung de giai quyet van de, mo ta cac con so va cac
moi quan h~.
Nam Phichu trQng phat trien sang tqo trong cac
mon khoa hQC tl,J'nhien dllqc gQi lacac mon khoa hQC
dai song: Sinh v~t, Sinh h6a, Toan, V~tli(Department
of Basic Education, South Africa 2011 b). CT xac
d!nh: NgvO'i hQC hQC cac ki nang trong moi trl1<1ng dqy
hQC h6 trQ' SL/ sang t?O, trach nhi~m Va phat trien Slf llf
tin; sLr d1,1ng cac lo9i hinh suy lu?n khac nhau, cac ki
nang khac nhau dfikham pha, phan anh, tong hqp va
giao tiep; Slr d1,1ng kien thllC theo each m6i, ap d1,1ng
vao hoan canh m6'i, ph.attri&n cacytu&ng m6'i. .. Chu
tr9ng d?Y hQC kham pha, quan sat, thao lu?n ... CT
toan quoc gia chi r6: giup HS x~c d!nh van de, giai
quyet van de, dva ra quyet d!nh sil d1,1ng tv duy phe
phan va sarrg t?o, cho HS thay toan hQC la qua trinh
sang t?O cua con ngVO'i.
CT Toan cua Phan Lan xac djnh: To chtlc cac
tinh huong d?Y h9c khuyen khich HS d~tcau hoi, dva
ra cac gia tLJctng va ket lu?n dlfa tren cac quan sat va
danh gia, khuyen khich dva ra cac IO'i giai sang tqO,
ket noi kien thU'c v6'i thlfC tien CUQC song, phattrien ki
nang thu th?p, danh gia thong tin. Cac PPDH chu yeu
la thu nghi~m kham pha, khai pha cac giai phap va
I
danh giam(>tcach c6phe phan (Finish National Board
of Education, 2003). . ·,
Nhin chung, CT cac nv6'c deu nhan m?nh m1,1c
tieu phat trien NLST trong cac mon khoa hQC tlf nhien
va c6 rat nhieu diem tLJO'ng dong khi ban ve cac chien
lllQ'.c phattrien NLSTtrong cac mon khoa hQCtlf nhien
va toan hQC. Cac cong Cl,J ICT duqc khuyen khich st!
dt,mg de d?Y hqc, phat trifin ki nang ICT va NLST.
3. So v6'i CT cua cac nv6'c, CT cua Viet Nam it
nhan m?nh den vi~c phcittrien NLST cho HS. CTGD
TH PT cua Vi~t Nam gom 2 lo9i: CT chu~n va CT
nang cao. Cac yeu to sang t?O duqc de c~p den trong
yeu cau Ve phllO'ng phap d?Y hQC Va trong mQt SO
mon hQc cua CT nang cao. Tuy nhien, nQi dung giao
d1,1c phat trien SI./ sang t90 cho HS va cac hll6'ng dan
thl!C hi~n hay phan b6 thOi luqng can thiet cho cac
ho9t d(>ng sang t90 thl chva c6. .
Vi d1,1, CT de ra yeu cau phuong phap d9y hQc
T~p chi Giao dye so 301 I &3
 phai pMt huy dvqc tinh tich clfc, tL! giac, chu d¢ng,
sang t?O cua HS phu hqp voi mon hQC va d~c diem
doi tLtqng, dieu ki$n lop hQC. Hay: Boi voi HS nang
khieu, SU dt,mg hinh thLrc d?y hQC va giao dt,JC thich
hqp de phattrien nang khieu, boi dll6'ng tai nang trong
giao dt,Jc ph6 thong. Tu nam 1966, h$ thong THPT
chuyen duqc l~p ra va la nai phat trien cac tai nang
d~c bi$t xuat s~c trong cac ITnh Vl/C khoa hQC ca ban'
da g6p phan phat trien dQi ngu cac nha lanh d?O, cac
nha khoa hQC chu chot t?i cac truong d?i hQC Ian va
cac vi$n nghien cLru cua Vi$t Nam. Tuy nhien, theo
danh gia cua cac nha khoa hQC, mt,JC tieu ban dau
cua h$ thong nay ngay cang phai nh?t. Tl 1$ HS cac
trLtOng chuyen tiep tt,JC theo du6i khoa hQC hay cac
ITnh VlfC lien quan cung ngay cang thap (Wikipedia
tieng Vi$t)... .
CT nang ·cao hi~n nay cua nhieu mon hQc (Ljch
sJ, EJja Ii, Toan ... ) co de c~p vi$c phat trien sang t?o
cho HS. Vi dt,J: mon NgOvan d~t ra yeu cau dap Lrng
cac nhu cau hieu biet, phat huy kha nang tim toi, sang
t90 ve ngon ngli va van hqc cua cac HS c6 nang
khieu. Mon Ljch sLiphat huy kha nang tim toi sang
t90 ve mqt so van de lich sv cho cac HS c6 nang
khieu. Mon Toan phat trien cac phAm chat tLt duy,
d~C bi~t la tlf duy linh ho9t, dQC l~p Va sang t?O, phat
trien tri tucmg tLtqng khong gian. Tuy nhien, mqt so
mon hqc khac (Sinh h9C, H6a hf{Chay Ngo~ingtJ. .. )
chlla de c~p vi$c phattrien NLST cho HS. Hu6ng
nghi~p la mon d~ dang cung cap kien thlrc va hinh
thanh cac ki nang sang t?O nhat hau nhll cung khong
he d~t ra mt,Jc tieu phat trien sang t90 cho HS. Nhin
chung, cac yeu to sang t90 trong CT chlla duqc khai
thac va phat trien sang t90 cho HS chlla duqc d~t
thanh mt,Jc tieu trong CTGD THPT oVi$t Nam.
***
Gan day, nhling bao d(>ng vetinh tr?ng Vi$t Nam
a
dang bi "chim" nva dl!6'i cua the gioi ve phat trien
nang llfc tri tu~ (Tran Xuan Hoai, 7/8/2012) cung nhll
yeu cau phat trien nen kinh te tri thlrc doi hoi nen giao
dt,Jc Vi~t Nam can d~c bi$t chu trqng phat trien tiem
nang sang t?O cho nguOi hQC. CTG DTH PT can dllqc
xay dlfng l?i, nhung truoc m~t, can c6 cac bi$n phap
dephattrien NLST cua ngLIOi hqcthong qua cac mon
hqc cua CT. a .
Tai li~u tham khao
1. Common Core State Standards Initiative,
www .corestandards.org.
2. Chien hrqc Phat trien b~n vil'ng Viet Nam giai do;;i.n
2011-2020, 12/412012.
&4 ~ . ~~P chi Giao dye so 301
3. Department of Basic Education, South Africa 2011
a, Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement,
Grades I 0-12 music, life sciences, Mathmatics, Visual
arts, Geography , Social Sciences.
4 . Estonia. National Curriculum for Upper Secondary
Schools 2011 (general part and appendixes), http://
www.hm .ee/index.php?l 512619
5. HKSAR. Arts Education Key Learning Area, Music
Curriculum and Assessment Guide (Secondary 4-6}, ,
2007 .
6. Finish National Board of Education. National core
curriculum for upper secondary schools, 2003.
7. The Ontario Curriculum, Grades 11-12: The Arts,
2010.
8. Tran Xuan Hoai. "SOS th tr b ~c VN tren xep h;;i.ng tri
tue toan du", vietnamnet. vn/vn/ .. ./sos-thu-bac-vn-
tren-xep-hang-tri-tue-toan-cau .h .. ., 7/8/2012.
SUMMARY
This article analyses and compares curriculum of
upper secondaiy school in some countries and in Vi-
etnam on goals. content. instructional methods for
developing creative competence of students, points
out limitations ofthe Vietnam's upper secondaiy cur-
riculum in this area. The author suggests to rebuild '
Vietnam 's upper secondazy curriculum in the Jong term. li
but in the short term, there are measures needed to
develop creative competence ofstudents through sub-
jects in the curriculum to meet the requirements of
developing a knowledge economy in Vietnam and to
avoid Vietnam from "sinking under the second halfof
the world in intelligence development".
I
Phat buy tinh tich CU'C,
. IU'. IU'C
. ...
(Tiep theo trang 52)
Supervision and Curriculum Development Alexandria,
VA USA, 1999.
2. Va Quang (tong chu bien) - Nguyen Due Tham
(chu bien) - Doan Duy Hinh - Nguyen PhU'O'llg H6ng.
V~ t li7. NXB Giaod1:1-c Vi~ t Nam, H. 2012.
SUMMARY
This arUcle mentions advantages of comer-based
teaching. It focuses on the comer-based teaching
process for all subjects in general and for Physics in
particular. lf the teachers conduct comer - based
teaching in some knowledge areas in textbook, it will
bring good results for students. Specifically: comer-
based learning will promote learning styles as well as
personal learning ofindividual students, so that they
can study well and deeply with the comfort. At the
same time, through comer-based teaching, self-reli-
ance, creativity and cooperation of the children in
learning will be enhanced. In this article also pro-
vides an example of comer-based teaching for 7fh
grade Physics subject, hopefully Will be a good ref-
erence for teachers in school.
(ki 1 -1 /2013)