The Palgrave Handbook Of European

Referendums 1st Edition Edition Julie

Smith
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/the-palgrave-handbook-of-european-referendums-1st
-edition-edition-julie-smith/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

The Palgrave Handbook Of Populism 1st Edition Michael

Oswald

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-palgrave-handbook-of-
populism-1st-edition-michael-oswald/

The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism 1st Edition Carl

Levy

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-palgrave-handbook-of-
anarchism-1st-edition-carl-levy/

The Palgrave Handbook of Environmental Labour Studies

1st Edition Nora Räthzel (Editor)

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-palgrave-handbook-of-
environmental-labour-studies-1st-edition-nora-rathzel-editor/

The Palgrave Handbook Of Workplace Innovation 1st

Edition Edition Adela Mcmurray

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-palgrave-handbook-of-workplace-
innovation-1st-edition-edition-adela-mcmurray/
The Palgrave Handbook of Technological Finance 1st
Edition Raghavendra Rau

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-palgrave-handbook-of-
technological-finance-1st-edition-raghavendra-rau/

The Palgrave Handbook of Social Harm 1st Edition Pamela

Davies

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-palgrave-handbook-of-social-
harm-1st-edition-pamela-davies/

The Palgrave Handbook of Political Elites 1st Edition

Heinrich Best

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-palgrave-handbook-of-political-
elites-1st-edition-heinrich-best/

The Palgrave Handbook Of National Security 1st Edition

Michael Clarke

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-palgrave-handbook-of-national-
security-1st-edition-michael-clarke/

The Palgrave Handbook of Paralympic Studies 1st Edition

Ian Brittain

https://ebookmass.com/product/the-palgrave-handbook-of-
paralympic-studies-1st-edition-ian-brittain/
The Palgrave Handbook of
European Referendums
Edited by Julie Smith
The Palgrave Handbook of European Referendums
 Julie Smith
Editor

The Palgrave
Handbook of European
Referendums
Editor
Julie Smith
Department of Politics and
International Studies
University of Cambridge
Cambridge, UK

ISBN 978-3-030-55802-4 ISBN 978-3-030-55803-1 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55803-1

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2021

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,
whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation,
reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any
other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,
computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in
this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher
nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains
neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover image: Andi Edwards/Alamy Stock Photo

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Acknowledgments

Somewhat counter-intuitively, this volume on direct democracy has its genesis

in an EU-funded network on parliamentary democracy in Europe: PADEMIA.
Over the lifetime of that network, two referendums in particular spurred me
to organise academic events. The first was the 2015 Greek referendum on the
EU bailout during the Eurozone crisis, which served as the catalyst for a panel
at the 2016 Annual Meeting of Pademia. The second was the now all-too-
familiar and well-studied UK referendum on membership of the EU, leading
to Brexit. Having co-organised with the Trans-European Policy Studies Asso-
ciation (TEPSA) a Pademia Roundtable on referendums in Europe following
that momentous event, I was contacted by Jemima Warren at Palgrave, who
enquired if I would be interested in editing a Handbook on European Refer-
enda. After discussing the idea and agreeing it could the Palgrave Handbook
on European Referendums in line with the usage by David Butler and others,
I agreed to do it. That was in the summer of 2016—it has been a long four
years punctuated by further referendums in various countries and two general
elections in the UK, not to mention a pandemic.
I am very grateful to the participants at the TEPSA-Pademia Workshop for
some very productive brain-storming, which helped shape the Handbook, and
to the three ‘anonymous’ reviewers of the proposal submitted to Palgrave, one
of whom was to become a contributor.
Thanks are due to the European Commission, which funded the Pademia
network (reference number: 540381-LLP-1-2013-1-DE-ERASMUS-ENW),
to TEPSA for organising the Brussels event and to Robinson College and the
POLIS Department in Cambridge for grants to allow us to run a Handbook
workshop in June 2018. On that occasion Claire Darmé and Julia Vassileva
both provided help as assiduous rapporteurs. Léonie de Jonge, in addition
to co-authoring a chapter, helped on the editorial side, as did Maria Chiara
Vinciguerra. I am grateful to them all.

v
vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

My greatest debt of gratitude, of course, is to all the contributors who have

made this book as fascinating as it is. It would be invidious to single out indi-
vidual authors, so I shall simply say how much I appreciate the advice given to
me at various stages of the process by some great figures in parliamentary and
referendum studies. It has been an honour to work with them.
The team at Palgrave has been fantastic throughout—thanks to Jemima
Warren, Oliver Foster, Nick Barclay and Rebecca Roberts, who have been
patient and professional at all times.
Finally, thank you to all my family and friends for putting up with a tired
and grumpy editor.

Cambridge Julie Smith

July 2020
 Contents

1 Introduction 1
Julie Smith

Part I Referendums in Theory and in Practice

2 Referendums and Democratic Theory 29

Christopher Lord

3 History 49
Andrew Glencross

4 The Rules of Referendums 67

Alan Renwick and Jess Sargeant

5 Referendums and Parliaments 91

Philip Norton

6 The Shifting Will of the People: The Case of EU

Referendums 109
Ece Özlem Atikcan

7 Two Hundred Years of Direct Democracy: The

Referendum in Europe 1793–2018 137
Matt Qvortrup

vii
viii CONTENTS

Part II Domestic Referendums

8 The King Versus the People: Lessons from a Belgian

Referendum 165
Jan Wouters and Alex Andrione-Moylan

9 The Referendum Experience in France 179

Laurence Morel

10 The Referendum Experience in Switzerland 203

Uwe Serdült

11 The Scottish and Welsh Devolution Referendums of 1979

and 1997 225
Jörg Mathias

12 The 1998 Good Friday (Belfast) Agreement Referendums

in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland 247
Katy Hayward

13 The United Kingdom Parliamentary Voting System

Referendum of 2011 267
Andrew Blick

14 The Scottish Independence Referendum of 2014 287

John Curtice

15 The 2017 Catalan Referendum in Comparative Perspective 307

Matt Qvortrup

16 The Irish Referendums on Marriage Equality and Abortion 325

Theresa Reidy, Jane Suiter, Johan A. Elkink, and David Farrell

17 Referenda and Constitutional Change in Italy—The Failed

Change 343
P. V. Uleri

18 Luxembourg: The 2015 Referendum on Voting Rights

for Foreign Residents 385
Léonie de Jonge and Ralph Petry
 CONTENTS ix

19 Turkey’s Constitutional Referendum: The 16 April 2017

Referendum in Historical Perspective 405
Ersin Kalaycıoğlu and Gülnur Kocapınar

Part III EU-Related Referendums

20 The Irish and Danish 1972 Referendums on EC Accession 429

Palle Svensson

21 Referendums: Norway 1972 and 1994 449

John Erik Fossum and Guri Rosén

22 In or Out of ‘Europe’? The 1975 and 2016 UK

Referendums on Membership 469
Julie Smith

23 The EFTA Enlargement 495

Lise Rye

24 EU Accession Referendums 513

Fernando Mendez and Mario Mendez

25 ‘If You Can’t Join Them…’: Explaining No Votes

in Danish EU Referendums 537
Derek Beach

26 The 2003 Swedish Euro Referendum 553

Henrik Oscarsson

27 Referendums on EU Treaty Reform: Revisiting the Result

in Second Referendums 563
Brigid Laffan

28 The French and Dutch Block the Constitutional Treaty 583

Claudia Sternberg

29 Swiss Votes on Europe 601

Clive H. Church

30 The 2015 Greek Referendum on Bailouts 625

Lina Papadopoulou
x CONTENTS

31 Hungary’s EU Refugee Relocation Quota Referendum:

‘Let’s Send a Message to Brussels’ 649
Agnes Batory

32 The Dutch Referendum on the EU-Ukraine Association

Agreement 671
Joost van den Akker

33 Issue Voting in Danish EU Referendums 695

Palle Svensson

Index 711
 Notes on Contributors

Alex Andrione-Moylan, Ph.D. Fellow at the Leuven Centre for Global

Governance Studies, University of Leuven, Belgium. His research focuses
on populism and contestation in the EU and global governance. He has
published, inter alia, on the impact of populism in European Political Parties
(2018), on the G7 in times of antiglobalism and contestation (2018) and the
EU’s engagement with informal governance bodies (2019).
Ece Özlem Atikcan is an Associate Professor in Politics and International
Studies at the University of Warwick, and a Visiting Senior Research Fellow at
the European Institute of University College London in the UK. Her research
combines a theoretical focus on political campaigns, issue framing, lobbying,
transnational social movements and diffusion with a regional focus on the
European Union. Based on over 180 in-depth interviews with campaigners,
media content analyses and public opinion data, she studies EU referendum
campaigns to understand the impact of campaign argumentation on public
opinion. Her work has appeared in the European Journal of Political Research,
Journal of Common Market Studies, Journal of Elections Public Opinion
and Parties, Journal of Public Policy, Journal of European Integration, and
as books with Cambridge University Press, Oxford University Press and
McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Agnes Batory is a Professor at Central European University School of Public
Policy, and a Research Fellow of the CEU Center for Policy Studies, Vienna,
Austria. Her recent publications deal with populism, participatory and collab-
orative governance and policy failure and compliance problems in the EU
context.
Derek Beach is a Professor of Political Science at the University of Aarhus,
Denmark, where he teaches case study methodology and EU politics. He has
authored articles, chapters and books on research methodology, referendums
and European integration, and co-authored the books Process-Tracing Methods

xi
xii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

and Causal Case Studies (both with University of Michigan Press). He has
taught qualitative case study methods at ECPR, ICPSR and IPSA summer
and winter schools, and numerous workshops and seminars on process tracing
methods throughout the world. He is also an academic co-convenor of the
ECPR Methods Schools.
Andrew Blick is Reader in Politics and Contemporary History, King’s
College London, UK. During 2010–2015, he was Research Fellow to the first
inquiry conducted by the UK Parliament into whether the UK should adopt a
written constitution. He was an assistant at the Prime Minister’s Office, No.10
Downing Street, in 1999. He is the author of numerous books, including
People Who Live in the Dark: The History of the Special Adviser in British Poli-
tics (2004); Beyond Magna Carta: A Constitution for the United Kingdom
(2015); The Referendum in Britain: A History (with Lucy Atkinson and Matt
Qvortrup, 2020 forthcoming); and Electrified Democracy: The UK Parliament
and the Internet in Historic Perspective (2021 forthcoming). He is editor, with
Roger Mortimore, of Butler’s British Political Facts (2018).
Clive H. Church is Emeritus Professor of European Studies at the Univer-
sity of Kent, UK. Educated at the University of Exeter and University
College London, he has taught at Trinity College, Dublin and the Univer-
sity of Lancaster. He has also been a visiting Fellow in several continental
Universities. His interests have moved from French history through Euro-
pean Union Studies to Swiss history and politics. He has been working on
these last since the early 1970s and has now produced four books The Poli-
tics and Government of Switzerland (Palgrave, 2004); Switzerland and the
European Union (ed.); (Routledge, 2007); A Concise History of Switzer-
land (with Randy Head) (CUP, 2013); and Political Change in Switzer-
land (Routledge/Europa, 2016), along with numerous articles, chapters and
reports.
John Curtice is Professor of Politics at Strathclyde University and Senior
Research Fellow, NatCen Social Research. He has written extensively about
political and social attitudes both across the UK as a whole and in Scot-
land in particular. He has been a co-editor of the annual British and Scottish
Social Attitudes survey series for over twenty years, and is a regular contributor
to British and international media coverage of politics and public opinion in
Scotland and the UK.
Léonie de Jonge is Assistant Professor of European Politics and Society at
the University of Groningen. She holds a Ph.D. in Politics and International
Studies from the University of Cambridge. Her research focuses on right-wing
populism in Western Europe, with a particular focus in the Benelux region.
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xiii

Johan A. Elkink University College Dublin, Ireland, specialises in quantita-

tive methods in political science, in particular spatial econometrics, and appli-
cations in democratisation and voting behaviour. He co-authored reports on
voting behaviour in the Irish referendums on the Lisbon Treaty and co-edited
The Act of Voting (2017). His work has appeared in the Journal of Poli-
tics, Comparative Political Studies, European Journal of Political Research and
Electoral Studies.
David Farrell, MRIA is Head of Politics and International Relations at
University College Dublin, Ireland. A specialist in the study of representa-
tion, elections and parties, his most recent books include: A Conservative
Revolution? Electoral Change in Twenty-First Century Ireland (2017) and The
Post-Crisis Irish Voter: Voting Behaviour in the Irish 2016 General Election
(2018). His current work is focused on constitutional deliberation. To date
he has advised and/or researched five government-led deliberative mini-public
processes (citizens’ assemblies).
John Erik Fossum is Professor at ARENA Centre for European Studies,
University of Oslo, Norway. He is project coordinator for the H2020-project
EU3D—Differentiation, Dominance, Democracy (2019–2023). Most recent
books are: Squaring the Circle on Brexit —Could the Norway Model Work?
(2018), with Hans Petter Graver; Diversity and Contestations over Nationalism
in Europe and Canada, (2018), co-edited with Riva Kastoryano and Birte
Siim and Towards a Segmented European Political Order, co-edited with Jozef
Batora (2020). Most recent articles are ‘European Federalism: Pitfalls and
Possibilities’, European Law Journal, (2017) 23 (5): 361–379; and ‘Norway
and the European Union’, Oxford Research Encyclopedia, Politics.
Andrew Glencross is Senior Lecturer at Aston University, UK, and Co-
Director of the Aston Centre for Europe. He is also a Senior Fellow of the
Foreign Policy Research Institute (USA) and an Associate Editor at ECPR
Press. He holds a Ph.D. from the European University Institute and is a grad-
uate of the University of Cambridge as well as a former Joseph Hodges Choate
Fellow at Harvard University. He is the author of several books, including Why
the UK Voted for Brexit: David Cameron’s Great Miscalculation (2016) and
has published research articles on many areas of European integration in jour-
nals such as the European Journal of International Relations, International
Affairs, and International Theory.
Katy Hayward is Reader in Sociology and a Fellow of the Senator George
Mitchell Institute for Global Peace, Security & Justice based at Queen’s
University Belfast, Ireland. She is a Senior Fellow of the UK in a Changing
Europe initiative, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, for
which she is working on the topic of ‘The Future and Status of Northern
Ireland after Brexit’.
xiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Ersin Kalaycıoğlu is a student of comparative politics at Sabancı University,

Istanbul, Turkey. He formerly served as the rector of Isik University, Istanbul.
He is a member of the Academy of Science, Turkey and also a member of the
Turkish Political Science Association, in both of which he also served as Exec-
utive Board member until 2017. He has authored, co-authored or co-edited
several books, most recently the Rising Tide of Conservatism in Turkey, co-
authored with Ali Carkoglu (2009), and has published several political science
textbooks and monographs in both English and Turkish. His articles have
appeared in such journals as Comparative Political Studies, Legislative Studies
Quarterly, South European Society and Politics, Southeast European and Black
Sea Studies and Turkish Studies.
Gülnur Kocapınar obtained her Ph.D. in Political Science from Sabancı
University, Istanbul, Turkey in 2019. Her research interests include party poli-
tics, political elites and recruitment, political party organisations, legislative
politics and Turkish politics. Her co-authored articles have been published in
journals such as Party Politics, Parliamentary Affairs, Turkish Studies, and
Political Research Quarterly.
Brigid Laffan is Director and Professor at the Robert Schuman Centre for
Advanced Studies, an interdisciplinary research centre at the European Univer-
sity Institute, Italy. The Centre’s mission is to contribute to research on the
major issues facing contemporary European society. Previously she was Vice-
President of University College Dublin and Principal of the College of Human
Sciences from 2004 to 2011. She is also the recipient of numerous awards:
in 2005 she was elected Member of the Royal Irish Academy and in 2010
received the Ordre nationale du Mérite from the President of the French
Republic. Her scholarship has been recognised by the THESEUS Award for
Outstanding Research on European Integration in 2012, and the Lifetime
Achievement Award for contribution to the development of European Studies
in 2014 by the University Association for Contemporary European Studies
(UACES).
Christopher Lord is Professor at ARENA, The Centre for European Studies
at the University of Oslo, Norway. He has written numerous books and journal
articles on democracy, legitimacy and the European Union, as well as problems
of differential integration. His current work includes attempts to rethink the
‘indirect legitimacy’ of the European Union as a means by which member state
democracies deliver their own obligations to their own publics.
Jörg Mathias is Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at
Aston University, Birmingham, UK. His current research focuses on regional
and local aspects of labour market management and social security provision
in West European countries.
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xv

Fernando Mendez is a Senior Researcher based at the University of Zürich,

Switzerland. Dr Mendez gained his Ph.D. in political science at the Euro-
pean University Institute, Florence, and works in various subfields of Political
Science (e.g. comparative politics, political behaviour and political communica-
tion). He has published extensively on direct democracy with much of his work
being interdisciplinary in nature and drawing on fields such as Comparative
Law.
Mario Mendez is a Reader in Law in the Department of Law at Queen Mary
University of London where he teaches constitutional law, comparative consti-
tutional law and EU law. His research on referendums includes a co-authored
monograph entitled Referendums and the European Union: A Comparative
Inquiry (CUP, 2014) and a co-authored study prepared for the European
Parliament entitled Referendums on EU Matters (PE 571.402, 2017).
Laurence Morel is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of
Lille, France, and member of the Centre de Recherches Politiques of Sciences
Po Paris (CEVIPOF). She has been Chair and vice-Chair of the IPSA/ISA
Research Committee on Political Sociology since 2014. Her publications in
English on referendums include: The Routledge Handbook to Referendums and
Direct Democracy, (2018) (ed. with M. Qvortrup); ‘Referendums’, in Sajo, A.
and Rosenfeld, M. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional
Law, (2012) ‘Referenda’, in Badie, B., Berg-Schlosser, D. and Morlino, L.
(ed.) International Encyclopedia of Political Science (2011).
Philip Norton (Lord Norton of Louth) is Professor of Government, and
Director of the Centre for Legislative Studies, at the University of Hull. He
also serves as President of the Study of Parliament Group, Chair of the History
of Parliament Trust and Editor of The Journal of Legislative Studies. He was
elevated to the peerage, as Lord Norton of Louth, in 1998 and was the first
Chair of the House of Lords Constitution Committee.
Henrik Oscarsson is a Professor of Political Science, electoral studies, at the
Department of Political Science, University of Gothenburg, Sweden. He is
research director of the Swedish National Election Studies (SNES).
Lina (Triantafyllia) Papadopoulou is Associate Professor of Constitutional
Law at the ας ψηooλ oϕ τηε Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh),
Greece. She has been a holder of a Jean Monnet Chair for European Consti-
tutional Law and Culture, and she is now the Academic Co-ordinator of the
AUTh Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence on ‘European Constitutionalism and
Religion(s)’.
Ralph Petry is a research specialist at the University of Luxembourg for the
National Contact Point Luxembourg in the European Migration Network
(EMN Luxembourg). He holds an M.A. in Social and Cultural Anthropology
from the University of Vienna and wrote his thesis on the 2015 referendum
in Luxembourg.
xvi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Matt Qvortrup is Professor of Political Science at Coventry University, UK.

Described by the Financial Times as ‘a world authority on referendums’,
he predicted the outcome of the Brexit referendum in an academic article
published three months before the vote. Professor Qvortrup has written several
books on the referendums, including A Comparative Study of Referendums
(2nd Edition 2005), Referendums and Ethnic Conflict (2014) and Government
by Referendum (2018). Professor Qvortrup earned his doctorate at Brasenose
College Oxford. In addition to his work as a scholar, Professor Qvortrup was
part of President Obama’s Special Envoy Team in Sudan in 2009–2010, and
he has been a constitutional advisor for more than 20 governments around the
world. He is also joint editor-in-chief of European Political Science Review.
Theresa Reidy is Head of the Department of Government and Politics, and a
senior lecturer at University College Cork, Ireland. Her research interests lie in
the areas of political institutions and electoral behaviour and her recent work
has been published in Electoral Studies, Parliamentary Affairs and Politics.
She is co-editor of the International Political Science Review.
Alan Renwick is Deputy Director of the Constitution Unit and Associate
Professor of British Politics in the Department of Political Science at Univer-
sity College London, UK. He has written widely on electoral systems, referen-
dums and mechanisms of deliberative democracy such as citizens’ assemblies.
His recent research has focused on the conduct of referendums, and he was
Research Director for the Constitution Unit’s 2018 Independent Commission
on Referendums.
Guri Rosén is Associate Professor at Oslo Metropolitan University
(OsloMet) and Researcher at ARENA Center for European Studies, Univer-
sity of Oslo, Norway. Her research focuses on political representation and
democracy in the EU, the European Parliament and interinstitutional relations
as well as EU external relations. Her work has been published in journals such
as Journal of European Public Policy, West European Politics and Journal of
European Integration.
Lise Rye is Professor of Contemporary European History at NTNU Norwe-
gian University of Science and Technology, Norway. Her research focuses
on European economic and political integration, with emphasis on EFTA-
EC/EU relations, the European Economic Area and Norway’s relations with
the EU.
Jess Sargeant is a Senior Researcher at the Institute for Government, UK
where she conducts research into intergovernmental relations and the UK’s
exit from the European Union. She was formerly a Research Assistant at the
Constitution Unit, University College London where she worked with Dr Alan
Renwick on comparative research into the use and conduct of referendums
internationally, and on the Independent Commission on Referendums, which
was established to review the role and regulation of referendums in the UK.
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xvii

Uwe Serdült is working as a professor at Ritsumeikan University, Japan, in

the College of Information Science and Engineering while keeping some
projects as a principal investigator at the Centre for Democracy Studies
Aarau (ZDA), University of Zurich, Switzerland. In these dual positions,
he teaches and does interdisciplinary research in several domains of e-
society. Within digital democracy he is especially interested in internet-based
platforms and tools for citizens (e-participation) as well as public administra-
tions (e-government) in order to enhance transparency and deliberation in
an information society. Regarding referendums he mainly works on Switzer-
land but is also interested to learn from most different political systems such
as Japan and Peru. At the ZDA Serdült and a small team maintain the
international referendum results database www.c2d.ch.
Julie Smith is Reader in European Politics at Cambridge University, UK.
As Baroness Smith of Newnham, she sits in the House of Lords, the upper
chamber of the British parliament. Her research focuses on democracy in the
EU and the UK’s relations with the EU, as well as the ever-changing topic of
the House of Lords and Brexit. Recent publications include: The UK’s Journeys
Into and Out of the EU: Destinations Unknown (London: Routledge, 2017;
paperback edition May 2018).
Claudia Sternberg is Principal Research Fellow at the UCL European Insti-
tute, University College London. She is the author of The Struggle for EU
Legitimacy. Public Contestation, 1950–2005 (UACES Best Book, 2014) and,
with Kalypso Nicolaidis and Kira Gartzou-Katsouyanni, of The Greco-German
Affair in the Euro Crisis: Mutual Recognition Lost?
Jane Suiter is Associate Professor in the School of Communications at Dublin
City University, Ireland. Jane’s expertise lies mainly in the area of the public
sphere; and in particular participation and political engagement. Her current
research focus is on disinformation and direct and deliberative democracy.
Palle Svensson is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Political Science
at Aarhus University, Denmark, and holds a doctorate from the same insti-
tution. He has written extensively on comparative politics, democracy and
political participation, in particular on referendums, including Folkets røst.
Demokrati og folkeafstemninger i Danmark og andre europæiske lande (The
Voice of the People. Democracy and referendums in Denmark and other Euro-
pean countries) (2003) and contributed to Direct Democracy: The Interna-
tional IDEA Handbook (2008).
P. V. Uleri has been lecturer in Political Science at the ‘Cesare Alfieri’,
University of Florence, Italy, where he taught courses on Political Parties
and on Democracies and Referenda. He has been co-editor and co-author of
Democrazie e Referendum and of The Referendum Experience in Europe. He is
the author of Referendum e democrazia.
xviii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Joost van den Akker obtained his Ph.D. degree in 2018 at the University
of Twente with a thesis titled Ruling the Referendum? European Integration
Challenged by Direct Democracy. He holds a Master’s degree in Analysing
Europe/Europastudien (M.A.) from Maastricht University/RWTH Aachen
University (2008) and a Master’s degree in European Law School (LL.M.)
from Maastricht University (2010).
Jan Wouters is Full Professor of International Law and International Organi-
zations, University of Leuven, Belgium, and Jean Monnet Chair ad personam
EU and Global Governance. Founding Director of the Leuven Centre for
Global Governance Studies and the Institute for International Law. Prof. Dr
Wouters is visiting Professor at Sciences Po (Paris), Luiss University (Rome)
and the College of Europe (Bruges) and Adjunct Professor at Columbia. Prof.
Wouters is a Member of the Royal Academy of Belgium for Sciences and
Arts and practises law as Of Counsel at Linklaters, Brussels. He is Editor of
the International Encyclopedia of Intergovernmental Organizations, Deputy
Director of the Revue Belge de Droit International, and an editorial board
member in ten other international journals. He has published widely on
international and EU law, international organisations, global governance, and
corporate and financial law. His most recent publications include The Commons
and a New Global Governance (2019), EU Human Rights and Democratiza-
tion Policies (2018), International Law: A European Perspective (2018), The
G7, Anti-Globalism and the Governance of Globalization (2018), The Faces of
Human Rights (2019), Changing Borders in Europe (2019), General Princi-
ples of Law and the Coherence of International Law (2019) and Parliamentary
Cooperation and Diplomacy in EU External Relations (2019).
 List of Figures

Fig. 6.1 Three patterns of opinion change in referendums 111

Fig. 6.2 A selection of campaign posters from the French and Dutch
campaigns 114
Fig. 6.3 Campaign Posters in Maastricht, Nice and Lisbon Referendums 124
Fig. 7.1 Referendums in Europe 1900–1944 144
Fig. 7.2 Referendums by Regime Type 1900–1944 144
Fig. 7.3 Average number of referendums per decade in West European
countries 1945–1990 146
Fig. 7.4 Referendums in Western Europe by Type 147
Fig. 7.5 Referendums in Western Europe by Issue 1945–1989 153
Fig. 7.6 Types of Referendum in Former Communist Countries
1990–2018 154
Fig. 7.7 Types of Referendum in West European Countries 1990–2018 155
Fig. 7.8 Referendums in Eastern Europe by Issue 1990–2018 155
Fig. 7.9 Referendums in Western Europe by Issue 1990–2018 157
Fig. 7.10 Average Yes Vote (%) for Referendums 1945–2016 158
Fig. 10.1 Swiss national referendum topics over time (1848–2018) 207
Fig. 10.2 Frequency of referendum votes 1901–2018 213
Fig. 12.1 Percentage of supporters of the Agreement who had read it 255
Fig. 12.2 When voters made their minds up in the referendum
on the 1998 Agreement 260
Fig. 16.1 Referendum votes in Ireland, 1937–2018 327
Fig. 16.2 Turnout at referendums in Ireland 328
Fig. 17.1 Basic scheme for a typology of Italian referenda 354
Fig. 17.2 Levels of removal of the control over political decisions
operated by different types of referenda (Italian experience,
1946–2020) 355
Fig. 19.1 Results of 16 April 2017 constitutional referendum in Turkey
by region 414
Fig. 19.2 Results of 12 September 2010 constitutional referendum
in Turkey by region 415

xix
xx LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 19.3 Results of 21 October 2007 Constitutional Referendum

in Turkey by region 415
Fig. 24.1 Diffusion of ‘accession’ referendums over time 528
Fig. 24.2 Comparisons of means with 95% confidence intervals for four
variables 529
Fig. 30.1 The ballot paper for the 2015 referendum 633
Fig. 32.1 Yes/No votes and turnout per party (%) 685
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Lady Jane
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Lady Jane

Author: C. V. Jamison

Illustrator: Reginald Bathurst Birch

Release date: September 23, 2023 [eBook #71709]

Language: English

Original publication: New York: The Century Co, 1891

Credits: Bob Taylor, Carla Foust and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was
produced from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LADY JANE

***
LADY JANE
LADY JANE WAS LINGERING ON THE SIDEWALK, NEAR THE
GREEN FENCE
 LADY JANE
BY
MRS. C. V. JAMISON
Author of “Toinette’s Philip”

NEW YORK
THE CENTURY CO.
1922
 Copyright, 1891, by
The Century Co.

Copyright renewed 1918

Printed in U. S. A.
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE

I The Blue Heron 3

II Tony Goes with Lady Jane 19
III Madame Jozain 25
IV An Interrupted Journey 36
V Last Days at Gretna 48
VI Pepsie 56
VII The Arrival 63
VIII Lady Jane Finds a Friend 72
IX The First Visit to Pepsie 81
X Lady Jane Finds Other Friends 91
XI The Visit to the Paichoux 101
XII Tante Modeste’s Suspicions 109
XIII One of the Nobility 117
XIV Lady Jane Visits the D’Hautreves 125
XV Lady Jane Finds a Music-Teacher 133
XVI Pepsie is Jealous 141
XVII Lady Jane’s Dancing-Master 150
XVIII Lady Jane’s Christmas Presents 158
XIX Mardi-gras 167
XX Lady Jane Dines with Mr. Gex 178
XXI After the Carnival 187
XXII Paichoux Makes a Purchase 195
XXIII Madame Jozain Calls Upon Mam’selle Diane 211
 XXIV Raste the Prodigal 219
XXV The Jewel-Box 228
XXVI The Flight 235
XXVII The Little Street Singer 241
XXVIII Lady Jane Finds Shelter 254
XXIX Tante Modeste Finds Lady Jane 264
XXX At Mrs. Lanier’s 274
XXXI Lady Jane Comes to Her Own 288
XXXII A Merry Christmas 299
XXXIII As It Is Now 313
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Lady Jane was lingering on the sidewalk, near the

Frontispiece
green fence
FACING
PAGE

Mr. Gex at the door of his shop 96

Lady Jane is presented to Madame D’Hautreve 128
“Yes, Lady dear, I want you to learn to play on the
piano, and I’ll tell you what I’ve been thinking of,” 148
said Pepsie
She cried out pitifully, “It’s Lady Jane” 180
Madame Jozain bargains for her moving 236
Lady Jane, clinging to the railing, looked and looked 256
“Oh, oh! It’s Tony!” cried Lady Jane 300
LADY JANE
LADY JANE
 CHAPTER I
THE BLUE HERON

I T was in the beautiful Teche country, on a passenger train of the

Louisiana and Texas Railroad, that “Lady Jane” first saw a blue
heron.
The month was July, the weather was intensely hot, and the dusty,
ill-ventilated car was closely packed with a motley crowd. Among the
travelers were Texas ranchmen, cattle dealers from the Opelousas,
Cajan farmers from the Attakapas, nuns, priests, itinerant merchants,
tired, dusty women, dressed in cotton gowns and sun-bonnets, and
barefooted, white-headed children, very noisy and restless,
wandering constantly back and forth between the water-tank and
their lunch-baskets, eating cold chicken or munching stale biscuit.
The ranchmen and cattle dealers talked in loud, good-natured
voices; the nuns bent over their prayer-books; the priests yawned
and nodded; the merchants displayed their wares; the children
fretted; the babies cried, while the weary mothers patted, tossed,
and coaxed them with untiring love and patience; and the train flew
on, with its hot, dusty passengers, over as beautiful a country as
ever was seen, through level stretches of sugar-cane and rice,
crossed by narrow bayous that intersected the green plane, catching
here and there gleams of sunlight, like silver threads, through the
dark cypress swamps, whose bleached trees were crowned with
hoary moss, while the trunks were clothed in living green, and
festooned with the lovely blossoms of the jasmine, and wild passion-
flowers entwined with masses of delicate vines, twisted together in
cords and loops of luxuriant verdure, that clambered upward from
the dank soil toward the sunlight and the blue sky. In places the track
seemed to run over beds of glossy latanea and swaying swamp-
grasses, where glistened little shallow pools covered with lily-pads
and white fragrant blossoms.
 In spite of the intense heat, the day was beautiful. Great banks of
white clouds drifted across the sun, softening its ruddy glare, and
throwing fantastic shadows over the floating prairies and purple
islands of cypress that dotted the broad yellow expanse. Now and
then, a flock of birds, startled by the rush of the train, rose up with a
shrill cry and noisy whirr of wings, and soared away in a long, trailing
line toward the lazy drifting clouds.
Of all the passengers, there were, perhaps, none who noticed or
cared for the strange and beautiful scenery, that constantly changed
as the train sped on, except the quiet occupants of one seat, who
were so unlike those around them as to attract no little attention and
curiosity. They were a woman and a child; the lady, young, elegant,
and pretty, was dressed in deep mourning; the little girl, who was
about five years of age, wore a white cambric frock, plain, but
exquisitely fine, a wide straw hat, and long black-silk stockings, and
her neat shoes were tied with tiny bows. Her skin was delicately fair
and rosy, her eyes of purple-blue were shaded by long dark lashes,
and her hair, of a pure golden yellow, hung in a thick, wavy mass
down to the loops of her black sash. She was a dainty, delicate little
creature, and, although very warm and very tired, was evidently too
well-bred to annoy others with restlessness or impatience, but
remained quietly kneeling on the seat, at the window of the car, her
bright eyes fixed on the beautiful landscape, as the train rushed
along.
The mother had thrown back her heavy crape veil, and a little
ripple of hair as yellow as the child’s showed beneath the widow’s
cap. She looked very weary and ill; her eyes were heavy and swollen
with weeping; her face, thin and worn in spite of her youth, was
flushed with fever, and her lips were parched and drawn as if she
suffered intense pain. At times, she pressed her hand to her
forehead and closed her eyes; then, she would start suddenly and
look about her, with a glance of apprehension, and her clasp would
tighten around the child at her side, as if she feared to lose her hold
of her even for a moment; and, now and then, the little girl would
lean back her rosy face, and press it to her mother’s flushed cheek,
saying softly:
 “Does your dear head ache, now, mama?”
“A little, darling,” the mother would answer, as she smoothed the
golden hair that fell over her black gown.
Then the child would turn back to the window to watch the flight of
birds, the purple islands of cypress, and the shadows sailing over the
billowy grasses of the floating prairies. And so the train sped on and
on, and the morning was verging to noon, when suddenly she turned
with eyes full of delight, and said to her mother, whose head had
drooped into her open palms:
“Look, mama! Oh, look at the lovely river! See what big trees, and
pretty houses, and there is a big boat coming, and lots and lots of
lambs are playing in the field. Oh, I wish we could stop here, and
walk about a little! Can’t we, mama?”
“No, my dear; there’s no time to get off,” replied the mother, raising
her hand and looking out wearily. “Be patient, darling; we shall soon
be in New Orleans, and there you shall have everything you wish.”
The train had stopped at a small station on the Teche to take on a
passenger, who entered with a brisk step, and slipped into a seat just
vacated opposite the mother and child. He was a handsome lad of
about sixteen years. His merry brown eyes looked out frankly from
under his dark brows; he had a pleasant smile, and the manly, self-
reliant air of one accustomed to travel alone.
In one hand he carried a traveling-bag, and in the other a small
basket, over which a piece of thin cloth was tightly tied. He sat down,
glancing around him with a bright smile, and placing the basket
beside him, tapped on the thin cover with his forefinger, and
chirruped merrily to the occupant. Presently an answering “Peep—
peep!” came from the depths of the basket, at which he laughed
heartily.
From the first moment that the new passenger entered the car, the
little yellow head of the child was turned in his direction, and the
deep blue eyes were fixed on him with an expression of serious
interest.
 When he laughed so merrily, her lips trembled and her eyes filled
with tears, and overcome with some emotion that she vainly tried to
suppress, she buried her face on her mother’s shoulder and
whispered brokenly:
“Oh, mama, mama, he laughs as papa used to.”
“Hush, hush, my darling!” said the mother, bending an agonized
face over the child, while she soothed her gently; “Don’t cry, my love,
don’t cry, or I shall be ill again.”
In an instant the little head was raised resolutely, and the child
smiled with the tears glistening on her lashes, while her eyes turned
again toward the stranger, who seemed to attract her greatly.
The boy had noticed the lovely little creature and the sorrowful
young mother, and his generous heart went out to them at once;
therefore, when the child raised her tearful eyes and looked at him
so earnestly, he smiled responsively and invitingly.
Again the little head went shyly down to the mother’s shoulder,
and she whispered:
“Mama, there’s something alive in that basket. How I wish I could
see it!”
“My dear, he’s a stranger. I can’t ask him to show it to you; he
might not be willing.”
“Oh, I think he would, mama! He smiled at me when I looked at
him. Can’t I ask him? Please,—please let me.”
The mother turned a side glance in the direction of the boy, who
moved a little nearer the end of the seat and looked at her
intelligently, as if he understood that they were speaking of him.
Their eyes met, and he smiled good-naturedly, while he nodded and
pointed to the basket. “I thought she would like to see it,” he said, as
he began untying the string that fastened the cover.
“You’re very kind to gratify her curiosity,” said the mother, in a
gentle voice; “she’s sure that it’s something alive.”
 “It is,” laughed the boy. “It’s very much alive; so much so that I’m
almost afraid to take off the cover.”
“Go, my darling, and see what it is,” said the mother, as the child
slipped past her and stood before the boy, looking at him from under
the shadow of her black hat with eager, inquiring eyes.
“I don’t think you’ve ever seen anything like him before. They’re
not common, and he’s a funny little beggar. I thought you’d like to
see him when I saw you looking at the basket. He’s very tame, but
we must be careful he doesn’t get out. With all these windows open,
he’d be gone before we knew it. Now I’ll lift the cover and hold my
hand so that you can peep in.”
The child’s head was bent over the basket, intense curiosity in her
wide eyes, and a little, anxious smile on her parted lips. “Oh, oh, how
pretty! What is it?” she asked, catching a glimpse of a strange-
looking bird, with a very long bill and little, bright eyes, huddled up at
the bottom of the basket. “I never saw one like it. What is it?” she
repeated, her sparkling eyes full of delight and surprise.
“It’s a blue heron, and they’re very rare about here.”
“He’s not blue—not very blue; but he’s pretty. I wish I could just
touch his feathers.”
“You can. You can put your hand in the basket; he won’t bite.”
“I’m not afraid,” she said with confidence, as she stroked the soft
feathers.
“If these windows were closed I’d take him out, and let you see
him walk. He’s very funny when he walks; and he’s so intelligent.
Why, he comes to me when I call him.”
“What do you call him? What is his name?”
“I call him Tony, because when he was very small he made a noise
like ‘tone—tone.’”
“Tony,” she repeated, “that’s a pretty name; and it’s a funny one
too,” she added, dimpling with smiles.
 “Now, won’t you tell me your name?” asked the boy. “I don’t mean
to be rude, but I’d like to know your name.”
“Why, yes, I’ll tell you,” she replied, with charming frankness; “I’m
called ‘Lady Jane.’”
“Lady Jane!” repeated the boy; “why, that’s a very odd name.”
“Papa always called me Lady Jane, and now every one does.”
The mother looked at the child sadly, while tears dimmed her
eyes.
“Perhaps you would like to see the little fellow, too,” said the boy,
rising and holding the basket so that the lady could look into it.
“White herons are very common about here, but blue herons are
something of a curiosity.”
“Thank you. It is indeed very odd. Did you find it yourself?” she
asked with some show of interest.
“Yes, I came upon it quite unexpectedly. I was hunting on my
uncle’s plantation, just beyond the station where I got on. It was
almost dark; and I was getting out of the swamp as fast as I could,
when right under my feet I heard ‘tone—tone,’ and there was this
little beggar, so young that he couldn’t fly, looking up at me with his
bright eyes. I took him home and tamed him, and now he knows my
voice the moment I speak. He’s very amusing.”
The boy was standing, resting the basket on the arm of the seat,
and the child was caressing the bird with both dimpled hands.
“She likes him very much,” he said, smiling brightly.
“Yes, she is very fond of pets; she has left hers behind, and she
misses them,” and again the mother’s eyes filled.
“I wish,—I wish you’d let me give her Tony—if—if you’d like her to
have him.”
“Oh, thank you! No, no, I couldn’t allow you to deprive yourself.”
“I should be very willing, I assure you. I must give him away. I’m
going to give him to some one when I get to the city. I can’t take him
to college with me, and there’s no one in particular I care to give him
to. I wish you’d let me give him to this little lady,” urged the
handsome fellow, smiling into the child’s upturned eyes as he spoke.
“Oh, mama,—dear, sweet mama, let me have him; do, do let me
have him!” cried Lady Jane, clasping her dimpled hands in entreaty.
“My dear, it would be so selfish to take it. You must not, indeed you
must not,” said the mother, looking from the child to the boy in great
perplexity.
“But if I wish it—it would be a pleasure to me,” insisted the boy,
flushing with eager generosity.
“Well, I’ll think of it. You are really very kind,” she replied wearily.
“We still have some hours to decide about it. I find it very hard to
refuse the child, especially when you are so generous, but I think
she ought not to take it.”
The boy took the basket with a disappointed air, and turned toward
the seat opposite. “I hope you’ll decide to let her have it,” he said
respectfully.
“Mama,” whispered Lady Jane with her face pressed close to her
mother’s, “if you can, if you think it’s right, please let me have the
blue heron. You know, I had to leave my kitten, and Carlo, and the
lambs, and—and—I’m so sorry, and—I’m lonesome, mama.”
“My darling, my darling,—if you want the bird so much, I’ll try to let
you have him. I’ll think about it.”
“And, mama, may I go and sit by the basket and put my hand on
his feathers?”
“Let her come and sit with me,” said the boy; “she seems tired,
and I may be able to amuse her.”
“Thank you. Yes, she is very tired. We have come a long way,—
from San Antonio,—and she’s been very good and patient.”
The boy made room for his charming little companion next the
window, and after lowering the blind, so that the bird could not