Skull颅

Skull颅

The skull is composed of

23 bones, which may be
divided into the cerebral
cranium脑颅and facial
cranium ⾯颅
以由眶上缘⾄外⽿⻔上缘连线
为界
 Skull颅

Cerebral cranium 脑颅 (8)

―larger, upper and posterior part,
contains and protects the brain
■ Single bones: include
❑ frontal bone 额⻣
❑ ethmoid bone 筛⻣
❑ sphenoid bone 蝶⻣
❑ occipital bone 枕⻣
■ Paired bones: include
❑ temporal bone 颞⻣
❑ parietal bone 顶⻣
额⻣: 额窦

筛⻣：筛窦
ethmoid bone
蝶⻣⼤翼
颞⻣
 Skull颅

Bones of facial cranium ⾯颅⻣(15)

―smaller, lower, and anterior part, contains
bones that surrounded the eye, nose and
mouth
■ Single bones: include
❑ mandible下颌⻣
❑ vomer 犁⻣
❑ hyoid bone ⾆⻣
■ Paired bones: include
❑ maxilla 上颌⻣
❑ nasal bone ⿐⻣
❑ lacrimal bone 泪⻣
❑ palatine bone 腭⻣
❑ zygomatic bone 颧⻣
❑ inferior nasal concha 下⿐甲
Maxilla 上颌⻣
zygomatic bone 颧⻣
lacrimal bone 泪⻣
inferior nasal concha 下⿐甲
 palatine bone 腭⻣

鄂⻣
 犁⻣

vomer 犁⻣
 Mandible下颌⻣

Body of mandible
■ Superior border: alveolar arch ⽛槽⼸
■ Mental foramen 颏孔
 Mandible下颌⻣

Ramus
■ Mandibular notch下颌切迹
■ Coronoid process 冠突
■ Condylar process 髁突
❑ head of mandible下颌头
❑ neck of mandible下颌颈

■ Mandibular foramen 下颌孔

■ Angle of mandible下颌⻆
■ Masseteric tuberocity 咬肌粗隆
hyoid bone ⾆⻣
 parietal bone

Frontal bone Sphenoid bone

蝶⻣

Temporal bone

Zygomatic bone
颧⻣ Occipital bone

Nasal bone

Maxilla

Mandible
Bones of facial cranium ⾯颅⻣

⾯颅上颌为中⼼，上⿐泪，下下颌，
外颧内甲后犁腭，⾆⻣颈前单落脚。
The skull as a whole
颅的整体观
 Skull viewed from above (superior view)

■ Bones:
❑ frontal bone 额⻣
❑ paired parietal bone 顶⻣
❑ occipital bone 枕⻣
■ Sutures:
❑ Coronal suture 冠状缝
❑ Sagittal suture ⽮状缝
❑ Lambdoid suture ⼈字缝
 Skull viewed from behind

■ External occipital protuberance

枕外隆凸
■ Superior nuchal line 上项线
■ Inferior nuchal line 下项线
 Internal view of base of skull 颅底内⾯观

Base of skull forms three fossae

■ Anterior cranial fossa 颅前窝

■ Middle cranial fossa 颅中窝

■ Posterior cranial fossa 颅后窝

Internal view of base of skull 颅底内⾯观
 Anterior cranial fossa 颅前窝

Formed by orbital part of frontal

bone, cribriform plate of
ethmoid, and lesser wings of
sphenoid
由额⻣、筛⻣和蝶⻣⼩翼组成
Structures:
■ cribriform plate 筛板
■ cribriform foramina 筛孔
Meddle cranial fossa 颅中窝

Formed by the body and greater

wings of sphenoid, petrous part
of temporal由蝶⻣⼤翼和颞⻣组成。
Structures:
■ Hypophysial fossa 垂体窝
■ Optic canal 视神经管
■ Superior orbital fissure 眶上裂
■ Foramen rotundum 圆孔
■ Foramen ovale 卵圆孔
■ Foramen spinosum 棘孔
■ Sulcus for middle meningeal
artery 脑膜中动脉沟
 Posterior cranial fossa 颅后窝
Formed by occipital and the petrous part
of temporal由枕⻣和颞⻣组成
Structures:
■ foramen magnum 枕⻣⼤孔
■ clivus 斜坡
■ internal opening of hypoglossal
canal ⾆下神经管内⼝
■ internal occipital protuberance
枕内隆凸
■ sulcus for transverse sinus 横窦沟
■ sulcus for sigmoid sinus ⼄状窦沟
■ jugular foramen 颈静脉孔
■ internal acoustic pore 内⽿⻔
■ internal acoustic meatus 内⽿道
Skull viewed from below (inferior view)

■ posterior nasal apertures ⿐后孔

■ occipital condyle 枕髁
■ external opening of hypoglossal canal
⾆下神经管外⼝
■ external opening of carotid canal
颈动脉管外⼝
■ 颈静脉孔
■ styloid process 茎突
■ 乳突
■ 茎乳孔
■ mandibular fossa 下颌窝
■ articular tubercle 关节结节
Skull viewed from the front (anterior view)
颅的前⾯观

Frontal region:
■ superciliary arch 眉⼸
■ glabella 眉间
 Orbit 眶
pyramid-shaped paired cavities
■ Base: supraorbital notch 眶上切迹or眶上孔
■ infraorbital foramen 眶下孔
■ Apex: optic canal 视神经管
■ Walls
❑ Superior:
fossa for lacrimal gland 泪腺窝
❑ Medial:
fossa for lacrimal sac 泪囊窝
❑ Inferior:
infraorbital fissure 眶下裂
❑ infraorbital canal 眶下管
❑ infraorbital groove 眶下沟
 Bony nasal cavity ⻣性⿐腔

■ Roof: cribriform plate of ethmoid筛⻣

■ Floor: bony palate鄂⻣
■ Medial wall ― bony septum of nose
■ Lateral wall
❑ Superior, middle and inferior nasal
conchae 上、中、下⿐甲
❑ Superior, middle and inferior nasal
meatus (underlying each concha)
上、中、下⿐道
❑ Sphenoethmoidal recess 蝶筛隐窝
above superior nasal concha
 Paranasal sinuses ⿐旁窦
■ Frontal sinus 额窦
❑ Lies in frontal bone, deep to superciliary arch
❑ Drain to anterior part of middle meatus
 Paranasal sinuses ⿐旁窦

■ Maxillary sinus 上颌窦

❑ Largest paired sinus, lie in the body of maxilla;
❑ Opening into middle nasal meatus
 Paranasal sinuses ⿐旁窦

■ Ethmoidal cellules 筛窦
❑ Lie in ethmoidal bone,
contains large number of air
cells, divided into anterior,
middle and posterior groups
❑ Anterior and middle groups
drain into middle nasal meatus,
while posterior group drains
into superior nasal meatus
 Paranasal sinuses ⿐旁窦

■ Sphenoidal sinus 蝶窦
❑ Lies in body of sphenoid bone
❑ Drain into sphenoethmoidal
recess
 Lateral view of the skull 颅侧⾯观

■ External acoustic pore 外⽿⻔

■ Mastoid process 乳突
■ Zygomatic arch 颧⼸
■ Temporal fossa 颞窝
■ Pterion 翼点
 General characters of the skull at birth
新⽣⼉颅的特征

■ The skull at birth is large in

proportion to rest of the
skeleton ―1/4 (adult 1/7)
■ The facial portion equals
about one eight that of the
cranium in size, whereas in
adult it is one half (1/4)
■ Many bones consist of more
than one piece
 General characters of neonatal skull
新⽣⼉颅的特征

Cranial frontanelles 颅囟
―unossified membrane between the
bones at the angles of parietal
■ Anterior frontanelle 前囟
―closes during middle of 2nd year
■ Posterior frontanelle 后囟―closes
by the end of 2nd month after birth
Anteroposterior radiograph of skull.
Lateral radiograph of skull.
Horizontal CT at level of upper part of ramus of mandible
showing relationships of the pterygoid plates.