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The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages Marianne Bakró-Nagy full chapter instant download
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the oxfor d guide to the
UR A LIC L A NGUAGES
Oxfor d Guides to the Wor ld’s L a nguages
general editors
Adam Ledgeway, University of Cambridge, and Martin Maiden, University of Oxford
advisory editors
Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald Central Queensland University Geoffrey Khan University of Cambridge
Edith Aldridge University of Washington Lutz Marten SOAS, London
Stephen R. Anderson Yale University Marianne Mithun University of California, Santa Barbara
Bernard Comrie University of California, Santa Barbara Irina Nikolaeva SOAS, London
Jan Terje Faarlund University of Oslo Chris Reintges CNRS, Paris
Alice Harris University of Massachusetts, Amherst Masayoshi Shibatani Rice University
Bernd Heine University of Cologne David Willis University of Oxford
Paul Hopper Carnegie-Mellon University
published
The Oxford Guide to the Romance Languages
Edited by Adam Ledgeway and Martin Maiden
The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages
Edited by Martine Robbeets and Alexander Savelyev
The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages
Edited by Marianne Bakró-Nagy, Johanna Laakso, and Elena Skribnik
in preparation
The Oxford Guide to the Malayo-Polynesian Languages of Southeast Asia
Edited by Alexander Adelaar and Antoinette Schapper
The Oxford Guide to the Afroasiatic Languages
Edited by Sabrina Bendjaballah and Chris Reintges
The Oxford Guide to Australian Languages
Edited by Claire Bowern
The Oxford Guide to the Papuan Languages
Edited by Nicholas Evans and Sebastian Fedden
The Oxford Guide to the Slavonic Languages
Edited by Jan Fellerer and Neil Bermel
The Oxford Guide to the Bantu Languages
Edited by Ellen Hurst, Nancy Kula, Lutz Marten, and Jochen Zeller
The Oxford Guide to the Atlantic Languages of West Africa
Edited by Friederike Lüpke
The Oxford Guide to the Languages of the Central Andes
Edited by Matthias Urban
the oxfor d guide to the
Uralic Languages
EDITED BY
1
1
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It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
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© editorial matter and organization Marianne Bakró-Nagy,
Johanna Laakso, and Elena Skribnik 2022
© the chapters their several authors 2022
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First Edition published in 2022
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2022932482
ISBN 978–0–19–876766–4
DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198767664.001.0001
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Short contents
Detailed contents ix
Series preface xliv
Transcription and glossing xlv
The contributors xlix
Mapping the distribution of the Uralic languages l
Timo Rantanen, Outi Vesakoski, and Jussi Ylikoski
Introduction liv
M a r i a nne Ba k ró-Nagy, Joh a nna L a a kso, a nd Elena Sk r ibnik
1. Proto-Uralic 3
Luobba l Sá mmol Sá mmol Á n te (A n te A ik io)
2. The divergence of Proto-Uralic and its offspring: A descendent reconstruction 28
Ja nne Sa a r ik ivi
3. The making of the Uralic nation-state languages 59
Joh a nna L a a kso
4. The Uralic minorities: Endangerment and revitalization 68
A nnik a Pasa nen, Joh a nna L a a kso, a n d A nneli Sa r him a a
5. Language policy in Russia: The Uralic languages 79
Konsta n tin Z a myatin
6. Graphization and orthographies of Uralic minority languages 91
Joh a nna L a a kso a n d Elena Sk r ibnik
v
Short contents
vi
Short contents
40. Introduction to Part III: General issues and case studies 847
M a r i a nne Ba k ró-Nagy, Joh a nna L a a kso, a nd Elena Sk r ibnik
41. Palatalization 849
M a r i a nne Ba k ró-Nagy
42. Consonant gradation 859
M a r i a nne Ba k ró-Nagy
43. Prosody 868
K a r l Pajusa lu
44. Case 879
Seppo K it til ä, Joh a nna L a a kso, a n d Jussi Ylikosk i
45. Person marking 894
Gwen Eva Ja n da, Joh a nna L a a kso, a n d Helle Metsl a ng
46. TAM and evidentials 904
Jer emy Br a dley, Gerson K lumpp, a n d Helle Metsl a ng
47. Negation and negatives 924
M at ti Miesta mo
48. Non-finites 936
Jussi Ylikosk i
49. Word order 950
M a r i a Vilkuna
50. Adpositions and adpositional phrases 961
R iho Grün th a l
vii
Short contents
References 1037
Index 1103
viii
Detailed contents
Introductionliv
Marianne Bakró-Nagy, Johanna Laakso, and Elena Skribnik
1. Proto-Uralic 3
Luobba l Sá mmol Sá mmol Á n te (A n te A ik io)
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 The structure of the Uralic language family 3
1.3 Phonology 4
1.3.1 State of research4
1.3.2 Phoneme inventory5
1.3.3 Phonotactics8
1.3.4 Morpheme structure10
1.3.5 Morphophonology10
1.4 Morphology 11
1.4.1 State of research11
1.4.2 Word classes12
1.4.3 Noun declension14
1.4.4 Verb conjugation16
1.4.5 Word formation19
1.5 Syntax 21
1.6 Lexicon 22
1.6.1 State of research22
1.6.2 Semantic overview23
1.6.3 External connections25
2. The divergence of Proto-Uralic and its offspring: A descendent reconstruction 28
Ja nne Sa a r ik ivi
2.1 Introduction and aims 28
2.2 Methodology 28
2.2.1 General outlines28
2.2.2 Lexical strata29
2.2.3 Areal linguistics29
2.2.4 Toponymy29
2.2.5 Palaeolinguistics29
2.2.6 Archaeology, genetics, ethnicities, and language30
2.2.7 Taxonomy of Uralic31
ix
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x
Detailed contents
2.7.4.3 Palaeolinguistics54
2.7.4.4 Toponymy 54
2.7.5 Dating and locating of Ugric54
2.8 Proto-Uralic 55
2.8.1 Layers of borrowings55
2.8.2 Areal linguistics56
2.8.3 Palaeolinguistics57
2.8.4 Toponymy57
2.8.5 Dating and locating57
Acknowledgements 58
3. The making of the Uralic nation-state languages 59
Joh a nna L a a kso
3.1 Emerging written languages at the Eastern margins of
Roman Catholic Europe 59
3.2 Centuries of consolidation: Reformation, Counter-Reformation,
and the expansion of written use 60
3.3 Enlightenment, Romantic Nationalism, and language planning
at the service of ethnolinguistic emancipation 61
3.3.1 The institutional frameworks: towards a nation-state at different speeds61
3.3.2 Modern orthographies emerge62
3.3.3 Vocabulary planning and purism62
3.3.4 Variation and codification63
3.4 State languages: from the two World Wars to globalization 63
3.4.1 Diaspora and trans-border minorities63
3.4.2 National language planning: state language and other languages65
3.4.3 Challenges and strategies since World War II65
3.5 Conclusion 67
3.6 Sources and further reading 67
4. The Uralic minorities: Endangerment and revitalization 68
A nnik a Pasa nen, Joh a nna L a a kso, a n d A nneli Sa r him a a
4.1 Introduction: demarcation of endangered languages 68
4.2 Assimilation and revitalization 69
4.3 Assessing endangerment and vitality 69
4.4 Intergenerational transmission 72
4.5 The role of the education system in assimilation and revitalization 75
4.6 Assimilation and revitalization in constant competition 77
Remarks and acknowledgements 78
5. Language policy in Russia: The Uralic languages 79
Konsta n tin Z a myatin
5.1 History of Tsarist, Soviet, and post-Soviet language policy in Russia 79
5.2 Russia’s language policy in the 1990s 80
5.2.1 The disintegration of the USSR, nationalism, and linguistic state-building80
5.2.2 Language practices and ideologies in the early post-Soviet period81
5.2.3 Russia’s language legislation81
5.3 Russia’s language policy since the 2000s 82
5.3.1 Status planning of Russian and the education reform in the 2000s 83
5.3.2 Status planning of Russian and further narrowing in the position
of non-Russian languages in education since 201484
5.4 Russia’s regional policies 84
5.4.1 Language revival projects and status planning84
5.4.2 Legal and institutional support for language revival85
5.4.3 Domains of public use86
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