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Preface v

approaches in Chapter 5. The career counseling process and outcomes information provided
here reflect the most recent work within the field. We also provide career information, resources,
and Web site references (Chapters 6 and 7) that represent important aspects of the career devel-
opment process. We highlight the essential considerations in designing and implementing career
development programs in Chapter 9. We also emphasize in Chapter 9 the importance of engag-
ing in the ongoing evaluation of career services. This is important for improving service delivery.
However, when resources are limited, as they are in many situations, the need for both account-
ability and the ability to demonstrate effectiveness is great. Finally, we highlight developmental
approaches to providing career assistance in the schools (elementary, middle, and high), higher
education, and community settings in Chapters 10 through 14.
Of course, the desire to engage in ethical practice is also a standard in the field. However,
there are many challenges confronting career practitioners. Web-based services such as career
counseling and career assessment, the possibility of dual relationships, and theories with deeply
rooted value sets present challenges to practitioners as they engage in ethical practice. Thus, we
address many of these current ethical challenges in Chapter 15 using the 2015 National Career
Development Association (NCDA) Code of Ethics. This is the first, and still one of the few, career
development textbooks with a chapter devoted to ethical practice.
To make the book even more useful to readers, we use a framework developed by the NCDA.
Specifically, we use the NCDA’s career counseling competencies and the 2016 Council for Accred-
itation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) Standards to guide us in the
identification of chapter topics. These competencies and standards appear in the appendices at
the end of the book.
Please note that printed on the inside front cover is a grid identifying the chapters that are
most relevant to each competency category and the 2016 CACREP standards. For those
focused on career interventions in K–12 settings, we also incorporate the National Career
Development Guidelines into Chapters 10 (elementary school), 11 (middle school), and 12
(high school).
We hope that we have accomplished the goals that motivated us to write this book. We also
hope that we have fulfilled our students’ expectations. In teaching our career courses, we con-
sider it high praise when students tell us that they have a new respect and appreciation for career
development interventions as a result of the class experience. This is what we hope occurs with
this book. We invite readers to send us their feedback directly (sgniles@wm.edu; bowlsbeyj@
kuder.com). We are committed to improving the book in any way that we can. Although collec-
tively we have nearly a century devoted to the study and practice of career development, we have
much yet to learn and we are eager to do so. Your comments will guide us in the revisions that we
make. We are also happy to speak (either in person or virtually) to classes that are using our text.
Simply contact us with such requests, and we will arrange for a time to make this happen.
Finally, we wish you the very best as you embark on an exciting adventure with regard to your
ongoing professional development.

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vi Preface

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Acknowledgments
I am grateful for and humbled by the support and love I have received from my family members
and mentors. My mother, Pauline, taught me at an early age about the importance of Donald
Super’s life-space theory segment as she balanced work and family demands as a single parent.
She was a pioneer who lived with grace and dignity, despite substantial challenges presented
both to professional women and single parents.
Preface vii

My children, Jenny and Jonathan, teach me about love each day and help to make me a bet-
ter person. I am fortunate to have the opportunity to watch as their careers unfold. I am particu-
larly thrilled that they both work in the field of education, one as an elementary school counselor
(Jenny) and one as a trainer in the area of career development (Jonathan). I am profoundly proud
of the people they are and the important work that they do.
My professional mentors and cherished friends have guided me through multiple career
development tasks. Edwin L. Herr was the first to provide support and guidance, and he has
continued to do so for more than 25 years. He embodies the best of what a mentor should repre-
sent. I will forever be indebted to Ed for his personal and professional assistance. Mark L. ­Savickas
and Donald E. Super have also provided guidance, and I am honored that, at various times in my
career, they have cared. Finally, I have been honored to coauthor this book with JoAnn Harris-
Bowlsbey. She is incredibly knowledgeable, wise, gracious, and kind. She too, is a valued mentor
and dear friend. I look forward to future editions and opportunities to work together.
Spencer G. Niles
Like Spencer, my life was molded by a mother who was a single parent and who worked
incredibly hard to ensure that I had a level of education and access that she never enjoyed. She
taught me the principles of faith, responsibility, commitment, and service. I want to acknowledge
her role in laying the foundation that made my present life and contributions possible.
My most valued professional mentor was Donald E. Super, who was kind enough to share
his writings and thoughts with me for 30 years. I have personally enjoyed the fullness of his
career rainbow in my life. Nancy Schlossberg and David Tiedeman also contributed mightily to
my conception of the process of career development and have enriched the well from which the
content of this book flows.
My professional contributions would not have been possible without the ongoing support of
my late husband, Stan. For the 33 years of our marriage, he placed a very high priority on my
career and helped all that he could—editing, proofreading, doing home chores—to nourish it,
never pressuring for more of my time. Finally, my ongoing friendship with and respect for Spen-
cer Niles deepens as we experience the authorship of this book and other professional pursuits
together.
JoAnn Harris-Bowlsbey
We both appreciate the dedicated assistance and support provided by Kevin Davis and Lau-
ren Carlson at Pearson.
We wish to thank those who reviewed the fourth edition and made suggestions for improve-
ment that we have incorporated into this fifth edition of the book: Stephanie Tursic Burns, West-
ern Michigan University; James M. O’Neil, University of Connecticut; Chester R. Robinson, Texas
A&M University–Commerce; and Joan N. Strutton, The University of Texas at Tyler.
This page intentionally left blank
Brief Contents
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 11
Introduction to Career Development Career Development Interventions in
Interventions    1 Middle Schools    306
CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 12
Understanding and Applying Career Development Interventions in
Theories of Career Development    31 High Schools    325
CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 13
Understanding and Applying Career Development Interventions in
Recent Theories of Career Higher Education    355
Development    71
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 4 Career Development Interventions in
Providing Culturally Competent Career Community Settings    388
Development Interventions    97
CHAPTER 15
CHAPTER 5 Ethical Issues in Career Development
Assessment and Career Planning    126 Interventions    408
CHAPTER 6 Appendix A
Career Information and NCDA Code of Ethics Preamble    A-1
Resources    157
Appendix B
CHAPTER 7 Educational and Career Planning
Using Information and Communication ­Portfolio    A-28
Technologies to Support Career Counseling
Appendix C
and Planning    180
Career Counseling Competencies of the
CHAPTER 8 National Career Development Association
Career Counseling Strategies and (NCDA)    A-34
Techniques for the 21st Century    200
Appendix D
CHAPTER 9 2016 CACREP Standards Related to Career
Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating Development    A-38
Career Development Programs and
Appendix E
Services    231
National Career Development Guidelines
CHAPTER 10 (NCDG) Framework    A-39
Career Development Interventions in the
Elementary Schools    269

ix
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Career Development
Interventions  1
The Meaning of Work Across Time   6
Linking Work with Worth   9
Providing Systematic Career Development
Interventions  10
Definition of Terms   11
Career  12
Career Development  12
Career Development Interventions   12
Career Counseling  12
Career Education  13
Career Development Programs   13
Career Development Practitioners   13
Important Events in the History of Career
Development Interventions  13
Frank Parsons  14
Future Trends in Career Development
Interventions  25
Move to Viewing Career Decisions as Values-Based
Decisions  26
Move Beyond Objective Assessment   26
Move to Counseling-Based Career
Assistance  27
Move to a Stronger Emphasis on Multicultural
Career Development Theories and
Interventions  27
Move to Focusing on Multiple Life Roles   28
Move to Advocating for Social Justice   28
Summary  29
Case Study  29
Student Activities  30
CHAPTER 2
Understanding and Applying Theories of
Career Development  31
Career Development Theories   32
Super’s Life-Span, Life-Space Theory   34
Life Span  37
Life Space  40
Self-Concepts  41
Applying Super’s Theory   42
Contextual Factors Influencing Life-Role
Salience  44
Evaluating Super’s Theory   47
Anne Roe’s Personality Theory of Career
Choice  48
Evaluating Roe’s Theory   49
Linda Gottfredson’s Theory of Circumscription,
Compromise, and Self-Creation   49
Stage One: Orientation to Size and Power   50
Stage Two: Orientation to Sex Roles   50
Stage Three: Orientation to Social Valuation   51
Stage Four: Orientation to the Internal,
Unique Self  51
xi
xii contents

Applying Gottfredson’s Theory to Practice   51 Applying ILP  88

Evaluating Gottfredson’s Theory   52 Evaluating ILP  88
John Holland’s Theory of Types and ­Person- Postmodern Approaches  88
Environment Interactions  53 Creating Narratives  89
The Realistic Type   54 Constructivist Career Counseling   90
The Investigative Type   54 Chaos Theory of Careers   92
The Artistic Type   54 Evaluating the Chaos Theory of Careers   93
The Social Type   55 Summary  94
The Enterprising Type   55 Case Study  95
The Conventional Type   55 Student Activities  96
Congruence  56
Differentiation  57 CHAPTER 4
Consistency  58
Vocational Identity  58 Providing Culturally Competent Career
Applying Holland’s Theory   58 Development Interventions  97
Evaluating Holland’s Theory   61 Traditional Assumptions of Career Theories in the
John Krumboltz’s Learning Theory of Career United States  101
Counseling  63 Universal Versus Culture-Specific Models   102
Social Learning Theory of Career Decision Ethnocentrism  103
Making  63 Acculturation  104
Learning Theory of Career Counseling   66 Identity Development Models   105
Applying LTCC  67 Racial Identity Models   106
Evaluating Career Development Gender Identity Models   108
Interventions  68 Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual/Transgender/­Questioning
Evaluating LTCC  68 Identity Models  111
Summary  69 Persons with Disabilities   114
Student Activities  69 Assessment  118
Recommendations for Culturally Effective Career
CHAPTER 3 Counseling  121
Summary  123
Understanding and Applying Recent Case Study  124
Theories of Career Development   71 Student Activities  124
Recent Theories  72
Lent, Brown, and Hackett’s Social Cognitive CHAPTER 5
Career Theory  73
Applying SCCT  74 Assessment and Career Planning   126
Evaluating SCCT  76 The Relationship of Assessment to the Career
The Cognitive Information Processing Planning Process  129
Approach  78 Step 1: Become Aware of the Need to Make Career
Applying the CIP Approach   80 Decisions  129
Evaluating CIP  82 Step 2: Learn About or Reevaluate Vocational Self-
Savickas’s Career Construction Theory   84 Concept  130
Applying Career Construction Theory   85 Step 3: Identify Occupational Alternatives   130
Evaluating Career Construction Theory   86 Step 4: Obtain Information About Identified
Hansen’s Integrative Life Planning   86 Alternatives  130
contents xiii

Step 5: Make Tentative Choices from Among Financial Aid  169

Available Occupations  130
Step 6: Make Educational Choices   130
Step 7: Implement a Vocational Choice   131
Purposes of Assessment   132
Learning More About the Needs of an Individual
or Group  132
Learning More About the Characteristics of
Individuals and Helping Them Learn More About
Themselves  133
Determining the Change or Progress of an Individual
or Group  134
Responsibilities and Competencies of the
Counselor  135
Possess General Knowledge About Assessment   135
Have Detailed Knowledge About the Instruments
Used  135
Evaluate the Instrument for Usefulness with Diverse
Populations  137
Prepare Students or Clients Adequately   138
Administer Instruments Properly   139
Interpret Instruments Properly   139
Follow Through with Clients   140
Informal Assessments  141
Formal Assessments  143
Types of Formal Assessments   145
Ways in Which Assessment Instruments May Be
Administered  150
Types of Reports   152
Selection of Instruments   154
Summary  155
Case Study  155
Student Activities  155
CHAPTER 6
Career Information and Resources   157
The Counselor’s Role in Providing Data   159
Barriers and Decision Styles   160
Career Information and Diversity   161
The Client’s Role in Receiving Data   162
Types of Data Needed by Clients   163
Programs of Study   163
Occupations  165
Schools  167
Jobs  170
Other Methods of Collecting Data   170
Organizing Occupations  171
The Holland System   171
The World-of-Work Map   172
O*NET Classification System   173
The National Career Clusters   174
The Career Center   174
Helping Clients Turn Data into
Information  175
Summary  178
Case Study  179
Student Activities  179
CHAPTER 7
Using Information and Communication
Technologies to Support Career Counseling
and Planning  180
Information and Communication Technologies:
Trends of the 21st Century   182
The Internet as the Deliverer of Career
Guidance  183
Stand-alone Web Sites   183
Integrated Career Planning Systems   184
Virtual Career Centers   185
Mobile Phone Applications   186
Social Networking  186
Distance Counseling  188
Counselor Responsibilities Related to
Ict-Supported Career Guidance and
Counseling  188
Know and Abide by Ethical Guidelines   189
Select Web Sites and Integrated Career Planning
Systems  189
Add High Touch to High Tech   191
Counselor Competencies and Types of
Support  192
Issues and Concerns Related to Use
of Ict  193
The Promise of Ict   195
Summary  197
Case Study  197
Student Activities  198
xiv contents
CHAPTER 8
Career Counseling Strategies and
Techniques for the 21st Century   200
Is Career Counseling Effective?   201
Expanding the Limited View of Career
Counseling  202
Career Counseling in the 21st Century   203
Designing Career Counseling Strategies   204
Providing Counseling-Based Career
Assistance  205
Providing Support in Career Counseling   207
A Framework for Career Counseling   213
The Beginning or Initial Phase of Career
Counseling  213
The Middle or Working Phase of Career
Counseling  216
The Ending or Termination Phase of Career
Counseling  218
Career Counseling Groups   222
An Example of a Structured Group Career
Intervention  222
Less-Structured Career Groups   225
Career Counseling Professional Designations and
Related Service Providers   227
Summary  229
Case Study  229
Student Activities  230
CHAPTER 9
Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating
Career Development Programs and
Services  231
Steps for Designing and Implementing a Career
Development Program  233
Step 1: Define the Target Population and Its
Characteristics  233
Step 2: Determine the Needs of the Target
Population  234
Step 3: Write Measurable Objectives to Meet
Needs  236
Step 4: Determine How to Deliver the Career
Planning Services  238
Step 5: Determine the Content of the
Program  240
Step 6: Determine the Cost of the Program   240
Step 7: Begin to Promote and Explain Your
Services  241
Step 8: Start Promoting and Delivering the Full-
Blown Program of Services   242
Step 9: Evaluate the Program   242
Planning Evaluation  243
Stakeholders  244
Types of Data Collected   244
Benchmarks for Evaluation   245
Methods of Evaluation   248
Using the Results of Evaluation   249
Roadblocks to Evaluation   252
Step 10: Revise the Program as Needed   252
Some Sample Programs   252
Example 1: An Elementary School   253
Example 2: A Middle School   255
Example 3: A High School   257
Example 4: A University   260
Example 5: A Corporation   262
Example 6: A Community Agency   264
Summary  267
Case Study  267
Student Activities  267
CHAPTER 10
Career Development Interventions in the
Elementary Schools  269
Overview of Career Development Standards for
Constructing Career Interventions in the
Schools  270
Important Considerations in Developing Career
Development Interventions in the Schools   273
Systematic and Coordinated Planning for Career
Development Programs in the Schools   274
Career Development in the Elementary
Schools  276
Goals of Career Development Interventions at the
Elementary School Level   279
Career Development Interventions in the
Elementary Schools  281
Parental Involvement  285
Summary  286
Case Study  287
Student Activities  287
contents xv

CHAPTER 11 Services  370
Standards  373
Career Development Interventions in Managing Career Services in Higher
Middle Schools  306 Education  375
Middle/Junior High School   307 Summary  378
Career Development Goals for Middle Case Study  378
School Students  310 Student Activities  379
Career Development Interventions in
Middle School  310
CHAPTER 14
Summary  315
Case Study  316 Career Development Interventions in
Student Activities  316 Community Settings  388
Training, Certification, and Licensure   390
CHAPTER 12 Competencies  391
Coordination  391
Career Development Interventions in Consultation  393
High Schools  325 Advocacy  393
Career Development Goals for High School Case Management  394
Students  331 Similarities and Differences in Community-Based
Career Development Interventions in High Settings  395
Schools  331 Settings for Community-Based Career
Career Development Interventions for At-Risk Counselors  395
Students  336 Private Practice  396
Summary  338 The World Wide Web: Online Counseling and Career
Case Study  339 Advising  397
Student Activities  339 Mental Health Centers   397
Substance Abuse Centers   398
Rehabilitation Settings  398
CHAPTER 13
Corrections and Probation   398
Career Development Interventions in Military Settings  399
Higher Education  355 Job Service Offices and One-Stop Centers   399
Faith-Based Organizations  401
The Changing Landscape of Higher
Corporations and Other Organizations   402
Education  357
Summary  403
The Evolution of Career Development
Case Study  403
Interventions in Higher Education   361
Student Activities  404
Career Development Competencies in
Adulthood  364
Personal Social Development   364 CHAPTER 15
Educational Achievement and Lifelong
Learning  365 Ethical Issues in Career Development
Career Management  366 Interventions  408
Models, Services, and Standards for Career Ethical Dilemmas Versus Moral
Development Interventions in Higher Temptations  412
Education  368 Using Principles to Resolve Ethical
Models  368 Decisions  413
xvi contents

The Role of Values in Defining Career Appendix A

Development Interventions  415
Using Ethical Codes   418 NCDA Code of Ethics Preamble  A-1
Progress on Ethical Challenges Facing Career
Counselors  418 Appendix B
Are All Individual Career Interventions Governed by
the Same Ethical Standards?   418 Educational and Career Planning
Should Those Without Traditional Training and Portfolio  A-28
Credentials as Professional Career Counselors
Provide Career Counseling Services?   420 Appendix C
How Should the Internet Be Used in Career
Development Interventions?  421 Career Counseling Competencies of the
The Ethical Standards of NCDA   422 National Career Development Association
Section A: The Professional Relationship   422 (NCDA)  A-34
Section B: Confidentiality, Privileged
Communication, and Privacy   422
Section C: Professional Responsibility   423 Appendix D
Section D: Relationships with Other 2016 CACREP Standards Related to Career
Professionals  423 Development  A-38
Section E: Evaluation, Assessment, and
Interpretation  423
Section F: Providing Career Services Online, Appendix E
Technology, and Social Media   423
Section G: Supervision, Training, and National Career Development Guidelines
Teaching  424 (NCDG) Framework  A-39
Section H: Research and Publication   424
Section I: Resolving Ethical Issues   424 References  R-1
Using an Ethical Decision-Making Model   426 index  I-1
Summary  427
Case Study  428
Student Activities  428
 Chapter 1

Introduction to Career
Development Interventions
Like it or not, what we do for money is a big part of our lives. In many ways it defines who we are, and
it’s how most of us pay for the basic needs of day-to-day living, such as food, shelter, and transportation.
In time, if you’re lucky, your job can provide more quality leisure time, investments for the education of
your children, and a home. Every day we get up and go to work—there’s no getting out of it. So it’s
imperative to choose a field or endeavor that will enrich your life. And whether you’re a contractor build-
ing a house, a doctor repairing a heart, or a teacher educating students, you need to focus on the finished
product and take pride in the process that achieves that finished product. You should never settle for
anything less than your best effort, because it matters. It matters to the homeowner, the patient, and the
students, and it most certainly should matter to you.
David H., Contractor
Work is something I do because I have to. If I won the lottery, I wouldn’t work. As a single parent of
two young children, I have to be responsible. I do it for them. Can work be meaningful? I hope to experi-
ence that someday. Right now, it’s how my family and I get by—that’s the most important thing. And
most days it’s not fun.
Ann D., Food service worker
My work means everything to me—well, almost everything. As an oncologist, I am dedicated to my
work and my patients. I feel a tremendous responsibility to be the best physician that I can be. I also feel
a responsibility to be the best I can be as a representative of my family and the African American com-
munity. I have dedicated much of my life to this activity. It is what gives me meaning and purpose. I feel
fortunate to do the work I do.
Camille S., Physician

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Visit the MyCounselingLab® site for Career Development Interventions, Fifth Edition, to
enhance your understanding of chapter concepts. You will have the opportunity to practice
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Chandra and her colleagues were discussing their career development course and won-
dering why, as graduate students in counselor education, they were required to take it.
José declared that he had no interest in providing career counseling and was not likely
to need to know much about it. Jonathan added that he found the prospect of adminis-
tering tests just plain boring. Beth was set on establishing a private practice and said

1
2 Chapter 1    Introduction to Career Development Interventions

that she would probably refer clients with career concerns to practitioners specializing
in the field.
Chandra had a different take. She had witnessed the powerful impact of work on
her family when her father’s employer moved overseas and laid him off from his engi-
neering job. While Chandra’s father sought new employment, her mother struggled to
keep her full-time nursing job while caring for Chandra and her two younger brothers.
When her father had to settle for a position that provided less pay, challenge, and satis-
faction than had his old one, she watched as he became depressed and tension
mounted between her parents. No one was spared: Her brothers were getting into
trouble at school, and Chandra, beset by anxiety, developed insomnia. Chandra under-
stood all too well the link between work and well-being and hoped that learning about
career development might empower her to help other families avoid what had hap-
pened to hers.

D
avid H., Ann D., and Camille S. communicate some of the diverse values, purposes, and
goals that people attach to work. Some view work as a way to express themselves and
confer meaning and purpose on life. Others work to provide for their families and, often
due to circumstances beyond their control, approach work strictly as a way to bring in money.
Some, like Camille S., the physician, see work as a way to fulfill their responsibility to an ethnic
or cultural group. Still others struggle simply to find work. The unemployment rate in the
United States in December 2014 was 5.6%; in April 2011 it was 9%; and in April 2001 it was
4.4% (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). These numbers, however, can be misleading. For
example, if you were unemployed and stopped looking for work for a month, you would not
have been counted as unemployed—and there are significant numbers of people who have
given up trying to find work. Moreover, in April 2013 an estimated 22 million Americans were
unemployed or underemployed (underemployed workers include those who are highly skilled
and working in low-paying jobs, highly skilled and working in jobs requiring less skill, and
those working part-time who want to work full-time). This is a global issue. The International
Labour Organization estimates the number of unemployed workers worldwide to be a record
202 million (Moore, 2013).
Chandra’s experience is not unusual. We live in uncertain times: Seasoned adults struggle to
cope with their careers while recent college graduates have trouble landing their first job. Adoles-
cents feel pressured to succeed but can’t see how high school life connects to their future lives as
working adults. Children are constantly exposed to occupational stereotypes—police officer,
firefighter, doctor—that influence their perceptions of what opportunities await them. So let us
be clear: Counselors are expected to, and indeed must, provide career assistance in every profes-
sional setting. Counselors in grade school, higher education, and community settings will, to
varying degrees and at various times, encounter clients confronting career development issues. It
is for good reason that the American School Counselor Association (2003) identifies career
development as one of three areas essential to the work of school counselors. Survey results
examining the concerns of college students consistently identify career planning assistance as
their dominant issue. It’s no different for working adults who find themselves out of work as their
employers downsize.
Despite this, many students in counseling and related programs react with as little
­enthusiasm as did José, Jonathan, and Beth when required to take a career information course
Chapter 1    Introduction to Career Development Interventions  3

(Heppner, O’Brien, Hinkelman, & Flores, 1996). Perhaps some think they’ll be required to
memorize blocks of data or spend hours learning how to administer and interpret occupational
questionnaires. Perhaps they view career development interventions as separate from general
counseling interventions, with the former involving information dissemination, advising, and
test administration, and the latter employing more “sophisticated” therapeutic techniques.
Maybe they envision mechanical career development interventions in which the counselor dic-
tates a course of action and takes complete responsibility for the outcome. Or maybe, like Beth,
they view career development interventions as irrelevant to their counseling careers.
No matter what their objections are to studying career development, we challenge them.
We believe (and think Chandra would agree) that competent career practitioners must pos-
sess expertise in a broad array of counseling-related competencies. The knowledge and skills
required for providing effective career assistance encompass and transcend those required for
general counseling (Blustein & Spengler, 1995; Gysbers, Heppner, & Johnston, 2009; Herr,
­Cramer, & Niles, 2004). For example, the competencies identified by the National Career Devel-
opment Association* (National Career Development Association, 2009) include knowledge and
skills in career development theory; individual and group counseling; individual and group
assessment; career information and resources; program promotion, management, and imple-
mentation; career coaching and consultation; multicultural counseling; supervision; ethical and
legal issues; and using technology effectively in the career intervention process. These competen-
cies extend far beyond those required for career advising and test administration.
Moreover, areas of inquiry related to career development interventions are fascinating, chal-
lenging, and connected to recent psychological emphases on optimal human functioning, maxi-
mizing happiness, and fulfilling human potential (Hartung, 2002; Niles, Amundson, & Neault,
2011; Savickas, 2009). Career counselors meet their clients at the intersection of what has been
and what could be in their lives; interventions help these clients consider how to develop and
deploy their talents as their lives progress. Career development practitioners in the 21st century
also seek to empower people to derive meaning from their unique life experiences and translate
that meaning into rewarding occupational and other choices. Translating life experiences into
rewarding choices requires self-awareness. Accordingly, career practitioners provide interven-
tions that help people clarify and articulate how they see themselves. These interventions may
include formal, standardized assessments as well as informal, nonstandardized activities that
creatively engage clients in the process (Amundson, 2009). Because planning a career and sort-
ing through related concerns are complex processes, competent counselors must be skilled at
developing effective working alliances with their clients (Anderson & Niles, 2000; Multon,
­Heppner, Gysbers, Zook, & Ellis-Kalton, 2001; Perrone, 2005). When career counselors work
collaboratively and innovatively with their clients to identify a clear career direction, both client
and counselor experience the process as invigorating and fulfilling (Anderson & Niles).
We also realize that practitioners face multiple challenges in the career intervention process.
Making career decisions is rarely simple, and good career counseling is never mechanistic or
routine. People make decisions about work within the contexts of their other roles and responsi-
bilities, and the complex and stressful nature of such decisions becomes clear (Perrone, Webb, &
Blalock, 2005). What might seem to be a straightforward work decision can become frustrating

*Until 1985, the National Career Development Association was known as the National Vocational ­Guidance
Association, or NVGA.
4 Chapter 1    Introduction to Career Development Interventions

and overwhelming to someone who feels buffeted by limited work opportunities, family
­expectations, financial constraints, and multiple life-role commitments. Given the complexity of
making career decisions, it isn’t surprising that many people who seek career counseling experi-
ence substantial levels of psychological distress (Multon et al., 2001). Obviously, counselors
must address clients’ distress as they help them identify their values, skills, life-role priorities,
interests, and motivations. When clients also experience low self-esteem, weak self-efficacy, and
little hope that the future can be more satisfying than the past, the counselor’s task becomes even
more challenging (Lent, Brown, & Hackett, 2002). Such clients require more help resolving their
career dilemmas than a test battery can provide. Given this fact, many clients describe a support-
ive and effective alliance with their career practitioner as one of the most helpful aspects of the
counseling experience (Anderson & Niles, 2000; Multon et al., 2001). Obviously, the abilities to
establish rapport, listen closely, and express empathic understanding are essential career coun-
seling skills.
Working collaboratively and effectively with clients also requires career practitioners to pos-
sess advanced multicultural competencies (Leong, 1995). Clients operating from a collectivistic
orientation, for example, engage in the career planning process differently than those coming
from an individualistic orientation (Hartung, Speight, & Lewis, 1996). Thus, working within a
client’s cultural context is essential to providing effective assistance. Kim, Li, and Liang (2002)
found that career counselors focusing on the expression of emotion were perceived as having
greater cross-cultural competence than counselors focusing on the expression of cognition when
working with Asian American college students with high adherence to Asian values. Leong
(2002) found acculturation to be positively related to job satisfaction and negatively related to
occupational stress and strain. Gomez and colleagues (2001) found that the career decisions of
Latina clients were strongly influenced by sociopolitical, cultural, contextual, and personal vari-
ables: Socioeconomic status, family obligations, cultural identity, and the existence of a support
network were all concerns of the Latinas participating in the Gomez et al. study. Madonna,
­Miville, Warren, Gainor, and Lewis-Coles (2006) highlight the importance of understanding a
client’s religious beliefs to effective career counseling. Paul (2008) describes the use of a con-
structive-developmental approach that incorporates a client’s sexual identity into the career
counseling process; Pepper and Lorah (2008) discuss the unique concerns of transsexual clients.
Powell and Greenhaus (2012) offer a counseling framework that factors family influences into
the career decision-making process.
Clearly, a client’s constellation of cultural and contextual variables affects the career interven-
tion process. Therefore, as with general counseling interventions, the career development inter-
vention process is a dynamic, complex, and challenging one that requires practitioners to use
multicultural counseling skills to help their clients.

Tips from the Field

Because there are few decisions more personal than choosing a career, it is important to
remember that good career counselors are, first, good counselors.

In addition, indications are that the career development process will soon become more
complex. Change, transition, and instability dominate the career development landscape. The
Bureau of Labor Statistics (2015) reports that one in four workers has been with his or her
Chapter 1    Introduction to Career Development Interventions  5

c­ urrent employer for less than a year. Also, in 2014, the median number of years that workers
had been with their current employers was 4.6: 4.7 for men and 4.5 for women. This level of
transition involves costs to companies, as they must train new employees, and to society, as tran-
sitioning workers claim benefits from government programs such as Temporary Assistance for
Needy Families (TANF) and unemployment insurance.
In addition to decreased longevity with an employer, today’s workers operate in a globalized
economy. Thomas Friedman (2005) described this in The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the 21st
Century, noting that technological advances have created a more level economic playing field,
with previously disadvantaged countries now rivaling the knowledge and wealth of the United
States and other world powers. Computer and communication technologies, previously a strong-
hold of developed countries, have been accessed and mastered by China and India, making these
nations more competitive economically. This “flattening” of access and opportunity has had a
major impact on the nature of work around the world, accelerating the economic interdepen-
dence of national economies so that what happens in one country impacts the economies of oth-
ers. Recent global unemployment rates support this assertion.
Another effect of economic globalization is the outsourcing of jobs from one country to
another. On the plus side, this improves the receiving country’s economy and standard of living:
Its workers have greater employment opportunities, and the country gains access to the latest
technology. The outsourcing country benefits from lower labor costs, and consumers benefit as
well because globalization increases competition, and companies then lower their prices.
­Friedman’s theory is that these developments will continue until world economies are lateral—
that is, they show a flat line. A flat world means we are economically dependent on one another
and communicating more with one another.
What are the practical implications of the trends Friedman identifies? To compete effectively
in a flat world, Friedman believes that 21st-century workers must focus on and develop some
new capacities. First, they must be constantly engaged in learning: Workers must learn new ways
of doing old things as well as new ways of doing new things. Second, they must cultivate a pas-
sion for, and curiosity about, life. Passion and curiosity are potent forces that infuse the work-
place with energy and innovation. Third, they must expand their capacity to work collaboratively.
Employees with strong interpersonal skills are valued as team players who cope well with work-
place challenges. Finally, they must be able to balance analytical thinking with creative energy,
bringing a fuller perspective to solving complex problems. Friedman’s list of self-management
skills for the 21st century can be expanded to include (a) the capacity to cope with change and
tolerate ambiguity, (b) the ability to acquire and use occupational information effectively, (c) the
ability to adjust quickly to changing work demands, and (d) a working knowledge of technology.
Developing these capacities along with specific job content skills will enable workers to stay cur-
rent in the expanding global economy.
Before leaving our discussion of globalization, we should note that the phenomenon is not
strictly positive. Workers in manufacturing and some white-collar jobs have fewer opportunities
in nations where this work has been outsourced: Computer programmers, editors, engineers,
and accountants are some examples of the latter. Globalization has also led to the increased
exploitation of workers in developing countries. A United Nations (UN) report (2000) asserts
that globalization has increased inequality and discrimination, widening the gap between the
haves and have-nots. Safety standards are often ignored to produce goods less expensively. Also,
many developing countries lack child labor laws, and young workers often toil in inhumane con-
ditions. Companies build factories in countries without environmental regulations and discharge
6 Chapter 1    Introduction to Career Development Interventions

pollutants into soil and waterways. Also, globalization has sparked increased human trafficking.
Finally, the UN report notes that multinational companies have become increasingly influential
in local politics, influencing legislation and public policies that are friendly to business but not to
the people they employ.
Adding to the new problems are some old ones: discrimination and disparities in opportuni-
ties and income between men and women; workers from dominant and minority ethnic groups;
heterosexuals and members of sexual minorities; those who are able-bodied and those who are
physically challenged; those who have access to quality education and the doors it opens, and
those for whom those doors are closed; and so on. Such issues highlight the need for career prac-
titioners to advocate for social justice. In fact, we believe that the ability to advocate effectively for
social justice is utterly essential for career practitioners in the 21st century.
Among other things, advocating for social justice requires career development practitioners
to learn about legislation and public policies that support workers and provide career develop-
ment services (the Workforce Investment Act and Americans with Disabilities Act, to name two).
Relating to this, Friedman (2005) identifies the need for legislation that makes it easier for people
to switch jobs by connecting retirement benefits and health insurance less to their employers and
providing insurance that would help cover a possible drop in income. Friedman also believes we
should put more energy into inspiring young people to pursue careers in science, technology,
engineering, and math (STEM), as fewer of them are entering these fields. This provides implicit
support for inserting career development language into the next iteration of the Elementary and
Secondary Education Act, familiarly known as No Child Left Behind.
It follows that knowing how to shape public policy and legislation is an important skill for
career development practitioners: Acquainting legislators with the importance of career services
to their constituents, and reminding them of the benefits that accrue to the community, are pow-
erful actions that career practitioners can take. Being multiculturally sensitive and aware is also
an essential component of providing effective career interventions. The bottom line is that all
people at some point must cope with career development tasks to successfully manage their lives
and careers. We believe that all counselors, regardless of their work setting, must understand the
career development process and be skilled at providing career interventions.

The Meaning of Work Across Time

Understanding the career development process and being able to provide holistic, comprehen-
sive, and systematic career development interventions across a worker’s life span require prac-
titioners to appreciate the role that work plays in people’s lives. Substantial evidence indicates
that the meaning of work for people around the world is changing (e.g., Ardichvili & Kuchinke,
2009; Borchert & Landherr, 2009; Ferrar et al., 2009). Unfortunately, many shifts are not
positive for workers. Most workers in industrialized nations now enjoy the benefits of paid
vacation time (typically about three weeks per year) and paid parental leave. Currently, 134
countries have laws establishing a maximum length to the work week. The exception is the
United States. According to the International Labour Organization, Americans work 137 more
hours per year than Japanese workers, 260 more than British workers, and 499 more than
French workers. Currently, 85.8% of men and 66.5% of all women in the United States work
more than 40 hours per week. So it should come as no surprise that Americans report sharply
higher levels of work–­family conflict than do citizens of other industrialized nations. Fully
Chapter 1    Introduction to Career Development Interventions  7

90% of American mothers and 95% of American fathers report work–family conflict (Williams
& Boushey, 2010).
The centrality of work to American life may have lessened since the 19th century, when the
average citizen worked 70 hours per week, but current data indicate that work continues to
dominate the lives of many Americans. This makes sense because the work you choose deter-
mines the people with whom you will associate for a major portion of your daily life; it also
affects how much time off you will get and when you will get it, the sorts of continuing education
and training you will engage in, the type of supervision you will labor under, the degree of
autonomy you will experience, and the lifestyle you will enjoy. Thus, one of the first questions
we ask a new acquaintance is, “What do you do?” Although people might respond by describing
a variety of activities, they seldom do: There is an implicit, if not explicit, understanding that the
query relates to what you do for a living. Such interactions reinforce the contention that occupa-
tion is one of the principal determinants in industrial society of social status (Super, 1976). They
also support Sigmund Freud’s statement that “work is the individual’s link to reality.” For better
or worse, our choice of work colors the perceptual lens through which others view us and
through which we view ourselves; we make different assumptions about people who say they are
neurosurgeons compared to those who say they work at fast-food restaurants. In many countries,
an occupational title tends to be used, correctly or incorrectly, to identify a person more than
does any other single characteristic. It is important to note, however, that in some contexts and
at different periods of history, one’s choice of work was not as closely connected to one’s identity
as it is today; then, your surname or residence provided a primary means for self-identification.
How is it that work has become a core component of our identity? In primitive societies,
work was taken for granted. You worked to survive. In classical societies, work was viewed as a
curse insofar as it involved manual rather than intellectual labor. (It is interesting to note that the
Greek word for work has the same root as the word for sorrow.) The early Christians viewed work
as providing an opportunity to help those less fortunate by sharing the fruits of their labors. The
notion that “idleness is akin to sinfulness” also emerged from early Christianity and was main-
tained throughout the Middle Ages, with the growing idea that work was appropriate for all
people as a means of spiritual purification.
The Reformation brought little change to this attitude except for the influence of Martin
Luther and John Calvin. Luther viewed work as a way to serve God: All work had equal spiritual
value as long as you did it to the best of your ability. The meaning of work shifted dramatically in
the theological perspective espoused by John Calvin and his followers. Calvin built on earlier
traditions that viewed work as the will of God by adding the idea that the results of work—­
profits, for example—should be used to finance more ventures for more profit and, in turn, for
more investment. In addition, Calvin’s doctrine of predestination—that your fate after life is
predetermined by God, not determined by you during your time on Earth—led his followers to
search for visible signs in this life that they were predestined for eternal bliss in the next one.
Success in work came to be viewed as a manifestation that one was predestined for eternal life.
This evolved into the notion that one was obligated to God to achieve the most exalted and
rewarding occupation; hence, striving for upward mobility became morally justified. This coin-
cided with the belief that God rewards those who devote time and effort to work; thus was born
the attitude known as the Protestant work ethic. The value attached to hard work, the need for all
persons to work, and the justification of profit emerging from Calvinism would eventually form
the basis of modern capitalism and industrialism. The values associated with the Protestant work
ethic also served as the foundation of the 19th-century view of work labeled by Savickas (1993)
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Introduction to Sally
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Title: Introduction to Sally

Author: Elizabeth Von Arnim

Release date: February 17, 2024 [eBook #72979]

Language: English

Original publication: London: Macmillan and Co., Limited, 1926

Credits: Chuck Greif and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team

at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK

INTRODUCTION TO SALLY ***
 INTRODUCTION
TO SALLY

Chapter I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIII,
XIV, XV, XVI.
Transcriber's note.

MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited

LONDON · BOMBAY · CALCUTTA · MADRAS
MELBOURNE

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

NEW YORK · BOSTON · CHICAGO
DALLAS · SAN FRANCISCO

THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, Ltd.

TORONTO

INTRODUCTION
TO SALLY
BY THE AUTHOR OF
“ELIZABETH AND HER GERMAN GARDEN”

MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED

ST. MARTIN’S STREET, LONDON
1926
 COPYRIGHT

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN

BY R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, EDINBURGH
 I

§
Mr. Pinner was a God-fearing man, who was afraid of everything except
respectability. He married Mrs. Pinner when they were both twenty, and by
the time they were both thirty if he had had to do it again he wouldn’t have.
For Mrs. Pinner had several drawbacks. One was, she quarrelled; and Mr.
Pinner, who prized peace, was obliged to quarrel too. Another was, she
appeared to be unable to have children; and Mr. Pinner, who was fond of
children, accordingly couldn’t have them either. And another, which while it
lasted was in some ways the worst, was that she was excessively pretty.
This was most awkward in a shop. It continually put Mr. Pinner in false
positions. And it seemed to go on so long. There seemed to be no end to the
years of Mrs. Pinner’s prettiness. They did end, however; and when she was
about thirty-five, worn out by her own unquiet spirit and the work of
helping Mr. Pinner in the shop, as well as keeping house for him, which
included doing everything single-handed, by God’s mercy she at last began
to fade.
Mr. Pinner was pleased. For though her behaviour had been beyond
criticism, and she had invariably, by a system of bridling and head-tossing,
kept off familiarity on the part of male customers, still those customers had
undoubtedly been more numerous than the others, and Mr. Pinner hadn’t
liked it. It was highly unnatural, he knew, for gentlemen on their way home
from their offices to wish to buy rice, for instance, when it had been bought
earlier in the day by their wives or mothers. There was something
underhand about it; and he, who being timid was also honest, found himself
not able to be happy if there were a shadow of doubt in his mind as to the
honourableness of any of his transactions. He never got used to these
purchases, and was glad when the gradual disappearance of his wife’s
beauty caused the gradual disappearance of the customers who made them.
Money, it was true, was lost, but he preferred to lose it than to make it by
means that verged in his opinion on shady.
As Mrs. Pinner faded and custom dropped off, he and she had more time
on their hands, and went to bed earlier; for Mrs. Pinner, who had an untiring
tongue when she was awake, and inveigled her husband into many quarrels,
was obliged to leave off talking when she was asleep, and he, pretending it
was because of the gas bills, got her to go to bed earlier and earlier. Besides,
he wished more heartily than ever that she might have a child, if only to
take her attention off him. But he longed for a child himself as well, for he
was affectionate without passion, and it was his secret opinion—all his
opinions were secret, because if he let them out Mrs. Pinner quarrelled—
that such men are born good fathers. Something, however, had to be born
besides themselves before they could show their capabilities, and Mrs.
Pinner, who was passionate without affection, which in Mr. Pinner’s
opinion was rather shocking, for she sometimes quite frightened him in bed,
and he was sure it wasn’t at all respectable for a wife to do that, especially
as next day she didn’t seem to like him any better than before, hadn’t been
able to produce what was needed.
Certain it was that he couldn’t become a father without her. In this one
thing he depended utterly on her; for though she believed she ruled him
through and through, in every other matter at the back of his soul Mr.
Pinner always secretly managed very well for himself. But here he was
helpless. If she didn’t, he couldn’t. Nothing doing at all without Mrs.
Pinner.
Therefore, as a first step, every evening at nine o’clock, instead of at
eleven or twelve as had been their habit in the busy, tiring years, after a day
of only too much leisure they went to bed. There they tossed, because of its
being so early; or, rather, Mrs. Pinner tossed, while he lay quiet, such being
his nature. And whether it was these regular hours, or whether it was God,
who favours families, at last taking pity on the Pinners, just as Mr. Pinner
was coming to the conclusion that he had best perhaps now let well alone,
for he and his wife were drawing near forty, Mrs. Pinner inexplicably began
to do that which she ought to have done twenty years earlier, and proceeded
to go through those bodily changes, one after the other and all strictly
according to precedent, which were bound to end, though for many months
Mr. Pinner didn’t believe it, in either a boy or a girl; or perhaps—this was
his secret longing—in both.
They ended in one girl.
‘I’m blest,’ said Mr. Pinner to himself, seeing his wife’s complete,
impassioned absorption, ‘if that kid ain’t goin’ to be my salvation.’
 And he wanted to have it christened Salvation, but Mrs. Pinner objected,
because it wasn’t a girl’s name at all, she said; and, as she had no heart just
then for quarrelling, they compromised on Salvatia.

§
Thus was Salvatia projected into the world, who afterwards became
Sally. Her parents struggled against her being called Sally, because they
thought it common. Their struggles, however, were vain. People were
unteachable. And the child herself, from the moment she could talk,
persisted in saying she was Sally.
She grew up so amazingly pretty that it soon became the Pinners’ chief
concern how best to hide her. Such beauty, which began by being their
pride, quickly became their anxiety. By the time Sally was twelve they were
always hiding her. She was quite easy to hide, for she went meekly where
she was told and stayed there, having not only inherited her father’s mild
goodness, but also, partly from him and more from some unknown forbear,
for she had much more of it than Mr. Pinner at his most obliging, a great
desire to give satisfaction and do what was asked of her. She had none of
that artfulness of the weak that was so marked a feature of Mr. Pinner. She
never was different at the back of her mind from what she was on the
surface of her behaviour. Life hadn’t yet forced her, as it had forced Mr.
Pinner, to be secretive; it hadn’t had time. Besides, said Mr. Pinner to
himself, she wasn’t married.
From her mother she had inherited nothing but her looks; translating,
however, the darkness into fairness, and the prettiness into beauty,—beauty
authentic, indisputable, apparent to the most unobservant. Mr. Pinner was
divided between pride and fear. Mrs. Pinner concentrated entirely on her
child, and was the best of prudent mothers. There, in their back parlour,
they kept this secret treasure, and, like other treasures, its possession
produced anxiety as well as joy. Till she was about twelve she did as other
children, and went off to school by herself every day, illuminating Islington,
as she passed along its streets, like a flame. Then the Pinners got a fright:
she was followed. Not once or twice, but several times; and came home one
day happy, her hands full of chocolates she said a gentleman had given her.
The Pinners began to hide her. Mrs. Pinner took her to school and
fetched her away again every day, and in between hid her in the back
parlour. Mr. Pinner did Mrs. Pinner’s work as well as his own while she was
gone, and just managed to because his wife was fleet of foot and ran most
of the way; otherwise it would have broken his back, for he wasn’t able to
afford to keep an assistant, and had little staying power. At night, when the
dear object of their love and fear was asleep, they earnestly in bed discussed
what was best to be done so as to secure to her the greatest happiness
together with the greatest safety. Their common care and love had
harmonised them. In the child they were completely at one. No longer did
Mrs. Pinner rail, and Mr. Pinner, after a time, be obliged to answer back; no
longer was he forced, contrary to his nature, into quarrels. Peace prevailed,
and the affection that comes from a common absorbing interest.
‘It’s all that there Sally,’ said Mr. Pinner, content at last in his married
life, and unable—for he had few words—to put what he felt more
glowingly.

§
But when Sally was sixteen Mrs. Pinner died; died in a few days, of a
cold no worse than dozens of colds she had caught in her life and hadn’t
died of.
Mr. Pinner was left with no one to help him, either in his shop or with
Sally. It was an immense misfortune. He didn’t know which way to turn. He
lived within the narrowest margin of safety, for in Islington there were
many grocers, and he was one of the very smallest, never having had any
ambition beyond the ambition for peace and enough to eat.
It was impossible for him to run the shop without help, and without the
shop he and Sally would starve, so there was nothing for it but to let her
take her mother’s place; and within a week his custom was doubled, and
went on doubling and doubling till the local supply of males was exhausted.
It was a repetition of twenty years earlier, only much worse. Mr. Pinner
was most unhappy. Sally couldn’t help smiling back when anybody smiled
at her,—it was her nature; and as everybody, the minute they saw her, did
smile, she was in a continual condition of radiance, and the shop seemed
full of light. Mr. Pinner was distracted. He hired an assistant, having made
money, announced that his daughter had gone away to boarding-school, and
hid her in the back parlour. The custom dropped off, and the assistant had to
go. Out came Sally again, and back came the custom. What a situation,
thought Mr. Pinner, irritable and perspiring. He was worn out keeping his
eye on Sally, and weighing out coffee and bacon at the same time. His
responsibilities crushed him. The only solution of his difficulties would be
to get the girl married to some steady fellow able to take care of her. There
seemed to him to be no steady fellows in the crowd in his shop, except the
ones who were already married, and they couldn’t really be steady or they
wouldn’t be there. How could a married man be called steady who eagerly
waited for Sally to sell him groceries he would only afterwards have to
conceal from his wife? While as for the rest, they were a weedy lot of
overworked and underpaid young clerks who couldn’t possibly afford to
marry. Sally smiled at them all. She had none of the bridling, of the keep-
off-the-grass-if-you-please, of her mother.
‘For mercy’s sake,’ Mr. Pinner would hiss in her ear, tugging her elbow
as he hurried past, ‘don’t go keepin’ on makin’ pleasant faces at ’em like
that.’
But what faces was she to make, then? All Sally’s faces were pleasant
from the point of view of the beholder, whatever sort she made; and if she,
by a great effort, and contrary to her nature, frowned at anybody, as likely
as not she would be gaped at harder than ever, and asked if she wouldn’t
mind doing that again.
Mr. Pinner was distracted. Even the clergy came to his shop,—came with
breezy tales of being henpecked, and driven out by tyrant wives to purchase
currants; and even the doctor came,—old enough surely, Mr. Pinner
thought, to be ashamed of himself, running after a girl he had himself
brought into the world, and pretending that what he was after was biscuits.
What he was after was, very plainly, not biscuits, nor were the clergy
after currants. One and all were after Sally. And it horrified Mr. Pinner, who
took round the plate on Sundays, that a child of his, so good and modest,
should be the innocent cause of producing in the hearts of her fellow-
creatures a desire to sin. That they desired to sin was only too evident to Mr.
Pinner, driven by fear to the basest suspicions. These married gentlemen—
what could it be but sin they had in their minds? They wished to sin with
Sally, to sin the sin of sins; with his Sally, his spotless lamb, a child of God,
an inheritor of the kingdom of heaven.
For a year Mr. Pinner endured it, struggling with his responsibilities and
his black suspicions. The milk of his natural kindliness and respect for his
betters went sour. He grew to hate the gentry. His face took on a twist of
fear that became permanent. The other grocers were furious with him,
accusing him among themselves of using his daughter as a decoy; and
unable to bear this, for it of course got round to him, and worn out by the
constant dread lest worse were yet to come, and some fine day a young
whipper-snapper of a lord should be going for a walk in Islington and
chance to stroll into his shop and see Sally, and then good-bye to virtue—
for was any girl good enough and modest enough to stand out against the
onslaughts of a lord? Mr. Pinner asked himself, who had never consciously
come across any lords, and therefore was apt to think of them highly—Mr.
Pinner determined to move.
He moved. After several Sundays given up to fruitless and ill-organised
excursions into other suburbs, he heard by chance of a village buried far
away in what seemed to him, whose England consisted of Hampstead
Heath, Hampton Court, and, once, Southend, a savage and uninhabited
district in Cambridgeshire, where the man who kept its one shop was weary
of solitude, and wanted to come nearer London. What could be nearer
London than London itself? Mr. Pinner hurried to Woodles, leaving Sally
under the strictest vows not to put her terribly complicating nose out of
doors.
He thought he had never seen such a place. Used to streets and crowds,
he couldn’t have believed there were spots in the world so empty. It was
raining, and there wasn’t a soul about. A few cottages, the shop, a church
and vicarage, and a sad wet pig grunting along a ditch,—that was all. Three
miles from a branch-line station, embedded in a network of muddy lanes,
and the Vicar—Mr. Pinner inquired—seventy-eight with no sons, Woodles
was surely the ideal place for him and Sally. Over a bottle of ginger beer he
made friends with the shopkeeper, and arranged that he should come up to
Islington with a view to exchanging. He came; and the exchange, after
some regrettable incidents in connection with Sally which very nearly upset
the whole thing, was made, and by Christmas Islington knew the Pinners no
more.

§
All went well at Woodles for the first few weeks. It was a hamlet, Mr.
Pinner rejoiced to discover, lived in practically exclusively by ladies. These
ladies, attracted to it by the tumbledownness of its cottages, which made it
both picturesque and cheap, had either never had husbands or had lost them,
and accordingly, as so often happens in such circumstances, were poor.
Well, Mr. Pinner didn’t mind that. He only wanted to live. He had no desire
to make more than was just necessary to feed Sally. More merely meant
responsibility and bother, and of those he had as much as he could do with
because of Sally. He settled down, very content and safe among his widow
and virgin customers, and spent a thankful Christmas, entering with hope
into the New Year.
Then, one day towards the end of January, two young men rent the peace
of the sunny afternoon with the unpleasant noise motor-bicycles, rushing at
high speed, appear, Mr. Pinner thought, kindly even towards these, not to be
able to help making, and a lady customer who chanced to be in the shop
remarked, ‘It has begun.’
Mr. Pinner inquired politely what had begun, and the lady said term had,
and Mr. Pinner, who didn’t know what she meant but was unwilling to show
his ignorance, said, ‘And high time too.’
After that, hardly an afternoon went by without young men hurrying
through Woodles. Sometimes they were on motor-bicycles, sometimes they
were on horses, sometimes they were in cars, but always they hurried.
Where did they all come from? Mr. Pinner was astonished, and wondered
uneasily whether Sally were not somehow at the bottom of it. But she
couldn’t have been, for they never so much as glanced at the shop window,
from behind whose jars of bulls’-eyes and mounds of toffee he and Sally
secretly observed them.
Then, gradually, he became aware of Cambridge. He hadn’t given it a
thought when he came to Woodles. It was ten miles away—a place, he
knew, where toffs were taught, but a place ten miles away hadn’t worried
him. There he had changed, on that first visit, for the branch-line that took
him within three miles of Woodles, and the village, asleep beneath its
blanket of rain, had been entirely deserted, the last word in dank and misty
isolation. And when he moved in, it was still asleep—asleep, this time, in
the silence of the Christmas vacation, and only faintly stirred every now and
again by the feeble movements of unmated ladies. It was so much out of the
way that if it hadn’t been for Cambridge it would have slept for ever. But
young men are restless and get everywhere. Bursting with energy, they
rushed through Woodles as they rushed through all places within rushable
distance. But they rushed, they didn’t stop; and Mr. Pinner consoled himself
with that, and also with the knowledge he presently acquired that it was
only for a few months—weeks, one might almost say, in the year, that this
happened.
He bade Sally keep indoors during the afternoon hours, and hoped for
the best.

§
Then, on a gusty afternoon in early March, when the mud in the lanes
had turned to dust and was tearing in clouds down the street, the door
opened violently, because of the wind, and a young man was blown in, and
had to use all his strength to get the door shut again.
No sound of a motor had preceded him; he appeared just as one of the
ladies might have appeared; and Sally was in the shop.
She was on some steps, rummaging aloft among the tins of Huntley and
Palmer, and he didn’t immediately see her, and addressed himself to Mr.
Pinner.
‘Have you any petrol?’ he asked.
‘No, sir,’ said Mr. Pinner quickly, hoping he would go away at once
without noticing Sally. ‘We don’t keep it.’
‘Do you know where I can——’
The young man broke off, and stood staring upwards. ‘Christ’—he
whispered under his breath, ‘Christ——’
‘Now, now,’ said Mr. Pinner with extreme irritability, only too well
aware of what had happened, and in his fear slapping his knuckly little hand
on the counter, ‘no blasphemy ’ere, sir, if you please——’
But he needn’t have been so angry and frightened, for this, if he had only
known it, was his future son-in-law; the person who was to solve all his
problems by taking over the responsibility of Sally. In a word it was, as Mr.
Pinner ever afterwards described him, Mr. Luke.
 II

§
At the date when he went into the shop at Woodles in search of petrol,
young Luke, whose Christian name was Jocelyn, was a youth of parts, with
an inventive and inquiring brain, and a thirst some of his friends at Ananias
were unable to account for after knowledge. His bent was scientific; his
tastes were chemical. He wished to weigh and compare, to experiment and
prove. For this a quiet, undisturbed life was necessary, in which day after
day he could work steadily and without interruption. What he had hoped for
was to get a fellowship at Ananias. Instead, he got Sally.
It was clear to Jocelyn, considering his case later, that the matter with
him at this time was youth. Nature had her eye on him. However much he
wished to use his brains, and devote himself to the pursuit of scientific
truth, she wished to use the rest of him, and she did. He had been proof
against every other temptation she had plied him with, but he wasn’t proof
against Sally; and all the things he had thought, and hoped, and been
interested in up to then, seemed, directly he saw Sally, dross. A fever of
desire to secure this marvel before any one else discovered her sent him
almost out of his mind. He was scorched by passion, racked by fear. He
knew he was no good at all from the marriage point of view, for he had no
money hardly, and was certain he would be refused, and then—what then?
He need not have been afraid. At the word marriage Mr. Pinner, who had
been snarling at him on his visits like an old dog who has been hurt and
suspects everybody, nearly fell on his neck. Sally was in the back parlour.
He had sent her there at once every time young Luke appeared in the shop,
and then faced the young man defiantly, leaning with both hands on the
counter, looking up at him with all his weak little bristles on end, and
inquiring of him angrily, ‘Now what can I do for you to-day, sir?’
At the end of a week of this, Jocelyn, wild with fear lest the other
inhabitants of the colleges of Cambridge, so perilously close for cars and
bicycles, should discover and carry the girl off before he did, proposed
through Mr. Pinner.
 ‘I want to marry your daughter,’ he stammered, his tongue dry, his eyes
burning. ‘I must see her. I must talk—just to find out if she thinks she
wouldn’t mind. It’s absurd, simply absurd, never to let me say a word to her
——’
And Mr. Pinner, instead of pushing him out of the shop as Jocelyn,
knowing his own poverty, expected, nearly fell on his neck.
‘Marry her? You did say marry, didn’t you, sir?’ he said in a trembling
voice, flushing right up to his worried, kind blue eyes.
He could scarcely believe that he heard right. This young gentleman—a
car, and all—nothing against him as far as he could see, and he hoped he
could see as far as most people, except his youth.... But if he hadn’t been so
young he mightn’t so badly have wanted to marry Sally, Mr. Pinner told
himself, his eyes, now full of respect and awe, on the eager face of the
suitor, for from experience he knew that everybody had wanted to do
something badly with Sally, but it had hardly ever been marriage.
‘If your intentions is honourable——’ began Mr. Pinner.
‘Honourable! Good God. As though——’
‘Now, now, sir,’ interrupted Mr. Pinner gently, holding up a deprecating
hand, ‘no need to get swearing. No need at all.’
‘No, no—of course not. I beg your pardon. But I must see her—I must
be able to talk to her——’
‘Exactly, sir. Step inside,’ said Mr. Pinner, opening the door to the back
room.

§
There sat Sally, mending in the lamplight.
‘We got a visitor,’ said Mr. Pinner, excited and proud. ‘But I’m blest,
sir,’ he added, turning to Jocelyn, ‘if I knows what to call you.’
‘Luke—Jocelyn Luke,’ murmured the young man as one in a dream, his
eyes on Sally.
‘Mr. Luke,’ introduced Mr. Pinner, pleased, for the name smacked
agreeably of evangelists. ‘And Salvatia is ’er name, ain’t it, Salvatia? ’Er
baptismal name, any’ow,’ he added, because of the way Sally was looking
at him. ‘Sometimes people calls ’er Sally, but there ain’t no need to, Mr.
Luke—there ain’t no need to at all, sir. Get another cup, will you, Salvatia?
—and let’s ’ave our tea.’
And while she was getting the cup out of some back scullery place,
wondering at suddenly becoming Salvatia, her father whispered to the
suitor, ‘You go a’ead, sir, when she come back, and don’t mind me.’
Jocelyn didn’t mind him, for he forgot him the instant Sally reappeared,
but he couldn’t go ahead. He sat dumb, gaping. The girl was too exquisite.
She was beauty itself. From the top of her little head, with its flame-
coloured hair and broad low brow and misty eyes like brown amber, down
along the slender lines of her delicate body to where her small feet were
thrust into shabby shoes, she was, surely, perfect. He could see no flaw. She
seemed to light up the room. It was like, thought young Luke, for the first
time in the presence of real beauty, suddenly being shown God. He wanted
to cry. His mouth, usually so firmly shut, quivered. He sat dumb. So that it
was Mr. Pinner who did what talking there was, for Sally, of the class
whose womenfolk do not talk when the father brings in a friend to tea, said
nothing.
Her part was to pour out the tea; and this she did gravely, her eyelashes,
which just to see was to long to kiss, lying duskily on her serious face. She
was serious because the visitor hadn’t yet smiled at her, so she hadn’t been
able to smile back, and Jocelyn accordingly didn’t yet know about her
smile; and Mr. Pinner, flushed with excitement, afraid it couldn’t be really
true, sure at the same time that it was, entertained the suitor as best he
could, making little jokes intended to put him at his ease and encourage him
to go ahead, while at the same time trying to convey to Sally, by frowns and
nods, that if she chose to make pleasant faces at this particular young
gentleman she had his permission to do so.
The suitor, however, remained silent, and Sally obtuse. Her father had
never behaved like this before, and she had no idea what it was all about. It
was hard work for one, like Mr. Pinner, unaccustomed to social situations
requiring tact and experience, and he perspired. He was relieved when his
daughter cleared away the tea and went off with it into the scullery to wash
up, leaving him alone with his young guest, who sat, his head sunk on his
breast, following the girl with his eyes till the door was shut on her. Then,
turning to her father, his thin face working with agitation, he began to pour
out the whole tale of his terrible unworthiness and undesirability.
 ‘ ’Ere,’ said Mr. Pinner, pushing a tin of the best tobacco he stocked
towards his upset visitor, ‘light up, won’t you, sir?’
The young man took no notice of the tobacco, and Mr. Pinner, listening
attentively to all he was pouring out, couldn’t for the life of him see where
the undesirability and unworthiness came in.
‘She’s a good girl,’ said Mr. Pinner, not filling his pipe either, from
politeness, ‘as good a girl as ever trod this earth. And what I always say is
that no good man is unworthy of the goodest girl. That’s right, ain’t it? Got
to be good, of course. Beg pardon, sir, but might I ask—’ he sank his voice
to a whisper, glancing at the scullery door—‘if you’re a good man, sir? I
should say, gentleman. It’s a ticklish question to ’ave to ask, I know, sir, but
’er mother would ’ave wished——’
‘I don’t drink, I don’t bet, and I’m not tangled up with any woman,’ said
Jocelyn. ‘I suppose that’s what you mean?’
‘Then where’s all this ’ere undesirable come in?’ inquired Mr. Pinner,
puzzled.
‘I’m poor,’ said the suitor briefly.
‘Poor. That’s bad,’ agreed Mr. Pinner, shaking his head and screwing up
his mouth. He knew all about being poor. He had had, first and last, his
bellyful of that.
And yet on being questioned, as Mr. Pinner felt bound in duty to
question, it turned out that the young gentleman was very well off indeed.
He had £500 a year certain, whatever he did or didn’t do, and to Mr. Pinner,
used to counting in pennies, this not only seemed enough to keep a wife and
family in comfort, but also in style.

§
Sally came back, and Mr. Pinner, inspired, lifted a finger, said ‘ ’Ark,’
gave them to understand he heard a customer, without actually saying he
did, which would have been a lie, and went away into the shop.
Sally stood there, feeling awkward. Jocelyn had got up directly she came
in, and she supposed he was going to wish her a good evening and go; but
he didn’t. She therefore stood first on one foot and then on the other, and
felt awkward.
 ‘Won’t you,’ Jocelyn breathed, stretching out a hand of trembling
entreaty, for he was afraid she might disappear again, ‘won’t you sit down?’
‘Well,’ said Sally shyly, ‘I don’t mind if I do——’ And for the first time
Jocelyn heard the phrase he was later on to hear so often, uttered in the
accent he was to try so hard to purify.
She sat down on the edge of the chair at the other side of the table. She
wasn’t accustomed to sitting idle and didn’t know what to do with her
hands, but she was sure it wouldn’t be manners to go on mending socks
while a gentleman was in the room.
Jocelyn sat down too, the table between them, the light from the oil lamp
hanging from the ceiling beating down on Sally’s head.
‘And Beauty was made flesh, and dwelt among us,’ he murmured, his
eyes burning.
‘Pardon?’ said Sally, polite, but wishing her father would come back.
‘You lovely thing—you lovely, lovely thing,’ whispered Jocelyn
hoarsely, his eyes like coals of fire.
At this Sally became thoroughly uneasy, and looked at him in real alarm.
‘Don’t be frightened. Your father knows. He says I may——’
‘Father?’ she repeated, much surprised.
‘Yes, yes—I asked him. He says I may. He says I may—may talk to you,
make friends with you. That is,’ stammered Jocelyn, overcome by her
loveliness, ‘if you’ll let me—oh, if you’ll let me....’
Sally was astonished at her father. ‘Well I never did,’ she murmured
courteously. ‘Fancy father.’
‘Why? Why? Don’t you want to? Won’t you—don’t you want to?’
‘Wouldn’t say that,’ said Sally, shifting in her chair, and struggling to
find the polite words. ‘Wouldn’t exactly say as ’ow I don’t want to.’
‘Then you—you’ll let me take you out? You’ll let me take you
somewhere to tea? You’ll let me fetch you in the car—you’ll let me, won’t
you? To-morrow?’ asked Jocelyn, leaning further across the table, his arms
stretched along it towards her, reaching out to her in entreaty.
‘Father——’
‘But he says I may. It’s with his permission——’
 ‘Tea too?’ asked Sally, more and more astonished. ‘It ain’t much like
’im,’ she said, full of doubts.
Whereupon Jocelyn got up impetuously, and came round to her with the
intention of flinging himself at her feet, and on his knees beseeching her to
come out with him—he who in his life had never been on his knees to
anybody.
‘Oh, Salvatia!’ he cried, coming round to her, holding out both his
hands.
She hastily pushed back her chair and slipped out of it beyond his reach,
sure this wasn’t proper. No gentleman had a right to call a girl by her
Christian name without permission asked and granted; on that point she was
quite clear. Salvatia, indeed. The gentle creature couldn’t but be affronted
and hurt by this.
‘ ’Oo you gettin’ at, sir?’ she inquired, as in duty bound when faced by
familiarity.
‘You—you!’ gasped Jocelyn, following her into the corner she had
withdrawn into, and falling at her feet.

§
Mr. Pinner was of opinion that the sooner they were married the better.
There was that in Mr. Luke’s eye, he told himself, which could only be got
rid of by marriage; nothing but the Church could make the sentiments the
young gentleman appeared to entertain for Sally right ones.
Whipt by fear, he hurried things on as eagerly as Jocelyn himself.
Suppose something happened before there was time to get them married,
and Mr. Luke, as he understood easily occurred with gentlemen in such
circumstances, cooled off? He didn’t leave them a moment alone together
after that first outing in the car when Jocelyn asked Sally to marry him, and
she, obedient and wishful of pleasing everybody, besides having been
talked to by her father the night before and told she had his full consent and
blessing, and that it was her duty anyhow, heaven having sent Mr. Luke on
purpose, had remarked amiably that she didn’t mind if she did.
After this, Mr. Pinner’s one aim was to keep them from being by
themselves till they were safely man and wife. He lived in a fever of
watchfulness. He was obsessed by terror on behalf of Sally’s virginity. His