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obligation to infidels have concurred to establish and confirm the
popular opinion. To this end the Church has always lent its powerful,
often omnipotent, aid. Yet, in spite of systematic suppression of facts
and long-continued misrepresentations, it cannot now be denied that
no race effected so much for all that concerns the practical welfare of
mankind as the Spanish Mohammedans; that no race of kings has
deserved so large a measure of fame as that which traced its lineage
to Abd-al-Rahman I.
Such was the civilization which the Spanish and Sicilian Arabs
bequeathed to Europe. Their conquests and their influence, their
progress in the arts of peace, their industrial and economical
inventions, the precocity of their mental development, the
perpetuation of their advanced ideas under the most discouraging
conditions which can be conceived, present an example without
parallel in the history of nations. Their origin had nothing in common
with that of any European people. Their religion was avowedly
inimical to the one which was professed from the Mediterranean
coast to the verge of the Arctic Circle. Their political and domestic
institutions were abhorrent to the feelings of their neighbors, their
allies, their enemies. From the hour when Tarik landed at Gibraltar to
that when Boabdil surrendered the keys of the Alhambra was a
period of constant and relentless hostility. Such circumstances as
these are not ordinarily propitious to the material or intellectual
advancement of mankind.
In the face of such formidable obstacles a mighty empire was
founded. The very causes which seemed liable to seriously affect its
integrity and permanence in reality increased its strength. Its military
power became a standing menace to every state of Christendom. Its
fleets of armed galleys dominated the seas. The Saracens of Sicily
sacked the suburbs of Rome and insulted the sacred majesty of the
Holy Father in the Vatican. In every trade-centre of the East and
West, in the streets of Canton and Delhi, in the bazaars of
Damascus, along the crowded quays of Alexandria, beside the
scattered wells of the Sahara, at the great fairs of Sweden,
Germany, and Russia, in the splendid markets of Constantinople, the
Moorish merchants and Hebrew brokers of Spain outstripped all
commercial competitors in the amounts of their purchases and the
shrewdness of their bargains. The wealth which resulted from this
vast system of trade was almost inconceivable. In addition, the
agricultural and mineral resources of the country, great in
themselves, were developed beyond all precedent. The treasures
thus amassed were expended in public works, whose neglected
ruins amaze the traveller; in the promotion of educational
advantages that modern experience and energy have never been
able to surpass; in the collection of immense libraries; in the
maintenance of a court with whose magnificence the traditional
luxury of the Byzantine princes was not worthy of comparison; in the
celebration of a worship whose furniture and appointments
transcended, in richness and beauty, the vaunted pomp and semi-
barbaric ceremonial of pontifical Rome.
It is both popular and fashionable to ascribe to the influence of the
Crusades the awakening of the spirit of progress which ultimately led
to the revival of letters and to the political and social regeneration of
Europe. But the Crusades were only, in an indirect and secondary
manner, a factor of civilization. On the other hand, their general
tendency was signally destructive. Their track has been compared to
that left by a swarm of locusts. Many works of classic genius
perished in the sack of Constantinople. The Moslem library of Tripoli,
which contained two hundred thousand volumes, was burned when
that city was taken by the soldiers of the Cross. It is a well-
established fact that few of the latter were actuated by religious
motives. Their crimes cast discredit upon their cause and secured
the eternal contempt of the Oriental; for even the name of
Christianity was unworthily degraded by such vile associations. The
results produced upon Europe by these expeditions, instead of being
humanizing, were most disastrous. Whole districts were
depopulated. The hereditary estates of the nobility were transferred
to the Church, whose ministers alone possessed the means of
purchase, and who, through promoting the insane spirit of fanaticism
by which they subsequently profited, secured a double measure of
consequence and power. The Papacy soon controlled the wealth of
Christendom, and its irresponsible authority increased in proportion
to its influence. With despotism came tyranny, with tyranny
persecution. The principle of forcing the acceptance of religious
dogmas upon armed enemies was extended to the conviction of
recalcitrant sectaries by torture. The atrocities of religious conflict,
the war of the Albigenses, the unspeakable horrors of the Inquisition,
the massacre of St. Bartholomew, are largely attributable to the
sanguinary tastes engendered by the Crusades. In other respects,
as well, their influence was highly detrimental to humanity. They
introduced vices hitherto confined to the East, and which are to this
day blots upon the society of the great European capitals. They filled
Europe with leprosy or with an affection similar to it, from which
eminent medical authorities have deduced the origin of the most
obstinate and loathsome of contagious diseases. They introduced
the plague, one visitation of which swept away thirteen million
persons. The rupture of family ties occasioned by the absence of
such multitudes fostered every form of licentiousness. In some
provinces vast tracts of fertile soil, soon overgrown with brushwood,
relapsed into primeval wildness. In others, deprived of the means of
preserving order, the country became a prey to outlaws. While tens
of thousands of armed fanatics were fighting for the Christian cause
in Syria, the barbarians of Northern Europe were worshipping idols
and serpents and offering human sacrifices.
The Crusades, however, were not wholly an unmixed evil. They
increased the power of the clergy, but they exterminated a large part
of the most worthless elements of society. It has been estimated that
six million persons perished in these expeditions. They made the
Papacy autocratic; but, by destroying feudalism through the
alienation of the estates of the barons, they greatly improved the
condition of the serf. The necessity for treating victims of the horrible
maladies contracted in Palestine led to the foundation of the first
hospitals in Christendom. They directed the attention of scholars to
the study of works in Arabic, a language hitherto unknown outside of
Mussulman countries. It was in 1142 that Peter the Venerable, Abbot
of Cluny, went to Toledo and made a translation of the Koran into
Latin, in order that he might demonstrate the falsity of the doctrines
of Islamism. Had these successive deluges of fanatics been poured
upon the Spanish Peninsula instead of upon the Holy Land, not the
slightest trace of Moslem learning and civilization could have
survived their attack.
The benefits arising from the Crusades were far from sufficient to
counterbalance their injurious effects. They gave, however, a great
impetus to commerce, especially through the enterprise of the Italian
republics. They awakened a taste for luxuries which had been
hitherto unknown, even to royalty. They stimulated manufactures,
particularly those connected with the ornamental arts of glass, wood,
ivory, and metals. In one respect, their influence promoted
immensely the cause of civilization. Familiarity with Moslem valor,
politeness, and culture removed the prejudices maintained through
centuries of priestcraft and ignorance by the benighted nations of
Europe. Returning pilgrims and adventurers brought back from the
Holy Land tales of magnificent cities, of incredible treasures, of
deeds of heroism and chivalry, which had no counterparts in any
state of Christendom. Accounts of these marvels awakened not only
a desire to imitate them, but aroused an involuntary admiration for
the superiority of their authors. At the time of the first Crusade, in the
closing years of the eleventh century, Moorish civilization in the
Peninsula had attained its highest perfection. While its influence had
long been imperceptibly exerted upon the populations of France and
Italy, deep-seated hatred of the followers of Mohammed had
retarded the general diffusion of its benefits. In consequence of the
repeated expeditions to Palestine, an increased demand for the
manufactures and the agricultural products of Moorish Spain was
created. Its language, its improvisations, its literature, soon became
familiar to Europe. Even its sports were borrowed, and the graceful
courses of the arena, adapted to the rude and ferocious tastes of
baronial society, became the most popular of mediæval diversions.
The chivalric sentiments inseparable from knightly exercises
contributed to social refinement and to the exaltation of woman. The
troubadour carried everywhere the amatory songs which had long
enchanted the polished society of Andalusia. The coarseness and
asperity of feudal manners were softened, and a marked
improvement characterized every form of official and domestic
intercourse. It is beyond the Pyrenees, and not to the Orient, that the
historian must look for the origin of modern civilization.
 In rapidity of conquest, in extent of dominion, in successful
propagation of religious belief, in ability to profit by the resources of
Nature, in profundity of knowledge and versatility of intellect, no
people have ever approached the Arabs. Their conquests were
secured, and their government made permanent, by that peculiar
provision of their civil polity which, appealing to the strongest of
human passions and sanctioned by the injunctions of their Prophet,
permitted the appropriation of the women of vanquished nations.
Their commerce, to which in a land destitute of agricultural resources
they were impelled by necessity, developed their trading
propensities, and by association from a remote age with their
enterprising neighbors, the Phœnicians, familiarized them with the
men of all races and the products of all countries; enlarged their
faculties; sharpened their intellects; and made them capable of
becoming, in after times, the conquerors and the lawgivers of the
world. Prodigious energy and aggressiveness were their leading
characteristics. These traits were intensified by various, sometimes
by unworthy, motives,—by the love of pleasure, the thirst of avarice,
the fire of ambition,—as well as by the precepts and promises of a
religion congenial to their tastes, their habits, and their excessively
romantic and adventurous nature. Of all the dynasties established by
the Successors of the Prophet, that of the Ommeyades of Spain is
indisputably entitled to the most exalted rank.
The foundation of that dynasty marks a great epoch in the history
of Europe. Of its noble deeds, in both war and peace, every
individual of Moslem faith or Arab lineage may well be proud; proud
of its long line of illustrious princes; proud of its conquests; proud of
its civilization, which surpassed the splendors of Imperial Rome, and
whose arts modern science has found it impossible to successfully
imitate; proud of its unequalled agricultural prosperity; proud of the
exquisite beauty of its edifices, still pre-eminently attractive even in
their decay; proud of its mighty capital; proud of its academical
system, with its perfect organization, its colleges, its lyceums, its
libraries; proud of the vast attainments of its scholars, its surgeons,
its chemists, its botanists, its astronomers, its mathematicians; proud
of the theories of its philosophers, which for a thousand years,
amidst the incessant fluctuations of human opinion and the infinite
variations of religious belief, have retained their original form, and
are accepted as correct by the most enlightened thinkers of the
present age. The destruction of this wonderful empire was an event
of more than national significance; it was a misfortune to be deplored
by every lover of learning for all coming time. For evil was the day for
human progress when from his battlemented walls the Moor looked
down upon the signing of a truce craftily devised for the betrayal of
his kindred; evil was the day when upon the red towers of the
Alhambra, decorated by the emirs with profuse and unexampled
magnificence, and which for seven centuries had been the
stronghold of Moslem power, the home of Moslem art, were raised
the victorious banners of the Spanish monarchy, suggestive, it is
true, of incredible achievement, of undaunted valor, of heroic self-
sacrifice, of imperishable renown, yet at the same time harbingers of
an endless train of national calamities which, like avenging and
relentless furies, stalked unseen in the wake of the exultant
conqueror.
 INDEX

Abbeys of France and England, their extent and wealth, iii. 351.
Abd-al-Aziz, first Emir of Spain, i. 267;
marries widow of Roderick, 269;
is assassinated, 271.
Abdallah gains crown by treachery, i. 535;
character of, 561.
Abd-al-Melik, emir, i. 306;
is impaled, 317.
Abd-al-Mumen, ruler of the Almohades, ii. 259;
conquers Spain, 287.
Abd-al-Rahman-al-Ghafeki conducts retreat, i. 277;
becomes emir and is deposed, 287;
is again raised to that office, 292;
attempts conquest of France, 295;
defeated and killed at Poitiers, 305.
Abd-al-Rahman I., his early career, i. 384, 385;
escapes to the Desert, 385;
lands in Spain, 389;
conquers the Peninsula, 393, 394;
his death and character, 408–411.
Abd-al-Rahman II., ability of, i. 475;
receives embassies from the East, 478, 479;
builds a navy, 491;
his death, 494.
Abd-al-Rahman III. ascends the throne, i. 563;
his noble qualities, 564;
subdues the rebels, 567;
death of, 596;
his fame, 597;
 domestic policy of, 605;
his patronage of letters, 631.
Abd-al-Rahman IV., ii. 85;
his independence, 93.
Abd-al-Rahman V., ii. 99.
Abu-Abdallah, the Mahdi, ii. 249;
character of, 250.
Abu-Bekr, chief of Almoravides, ii. 194;
deposed, 196.
Abul-Hassan, Sultan of Fez, invades Spain, ii. 476.
Abul-Kasim-Mohammed, Kadi of Seville, great power of, ii. 116;
death of, 140.
Abu-Said betrayed by Pedro el Cruel, ii. 492.
Africa, innate barbarism of, ii. 88.
Agriculture, system of the Arabs, its perfection, iii. 599–601.
Aguilar, Alonso de, death of, iii. 250.
Ajarquia, rout of, ii. 562, 563.
Alarcos, battle of, ii. 311.
Albigenses, rise and doctrines of, iii. 90;
crusade against, 95, 96.
Alfonso I., King of Aragon, raid of, ii. 263, 264;
defeated and killed at Fraga, 269.
Alfonso I., King of the Asturias, i. 357;
his expeditions, 359;
his death, 361.
Alfonso III., exploits of, i. 532.
Alfonso VI., reforms of, ii. 162;
prowess of, 183;
enters Toledo, 185.
Alfonso VIII. wins battle of Las Navas, ii. 331.
Alfonso X., great talents of, ii. 441;
literary works, 443;
his death, 444.
Alfonso XI., death of, before Gibraltar, ii. 483.
Al-Hakem I. ascends the throne, i. 440;
defeats his uncles, 443, 444;
quells rebellion of southern suburb, 466;
 his sufferings and death, 474.
Al-Hakem II., accession of, i. 636, 637;
character of, 668;
his love of learning, 670;
his great library, 672;
his erudition, 673;
attempts at reform, 676;
public works, 677.
Alhambra, origin of, i. 547;
magnificence, ii. 525;
gardens, 529.
Alhandega, battle of, i. 588.
Al-Haytham-Ibn-Obeyd appointed emir by the Khalif, i. 290.
Al-Horr appointed emir by the Viceroy of Africa, i. 272.
Ali, ruler of Spain, ii. 87;
his severe measures, 89, 90;
his death, 93.
Al-Maghreb, its extent and fertility, i. 134;
invasion of, by Abdallah, 138;
by Ibn Hajij, 141;
is conquered by Okbah, 143;
is invaded by Hassan, 145;
is finally subjugated by Musa, 162.
Al-Mansur—see Ibn-abi-Amir.
Almohades, rise of, ii. 255.
Al-Mondhir, character of, i. 533;
is poisoned, 535.
Almoravides, origin of, ii. 191;
they conquer Africa, 194;
their immense empire, 239.
Al-Morthada, ii. 91.
Al-Nazer, King of Granada, ii. 454.
Al-Samh, Emir, i. 273;
invades France, 276;
is killed, 277.
Al-Zagal defeats Christians, ii. 563;
becomes king, 591;
 abdication of, 664.
Al-Zarkal, clepsydra of, ii. 164;
quadrant of, iii. 435;
suggests elliptical orbit, 477.
Amulets of Arabs, i. 36.
Anbasah-Ibn-Sohim succeeds Abd-al-Rahman, i. 287;
his severity, 288;
invades Septimania, 290.
Arabia, topography of, i. 1;
dearth of history, 4;
visited by Phœnicians, 5;
its great wealth, 7;
exemption from foreign influence, 10.
Arabs, their prominence in antiquity, i. 16;
their energy, 16;
predatory instincts predominant, 16;
influence of the sheik, 19;
difference from other pastoral nations, 19;
blood revenge, 25;
habits of life, 27, 28;
treatment of woman, 28;
idolatry, 30;
relationship with Jews, 32;
trade of, 39;
wonderful career of the race, 54;
rebel after death of Mohammed, 128.
Architecture under the Moors of Spain, iii. 537–540.
Art, absence of, in Arabia, iii. 535.
Asturias, foundation of the kingdom of, i. 341.
Aurora, sultana, intrigues with Ibn-abi-Amir, i. 691;
opposes the latter, 735.
Averroes, iii. 473–475.
Ayub-Ibn-Habib, provisional emir, i. 271;
is deposed by the Khalif, 272.

B
Badis, King of Granada, ii. 134.
Balj-Ibn-Beshr besieged in Ceuta, i. 314;
relieved by Abd-al-Melik, 316;
seizes authority, 317.
Barcelona taken by the Franks, i. 450.
Baths, iii. 643;
luxury of, 644.
Baza, siege of, ii. 651;
capitulation of, 663.
Bedouins, life and character of, i. 17.
Beni-Khaldun, clan of, i. 552.
Berbers, origin and characteristics of, i. 136;
language and government, 137, 138;
oppressed by Arabs, 313, 325.
Bermudo, King of Leon, renders homage to Al-Mansur, i. 727.
Bernhart, count of Barcelona, killed, i. 492.
Béziers, destruction of, iii. 98.
Biscay, its ruggedness and severe climate, i. 338.
Black Stone of Kaaba, i. 35.
Boabdil taken prisoner at Lucena, ii. 568;
released, 572;
his worthless character, 594.
Botany of Spanish Moslems, iii. 486, 487.
Byzantine Empire, condition of, after barbarian conquest, i. 70;
its society and its policy, iii. 370–372;
degradation of all classes, 381, 382.

Calligraphy, skill in, iii. 590.

Carmona taken by Arabs, i. 235;
its siege raised by Abd-al-Rahman I., 400.
Carthage, the ancient city, its origin and splendor, i. 147, 148;
trade, 148;
religion, 151;
buildings, 152;
the Megara, 152;
 the Roman city, its arts, its learning, and its vices, 153;
stormed by Hassan, 154.
Castrogiovanni, first attack on, ii. 18;
surprised by Moslems, 29.
Chakya, the impostor, rebels against Abd-al-Rahman I., i. 401;
his defeat and death, 402.
Charlemagne invades Spain, i. 405.
Charles Martel, character of, i. 302;
hated by the clergy, 303;
invades Provence, 309.
Chemistry, its great progress in the Peninsula, iii. 490–492.
Chess, game of, introduced by the Arabs, iii. 661, 662.
Christian tributaries of the Moors, iii. 183;
their tribute and their privileges, 184, 185;
disabilities of, 186, 189;
persecution of, by the khalifs, 204–206.
Christianity made no progress in Arabia, i. 41.
Church, condition of, before Mohammed, i. 66.
Cid, rise of, ii. 160;
character and career of, 220;
valor of, 224;
duplicity of, 226;
takes Valencia, 235;
horrors of the siege, 236;
his death, 237.
Civil organization of the Arabs, iii. 638.
Clergy, influence of, among the Visigoths, i. 175;
their luxury, 194, 211;
increasing power of, ii. 420;
wealth of, 422.
Commerce, its great extent under the Moors, iii. 616–619.
Cordova, beauty and wealth of, under the Ommeyades, i. 618,
619;
suburbs of, 622;
taken by Ferdinand III., ii. 366.
Count Julian resents outrage on his daughter, i. 221;
enters Spain, 224;
 retires to Ceuta, 259.
Covadonga, battle of, i. 350.

Damascus, beauty and wealth of city, i. 370–372.

Dances derived from the Orient, iii. 663.
De Hauteville, House of, ii. 54.

Edrisi, geography of, ii. 71.

Egilona, queen of Roderick, captured at Merida, i. 246;
marries Abd-al-Aziz, 269.
Egiza, his tyranny, i. 216.
Egypt, effect of its civilization on the Arabs, i. 132.
Elvira, foundation and wars of, i. 542–549;
surrenders to Abd-al-Rahman III., 567.
Emirate, disorders of, i. 322.
Equestrian sports, their magnificence, iii. 491, 492.
Ervigius, reign and death of, i. 214.

Fatimites of Africa, i. 580;

remove capital to Egypt, 646.
Favila, King of Asturias, i. 356.
Fayic and Djaudar, eunuchs, conspiracy of, i. 697.
Ferdinand Gonzalez, Count of Castile, his character, i. 589;
power and exploits of, 603, 604.
Ferdinand III., character of, ii. 416.
Ferdinand the Catholic, character of, ii. 539;
defeated at Loja, 559.
Festivals, iii. 667–669.
Force, worship of, by man, i. 121.
Forum Judicum, i. 178;
procedure it enjoins, 179, 180;
foundation of modern jurisprudence, 181;
 precepts, 185–189.
France, South of, its traditions and civilization, iii. 61;
literary and social condition, 64, 65.
Franks, the character and institutions of, i. 300.
Fraxinet, colony of, i. 602.
Frederick II., Emperor, first defiance of the Pope, iii. 31, 33;
his genius, 35;
laws of, 36;
commercial regulations instituted by, 39;
his intimacy with the Moslems, 39;
his power and dignity, 54;
his character, 56–59.

Galera, siege of, iii. 287.

Garcia, King of Leon, i. 575.
Gerbert, his origin, iii. 483;
educated at Cordova, 484, 485.
Ghalib subdues Africans, i. 649;
feud with Ibn-abi-Amir, 719, 720.
Giralda, construction of, ii. 316.
Gothic March, i. 446, 447;
conquered by the Franks, 448.
Granada (city), siege and capture of, ii. 677, 683.
Granada (kingdom), dawning greatness of, ii. 131;
taken by Almoravides, 214;
condition of, in fifteenth century, 513, 514;
palaces of, 525.
Guadalete, battle of, i. 230.

Hamet-al-Zegri, raid of, ii. 574;

severity of, 634;
sold as a slave, 641.
Harrani, Syrian physician, i. 502.
Haschim, vizier of Mohammed, defeated by the Christians, i.
519.
Hasdai, ambassador of the Khalif, i. 593;
cures Sancho the Fat, 595.
Hegira, i. 88.
Hischem I., Emir, i. 421;
his character, 422;
war with his uncles, 425;
his armies invade France, 429;
his death, 439.
Hischem II. kept in tutelage, i. 716;
severe restraints imposed on him, 717;
disappearance of, 761.
Hischem III., ii. 71;
death of, at Saragossa, 108.
Human sacrifices of Arabs, i. 37.

Iberians, their rudeness and ignorance, i. 339, 340.

Ibn-Abbas, minister of Zohair, ii. 129.
Ibn-abi-Abda invades Leon and is defeated, i. 576, 577.
Ibn-abi-Amir sent on mission to Africa, i. 649;
his boast in the garden, 686;
early career of, 688, 689;
conduct of, in Africa, 693, 694;
becomes vizier, 701;
appointed hajib, 707;
burns books of the library, 710;
reorganizes the army, 711;
becomes ruler of Moorish Spain, 720;
his campaigns, 723, 724;
named Al-Mansur, 724;
his invasion of Galicia, 738;
his death, 744;
his character, 744, 745.
Ibn-Abu, death of, iii. 301.
Ibn-al-Awam, botanical work of, iii. 607.
Ibn-Djahwar, rise of, ii. 106;
great talents of, 112.
Ibn-Forat, Kadi of Tunis, invades Sicily, ii. 12;
his death, 17.
Ibn-Habib, Viceroy of Africa, pursues Abd-al-Rahman, i. 387.
Ibn-Hud, family of, ii. 115.
Ibn-Kenun, his revolt, i. 647;
defeats Al-Hakem, 647;
taken to Cordova, 651;
put to death, 730.
Ibn-Shobeyd, wealth of, i. 615.
Improvisation prized by Arabs, i. 50.
Industrial arts in Spain, iii. 575–577.
Innocent III., ability of, ii. 30.
Interdict, its terrors, iii. 335.
Irrigation in Moorish Spain, iii. 601, 602.
Isabella, character of, ii. 539;
her popularity, enters the camp before Malaga, 632;
aids army before Baza, 661.
Islam, its unprecedented career, i. 61, 63;
slow progress of, when first promulgated, 86;
its meaning, 113;
duties enjoined by it, 114, 115;
the benefits it conferred on the Arabs, 116, 117;
its grand achievements, 125.
Ismail I., King of Granada, ii. 459.

Jaime I. of Aragon, ii. 351;

character of, 394, 395.
Jews, persecution of, by Visigoths, i. 173;
influence of, on civilization, iii, 105, 106;
early commerce of, 109;
prejudice against, in antiquity, 113;
prosperity and power of, in the Middle Ages, 118, 119;
 good influence of, in Spain, 127;
great scholars, 141;
the depositaries of mediæval culture, 149;
expulsion from Spain and Portugal, 171, 174.
John de Gorza, ambassador of the German Emperor, i. 600.
Junquera, battle of, i. 583.

Kadir, ruler of Toledo, ii. 179;

expelled, 184.
Kahtanites, feud with Maadites, i. 278;
its duration and intensity, 279, 280.
Kairoan founded by Okbah, i. 143.
Khadijah marries Mohammed, i. 84.
Khairan, governor of Malaga, ally of Ali, ii. 87.
Khalifs, general character of, ii. 596.
Koceila conspires against Okbah, i. 144;
is killed, 144.
Koran, its origin, i. 104;
its contents, 106;
allegorical imagery, 108;
benign precepts, 109.
Koreish, guardians of temple of Mecca, i. 81.

Las Navas de Tolosa, battle of, ii. 331.

Leon taken by Al-Mansur, i. 732.
Libraries of the Arabs, iii. 470.
Literature of the Arabs, iii. 457–460.
Loja carried by storm, ii. 600.
Love, Courts of, iii. 80.
Lucera, Saracen colony of, iii. 52.

Magic of the Arabs, i. 36.

Maimonides, iii. 142;
his learning and his works, 143, 144.
Majorca taken by the Aragonese, ii. 322.
Malaga, city of, its wealth and prosperity, ii. 618;
manufactures, 619;
siege of, 625;
surrender of, 641.
Malik-Ibn-Anas, sect of, i. 435.
Manufactures, iii. 622–625.
Marquis of Cadiz takes Alhama, ii. 547, 548.
Mecca, its situation and climate, i. 39;
conquest by Mohammed, 90.
Medicine, its advancement and perfection among the Spanish
Arabs, iii. 511–516.
Medina-al-Zahrâ, origin of, i. 625;
extent and magnificence, 626;
pavilion, 628;
destroyed by the Berbers, 758.
Mendoza, Cardinal, his greatness and character, iii. 234, 237.
Merida, its splendid monuments, i. 244;
taken by Musa, 245.
Moallakat, i. 46, 49.
Mohammed-al-Ahmar pays homage to Ferdinand, ii. 404.
Mohammed, birth and childhood of, i. 82, 84;
marriage of, 84;
his hallucinations, 85;
death, 91;
character, 92;
distrust of himself, 96;
his personal appearance and manners, 98.
Mohammed, eldest son of Abd-al-Rahman II., i. 501, 503;
obtains the emirate, 505–507;
his zeal, 508;
death of, 525.
Mohammed II., King of Granada, ii. 436.
Mohammed III., deposed, ii. 450.
Mohammed IV., ascends the throne, ii. 459.
Mohammed V., his love of peace, ii. 487.
Mohammed VI., visits Toledo, ii. 496.
Mohammed VII., pride of, ii. 503.
Monasticism, wealth of, iii. 351, 365;
its corruption, 349.
Monastic life, its pomp and luxury, iii. 364.
Montfort, Earl of Leicester, his character, iii. 96.
Montpellier, University of, ii. 76;
high attainments of its professors, 78, 79.
Moriscoes, persecution of, by Ximenes, iii. 242, 243;
banished to Leon and Castile, 244;
attempted reform of, 259;
their property confiscated, 266;
rebellion of, 268;
exiled from Granada, 277;
chased through the mountains, 299;
final expulsion from the Peninsula, 318, 319.
Moshafi, vizier of Al-Hakem II., i. 651;
rivalry with Ibn-abi-Amir, 707;
ruin and death of, 708.
Mosque of Cordova founded by Abd-al-Rahman I., i. 414, 415,
654;
minaret, 665;
description of, 657–667.
Motadhid, Prince of Seville, talents and vices of, ii. 141, 142.
Motamid ascends the throne of Seville, ii. 168.
Muley Hassan, enmity of, to the Christians, ii. 505;
domestic troubles of, 542, 552;
death of, 633.
Musa-Ibn-Nosseyr, his origin, i. 157;
appointed general in Africa, 158;
his character, 158, 159;
builds and equips a fleet, 161;
enters Spain, 243;
his return through Africa, 253;
his punishment and death, 256, 257.
Museum of Alexandria, iii, 437–440.