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Bs Concrete Design Guide
Bs Concrete Design Guide
Bs Concrete Design Guide
Or
2. Bar size(whichever is greater)
Number of bars
Max bars per layer for beams = (beam width – 2 x cover – 2 x link diameter)/(2 x bar diameter)
Size of bars
Shear Links
Shear links should be spaced no more than 0.75d. No longitudinal bars should be spaced more
than 150mm or d from a vertical leg. Shear links should follow the following requirements:
Bar diameter (mm) 16 20 25 32 40
Max spacing (mm) 192 240 300 384 480
Min link diameter (mm) 6 6 8 8 10
The shear center should be coinciding with the point of where the resultant of overturning forces
is.
We will always design columns and other compression members where their vertical loads act
concentrically to the neutral axis of the structural members. In these situations, these structural
members are axially loaded by direct compressive stresses.
Concrete columns are structural members that help structural durability and resist and supports
vertical loads. To distinguish concrete columns from concrete piers and walls, the bigger cross-
section dimension should not be larger than four times its smaller dimension.
In practical applications, vertical loads act eccentrically to the neutral axis of the structural
member. Therefore, in actual practice, both the compressive stresses that act concentrically to the
neutral axis of the structural member AND the bending stresses induced by the compressive
stresses that act eccentrically to the neutral axis of the structural member need to be accounted
for in the structural design.
We will only focus on compressive stresses that act concentrically to the neutral axis in
scheme designs.
Concrete columns are considered to be braced when the overall structure is designed to resist
lateral loads. Braced columns are columns in a stability system with shear or core walls.
Unbraced columns are columns in a system where the only structural elements supporting the
overall stability of the structure are the columns.
Columns are short if slenderness is less than 15 for braced columns or 10 for unbraced columns.
Short columns - Crushing failure is caused by direct compression stresses
Slender columns - Lateral buckling and crushing failure are caused by direct compression
stresses and bending stresses caused by eccentric compression stresses. The amount of
failure depends on the end fixity conditions and the slenderness ratio, which is effective
length divided by radius of gyration.
5. Determine the total loads acting on the column by using the equation below
Total Load, N = (LL + DL) x ULS Factor x # of Floors x Tributary Load Area x
Elastic Shear Factor
where LL = Live Load
DL = Dead Load
ULS Factor = 1.6 (for conservative purposes)
Elastic Shear Factor = 1.25
6. Determine the percentage of reinforcement the column should have and the X value. For
example, if 3% reinforcement was chosen, we would use N/21.
Ac_req = N/X
where X is value given in table above
8. Determine the dimensions of the concrete column that has dimensions, b and h,
which would give Ac_prov = b x h > Ac_req
To estimate the applied moment on the columns, it is suggested to multiply the axial load from
the floor above the column by:
25 – interior columns
5 – edge columns
2 – corner columns
Detail Design
le = β x l
where l = full length
β = Values from table below
End condition 1 = column end is fully restrained by moment connection
End condition 2 = column end is partially restrained by monolithic connection
End condition 3= column end is simply supported
Sufficient steel reinforcement content and reinforcement placement help to resist cracking in the
concrete column. Additional reinforcement should be used, such as binders, vertical links, or ties.
These additional reinforcement resist lateral buckling induced by compressive stresses of main
reinforcement. A tie should be placed for every corner bar. The distance from one reinforcement
bar to another should be no less than 150mm.
Reinforcement near the concrete surface are more effective at resisting bending moment forces
than reinforcement placed at the centre of the column.
Equation for a short and braced column which supports roughly symmetrical arrangement of
beams and where these beam properties and sizes do not differ by more than 15% is shown
below.
Note: The design moment for slender columns includes an additional moment induced by
eccentricity of the geometry section.
4. Find a suitable number of reinforcement bars and the size of the reinforcement bars,
______ T ______
The applied loads include direct compression forces, as well as, compressive and tensile stresses
that are caused by sagging bending moments to the beam. The induced compressive stresses are
located in the material fibres above the neutral axis of the member and the induced tensile
stresses are located below the neutral axis.
4. Find span/depth ratio, L/d and make sure that L/d is less than 20
Detail Design
1. Find w
w = 1.4DL + 1.6LL
The design ultimate moment M should be designed greater than the ultimate bending moment.
*Also applicable to flanged beams when the neutral axis of the beam lies within the flange
Shear reinforcement
Shear reinforcement should be designed for ULS and should be provided in the form of vertical
links or bent-up bars. Shear forces are transferred to the vertical links that act with diagonal
concrete struts in compression. Therefore, in beams, the links will act in tension and the concrete
in compression.
Shear reinforcement are required to resist the following failure mode caused by shear:
Inclined tensile cracks on beam
Inclined tensile stress failure caused by shear
c. If vc +vr < v < 0.8√fcu or v = 7 N/mm², links or links with bent-up bars should be provided.
Links should not be more than 50% of shear resistance.
o These slabs can achieve the same structural strength than solid slabs with less
concrete required. Ribbed slabs can be series of in-situ concrete ribs that are cast
monolithically with voids caused by removable formers. Ribbed slabs can also be
a hollow slabs with permanent void formers.
Flat slabs
o These slabs with flat soffits do not require the support of beams. Drops are often
used to form a thick stiffening part between the columns and the slab.
Waffle slabs
o These slabs are solid and flat with void formers in the soffits. There are series of
1m wide concrete beams that can be designed for moment bending.
No slabs should be less than 125 mm thick due to fire resistance requirements.
Two way spanning slabs can be 90% of thickness of one way spanning slabs
1. Find w
w = 1.4DL + 1.6LL
Find K and z
Find percentage of reinforcement in concrete area (Ast/bd = %)
Reinforcement bars should be designed to fulfill the minimum area capacity and should be
constructed in both directions in the slab. Steel reinforcements help to resist cracking and to
distribute concentrated loads throughout the slab.
The maximum amount of reinforcement in concrete members (beams, columns, or slabs) should
not exceed 4%.
4. Find the number of reinforcement bars and the size of the reinforcement bars, ____ T
______.
5. Find Asprov.
Refer to here for rules for each constant in the concrete shear stress equation below.
Minimum steel required = 0.13%
Punching shear forces (shear forces around the perimeter of columns) are usually the critical
design case for flat slab foundations. Effective shear is the shear force that takes moment forces
caused between the slab and the column and the shear force over the area supported by the
column.
Effective shears
o Internal columns -> Veff = 1.15V
Shear forces should be checked at certain perimeters of slab enveloping the column.
Shear forces should be checked starting at the first perimeter of 1.5d around the column
face. Then, shear forces should be checked subsequently at perimeters of 0.75d intervals.