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 EDITION

12

HEART
B R A U N WA L D’S

DISEASE
A TEXTBOOK OF CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE

Edited by
PETER LIBBY, MD DEEPAK L. BHATT, MD, MPH
Mallinckrodt Professor of Medicine Executive Director of Interventional Cardiovascular Programs
Harvard Medical School Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Senior Physician
Boston, Massachusetts Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Professor of Medicine
ROBERT O. BONOW, MD Harvard Medical School
Max and Lilly Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Cardiology Boston, Massachusetts
Department of Medicine
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine SCOTT D. SOLOMON, MD
Chicago, Illinois The Edward D. Frohlich Distinguished Chair
Professor of Medicine
DOUGLAS L. MANN, MD Harvard Medical School
Lewin Distinguished Professor of Cardiovascular Disease Senior Physician
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Saint Louis, Missouri Boston, Massachusetts

GORDON F. TOMASELLI, MD
Professor of Medicine (Cardiology) Founding Editor and Online Editor
The Marilyn and Stanley M. Katz Dean
Albert Einstein College of Medicine EUGENE BRAUNWALD, MD,
Executive Vice President and Chief Academic Officer MD(Hon), ScD(Hon), FRCP
Montefiore Medicine Distinguished Hersey Professor of Medicine
Bronx, New York Harvard Medical School
Founding Chairman, TIMI Study Group
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
ELSEVIER
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste. 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-­2899

BRAUNWALD’S HEART DISEASE: A TEXTBOOK OF TWO-­VOLUME SET ISBN: 978-­0-­323-­72219-­3

CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE, TWELFTH EDITION SINGLE VOLUME ISBN: 978-­0-­323-­82467-­5
Copyright © 2022 by Elsevier Inc. INTERNATIONAL EDITION ISBN: 978-­0-­323-­82468-­2

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s
Rights Department: phone: (+1) 215-­239-­3804 (US) or (+44) 1-­865-­843830 (UK); fax: (+44) 1-­865-­853333; e-­mail:
healthpermissions@elsevier.com. You may also complete your request on-­line via the Elsevier website at
http://www.elsevier.com/permissions.

Notice

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or
appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures
featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose
or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of
the practitioner, relying on their own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to
determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety
precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Authors assume any liability
for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material
contained in this book.

The Publisher

Previous editions copyrighted 2019, 2015, 2012, 2008, 2005, 2001, 1997, 1992, 1988, 1984, 1980 by Elsevier Inc.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2021936447

Executive Content Strategists: Dolores Meloni, Robin Carter

Senior Content Development Specialist: Anne Snyder
Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson
Senior Project Manager: John Casey
Design Direction: Renee Duenow

About the cover:

Professor C. Michael Gibson is well known in interventional cardiology for his many contributions to clinical sci-
ence. He has had leadership positions in many pivotal clinical trials that have influenced our practice and guidelines.
He originated the TIMI myocardial perfusion grade. He currently leads the Baim Institute for Clinical Research, an
academic research organization at Boston’s Beth Isræl Hospital. Beyond his investigative prowess, Professor Gibson
is an unusually talented artist. The editor-­in-­chief was delighted that he agreed to provide art for the cover for this
12th edition of Braunwald’s Heart Disease. This addition is particularly appropriate because of Dr. Gibson’s long-­
term association with Dr. Braunwald’s research in ischemic heart disease. The editors are proud to have his artistic
rendition of the now classic Heart Disease logo grace the cover of our book.

Printed in United States of America

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 To
Beryl, Oliver, and Brigitte
Pat, Rob, Sam, Laura, and Yoko
Benjamin Tan
Charlene, Sarah, Emily, and Matthew
Shanthala,Vinayak, Arjun, Ram, and Raj
Caren, Will and Lyz, Katie and Zach, and Dan
 Contributors

Keith D. Aaronson, MD, MS Sadeer Al-­Kindi, MD

Bertram Pitt MD Collegiate Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine Assistant Professor of Medicine
Professor of Internal Medicine Case Western Reserve University
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute
University of Michigan University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center
Ann Arbor, Michigan Cleveland, Ohio
Chapter 59. Mechanical Circulatory Support Chapter 3. Impact of the Environment on Cardiovascular Health

Michael J. Ackerman, MD, PhD Nandan S. Anavekar, MBBCh

Windland Smith Rice Cardiovascular Genomics Research Professor Professor of Medicine
Professor of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Pharmacology Department of Cardiovascular Diseases
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science Department of Radiology
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (Division of Heart Rhythm Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science
Services and the Windland Smith Rice Genetic Heart Rhythm Rochester, Minnesota
Clinic) Chapter 80. Infectious Endocarditis and Infections of Indwelling
Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Devices
Therapeutics (Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics
Laboratory) Zachi Attia, PhD
Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (Division of Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Pediatric Cardiology) Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science
Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota
Rochester, Minnesota Chapter 11. Artificial Intelligence in Cardiovascular Medicine
Chapter 63. Genetics of Cardiac Arrhythmias
Sonya V. Babu-­Narayan, MBBS, BSc, PhD, FRCP
Philip A. Ades, MD Adult Congenital Heart Disease
Endowed Professor of Medicine Royal Brompton Hospital
Division of Cardiology Reader, National Heart and Lung Institute
University of Vermont College of Medicine Imperial College London
Director, Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention London, United Kingdom
University of Vermont Medical Center Chapter 82. Congenital Heart Disease in the Adolescent and
Burlington,Vermont Adult
Chapter 15. Exercise Physiology and Exercise Electrocardiographic
Testing Larry M. Baddour, MD
Professor of Medicine
Christine M. Albert, MD Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science
Chair and Professor of Cardiology Rochester, Minnesota
Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-­Sinai Medical Center Chapter 80. Infectious Endocarditis and Infections of Indwelling
Los Angeles, California Devices
Chapter 70. Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death
Aaron L. Baggish, MD
Michelle A. Albert, MD, MPH Associate Professor of Medicine
Professor of Medicine Harvard Medical School
Director, Center for the Study of Adversity and Cardiovascular Disease Director, Cardiovascular Performance Program
(NURTURE Center) Massachusetts General Hospital
University of California at San Francisco Boston, Massachusetts
San Francisco, California Chapter 32. Exercise and Sports Cardiology
Chapter 93. Heart Disease in Racially and Ethnically Diverse
Populations C. Noel Bairey Merz, MD
Women’s Guild Endowed Chair in Women’s Health
Mark J. Alberts, MD Director, Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center
Chief of Neurology Erika J. Glazer Women’s Heart Research Initiative Director
Hartford Hospital Director, Linda Joy Pollin Women’s Heart Health Program
Hartford, Connecticut; Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center
Co-­Physician-­in-­Chief Cedars-­Sinai Heart Institute
Ayer Neuroscience Institute Los Angeles, California
Hartford HealthCare Chapter 91. Cardiovascular Disease in Women
Professor of Neurology
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut
Chapter 45. Prevention and Management of Ischemic Stroke

vi
 vii
George L. Bakris, MD, MA Ron Blankstein, MD
Professor of Medicine Associate Director, Cardiovascular Imaging Program
Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Director, Cardiac Computed Tomography

Contributors
Director, American Heart Association Comprehensive Hypertension Co-­Director, Cardiovascular Imaging Training Program
Center Brigham and Women’s Hospital
UChicago Medicine Professor of Medicine and Radiology
Chicago, Illinois Harvard Medical School
Chapter 26. Systemic Hypertension: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Boston, Massachusetts
Treatment Chapter 20. Cardiac Computed Tomography

Gary J. Balady, MD Erin A. Bohula, MD, DPhil

Professor of Medicine TIMI Study Group and Division of Cardiology
Boston University School of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Director, Non-­Invasive Cardiovascular Laboratories Harvard Medical School
Boston Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts
Boston, Massachusetts Chapter 38. ST-­Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Management
Chapter 15. Exercise Physiology and Exercise Electrocardiographic
Testing Marc P. Bonaca, MD, MPH
Executive Director
David T. Balzer, MD CPC Clinical Research
Professor of Pediatrics Professor of Medicine
Division of Pediatric Cardiology Cardiology and Vascular Medicine
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis University of Colorado
Saint Louis, Missouri Aurora, Colorado
Chapter 83. Catheter-­Based Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease in Chapter 35. Approach to the Patient with Chest Pain
Adults Chapter 43. Peripheral Artery Diseases

Joshua A. Beckman, MD Robert O. Bonow, MD

Professor of Medicine Max and Lilly Goldberg Distinguished Professor of Cardiology
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Medicine
Vanderbilt University College of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Director, Section of Vascular Medicine Chicago, Illinois
Vanderbilt University Medical Center Chapter 72. Aortic Valve Stenosis
Nashville, Tennessee Chapter 73. Aortic Regurgitation
Chapter 23. Anesthesia and Noncardiac Surgery in Patients with Heart Chapter 76. Mitral Regurgitation
Disease
Barry A. Borlaug, MD
Donald M. Bers, PhD Professor of Medicine
Distinguished Professor and Chair Mayo Medical School
Department of Pharmacology Director, Circulatory Failure Research
University of California, Davis Consultant, Cardiovascular Diseases
Davis, California Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science
Chapter 46. Mechanisms of Cardiac Contraction and Relaxation Rochester, Minnesota
Chapter 46. Mechanisms of Cardiac Contraction and Relaxation
Aruni Bhatnagar, PhD
Professor of Medicine Jason S. Bradfield, MD
University of Louisville Associate Professor of Medicine
Louisville, Kentucky Director, Specialized Program for Ventricular Tachycardia
Chapter 28. Cardiovascular Disease Risk of Nicotine and Tobacco UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center
Products Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center
Los Angeles, California
Deepak L. Bhatt, MD, MPH Chapter 102. Cardiovascular Manifestations of Autonomic Disorders
Executive Director of Interventional Cardiovascular Programs
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Eugene Braunwald, MD, MD(Hon), ScD(Hon), FRCP
Senior Physician Distinguished Hersey Professor of Medicine
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School
Professor of Medicine Founding Chairman, TIMI Study Group
Harvard Medical School Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts Boston, Massachusetts
Chapter 41. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Chapter 1. Cardiovascular Disease: Past, Present, and Future
Chapter 44. Treatment of Noncoronary Obstructive Vascular Disease Chapter 39. Non-­ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes

Bernadette Biondi, MD Alan C. Braverman, MD

Professor of Internal Medicine Alumni Endowed Professor in Cardiovascular Diseases
Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery Director, Marfan Syndrome and Aortopathy Clinic
Federico II University Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Naples, Italy Director, Inpatient Cardiology Firm
Chapter 96. Endocrine Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease Barnes-­Jewish Hospital
Saint Louis, Missouri
Chapter 42. Diseases of the Aorta
 viii
John E. Brush Jr., MD Mark A. Creager, MD
Senior Medical Director Professor of Medicine and Surgery
Sentara Health Research Center Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth
CONTRIBUTORS

Sentara Healthcare Hanover, New Hampshire;

Professor of Medicine Director, Heart and Vascular Center
Department of Internal Medicine Heart and Vascular Center
Eastern Virginia Medical School Dartmouth-­Hitchcock Medical Center
Norfolk,Virginia Lebanon, New Hampshire
Chapter 5. Clinical Decision-­Making in Cardiology Chapter 43. Peripheral Artery Diseases

Hugh Calkins, MD Paul C. Cremer, MD

Catherine Ellen Poindexter Professor of Cardiology Assistant Professor of Medicine
Professor of Medicine Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve
Director, Cardiac Arrhythmia Service University
The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Associate Director of Cardiovascular Training Program
Baltimore, Maryland Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Chapter 66. Atrial Fibrillation: Clinical Features, Mechanisms, and Cleveland Clinic
Management Cleveland, Ohio
Chapter 71. Hypotension and Syncope Chapter 86. Pericardial Diseases

John M. Canty Jr., MD Juan A. Crestanello, MD

SUNY Distinguished and Albert and Elizabeth Rekate Professor of Professor of Surgery
Medicine Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Rochester, Minnesota
Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Chapter 80. Infectious Endocarditis and Infections of Indwelling Devices
University at Buffalo
Buffalo, New York Anne B. Curtis, MD
Chapter 36. Coronary Blood Flow and Myocardial Ischemia Charles and Mary Bauer Professor and Chair
SUNY Distinguished Professor
Robert M. Carney, PhD Department of Medicine
Professor of Psychiatry Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis University at Buffalo
Saint Louis, Missouri Buffalo, New York
Chapter 99. Psychiatric and Psychosocial Aspects of Cardiovascular Chapter 61. Approach to the Patient with Cardiac Arrhythmias
Disease
George D. Dangas, MD, PhD
Y.S. Chandrashekhar, MD Professor of Medicine (Cardiology)
Professor of Medicine Zena and Michael A Wiener Cardiovascular Institute
Division of Cardiology Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
University of Minnesota New York, New York
Chief of Cardiology Chapter 21. Coronary Angiography and Intravascular Imaging
VA Medical Center
Minneapolis, Minnesota James P. Daubert, MD
Chapter 75. Mitral Stenosis Professor of Medicine
Cardiology (Electrophysiology)
Peng-­Shen Chen, MD Duke University Medical Center
Cedars-­Sinai Medical Center Durham, North Carolina
Los Angeles, California Chapter 69. Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter-­Defibrillators
Chapter 71. Hypotension and Syncope
James A. de Lemos, MD
Mina K. Chung, MD Professor of Medicine
Professor of Medicine Sweetheart Ball-­Kern Wildenthal MD PhD Distinguished Chair in
Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences Cardiology
Lerner Research Institute UT Southwestern Medical Center
Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve Dallas, Texas
University Chapter 40. Stable Ischemic Heart Disease
Staff, Cardiovascular Medicine
Cleveland Clinic Jean-­Pierre Després, PhD
Cleveland, Ohio Professor
Chapter 69. Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter-­Defibrillators Kinesiology Department
Université Laval
Leslie T. Cooper Jr., MD Scientific Director
Professor of Medicine VITAM – Centre de recherche en santé durable
Chair, Department of Vascular Medicine Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la
Mayo Clinic Capitale-­Nationale
Jacksonville, Florida Québec City, Québec, Canada
Chapter 55. Myocarditis Chapter 30. Obesity: Medical and Surgical Management
 ix
Stephen Devries, MD G. Michael Felker, MD, MHS
Executive Director Professor of Medicine
Gaples Institute for Integrative Cardiology Vice Chief for Clinical Research

Contributors
Deerfield, Illinois; Division of Cardiology
Division of Cardiology Duke University School of Medicine
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Director, Cardiovascular Research
Chicago, Illinois Duke Clinical Research Institute
Chapter 34. Integrative Approaches to the Management of Patients with Durham, North Carolina
Heart Disease Chapter 49. Diagnosis and Management of Acute Heart Failure

Marcelo F. Di Carli, MD Jerome L. Fleg, MD

Seltzer Family Professor of Radiology and Medicine Medical Officer
Harvard Medical School Division of Cardiovascular Sciences
Executive Director, Cardiovascular Imaging Program National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Chief, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Bethesda, Maryland
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Chapter 90. Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults
Boston, Massachusetts
Chapter 18. Nuclear Cardiology Lee A. Fleisher, MD
Professor
Sharmila Dorbala, MD, MPH Anesthesiology and Critical Care
Professor of Radiology Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
Director, Nuclear Cardiology Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Chapter 23. Anesthesia and Noncardiac Surgery in Patients with Heart
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Disease
Boston, Massachusetts
Chapter 18. Nuclear Cardiology Daniel E. Forman, MD
Professor of Medicine
Adam L. Dorfman, MD University of Pittsburgh
Professor Chair, Section of Geriatric Cardiology
Departments of Pediatrics and Radiology Divisions of Geriatrics and Cardiology
Director, Non-­Invasive Imaging, Division of Pediatric Cardiology University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
University of Michigan Medical School Director, Cardiac Rehabilitation
C. S. Mott Children’s Hospital VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System
Ann Arbor, Michigan Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Chapter 82. Congenital Heart Disease in the Adolescent and Adult Chapter 90. Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults

Dirk J. Duncker, MD, PhD Kenneth E. Freedland, PhD

Professor of Experimental Cardiology Professor of Psychiatry
Department of Cardiology Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis
Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam Saint Louis, Missouri
Rotterdam, The Netherlands Chapter 99. Psychiatric and Psychosocial Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease
Chapter 36. Coronary Blood Flow and Myocardial Ischemia
Paul Friedman, MD
Kenneth A. Ellenbogen, MD Norman Blane & Billie Jean Harty Chair
Martha M. and Harold W. Kimmerling Professor of Cardiology Mayo Clinic Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Honoring
Director, Electrophysiology and Pacing Robert L. Frye, MD
Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine Professor of Medicine
Richmond,Virginia Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science
Chapter 64. Therapy for Cardiac Arrhythmias Rochester, Minnesota
Chapter 11. Artificial Intelligence in Cardiovascular Medicine
Thomas H. Everett IV, PhD
Associate Professor of Medicine J. Michael Gaziano, MD, MPH
The Krannert Institute of Cardiology and Division of Cardiology Professor of Medicine
Indiana University School of Medicine Harvard Medical School
Indianapolis, Indiana Chief, Division of Aging
Chapter 71. Hypotension and Syncope Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Director, Preventive Cardiology
James C. Fang, MD VA Boston Healthcare System
Professor of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Chapter 2. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease
University of Utah
Executive Director, Cardiovascular Service Line Thomas A. Gaziano, MD, MSc
University of Utah Health Sciences Associate Professor
Salt Lake City, Utah Harvard Medical School
Chapter 13. History and Physical Examination: An Evidence-­Based Physician
Approach Cardiovascular Medicine Division
Brigham & Women’s Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Chapter 2. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease
 x
Jacques Genest, MD William J. Groh, MD, MPH
Professor of Medicine Clinical Professor of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine Medical University of South Carolina
CONTRIBUTORS

McGill University Chief of Medicine

Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre Ralph H. Johnson VAMC
Montreal, Quebec, Canada Charleston, South Carolina
Chapter 27. Lipoprotein Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease Chapter 100. Neuromuscular Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease

Robert Gerszten, MD Martha Gulati, MD, MS

Herman Dana Professor of Medicine Chief of Cardiology
Harvard Medical School Professor of Medicine
Chief, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine University of Arizona–Phoenix
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Phoenix, Arizona
Boston, Massachusetts Chapter 91. Cardiovascular Disease in Women
Chapter 8. Proteomics and Metabolomics in Cardiovascular Medicine
Rebecca Tung Hahn, MD
Linda D. Gillam, MD, MPH Director of Interventional Echocardiography
Dorothy and Lloyd Huck Chair Center for Interventional and Vascular Therapy
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Columbia University Medical Center
Morristown Medical Center New York, New York
Morristown, New Jersey; Chapter 76. Mitral Regurgitation
Professor of Medicine
Thomas Jefferson University Gerd Hasenfuss, MD
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Professor of Medicine
Chapter 16. Echocardiography Chair, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology
University of Göttingen Medical Center
John R. Giudicessi, MD, PhD Göttingen, Germany
Assistant Professor of Medicine Chapter 47. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (Division of Heart Rhythm
Services and the Windland Smith Rice Genetic Heart Rhythm Howard C. Herrmann, MD
Clinic) John W. Bryfogle Jr. Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Rochester, Minnesota University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
Chapter 63. Genetics of Cardiac Arrhythmias Health System Director for Interventional Cardiology
Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania
Robert P. Giugliano, MD, SM Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Staff Physician Chapter 78. Transcatheter Therapies for Mitral and Tricuspid Valvular
Cardiovascular Medicine Heart Disease
Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Professor of Medicine Joerg Herrmann, MD
Harvard Medical School Professor of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Chapter 39. Non-­ST Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota
Ary L. Goldberger, MD Chapter 22. Invasive Hemodynamic Diagnosis of Cardiac Disease
Professor of Medicine Chapter 57. Cardio-­Oncology: Approach to the Patient
Harvard Medical School
Department of Medicine Ray E. Hershberger, MD
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Professor of Internal Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts Director, Division of Human Genetics
Chapter 14. Electrocardiography Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Section of Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation
Jeffrey J. Goldberger, MD, MBA Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute
Professor of Medicine Wexner Medical Center at the Ohio State University
Chief, Cardiovascular Division Columbus, Ohio
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Chapter 52. The Dilated, Restrictive, and Infiltrative Cardiomyopathies
Miami, Florida
Chapter 70. Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death Carolyn Y. Ho, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine
Samuel Z. Goldhaber, MD Cardiovascular Division
Professor of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
Director, Thrombosis Research Group Chapter 54. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Associate Chief and Clinical Director
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Priscilla Y. Hsue, MD
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Professor
Boston, Massachusetts Department of Medicine
Chapter 87. Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Vein Thrombosis University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, California
Chapter 85. Cardiovascular Abnormalities in HIV-­Infected Individuals
 xi
W. Gregory Hundley, MD Scott Kinlay, MBBS, PhD
Professor of Medicine Chief, Cardiology (acting)
Chairman, Cardiology Division Director Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory and Vascular Medicine

Contributors
VCU School of Medicine VA Boston Healthcare System
Director, Pauley Heart Center West Roxbury, Massachusetts
Virginia Commonwealth University Health Physician, Cardiovascular Division
Richmond,Virginia Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Chapter 98. Tumors Affecting the Cardiovascular System Associate Professor in Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Silvio E. Inzucchi, MD Adjunct Associate Professor in Medicine
Professor, Internal Medicine (Endocrinology) Boston University Medical School
Yale University School of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts
Clinical Chief, Endocrinology Chapter 44. Treatment of Noncoronary Obstructive Vascular Disease
Director,Yale Diabetes Center
Yale-­New Haven Hospital Allan L. Klein, MD, FRCP(C)
New Haven, Connecticut Professor of Medicine
Chapter 31. Diabetes and the Cardiovascular System Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve
University
Francine L. Jacobson, MD, MPH Director, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pericardial
Thoracic Radiologist Diseases
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Harvard Medical School Heart,Vascular and Thoracic Institute
Boston, Massachusetts Cleveland Clinic
Chapter 17. Chest Radiography in Cardiovascular Disease Cleveland, Ohio
Chapter 86. Pericardial Diseases
James L. Januzzi Jr., MD
Physician Robert A. Kloner, MD, PhD
Cardiology Division Professor of Medicine (Clinical Scholar)
Massachusetts General Hospital Cardiovascular Division
Hutter Family Professor of Medicine Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California
Harvard Medical School Los Angeles, California;
Boston, Massachusetts Chief Science Officer
Chapter 48. Approach to the Patient with Heart Failure Scientific Director of Cardiovascular Research Institute
Huntington Medical Research Institutes
Karen E. Joynt Maddox, MD, MPH Pasadena, California
Associate Professor of Medicine Chapter 84. Cardiomyopathies Induced by Drugs or Toxins
Cardiovascular Division
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Kirk U. Knowlton, MD
Co-­Director, Center for Health Economics and Policy Director of Cardiovascular Research
Institute for Public Health at Washington University Intermountain Healthcare Heart Institute
Saint Louis, Missouri Adjunct Professor
Chapter 6. Impact of Health Care Policy on Quality, Outcomes, and Department of Medicine
Equity in Cardiovascular Disease University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah;
Jonathan M. Kalman, MBBS, PhD Professor Emeritus of Medicine
Director of Cardiac Electrophysiology University of California, San Diego
Department of Cardiology La Jolla, California
Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Chapter 55. Myocarditis
Professor of Medicine
University of Melbourne Eric V. Krieger, MD
Melbourne,Victoria, Australia Professor of Medicine
Chapter 65. Supraventricular Tachycardias Division of Cardiology
University of Washington School of Medicine
Suraj Kapa, MD Director, Adult Congenital Heart Service
Assistant Professor of Medicine University of Washington Medical Center
Cardiovascular Diseases Seattle Children’s Hospital
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science Seattle, Washington
Rochester, Minnesota Chapter 82. Congenital Heart Disease in the Adolescent and Adult
Chapter 11. Artificial Intelligence in Cardiovascular Medicine
Harlan M. Krumholz, MD, SM
Morton J. Kern, MD Harold H. Hines, Jr. Professor of Medicine
Professor of Medicine Section of Cardiovascular Medicine
University California, Irvine Department of Medicine
Orange, California; Department of Health Policy and Management
Chief of Medicine and Cardiology School of Public Health
Veterans Administration Long Beach Healthcare System Yale School of Medicine
Long Beach, California Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation
Chapter 22. Invasive Hemodynamic Diagnosis of Cardiac Disease Yale New Haven Hospital
New Haven, Connecticut
Chapter 5. Clinical Decision-­Making in Cardiology
 xii
Dharam J. Kumbhani, MD, SM Martin B. Leon, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine The Mallah Family Professor of Cardiology
Section Chief, Interventional Cardiology Director, Center for Interventional Vascular Therapy
CONTRIBUTORS

Department of Internal Medicine Columbia University Irving Medical Center

University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center NY Presbyterian Hospital
Dallas, Texas Founder and Chairman Emeritus
Chapter 41. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Cardiovascular Research Foundation
New York, New York
Raymond Y. Kwong, MD, MPH Chapter 74. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School Martin M. LeWinter, MD
Director of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Professor Emeritus of Medicine and Molecular Physiology and
Cardiovascular Division Biophysics
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont
Boston, Massachusetts Attending Cardiologist
Chapter 19. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging University of Vermont Medical Center
Burlington,Vermont
Bonnie Ky, MD, MSCE Chapter 86. Pericardial Diseases
Associate Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Peter Libby, MD
Senior Scholar Mallinckrodt Professor of Medicine
Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics Harvard Medical School
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Boston, Massachusetts
Chapter 56. Cardio-­Oncology: Managing Cardiotoxic Effects of Cancer Chapter 10. Biomarkers and Use in Precision Medicine
Therapies Chapter 24. The Vascular Biology of Atherosclerosis
Chapter 25. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Carolyn S.P. Lam, MBBS, PhD, MRCP, MS Chapter 27. Lipoprotein Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease
Professor Chapter 37. ST-­Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Pathophysiology and
Cardiovascular Academic Clinical Program Clinical Evolution
Duke–National University of Singapore
Senior Consultant Cardiologist JoAnn Lindenfeld, MD
National Heart Centre Singapore Professor of Medicine
Singapore Samuel S Riven MD Directorship in Cardiology
Chapter 51. Heart Failure with Preserved and Mildly Reduced Ejection Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Fraction Nashville, Tennessee
Chapter 58. Devices for Monitoring and Managing Heart Failure
Eric Larose, DVM, MD, FRCPC
Professor and Head of Cardiology Division Brian R. Lindman, MD, MSc
Department of Medicine Associate Professor of Medicine
Chair of Research & Innovation in Cardiovascular Imaging Medical Director, Structural Heart and Valve Center
Université Laval Cardiovascular Division
Cardiologist, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie Vanderbilt University Medical Center
de Québec – Université Laval Nashville, Tennessee
Quebec City, Quebec, Canada Chapter 72. Aortic Valve Stenosis
Chapter 30. Obesity: Medical and Surgical Management
Michael J. Mack, MD
John M. Lasala, MD, PhD Chair, Cardiovascular Service Line
Professor of Medicine Baylor Scott & White Health
Director, Structural Heart Disease Program President, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute
Cardiology Division Dallas, Texas
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Chapter 74. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Saint Louis, Missouri
Chapter 83. Catheter-­Based Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease in Mohammad Madjid, MD, MS
Adults Associate Professor of Medicine
McGovern Medical School
Daniel J. Lenihan, MD University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
President, International Cardio-Oncology Society Interventional Cardiologist
Professor of Medicine Heart and Vascular Institute
Director, Cardio-­Oncology Center of Excellence Memorial Hermann Hospital
Cardiovascular Division Houston, Texas
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Chapter 94. Endemic and Pandemic Viral Illnesses and Cardiovascular
Saint Louis, Missouri Disease: Influenza and COVID-­19
Chapter 98. Tumors Affecting the Cardiovascular System
Douglas L. Mann, MD
Eric J. Lenze, MD Lewin Distinguished Professor of Cardiovascular Disease
Professor of Psychiatry Washington University School of Medicine
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Saint Louis, Missouri
Saint Louis, Missouri Chapter 47. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
Chapter 99. Psychiatric and Psychosocial Aspects of Cardiovascular Chapter 48. Approach to the Patient With Heart Failure
Disease Chapter 50. Management of Heart Failure Patients with Reduced
Ejection Fraction
 xiii
Bradley A. Maron, MD Roxana Mehran, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine (Cardiology)
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Director of Interventional Cardiovascular Research and Clinical Trials

Contributors
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute
Harvard Medical School Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Department of Cardiology New York, New York
Boston VA Healthcare System Chapter 21. Coronary Angiography and Intravascular Imaging
Boston, Massachusetts
Chapter 88. Pulmonary Hypertension John M. Miller, MD
Professor of Medicine
Nikolaus Marx, MD Indiana University School of Medicine
Professor of Medicine / Cardiology Director, Cardiac Electrophysiology Services
Head of the Department of Internal Medicine I Indiana University Health
University Hospital Aachen Indianapolis, Indiana
Aachen, Germany Chapter 64. Therapy for Cardiac Arrhythmias
Chapter 31. Diabetes and the Cardiovascular System
David M. Mirvis, MD
Justin C. Mason, PhD, FRCP Professor Emeritus
Professor of Vascular Rheumatology Preventive Medicine
Vascular Sciences and Rheumatology University of Tennessee College of Medicine
Imperial College London Memphis, Tennessee
London, United Kingdom Chapter 14. Electrocardiography
Chapter 97. Rheumatic Diseases and the Cardiovascular System
Ana Olga Mocumbi, MD, PhD
Mathew S. Maurer, MD Associate Professor
Arnold and Arlene Goldstein Professor of Cardiology Internal Medicine
Professor of Medicine Universidade Eduardo Mondlane
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons Head of Division
Center for Advanced Cardiac Care Non Communicable Diseases
Columbia University Medical Center Instituto Nacional de Saúde
Director, Clinical Cardiovascular Research Laboratory for the Elderly Maputo, Mozambique
New York, New York Chapter 81. Rheumatic Fever
Chapter 53. Cardiac Amyloidosis
Samia Mora, MD
Peter A. McCullough, MD, MPH Associate Professor of Medicine
Consultant Cardiologist Harvard Medical School
Clinical Professor of Medicine Associate Physician
Department of Internal Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Texas A&M College of Medicine Boston, Massachusetts
Dallas, Texas Chapter 25. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Chapter 101. Interface Between Renal Disease and Cardiovascular Chapter 27. Lipoprotein Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease
Illness
Fred Morady, MD
Darren K. McGuire, MD, MHSc McKay Professor of Cardiovascular Disease
Professor, Internal Medicine Department of Medicine
Division of Cardiology University of Michigan
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan
Dallas, Texas Chapter 66. Atrial Fibrillation: Clinical Features, Mechanisms, and
Chapter 31. Diabetes and the Cardiovascular System Management

Alanna A. Morris, MD, MSc

John McMurray, OBE BSc (Hons), MB ChB (Hons), MD,
Associate Professor of Medicine
FRCP
Director, Heart Failure Research
Professor of Medical Cardiology
Emory University School of Medicine
Deputy-­Director (Clinical), Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical
Atlanta, Georgia
Sciences
Chapter 93. Heart Disease in Racially and Ethnically Diverse Populations
BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre
University of Glasgow David A. Morrow, MD, MPH
Honorary Consultant Cardiologist Professor of Medicine
Queen Elizabeth University Hospital Harvard Medical School
Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom Boston, Massachusetts
Chapter 4. Clinical Trials in Cardiovascular Medicine Chapter 37. ST-­Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Pathophysiology and
Clinical Evolution
Elizabeth M. McNally, MD, PhD Chapter 38. ST-­Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Management
Director, Center for Genetic Medicine Chapter 40. Stable Ischemic Heart Disease
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
Chicago, Illinois Dariush Mozaffarian, MD, DrPH
Chapter 100. Neuromuscular Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease Dean, Friedman School of Nutrition Science & Policy
Jean Mayer Professor of Nutrition
Tufts University School of Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts
Chapter 29. Nutrition and Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases
 xiv
Kiran Musunuru, MD, PhD, MPH, ML Jeffrey E. Olgin, MD
Professor of Cardiovascular Medicine and Genetics Gallo-­Chatterjee Distinguished Professor
Cardiovascular Institute Chief, Division of Cardiology
CONTRIBUTORS

University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine University of California, San Francisco

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania San Francisco, California
Chapter 7. Applications of Genetics to Cardiovascular Medicine Chapter 68. Bradyarrhythmias and Atrioventricular Block

Robert J. Myerburg, MD Steve R. Ommen, MD

Professor of Medicine and Physiology Division of Cardiovascular Diseases
Department of Medicine Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Rochester, Minnesota
Miami, Florida Chapter 54. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Chapter 70. Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death
Catherine M. Otto, MD
Pradeep Natarajan, MD, MMSc Professor of Medicine
Director of Preventive Cardiology J. Ward Kennedy-­Hamilton Endowed Chair in Cardiology
Massachusetts General Hospital Division of Cardiology
Assistant Professor of Medicine University of Washington School of Medicine
Harvard Medical School Director, Heart Valve Clinic
Boston, Massachusetts; Associate Director, Echocardiography
Associate Member University of Washington Medical Center
Program in Medical and Population Genetics Seattle, Washington
Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT Chapter 72. Aortic Valve Stenosis
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Chapter 7. Applications of Genetics to Cardiovascular Medicine Francis D. Pagani, MD, PhD
Otto Gago MD Endowed Professor of Cardiac Surgery
Stanley Nattel, MDCM Department of Cardiac Surgery
Professor University of Michigan
Department of Medicine Ann Arbor, Michigan
Paul-­David Chair in Cardiovascular Electrophysiology Chapter 59. Mechanical Circulatory Support
Montreal Heart Institute
University of Montreal Kristen K. Patton, MD
Montreal, Quebec, Canada Professor of Medicine
Chapter 62. Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias Division of Cardiology
University of Washington
Rick A. Nishimura, MD Seattle, Washington
Judd and Mary Morris Leighton Professor of Cardiovascular Diseases Chapter 68. Bradyarrhythmias and Atrioventricular Block
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science Patricia A. Pellikka, MD
Rochester, Minnesota The Betty Knight Scripps Professor of Medicine
Chapter 73. Aortic Regurgitation Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science
Vice Chair, Academic Affairs and Faculty Development
Vuyisile T. Nkomo, MD, MPH Consultant, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Cardiologist Director, Ultrasound Research Center
Professor of Medicine Mayo Clinic
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine Rochester, Minnesota
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science Chapter 77. Tricuspid, Pulmonic, and Multivalvular Disease
Rochester, Minnesota
Chapter 77. Tricuspid, Pulmonic, and Multivalvular Disease Gregory Piazza, MD, MS
Staff Physician
Peter Noseworthy, MD Cardiovascular Division
Consultant Department of Medicine
Cardiovascular Diseases Section Head,Vascular Medicine
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Rochester, Minnesota Boston, Massachusetts
Chapter 11. Artificial Intelligence in Cardiovascular Medicine Chapter 87. Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Vein Thrombosis

Patrick T. O’Gara, MD Philippe Pibarot, DVM, PhD

Professor of Medicine Professor
Harvard Medical School Department of Medicine
Senior Physician Québec Heart & Lung Institute
Cardiovascular Division Université Laval
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Québec City, Quebec, Canada
Boston, Massachusetts Chapter 79. Prosthetic Heart Valves
Chapter 13. History and Physical Examination: An Evidence-­Based
Approach
Chapter 79. Prosthetic Heart Valves
 xv
Paul Poirier, MD, PhD, FRCPC Paul M Ridker, MD, MPH
Chief, Cardiac Prevention/Rehabilitation Eugene Braunwald Professor of Medicine
Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec – Harvard Medical School

Contributors
Université Laval Director, Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Professor Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Faculty of Pharmacy Boston, Massachusetts
Université Laval Chapter 10. Biomarkers and Use in Precision Medicine
Quebec City, Quebec, Canada Chapter 25. Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Chapter 30. Obesity: Medical and Surgical Management
Dan M. Roden, MD
Dorairaj Prabhakaran, MD, DM (Cardiology), MSc, FRCP Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Biomedical Informatics
Vice President, Research and Policy Senior Vice President for Personalized Medicine
Public Health Foundation of India Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Executive Director, Centre for Chronic Disease Control Nashville, Tennessee
Gurgaon, Haryana, India; Chapter 9. Principles of Drug Therapeutics, Pharmacogenomics, and
Professor Biologics
Department of Epidemiology
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Frederick L. Ruberg, MD
London, United Kingdom Associate Professor of Medicine
Chapter 2. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Disease Section of Cardiovascular Medicine
Department of Medicine and Amyloidosis Center
Sanjay Rajagopalan, MD Boston Medical Center
Professor of Medicine Boston University School of Medicine
Director, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute Boston, Massachusetts
Case Western Reserve University Chapter 53. Cardiac Amyloidosis
Chief, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute Marc S. Sabatine, MD, MPH
University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Chair, TIMI Study Group
Cleveland, Ohio Lewis Dexter MD Distinguished Chair in Cardiovascular Medicine
Chapter 3. Impact of the Environment on Cardiovascular Health Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Professor of Medicine
Michael J. Reardon, MD Harvard Medical School
Professor of Cardiothoracic Surgery Boston, Massachusetts
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Chapter 35. Approach to the Patient with Chest Pain
Houston Methodist Hospital
Houston, Texas Prashanthan Sanders, MBBS, PhD
Chapter 78. Transcatheter Therapies for Mitral and Tricuspid Valvular Director, Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders
Heart Disease School of Medicine
Chapter 98. Tumors Affecting the Cardiovascular System University of Adelaide
Director, Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing
Susan Redline, MD, MPH Department of Cardiology
Peter C. Farrell Professor of Sleep Medicine Royal Adelaide Hospital
Harvard Medical School Director, Heart Rhythm Group
Senior Physician Heart Health
Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute
Departments of Medicine and Neurology Adelaide, Australia
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Chapter 65. Supraventricular Tachycardias
Boston, Massachusetts
Chapter 89. Sleep-­Disordered Breathing and Cardiac Disease Marc Schermerhorn, MD
George H. A. Clowes Jr. Professor of Surgery
Shereif Rezkalla, MD Harvard Medical School
Adjunct Professor of Medicine Chief, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery
University of Wisconsin Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Madison, Wisconsin; Boston, Massachusetts
Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Chapter 42. Diseases of the Aorta
Marshfield Clinic Health System
Marshfield, Wisconsin Benjamin M. Scirica, MD, MPH
Chapter 84. Cardiomyopathies Induced by Drugs or Toxins Associate Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Michael W. Rich, MD Senior Investigator, TIMI Study Group
Professor of Medicine Associate Physician, Cardiovascular Division
Division of Cardiology Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis Boston, Massachusetts
Saint Louis, Missouri Chapter 37. ST-­Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Pathophysiology and
Chapter 90. Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults Clinical Evolution
Chapter 99. Psychiatric and Psychosocial Aspects of Cardiovascular
Disease
 xvi
Arnold H. Seto, MD, MPA Randall C. Starling, MD, MPH
Associate Clinical Professor Professor of Medicine
University of California, Irvine Kaufman Center for Heart Failure
CONTRIBUTORS

Cardiologist Heart, Thoracic and Vascular Institute

Veterans Administration Long Beach Healthcare System Cleveland Clinic
Long Beach, California Cleveland, Ohio
Chapter 22. Invasive Hemodynamic Diagnosis of Cardiac Disease Chapter 60. Cardiac Transplantation

Sanjiv J. Shah, MD William G. Stevenson, MD

Neil Stone MD Professor of Medicine Professor of Medicine
Division of Cardiology Division of Cardiology
Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Chicago, Illinois Nashville, Tennessee
Chapter 51. Heart Failure with Preserved and Mildly Reduced Ejection Chapter 67.Ventricular Arrhythmias
Fraction
John R. Teerlink, MD, FRCP(UK)
Shabana Shahanavaz, MBBS Professor of Medicine
Associate Professor of Pediatrics University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco,
Director, Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory Director, Heart Failure
The Heart Institute Director, Echocardiography
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Section of Cardiology
Cincinnati, Ohio San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center
Chapter 83. Catheter-­Based Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease in San Francisco, California
Adults Chapter 49. Diagnosis and Management of Acute Heart Failure

Kalyanam Shivkumar, MD, PhD David J. Tester, BS

Professor of Medicine (Cardiology), Radiology, and Bioengineering Associate Professor of Medicine
Director, UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center and Electrophysiology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science
Programs Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental
Director, Adult Cardiac Catheterization Laboratories Therapeutics (Windland Smith Rice Sudden Death Genomics
Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center Laboratory)
Los Angeles, California Mayo Clinic
Chapter 102. Cardiovascular Manifestations of Autonomic Disorders Rochester, Minnesota
Chapter 63. Genetics of Cardiac Arrhythmias
Candice K. Silversides, SM, MD
Professor of Medicine Randal Jay Thomas, MD, MS
University of Toronto Pregnancy and Heart Disease Program Professor of Medicine
Toronto, Ontario, Canada Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine
Chapter 92. Pregnancy and Heart Disease Medical Director, Cardiac Rehabilitation Program
Division of Preventive Cardiology
Samuel C. Siu, MD, SM, MBA Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Professor of Medicine Mayo Clinic
Division of Cardiology Rochester, Minnesota
Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry Chapter 33. Comprehensive Cardiac Rehabilitation
Western University
London, Ontario, Canada Paul D. Thompson, MD
Chapter 92. Pregnancy and Heart Disease Chief of Cardiology, Emeritus
Hartford Hospital
Scott D. Solomon, MD Hartford, Connecticut
The Edward D. Frohlich Distinguished Chair Chapter 32. Exercise and Sports Cardiology
Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School Gordon F. Tomaselli, MD
Senior Physician Professor of Medicine (Cardiology)
Brigham and Women’s Hospital The Marilyn and Stanley M. Katz Dean
Boston, Massachusetts Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Chapter 4. Clinical Trials in Cardiovascular Medicine Executive Vice President and Chief Academic Officer
Chapter 16. Echocardiography Montefiore Medicine
Chapter 51. Heart Failure with Preserved and Mildly Reduced Ejection Bronx, New York
Fraction Chapter 61. Approach to the Patient with Cardiac Arrhythmias
Chapter 94. Endemic and Pandemic Viral Illnesses and Cardiovascular Chapter 62. Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias
Disease: Influenza and COVID-­19 Chapter 66. Atrial Fibrillation: Clinical Features, Mechanisms, and
Management
Matthew J. Sorrentino, MD Chapter 100. Neuromuscular Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease
Professor of Medicine
Section of Cardiology
UChicago Medicine
Chicago, Illinois
Chapter 26. Systemic Hypertension: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and
Treatment
 xvii
Mintu P. Turakhia, MD, MAS Nanette Kass Wenger, MD
Associate Professor of Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine) Professor of Medicine (Cardiology) Emeritus
Executive Director, Center for Digital Health Emory University School of Medicine

Contributors
Stanford University Consultant, Emory Heart and Vascular Center
Stanford, California; Atlanta, Georgia
Chief, Cardiac Electrophysiology Chapter 90. Cardiovascular Disease in Older Adults
VA Palo Alto Health Care System
Palo Alto, California Walter R. Wilson, MD
Chapter 12. Wearable Devices in Cardiovascular Medicine Professor of Medicine
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science
Anne Marie Valente, MD Rochester, Minnesota
Associate Professor Chapter 80. Infectious Endocarditis and Infections of Indwelling Devices
Pediatrics and Internal Medicine
Harvard Medical School Justina C. Wu, MD, PhD
Director, Boston Adult Congenital Heart Program Assistant Professor of Medicine
Children’s Hospital Boston Harvard Medical School
Brigham and Women’s Hospital Director of Echocardiography
Boston, Massachusetts Brigham and Women’s Hospital
Chapter 82. Congenital Heart Disease in the Adolescent and Adult Boston, Massachusetts
Chapter 16. Echocardiography
Orly Vardeny, PharmD, MS
Associate Professor of Medicine Katja Zeppenfeld, MD, PhD
Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research Professor of Cardiology
Minneapolis VA Health Care System and University of Minnesota Leiden University Medical Centre
Minneapolis, Minnesota Leiden, The Netherlands
Chapter 94. Endemic and Pandemic Viral Illnesses and Cardiovascular Chapter 67.Ventricular Arrhythmias
Disease: Influenza and COVID-­19
Michael R. Zile, MD
David D. Waters, MD Charles Ezra Daniels Professor of Medicine
Professor Emeritus Division of Cardiology
Department of Medicine Medical University of South Carolina
University of California, San Francisco Charleston, South Carolina
San Francisco, California Chapter 58. Devices for Monitoring and Managing Heart Failure
Chapter 85. Cardiovascular Abnormalities in HIV-­Infected Individuals

Jeffrey I. Weitz, MD, FRCP(C)

Professor of Medicine and Biochemistry
McMaster University
Executive Director
Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
Chapter 95. Hemostasis, Thrombosis, Fibrinolysis, and Cardiovascular
Disease
 Preface
The knowledge relevant to the practice of cardiology continues
to grow by leaps and bounds. Scientific and clinical advances have
occurred at such a rapid pace that clinicians often suffer information
overload. Communications about advances in cardiovascular med-
icine inundate practitioners on a seemingly minute-­to-­minute basis
through journals, mailings, text messages, newsletters, social media,
webinars, advertisements, and other electronic and print media. How
can a practitioner or trainee sift through this cacophony to discern
reliable, durable, and important information critical for practice?
This textbook of cardiovascular medicine offers a solution to this
quandary. The 12th edition of Braunwald’s Heart Disease provides a
comprehensive, carefully curated, balanced, and unbiased distilla-
tion not only of the tried and true, but especially the latest advances
in our field. This volume should serve the novice and experienced
practitioner alike. Trainees and those preparing for certification or
recertification examinations can use this text for an overall review of
contemporary cardiovascular medicine. Practitioners confronting a
particular clinical problem can consult the appropriate section of the
book on an as-­needed basis to answer the clinical question at hand
to aid on-­the-­spot clinical decision making. While not a basic science
textbook, this volume builds on Dr. Braunwald’s founding vision and
reviews fundamental pathophysiologic mechanisms to furnish a foun-
dation for informed practice where appropriate.
Cardiovascular medicine has expanded so enormously that few if
any individuals can maintain mastery of the entire scope of practice.
Sub-­specialization and even sub-­ sub-­
specialization have increased.
Yet, each of us encounters issues within these super-­specialized areas
when we care for and counsel our own patients.The palette of patients’
problems often overlaps the fine divisions our specialty has developed.
This book aims to provide a ready reference so that we can update our
knowledge with recent and authoritative information in areas of car-
diovascular medicine afield from our own primary areas of expertise.
The online content of this textbook contains additional new figures
and tables, as well as over 200 videos that add to the printed version.
Furthermore, through twice monthly online updates by Dr. Braunwald
and through Elsevier’s ClinicalKey, this textbook undergoes constant
updating. Indeed, with the addition of companion volumes, the Heart
Disease family has become a living learning system and comprehen-
sive reference.
As necessitated by evolution and progress in cardiovascular medi-
cine, in planning this 12th edition the editors have carefully reviewed
the content to reflect current knowledge. This edition has 14 totally
new chapters. For example, we have added chapters on artificial intel-
ligence in cardiology and on the use of wearables in cardiovascular
medicine. These two topics will doubtless change our practices pro-
foundly. We expect that future editions will continue to build on these
and other novel areas that will provide us with innovative tools to con-
front our patients’ problems.
We have added a new chapter,“Impact of the Environment on Cardio-
vascular Health,” as we recognize increasingly the clinical importance
of this critical interface. Another new chapter, “Cardiovascular Disease
Risk of Nicotine and Tobacco Products,” highlights the concerning
increase in smokeless tobacco use among youth. The burgeoning field
xviii
of cardio-­oncology has expanded coverage in the 12th edition, with
two chapters devoted to different aspects of this topic. Expanded cov-
erage of valvular heart disease includes a new chapter on interven-
tions for mitral and tricuspid valvulopathies, which complements an
updated chapter on percutaneous interventions for the aortic valve.
These additions acknowledge the growing role of structural heart dis-
ease interventions in tackling these conditions.
The period of planning and preparation of this 12th edition coin-
cided with the pandemic caused by SARS-­CoV-­2. We would be remiss
not to include an expanded discussion of viral heart diseases in a
new chapter, as our specialty needs to prepare for likely future viral
pandemics, as well as deal with the potentially long-­term cardiovas-
cular consequences of COVID-­19. Of course, each and every chapter
in the book has undergone extensive updating and revision to reflect
advances since the last edition. To this end, a number of chapters are
completely written de novo by new authors. Indeed, the 12th edition
boasts almost 80 new authors, reflecting our commitment to continu-
ous refreshment and review of the content.
Our field can take considerable pride in the rapid advances in both
basic and clinical investigation that this book highlights.Yet, we face a
disconnect between these advances and their application to practice.
To this end we include a new chapter, “Impact of Health Care Policy
on Quality and Outcomes of Cardiovascular Disease,” that focuses on
practical societal approaches to ensure that our patients can benefit
from the clinical and basic scientific advances in our field. Moreover,
closing gaps in offering progress in cardiovascular medicine to racially,
ethnically, geographically diverse, or underserved populations presents
a global challenge. We focus on cardiovascular conditions in partic-
ular segments of the population—women, people with diabetes, and
those with HIV/AIDS—that may require specialized approaches; each
of these and others have been accorded a separate chapter.The global
pandemic has placed disparities and inequities in health care in stark
relief, locally and globally. To address this problem, a new chapter,
“Heart Disease in Racially and Ethnically Diverse Populations,” deals
with cardiovascular conditions that confront disadvantaged segments
of our population.
Finally, the Editors were fortunate to enlist Professor Eugene Braun-
wald, the founder of this textbook, to contribute an opening chapter,
“Cardiovascular Disease: Past, Present, and Future,” which shares his
vision from his uniquely broad perspective. We have striven to uphold
the standards that he set for this textbook from the first five editions
that he edited solo. We have aimed to emulate his editorial prowess
and example of refreshing every page of this textbook in each edition
to maximize its utility for all who care for patients with or at risk of
developing cardiovascular disease.
Peter Libby
Robert O. Bonow
Douglas L. Mann
Gordon F. Tomaselli
Deepak L. Bhatt
Scott D. Solomon
 Preface to the First Edition
Cardiovascular disease is the greatest scourge affecting the industri-
alized nations. As with previous scourges — bubonic plague, yellow
fever, and small pox — cardiovascular disease not only strikes down a
significant fraction of the population without warning but also causes
prolonged suffering and disability in an even larger number. In the
United States alone, despite recent encouraging declines, cardiovascu-
lar disease is still responsible for almost 1 million fatalities each year
and more than half of all deaths; almost 5 million persons afflicted with
cardiovascular disease are hospitalized each year. The cost of these
diseases in terms of human suffering and material resources is almost
incalculable.
Fortunately, research focusing on the prevention, causes, diagno-
sis, and treatment of heart disease is moving ahead rapidly. Since
the early part of the twentieth century, clinical cardiology has had
a particularly strong foundation in the basic sciences of physiol-
ogy and pharmacology. More recently, the disciplines of molecular
biology, genetics, developmental biology, biophysics, biochemistry,
experimental pathology and bioengineering have also begun to
provide critically important information about cardiac function
and malfunction.
In the past 25 years, in particular, we have witnessed an explosive
expansion of our understanding of the structure and function of the
cardiovascular system—both normal and abnormal—and of our abil-
ity to evaluate these parameters in the living patient, sometimes by
means of techniques that require penetration of the skin but also with
increasing accuracy, by noninvasive methods. Simultaneously, remark-
able progress has been made in preventing and treating cardiovascular
disease by medical and surgical means. Indeed, in the United States, a
steady reduction in mortality from cardiovascular disease during the
past decade suggests that the effective application of this increased
knowledge is beginning to prolong human life span, the most valued
resource on earth.
To provide a comprehensive, authoritative text in a field that has
become as broad and deep as cardiovascular medicine, I enlisted
the aid of a number of able colleagues. However, I hoped that my
personal involvement in the writing of about half of the book would
make it possible to minimize the fragmentation, gaps, inconsisten-
cies, organizational difficulties, and impersonal tone that sometimes
plague multiauthored texts. Although Heart Disease: A Textbook of
Cardiovascular Medicine is primarily a clinical treatise and not a
textbook of fundamental cardiovascular science, an effort has been
made to explain, in some detail, the scientific bases of cardiovascular
diseases.
To the extent that this book proves useful to those who wish to
broaden their knowledge of cardiovascular medicine and thereby aids
in the care of patients afflicted with heart disease, credit must be given
to the many talented and dedicated persons involved in its prepara-
tion. I offer my deepest appreciation to my fellow contributors for their
professional expertise, knowledge, and devoted scholarship, which has
so enriched this book. I am deeply indebted to them for their coopera-
tion and willingness to deal with a demanding editor.
Eugene Braunwald
1980
xix
 Acknowledgments

The conception and creation of this textbook of over 100 chapters and almost 2000 pages required
the expertise, assistance, and skills of many dedicated individuals. We thank the contributors who have
authored the chapters that comprise this textbook. We recognize the leadership of Ms. Dolores Meloni,
executive content strategist at Elsevier, for her guidance and assistance at all stages of the planning and
preparation of this volume. Ms. Anne Snyder, senior content development specialist, provided invaluable
and detailed assistance on a daily basis. The editors owe her a great debt of gratitude. Mr. John Casey,
senior project manager, cheerfully worked with the authors and the editors in executing the composition
and proofing of this tome and accommodating last-­minute additions and alterations to make the print
edition as accurate and up to date as possible. The editors would not have been able to produce this
book and ensure its quality without all of these contributions.
We also thank colleagues the world over who provided suggestions on how to improve Braunwald’s
Heart Disease and identified points that could use clarification. We welcome such input that will enable
us to improve this edition in subsequent printings and plan future editions to meet our readers’ needs
even better.

xx
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Keg nodded. "I thought as much. That leaves her out of the picture.
Well, up to now space travel has been about as safe as spending the
evening in your easy-chair. Hello, Arden, how's married life?"
"Can't tell yet," she said with a twinkle. "I've got to find out whether I
can break him of a dozen bad habits before I'll commit myself."
"I wish you luck, Arden, although from that statement, it's Don that
needs the luck."
"We came to see if there was anything we could do about the Solar
Queen," offered Channing.
"What can anybody do?" asked Keg with spread hands. "About all we
can do is to put it down in our remembrances and turn to tomorrow.
Life goes on, you know," said Keg in a resigned tone, "and either we
keep up or we begin to live in the past. Are you going to stay here for
a day or two?"
"Was thinking about it," said Don.
"Well, suppose you register at the Terraland and meet me back here
for lunch. If anything occurs, I'll shoot you a quickie." Keg looked at
his watch and whistled. "Lordy," he said ruefully. "I didn't know how
late it was. Look, kids, I'll run you downtown myself, and we'll all have
lunch at the Terraland. How's that?"
"Sounds better," admitted Channing. "My appetite, you know."
"I know," laughed Arden. "Come on, meat-eater, and we'll peel a calf."
It was during lunch that a messenger raced into the dining room and
handed Keg a letter. Keg read, and then swore roundly. He tossed
the letter across the table to Don and Arden.
To the Operators of all Spacelines:
It has come to my attention that your ships require protection. The
absence of the Solar Queen is proof enough that your efforts are
insufficient to insure the arrival of a spaceship at its destination.
I am capable of offering protection at the reasonable rate of one
dollar solarian for every gross ton, with the return of ten dollars
solarian if any ship fails to come through safely. I think that you may
find it necessary to subscribe to my insurance, since without my
protection I cannot be responsible for failures.
Allison (Hellion) Murdoch.
"Why the dirty racketeer," stormed Arden. "Who is he, anyway?"
"Hellion Murdoch is a man of considerable ability as a surgeon and a
theoretical physicist," explained Don. "He was sentenced to the gas
chamber ten years ago for trying some of his theories out on human
beings without their consent. He escaped with the aid of fifteen or
twenty of his cohorts who had stolen the Hippocrates right out of the
private spaceport of the Solarian Medical Research Institute."
"And they headed for the unknown," offered Keg. "Wonder where
they've been for the last ten years."
"I'll bet a hat that they've been in the Melapalan Jungle, using the
machine shop of the Hippocrates to fashion guns. That machine shop
was a dilly, if I remember correctly."
"It was. The whole ship was just made to be as self-sustaining as it
could be. They used to run all over the System in it, you know,
chasing bugs. But look, Don, if I were you, I'd begin worrying about
Venus Equilateral. That's where he'll hit next."
"You're right. But what are you going to do?"
"Something that will drive him right out to the Relay Station," said Keg
in a sorrowful tone. "Sorry, Don, but when I put an end to all space
shipping for a period of six weeks, Hellion Murdoch will be sitting in
your lap."
"He sure will," said Channing nervously. "Arden, are you willing to run
a gantlet?"
"Sure," she answered quickly. "Are you sure that there will be
danger?"
"Not too sure, or I wouldn't take you with me. Unless Murdoch has
managed to build himself a couple of extra ships, we've got a chance
in three that he'll be near one of the other two big spaceports. So we'll
slide out of here unannounced and at a peculiar time of day. We'll
load up with gravanol and take it all the way to the Station at 6-G."
"He may have two or three ships," said Keg. "A man could cover all
the standard space shipping in three, and he might not have too bad
a time with two, especially if he were only out looking for those which
weren't paid for. But, look, I wouldn't check out of the Terraland if I
were you. Keep this under cover. Your heap is all ready to take sky
from Canalopsis Spaceport and you can leave directly."
"Hold off on your announcement as long as possible," Don asked
Keg.
Johnson smiled and nodded. "I'll give you time to get there anyway.
But I've no control over what will be done at Northern Landing or
Mojave. They may kick over the traces."
"Arden, we're moving again," laughed Don. "Keg, ship us our duds as
soon as this affair is cleared up." Channing scribbled a message on
the back of Murdoch's letter. "Shoot this off to Walt Franks, will you? I
won't wait for an answer, that'll take about fifty minutes, and by that
time I'll have been in space for twenty."

They paused long enough to stop at the nurse's office at the

spaceport for a heavy shot of gravanol and a thorough bracing with
wide adhesive tape. Then they made their way to the storage space
of the spaceport where they entered their small ship. Channing was
about to send the power lever home when the figure of Keg Johnson
waved him to stop.
Keg ran up to the space lock and handed in a paper.
"You're it," he said. "Good luck, Channings."
It was another message from Hellion Murdoch. It said, bluntly:
To Donald Channing,
Director of Communications:
Considerable difficulty has been experienced in transmitting
messages to the interested parties. I desire a free hand in telling all
who care, the particulars of my insurance.
Since your Relay Station is in a position to control all communications
between the worlds, I am offering you the option of either
surrendering the Station to me, or of fighting me for its possession. I
am confident that you will see the intelligent course; an unarmed
station in space is no match for a fully armed and excellently manned
cruiser.
Your answer will be expected in five days.
Allison (Hellion) Murdoch.
Channing snarled and thrust the power lever down to the last notch.
The little ship leaped upward under 5-1/2-G, and was gone from sight
in less than a minute.
Arden shook her head. "What was that message you sent to Franks?"
she asked.
"I told him that there was a wild-eyed pirate on the loose, and that he
might make a stab at the Station. We are coming in as soon as we
can get there and to be on the lookout for us on the landing
communications radio, and also for anything untoward in the nature
of space vessels."
"Then this is not exactly a shock," said Arden, waving the message
from Murdoch.
"Not exactly," said Channing dryly. "Now look, Arden, you go to sleep.
This'll take hours and hours, and gabbing about it will only lay you out
cold."
"I feel fine," objected Arden.
"I know, but that's the gravanol, not you. The tape will keep you intact,
and the gravanol will keep you awake without pain or nausea. But
you can't get something for nothing, Arden, and when that gravanol
wears off, you'll spend ten times as long with one tenth of the trouble
you might have had. So make it easy for yourself now and later you'll
be glad that you aren't worse."
The sky blackened, and Channing knew that they were free in space.
Give them another fifteen minutes and the devil himself couldn't find
them. With no flight plan scheduled and no course posted, they might
as well have been in the seventeenth dimension. As they emerged
from the thin atmosphere, there was a fleeting flash of fire from
several miles to the East, but Channing did not pay particular
attention to it. Arden looked through a telescope, and said that she
thought that she saw a spaceship circling, but that she could not be
sure.
Whatever it was, nothing came of it.

The trip out to the Station was a monotonous series of uneventful

hours, proceeding along one after the other. They dozed and slept
most of the time, eating sparingly and doing nothing that was not
absolutely necessary.
Turnabout was accomplished and then the deceleration began,
equally long and equally monotonous. It was equally inactive.
Channing tried to plan, but it failed because he could not plan without
talking and discussing the affair with his men; too much depended
upon their co-operation. He fell into a morose, futile feeling that made
itself evident in grousing; Arden tried to jolly him, but Don's usually
bubbling spirit was doused too deep. Also, Arden herself was none
too happy, and she failed to convince herself, which is necessary
before one can convince anyone else of anything.
Then they sighted the Station, and Channing's ill spirit left. A man of
action, what he hated most was the no-action business of just sitting
in a little capsule of steel waiting for the Relay Station to come up out
of the sky below. Once it was sighted, Channing could foresee action,
and his grousing stopped.
They zipped past the Station at a distance of ten miles, and Channing
opened the radio.
"Walt Franks! Wake up, you slumberhead."
The answer came inside of a half minute. "Hello, Don. Who's
asleep?"
"Where are you? In Joe's?"
"Joe has declared a drought for the duration," said Franks with a
laugh. "He thinks we can't think on Scotch."
"We can't. Have you seen the boys?"
"Murdoch's crew? Sure, they're circling at about five miles, running
around in the plane of the ecliptic. Keep running on the colure and the
chances are that you won't even see 'em. But, Don, they can hear
us!"
"How about the landing stage at the South end?"
"There are two of them running around the Station at different heights
from South to North. The third is circling in a four-mile circle on a
plane five miles South of the Station. We've picked up a few HE
shells, and I guess that, if you try to make a landing there, you'll be
shot to bits. That devil is using the meteor detector for a gun pointer."
"Walt, remember the range finder?"
"Y'mean the one we used to find the Empress?"
"Uh-huh. Rig it without the adjustable mirror. Get me? D'you know
what I want to do?"
"Yop. All we have to do is to clear away some of the saw grass again.
Not too much, though, because it hasn't been too long since we cut it
before. I get you all right."
"Fine. How soon?"
"I'm in the beam control dome North. I've got a portable mike, and I
walk over to the adjustable mirror and begin to tinker with the moving
screws. Ouch! I've skun me a knuckle. Now look, Don, I'm going
inside and crack the passage end. I've broadcast throughout the
Station that this is to be cracked, and the men are swarming all over
the axis of the Station doing just that. Come a-running!"
Channing circled the little ship high to the North and came down
toward the axis of the Station. He accelerated fiercely for a portion of
the time, and then made a slam-bang turnabout that caused some of
the plates to complain. A pilot light on the instrument panel gleamed,
indicating that some of the plates were strained and that the ship was
leaking air. Another light lit, indicating that the automatic pressure
control was functioning, and that the pressure was maintained,
though it might not be too long.
Then in deceleration, Channing fought the ship on to a die-straight
line with the open door at the North end. He fixed the long, long
passageway in the center of his sights, and prayed.
The ship hit the opening squarely, and only then did their terrific
speed become apparent. Past bulkhead after bulkhead they drove,
and a thin scream came to their ears as the atmosphere down in the
bowels of the Station was compressed by the tiny ship's passage.
Doors slammed behind the ship as it passed, and air locks were
opened, permitting the Station's center to fill to its normal pressure
once more.
Then the rocketing ship slowed. Channing saw a flash of green and
knew that the Martial saw grass was halfway down the three-mile
length of the Station. He zipped past storeroom and rooms filled with
machinery, and then the ship scraped lightly against one of the
bulkheads.
It caromed from this bulkhead against the next, hitting it in a
quartering slice. From side to side the ship bounced, crushing the
bulkheads and tearing great slices from the flanks of the ship.
It slowed, and came to rest against a large room full of packing
cases, and was immediately swarmed over by the men from the
Relay Station.
They found Channing partly conscious. His nose was bleeding, but
otherwise he seemed all right. Arden was completely out, though a
quick check by the Station's medical staff assured Don that she would
be all right as soon as they gave her a work-out. He was leaving the
center of the Station when Franks came puffing up the stairway from
the next lowest level.
"Gosh," he said. "It's a real job trying to guess where you stopped.
I've been hitting every hundred feet and asking. Well, that was one for
the book."
"Yeah," groaned Don. "Come along, Walt. I want a shower. You can
give the résumé of the activities whilst I'm showering and trying to
soak this adhesive off. Arden, lucky girl, will be unconscious when the
doc rips it off, but I never liked the way they remove tape."
"There isn't much to tell," said Franks. "But what there is, I'll tell you."
Channing was finishing the shower when Walt mentioned that it was
too bad that they hadn't started his electron gun a few weeks sooner.
Don shut off the water, fumbled for a towel, and said: "What?"
Franks repeated.
Again Channing said: "What? Are you nuts?"
"No. I've been tinkering with an idea of mine. If we had another month
to work on it, I think we might be able to clip Murdoch's ears."
"Just what are you using in this super weapon, chum?"
Franks explained.
"Mind if I put in an oar?" asked Channing.
"Not at all. So far we might be able to fry a smelt at twenty feet, or we
could cook us a steak. But I haven't been able to do a thing yet. We
had it working once, and I think we heated a meteor somewhat, but
the whole thing went blooey before we finished the test. I've spent the
last week and a half fixing the thing up again, and would have tried it
out on the next meteor, but your message brought a halt to everything
but cleaning up the mess and making ready just in case we might
think of something practical."
"I'll put in my first oar by seeing the gadget. Wait 'til I find my pants,
and I'll go right along."
Don inspected the installation and whistled. "Not half bad, sonny. Not
half bad."
"Except that we haven't been able to make it work."
"Well, for one thing, you've been running on the wrong track. You
need more power."
"Sure," grinned Walt. "More power, he says. I don't see how we can
cram any more soup into this can. She'll melt."
"Walt, what happens in a big gun?"
"Powder burns; expanding products of combustion push—"
"Functionally, what are you trying to accomplish? Take it on the basis
of a solid shot, like they used to use back in the sailing ship days."
"Well," said Walt thoughtfully, "I'd say they were trying to heave
something large enough to do damage."
"Precisely. Qualifying that statement a little, you might say that the
projectile transmits the energy of the powder charge to its objective."
"Right," agreed Walt.
"And it is possible to transmit that energy mechanically. I think if we
reason this idea out in analogy, we might be able to do it electrically.
First, there is the method. There is nothing wrong with your idea,
functionally. Electron guns are as old as radio. They—"
The door opened and Arden entered. "Hi, fellows," she said. "What's
cooking?"
"Hi, Arden. Like marriage?"
"How long do people have to be married before people stop asking
that darned fool question?" asked Arden.
"O.K., how about your question?"
"I meant that. I ran into Warren who told me that the brains were
down here tinkering on something that was either a brilliant idea or an
equally brilliant flop—he didn't know which. What goes?"
"Walt has turned Buck Rogers and is now about to invent a ray gun."
"No!"
"Yes!"
"Here's where we open a psychopathic ward," said Arden sadly. "So
far, Venus Equilateral is the only community that hasn't had a village
idiot. But no longer are we unique. Seriously, Walt?"
"Sure enough," said Channing. "He's got an idea here that may work
with a little tinkering."
"Brother Edison, we salute you," said Arden. "How does it work?"
"Poorly. Punk. Lousy."
"Well, sound recording has come a long way from the tinfoil cylinder
that scratches out: 'Mary had a little lamb!' And transportation has
come along swell from the days of sliding sledges. You may have the
nucleus of an idea, Walt. But I meant its operation instead of its
efficiency."
"We have an electron gun of super size," explained Walt. "The
cathode is a big affair six feet in diameter and capable of emitting a
veritable storm of electrons. We accelerate them by means of
properly spaced anodes of the proper voltage level, and we focus
them into a nice bundle by means of electrostatic lenses—"
"Whoa, Tillie. You're talking like the Venerable Buck himself. Say that
in language, please."
"Well, we work at swords' points whenever we try to accelerate
electrons to high speeds and focus them at the same time," said
Walt. "A voltage gradient will cause electrons to change their course
like a lens, and with the usual trouble with inanimate things, it works
the wrong way. In order to accelerate the electrons emitted from the
cathode, they are subjected to the attraction of an anode which is
operating at a high positive potential. The electrons leave the
cathode, and as they are attracted by the positive anode, they begin
to move.
"Now it is common to speak of the velocity of an electron by stating
the quantity of volts that the electron has fallen through. The higher
the voltage difference between cathode and anode, the faster the
electron will go.
"But the stream of electrons will be diverged if it falls through a field of
increasing positive potential. In order to bring the stream to a focus,
we must follow the first anode with another anode of a potential less
than the first anode but still higher than the cathode. That bollixes up
the works. It focuses the stream and slows it at the same time. So we
follow this anode with another high positive electrode and speed them
up again, and then focus them and so on until we get the required
velocity. These anodes are shaped like rings so that their electrostatic
effect will exist in the center of them; the beam passes through this
center."
"In other words the ring-shaped electrodes are electrostatic lenses?"
"Nope. It is the space between them. The lens is either convex or
concave depending upon whether the voltage gradient is from
positive to less positive or if it is positive to more positive,
respectively. In an electrostatic lens for electrons, the thing is not like
a glass lens for light. Whether your lens is diverging or converging
depends upon which way your electron stream is running through it.
With light, a convex lens will converge the light no matter which
direction the light is coming from."
"Uh-huh. I see in a sort of vague manner. Now, fellows, go on from
there. What's necessary to make this dingbat tick?"
"I want to think out loud," said Channing.
"That's nothing unusual," said Arden. "Can't we get into Joe's? You
can't think without a tablecloth, either."

"What I'm thinking is this, Walt. You've been trying to squirt electrons
like a fireman runs a hose. Walt, how long do you suppose a sixteen-
inch rifle would last if the explosives were constantly replaced and the
fire burned constantly?"
"Not long," admitted Walt.
"A gun is an overloaded machine," said Don. "Even a little one. The
life of a gun barrel is measured in seconds; totaling up the time of
transit of all the rounds from new barrel to worn gun gives a figure
expressed in seconds. Your electron gun, Walt, whether it be fish,
flesh, or fowl, must be overloaded for an instant."
"Is overload a necessary requirement?" asked Arden. "It seems to me
that you might be able to bore a sixteen-inch gun for a twenty-two.
What now, little man?"
"By the time we get something big enough to do more than knock
paint off, we'll have something bigger than a twenty-two," grinned
Channing. "I was speaking in terms of available strength versus
required punch. In the way that a girder will hold tremendous
overloads for brief instants, a gun is extremely overloaded for
milliseconds. We'll have a problem—"
"O.K., aside from that, have you figured out why I haven't been able
to do more than warm anything larger than a house brick?"
"Sure," laughed Channing. "What happens in a multigrid radio tube
when the suppressor grid is hanging free?"
"Charges up and blocks the electron stream ... hey! That's it!"
"What?" asked Arden.
"Sure," said Walt. "We fire off a batch of electrons, and the first
contingent that arrives charges the affair so that the rest of the beam
sort of wriggles out of line."
"Your meteor is going to take on a charge of phenomenal negative
value, and the rest of your beam is going to be deflected away, just
as your electron lenses deflect the original beam," said Channing.
"And now another thing, old turnip. You're squirting out a lot of
electrons. That's much amperage. Your voltage—velocity—is nothing
to rave about. Watts is what you want, to corn a phrase."
"Phew," said Walt. "Corn, he says. Go on, prodigy, and make with the
explanations. I agree, we should have more voltage and less quantity.
But we're running the stuff at plenty of voltage now. Nothing short of a
Van Der Graf generator would work—and while we've got one up on
the forty-ninth level, we couldn't run a supply line down here without
reaming a fifty-foot hole through the Station, and then I don't know
how we'd get that kind of voltage down here without ... that kind of
stuff staggers the imagination. You can't juggle a hundred million volts
on a wire. She'd squirt off in all directions."
"Another thing, whilst I hold it in my mind," said Channing thoughtfully.
"You go flinging electrons off the Station in basketful after basketful,
and the next bird that drops a ship on the landing stage is going to
spot-weld himself right to the South end of Venus Equilateral. It
wouldn't be long before the Station would find itself being pulled into
Sol because of the electrostatic stress—if we didn't run out of
electrons first!"
"I hardly think that we'd run out—but we might have a tough time
flinging them away after a bit. Could be that we should blow out a fist
full of positrons at the same time?"
"Might make up a concentric beam and wave the positive ions at the
target," said Channing. "Might help."
"But this space-charge effect. How do we get around that?"
"Same way we make the electron gun work. Fire it off at a devilish
voltage. Run your electron velocity up near the speed of light; the
electrons at that speed will acquire considerable mass, in accordance
with Lorenz's equation which shows that as the velocity of a mass
reaches the speed of light, its mass becomes infinite. With a healthy
mass built up by near-light velocities, the electrons will not be as easy
to deflect. Then, too, we can do the damage we want before the
charge can be built up that will deflect the stream. We ram 'em with a
bundle of electrons moving so fast that the charging effect can not
work; before the space charge can build up to the level required for
self-nullification of our beam, the damage is done."
"And all we need is a couple of trillion volts. Two times ten to the
twelfth power. Grrr."
"I can see that you'll need a tablecloth," said Arden. "You birds can
think better over at Joe's. Come along and feed the missus, Don."
Channing surveyed the instrument again, and then said: "Might as
well, Walt. The inner man must be fed, and we can wrangle at the
same time. Argument assists the digestion—and vice versa."

"Now," said Channing, as the dishes were pushed aside, clearing a

space on the table. "What are we going to do?"
"That's what I've been worrying about," said Walt. "Let's list the things
that make our gun ineffective."
"That's easy. It can't dish out enough. It's too dependent upon
mobility. It's fundamentally inefficient because it runs out of
ammunition too quick, by which I mean that it is a sort of gun with
antiseptic bullets. It cures its own damage."
"Prevents," said Arden.
"All right, it acts as its own shield, electrostatically."
"About this mobility," said Walt, "I do not quite agree with that."
"You can't whirl a hunk of tube the size and weight of a good-sized
telescope around fast enough to shoot holes in a racing spaceship,"
said Channing. "Especially one which is trying to dodge. We've got to
rely upon something that can do the trick better. Your tube did all right
following a meteor that runs in a course that can be predicted,
because you can set up your meteor spotter to correct for the
mechanical lag. But in a spaceship that is trying to duck your shot,
you'll need something that works with the speed of light. And, since
we're going to be forced into something heavy and hard-hitting, its
inertia will be even more so."
"Heavy and hard-hitting means exactly what?"
"Cyclotron or betatron. One of those dingusses that whirls electrons
around like a stone on a string until the string breaks and sends the
stone out at a terrific speed. We need a velocity that sounds like a
congressional figure."
"We've got a cyclotron."
"Yeah," drawled Channing. "A wheezy old heap that cries out in
anguish every time the magnets are charged. I doubt that we could
move the thing without it falling apart. The betatron is the ticket."
"But the cyclotron gives out with a lot more soup."
"If I had to increase the output of either one, I could do it a lot quicker
with the betatron," said Channing. "In a cyclotron, the revolution of
the electrons in their acceleration period is controlled by an oscillator,
the voltage output of which is impressed on the D chambers. In order
to speed up the electron stream, you'd have to do two things. One:
Build a new oscillator that will dish out more power. Two: Increase the
strength of the magnets.
"But in the betatron, the thing is run differently. The magnet is built for
A. C. and the electron gun runs off the same. As your current starts
up from zero, the electron gun squirts a bouquet of electrons into a
chamber built like a pair of pie plates set rim to rim. The magnet's
field begins to build up at the same time, and the resulting increase in
field strength accelerates the electrons and at the same time, its
increasing field keeps the little devils running in the same orbit. Shoot
it with two-hundred-cycle current, and in the half cycle your electrons
are made to run around the center a few million times. That builds up
a terrific velocity—measured in six figures, believe it or not. Then the
current begins to level off at the top of the sine wave, and the magnet
loses its increasing phase. The electrons, still in acceleration, begin
to whirl outward. The current levels off for sure and begins to slide
down—and the electrons roll off at a tangent to their course. This
stream can be collected and used. In fact, we have a two-hundred-
cycle beam of electrons at a couple of billion volts. That, brother, ain't
hay!"
"Is that enough?"
"Nope."
"Then how do you hope to increase this velocity? If it is easier to run
this up than it would be the cyclotron, how do we go about it?"
Channing smiled and began to draw diagrams on the tablecloth. Joe
looked over with a worried frown, and then shrugged his shoulders.
Diagrams or not, this was an emergency—and besides, he thought, I
need another lesson in high-powered gadgetry.

"The nice thing about this betatron," said Channing, "is the fact that it
can and does run both ends on the same supply. The current and
voltage phases are correct so that we do not require two supplies
which operate in a carefully balanced condition. The cyclotron is one
of the other kinds; though the one supply is strictly D.C., the strength
of the field must be controlled separately from the supply to the
oscillator that runs the D plates. You're sitting on a fence, juggling
knobs and stuff all the time you are bombarding with a cyc.
"Now let us inspect the supply of the betatron. It is sinusoidal. There
is the catch. There is the thing that makes it possible. That single fact
makes it easy to step the power up to terrific quantities. Since the
thing is fixed by nature so that the input is proportional—electron gun
initial velocity versus magnetic field strength, if we increase the input
voltage, the output voltage goes up without having to resort to
manipulistic gymnastics on the part of the operator."
"Go on, Professor Maxwell."
"Don't make fun of a great man's name," said Arden. "If it wasn't for
Clerk Maxwell, we'd still be yelling out of the window at one another
instead of squirting radio beams all over the Solar System."
"Then make him quit calling me Tom Swift."
"Go on, Don, Walt and I will finish this argument after we finish
Hellion Murdoch."
"May I?" asked Channing with a smile. He did not mind the
interruption; he was used to it in the first place and he had been busy
with his pencil in the second place. "Now look, Walt, what happens
when you smack a charged condenser across an inductance?"
"You generate a damped cycle of the amplitude of the charge on the
condenser, and of frequency equal to the L, C, constants of the
condenser and inductance. The amplitude decays according to the
factor Q, following the equation for decrement—"
"Never mind, I've got it here on my whiteboard," smiled Channing,
pointing to the tablecloth. "You are right. And the purity of the wave?"
"Sinusoidal ... hey! That's it!" Walt jumped to his feet and went to the
telephone.
"What's 'it'?" asked Arden.
"The betatron we have runs off of a five-hundred-volt supply,"
chuckled Channing. "We can crank that up ten to one without running
into any difficulty at all. Five-hundred-volt insulation is peanuts, and
the stuff they put on wires nowadays is always good for ten times that
just because it wouldn't be economical to try to thin the insulation
down so that it only protects five hundred. I'll bet a hat that he would
crank the input up to fifty thousand volts without too much sputtering
—though I wouldn't know where to lay my lunch hooks on a fifty-
thousand-volt condenser of any appreciable capacity. Well, stepping
up the rig ten to one will dish us out just shy of a couple of thousand
million volts, which, as brother Franks says, is not hay!"

Walt returned after a minute and said: "Warren's measuring the

inductance of the betatron magnet. He'll calculate the value of C
required to tune the thing to the right frequency and start to achieve
that capacity by mazing up whatever high-voltage condensers we
have on the Station. Now, Don, let's calculate how we're going to
make the thing mobile."
"That's a horse of a different color. We'll have to use electromagnetic
deflection. From the constants of the electron stream out of our
souped-up Suzy, we'll have to compute the necessary field to deflect
such a beam. That'll be terrific, because the electrons are hitting it up
at a velocity approaching that of light—maybe a hundred and seventy
thousand miles per—and their mass will be something fierce. That
again will help to murder Murdoch; increasing mass will help to keep
the electrons from being deflected, since it takes more to turn a heavy
mass—et cetera, see Newton's laws of inertia for complete
statement. Have 'em jerk the D plates out of the cyc and bring the
magnet frame down here—to the turret, I mean—and set 'em up on
the vertical. We'll use that to run the beam up and down, we can't
possibly get one hundred and eighty degree deflection, of course, but
we can run the deflection over considerable range. It should be
enough to catch a spaceship that is circling the Station. For the
horizontal deflection, what have we got?"
"Nothing. But the cyc magnet is a double pole affair. We could break
the frame at the D plates and set one winding sidewise to the other
and use half on each direction."
"Sure. Have one of Warren's gang fit the busted pole pieces up with a
return-magnetic frame so that the field will be complete. He can weld
some girders on and around in an hour. That gives us complete
deflection properties left and right; up and down. We should be able
to cover a ninety-degree cone from your turret."
"That'll cover all of Murdoch's ships," said Walt.
"Too bad we haven't got some U235 to use. I'd like to plate up one of
his ships with some positive ions of U235 and then change the beam
to slow neutrons. That might deter him from his life of crime."
"Variations, he wants," said Arden. "You're going to impale one ship
on a beam of electrons, one ship on a beam of U235 ions; and what
will you have on the third?"
"I'll think of something," said Channing. "A couple of pounds of U235
should make things hum, though."
"More like making them disappear," said Franks. "Swoosh! No ship.
Just an incandescent mass falling into the Sun. I'm glad we haven't
got U235 in any quantity out here. We catch a few slow neutrons now
and then, and I wouldn't be able to sleep nights. The things just sort
of wander right through the Station as though it weren't here at all;
they stop just long enough to register on the counter upstairs and
then they're gone."
"Well, to work, people. We've got a job to do in the next three and a
half days."

Those days were filled with activity. Hauling the heavy parts down to
the turret was no small job, but it was accomplished after a lot of hard
work and quite a bit of tinkering with a cutting torch. The parts were
installed in the outer skin, and the crew with the torch went back over
their trail and replaced the gaping holes they left in the walls and
floors of Venus Equilateral. The engineering department went to
work, and for some hours the place was silent save for the clash of
pencil on paper and the scratching of scalps. The most popular book
in the Station became a volume on nuclear physics, and the second
most popular book was a table of integrals. The stenographic force
went to work combing the library for information pertaining to
electronic velocities, and a junior engineer was placed in as buffer
between the eager stenographers and the harried engineering
department. This was necessary because the stenographers got to
the point where they'd send anything at all that said either "electrons"
or "velocity," and one of the engineers read halfway through a text on
atomic structure before he realized that he had been sold a bill of
goods. Wire went by the mile down to the turret, and men proceeded
to blow out half of the meters in the Station with the high-powered
beam. Luckily, the thing was completely nonspectacular, or Murdoch
might have gained an inkling of their activities. The working crew
manipulated constants and made haywire circuits, and finally
announced that the beam would deflect—if the calculations were
correct.
"They'd better be," said Channing. He was weary. His eyes were
puffed from lack of sleep, and he hadn't had his clothing off in three
days.
"They are," said Franks. He was in no better shape than Don.
"They'd better be right," said Channing ominously. "We're asking for a
kick in the teeth. The first bundle of stuff that leaves our gun will
energize Murdoch's meteor spotter by shear electrostatic force. His
gun mounts, which you tell me are coupled to the meteor detector for
aiming, will swivel to cover the turret out here. Then he'll let us have it
right in the betatron. If we don't get him first, he'll get us second."
"Don," said Walt in a worried voice, "How are we going to replace the
charge on the Station? Like the bird who was tossing baseballs out of
the train—he quit when he ran out of them. Our gun will quit cold
when we run out of electrons—or when the positive charge gets so
high that the betatron can't overcome the electrostatic attraction."
"Venus Equilateral is a free grid," smiled Channing. "As soon as we
shoot off electrons, Old Sol becomes a hot cathode and our Station
collects 'em until the charge is equalized again."
"And what happens to the bird who is holding on to something when
we make off with a billion volts? Does he scrape himself off the
opposite wall in a week or so—after he comes to—or can we use him
for freezing ice cubes? Seems to me that it might be a little bit fatal."
"Didn't think of that," said Channing. "There's one thing, their personal
charge doesn't add up to a large quantity of electricity. If we insulate
'em and put 'em in their spacesuits, they'll be all right as long as they
don't try to grab anything. They'll be on the up and down for a bit, but
the resistance of the spacesuit is high enough to keep 'em from
draining all their electrons out at once. I recall the experiments with
early Van Der Graf generators at a few million volts—the operator
used to sit in the charged sphere because it was one place where he
couldn't be hit by man-made lightning. It'll be rough, but it won't kill us.
Spacesuits, and have 'em sit in plastic chairs the feet of which are
insulated from the floor by china dinner plates. This plastic wall
covering that we have in the apartments is a blessing. If it were all
bare steel, every room would be a miniature hell. Issue general
instructions to that effect. We've been having emergency drills for a
long time, now's the time to use the grand collection of elastomer
spacesuits. Tell 'em we give 'em an hour to get ready."