Chapter-X and Development in India wome™ py the World Ec i im. Y ir progress towards jn four dimensions. They are: Economic Participation and Opportunity, Educational Attainment, Health and Survival and Political Empowerment. This is quite indicative of the fact that women are still under developed in India and still fail to avail equal bapa in the society. This makes women s a ‘ myth in the country. However, India stands Constitution a, in making adequate provisions in its protect and pro making women specific legislations to cee — the interests of women. A thorough attempts of the government to stir women develo pment i Pages, in the country can be made in the following[402] Constitutional Safeguards for Women in India The principle of gender equality is enshrine d Indian Constitution in its Preamble, Fundaments| p Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles. With frame work of a democratic Polity, laws, develop... Policies, plans and programmes have aimed at w advancement in different spheres. Key among them is ratification of the Convention on Eliminations of Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1:0 The Constitution of India not only grants equ! to women but also empowers the state to adopt measurse of positive discrimination in favour of women --. neutralizing the cumulative socio-economic, education and political disadvantages faced by them. Right from ‘re Preamble the commitment of the Constitution to the c of women is very much discernible. A threadbare analysis of the Constitution brings to the forefront the following provisions made for the wome= or having direct bearing on women in the country. Various Provisions enshrined in the Constitution under various heads are delineated below. The Preamble The Principle of gender equality is enshrined in nist Constitution in in its Preamble. The constitution "ct only grants equality for women, but also cores the State to adopt measures to positive discriminati® in favour of women, Within the framework of a democratic polity, our law 4 es have development policies, plans and programme an been aimed at women’s advancement in dif ia- {403} India has also ratified various international waventions and human rights instruments committing qo secure equal rights of women, Fundamental Rights Equality before law for women (Article 14) The State not to discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them (Article 15 (1)) The State to make any special provision in favour of women and children (Article 15 (3)) Equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the State (Article 16) Prohibition of Human Trafficking and bonded labour (Article 23) Directive Principles of State Policy The State to direct its policy towards securing for men and women equally the right to an adequate means of velihood (Article 39(a)) Equal pay for equal work for both men and women (Article 39(d)) To promote justice, on a basis of equal opportunity and to provide free legal aid by suitable legislation or scheme or in any other way to ensure that portunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of economic or other disabilities (Article 39 A) Th ol fe State to make provision for securing just and humane iti y : (arte annaitions of work and for maternity reli(a erapnsy) yoseyoued & UE SADUAMNSUOD 1U9I9}51p oF uone, {a pane AY OF SHES LPNS PUP UaWION 105 pyysor, ax orveaeyputd {4919 UF UORDa. 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It functions include cect etaty a Investigation, Action Research, Legal inquity an Review of cases of violation, Research, intetY a and Participation in planning. The NCW has pala layed a catalyst role in protecting the interests ee mast the women and echoing, their voice in the and 6 | forum. Prototype Commissions have been instituted at the state level to reach the women and to safeguard their rights. Central Social Welfare Board: The Central Social Welfare Board was set up by a Resolution of Government of India on 12" August 1953 to promote social welfare activities and to implement welfare programmes for women. It comprises of a full-time chairperson and members representing state and union territories. Its general body consists of 51 members headed by the chairperson. She is appointed by the government in consultation with the ministry of social welfare from amongst prominent women social workers. The major functions of the Central Social Welfare Board include: To survey the need and requirements of social welfare organisations. To promote the setting up of social welfare institutions in remote areas. To promote programmes of training and organize pilot projects in social work. 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Souaias azejjam uo ssauazeane Suystex puP APPA! yeu Jo uoronpar ‘ajeurds Jo uoneorpe19 1® peut’ uBtedwe? fetoos e Jo wo} ayy ur aUTdoIAacy 224H0s>% uewa} go Axstury oup pur azes12M Aqruaeg pur yite?H JO AxystutN ayy Juaudojaaaq pilus pue uawioy Jo Aaistuyy Aq uni aanjenmut yurol e st sia: oeMPed Hed ‘ovpeg 18 -aunsodxa yayseUl 10s apiaoad pue Aiessuouos® uawwors s29sodua > St SI ‘JOYALU AApeo & OY AIOM 10) Aojouypay a8esaAay pure ur Aos MAE ye sonjasuiayy 1aysiZas ue> UOWIOM " Bid, ayy jo wed v st sty “WOU Aq posapues pue wiayy Aq paonpoid syonposd aseomous ol SuonestueZuQ [eyuatUUaAES VON PUP (sous) age wat papa? ayy Suyseomer® ss eyouyeu™ anyerntue JJoH] J)P6 ‘Sanauasdosqua ULuom jroddns oF we net PUY pue uowor jo Aaystuyn an Ad po tN paramere Sunaxyzeur auyfuo ysosyp ws! wwe i(412) or even rural areas where employment opportu Nity women exists. Swadhar Greh: The Swadhar scheme was launched by nion Ministry of Women and Child Devel d lopment in 29) It aims at the rehabilitation of women in difficy, circumstances, The scheme Provides shelter, food, cloth inp and care to the marginalized women/girls and desi who are in need. The beneficiaries include widg deserted by their families and relatives released from jail and without family support, women survivors of natural disasters, women victims of terror ist/ extremist violence etc, The implementing agencies are mainly NGOs, tute ows * women prisoners STEP: The Support to Train Programme for Women (STEP) skills that give employabili ‘ing and Employment Scheme aims to provide employed/ entrepreneurs, The sectors included under taining are Agriculture, Horticulture, Food Processing, Handlooms, Tailoring, Stitching, Embroidery, Zari — etc, Handicrafts, Computer & IT enable services along ue soft skills and skills for the workplace such as en English,Gems & Jewellery, Travel & Tourism, — ctc.The project duration is | maximum up to 5 ae depending upon the nature, kind of activities and number of beneficiaries to be undertaken. s are Nari Shakti Puruskars: The Nari Shakti Purushars national level awards in recognition of the contribu >y women and institutions in ea Lished services for the cause of wom Sawada vulnerable and marginalized women one 8 March, Presented by the President of India every yea pravan in Ne International Women’s Day at Rashtrapati Bi Dell(413) Ujawala Scheme for prevention of trafficking: This e is launched by the Ministry of Woman & Child : i. ment to check the prevention of trafficking of girls Dev? or nercial use or for sexual exploitation or forced Fe cone Pradhan Mantri Ujjawala Scheme 2020 would Pee any such victim who trapped in such organized ee Once it recovers, it would rehabilitate and give counselling, to the victims. Interested Organisations aiming to provide such aid to victims need to be registered by the Government to receive the government aid. Rashtriya Mahila Kosh Scheme: Rashtriya Mahila Kosh Scheme or National Credit Fund for Women isa body set up under the Ministry of Women & Child Development. It provides micro credit to underprivileged women to become economically self-dependent. Nand Ghar Yojana: Nand Ghar Yojana aims to aid abandoned children and women. A Nand Gahr is a place where many people belonging to the same group reside. Here pre-primary health, education, and nutritionservices are available . It also enables empowerment for women belonging to rural areas.The Nand Ghar scheme works under the Women & Child Development Ministry. The scheme aims to build 4000 Nand Ghar like this in the nation and help the underprivileged. Mantri Mee Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana: Pradhan are pre latru Vandana Yojana seeks to aid women who ec and about to deliver a baby. This scheme lost wa “ ee rests at home without any tension of the of canis cS Government provides lost wages in terms Wage lossto overnment gives some cash incentives for and afte ensure thata woman takes a proper diet before et giving birth to a child. It leads to produce a healthy mother and child. ° Pf 4 al \ 4 i tating poe an who 1S pregnant and lac 2 ey word der the scheme. However, those title uh a currently 1" regular employment undet paca and state Governments are not likely to bencfit ander the Pradhan Mantri Matra Vandana Yojana schema 2020. These eligible women get a total of Rs 5000 incentive instalments through cash transfers. \ kanya Yojana dhi Yojana: Su encourages the parents of a girl child to get open 4 bank account in the name of a baby girl and save some money. This money is used in future for either education or | marriage of the girl child.The parents of the girl child can | open a bank account if the beneficiary gitl child is under _ the age of 10 years. The account is opened ai i governmental, or privatized bank. The minimum deposit for one bank account limited to Rs 250. The maximum amount of Rs 1,50,000 deposited under this scheme. e parents get an interest of 8.5% charged quarterly. Loi National Créche Scheme for Children of eats ne evneresn order to promote women’s the para ie bour force participation, in the country, Creche Scheme ee ate up with Rajiv Gandhi National in 2006 Under this chileren of Working Mothers scheme nutrition, immunizati eme, day-care facilities, improve’ better physical, tents facilities, sleeping facilities for working women is ana growth of children ° Women’s Help li Me Wanere eaeumplemented in April 2015" upliftment of women 1091 scheme is an initiative f°" emergency response ae at need of immediat® It provid . les 24 hour toll free telephonic assistan” to any women or girl faci sphere of life. er acing violence in the public or private spreads awareness about various plans Sukanya Samrit waew— (313) nd run by the government and their help. These helplines g to nearest department, grams jaunched a ymental agencies for critical situations by referrin al [ambulance facility, police station, fire jomen Development Issues: ent of the Government to untry is reflected Five Y& The very com aaprove the conditions © m In different Plans, the strategies, mitm {¢ women in the co ive-¥ ear Plans. re hes to and financia! in different. the F r focus. 4P) ] allocations for women s deve! e Year Plan (1951-56): It was mainly welfare orie! were concerned. The Central Social Welfare Board ok a number of welfare measures through the y sectors to ensure the needed welfare functions for the women of the country. The outcome, however was ot very notable in terms of women’s development rather it was sporadic and retarded. Second Five Year Plan (1956-61): efforts were geared to organize : ts levels to ensure better plementation of welfare schemes. Participation of the omen themselves in the development process was zed. However, the participation was not direct or . s centered due to the conservative ta of an attitude and skill among the women. Third, Fourth, Fifth Five Year Plan (1961-74): Duri ‘ ‘ eae tae ae eee! priority was given to women’s supplementary pee ieee an health services and mothers to ane ovisions for nursing and expectant @ an educational advancement among proac Jopment remal First Fiv nted as far as women’s _ During this period, Mahila Mandals” at grass-roo!process of developm Se women, of the women was SUPP' development by the women. Seventh Five Year Plan (1985-90): ighth Five Year Plan (1992-97): Du = cate women were enabled te process fun ‘ners and participants in the devel Teservation of seats in the loc(417) Nineth Five Year Plan (1997-2002): iu This plan made substantial provisions for making development realistic for women in the country. It focused evel on: werment of women and socially disadvantaged wm euch as Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and oer Backward Classes and Minorities as agents of socio- economic change and development. (b)Promoting and developing people’s participatory institutions like Panchayati Raj institutions, co-operatives and self-help groups. (Strengthening efforts to build self-reliance. (d)The convergence of services from different sectors. (e)To develop a women’s component plan at the Central and State Levels, Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-07): The Tenth Five Yea: Tequisite access and services, is plan eco} r Plan was formulated to ensure plan of women to information, resources and advance gender equality goals. During nomic empowerment of women through Self ri PS were expected to bring changes in the ees and esteem of women. Skill and capacity th ‘opment through trainings were insisted upon. eventh Five Year Plan (2007-12): This Measures ean PecPosed to Minig " gender empow undertake special plan try of Wi erment and equity. The to make tyerenn and Child Development was expected ;, 1s “*instreaming prosee® of gender budget and gender{418} Twelfth Five year Plan (2012-2017) The twelfth plan called for economic em, transformative social and physical infrastructure, enabling legislations, greater women’s Participation in BOVernan inclusiveness of all categories of vulnerable ; Power, women anj engendering national policies/ Programmes. It had mae a target to increase women’s employability in the formal sector and focus on women’s work participation Promote skill development among women to enable thon {© move from traditional skills to emerging skills and s to transfer technology to Women inall aspects of farming, farm management, animal husbandry, forestry, sustainable natural resoure management. Another ‘major target of this plan period was toaccord joint land titles in all government land transfers, It also wanted to ensure safety to women at workplaces from sexual violence and to Provide intensive political training to women, Inclusion of more women from vulnerable communities was also set as a goal during five-year plan, Committees on Women: From time to time, the Government of India instituted committees to Teview the various dimensions affecting the development of women. Here a mention is Ti, bouttwo important committees which havealready Biven revolutionary reports and a committee that is yet 0 start functioning Committee on the Status of Women 1971-1974: level Committe to review te tats nce independence. The Departmen identified to do this. Phulrenu Gul9) recharge of Social Welfare it eted that such a study 2 blty msistee ould be considered iipe following were the members | Phulren Guha Chairperson Kumari Mani Ben Kara- member gmt Neera DORE” member ‘ri Shyam- member Sn gakinaHHasan- member on Lakshmi Raghuramai ‘Smt. Urmila Haksar- member Dr(Smt) Leela Dube- member Dr(Smt.) Lotika Sarkar- member tui V ikramMahajan- member Dy mt Vina Majumdar-member Secretary "The Committee on the status of women in India, whose report coincided with the International Women’s Year, compiled evidence of gender gaps in virtually every yes suffered by women sector and highlighted the inequaliti * the spheres of employment, health and education and ; sions government to ensure the application of rights Samed aby a constitution to women. The Committee Adon the Indian state has failed in its eee esponsibility and promise not to Eide Gece gender. On a stronger note, it Bia nes to be no acknowledgement of Cae needs in all the major sectors of Indian Mean had been increasingly viewed by Treflansers as not being in need of an independent betas oe decreasing work participation rate, imstate fn employment, situation of poverty and Problems requir ied to exist and were not even viewed as ‘ing change. The report suggested that sant. 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Sea W Mas “8 ns ra te oe ySUOWAP JO SpoyyaUt judy ven fe a SIYBEE SIOYIOM UaLIOM 105 yyy 6a aoe pore Jeutzosuy se ANUAPL way Sun A eoeke eer suare a] “Aqqeqo1s Bemeiicoor ncn Vii ssautsng, {[euls 1 TNOge{ LAO sFoy) YBnos eis res vaUIOM 36011], “SIOPIOM UOUIOM Padus iesunde tuorjestuedio ue sty uoTun apes ese ahaseiin gare u Te ea a zee ‘Ur paystyqese Sem I] senieoae 0 : IM padojdurg 12S UL 40} spuers VMas ‘Mas: saotaras stay yBnonp AAUNOD a quauadoanap suaviom oy AuBoYyRUsIs SuaNau are yoIym MO ppauomuauraze safuade Arequinfon 82} yooureu ay -pampadxa qustiequngoa ysnoust yeu 04 sagtotd pure pazitiaus oso ‘pausyfi8UU97s 94 OVE CN aay pt doad uaamyaq diysiouned juawdojo™? puv aypesods 0s" Aauneo s puny 19n9M011 quaurdoppaap uattom oy are sure pur quasar ‘I 3 pousoas s9uH0904 PPFD Senor so Peasds UaAun Ue St guoneziuedio A2e}UnIon OM ur papaasans oAPH yorum ayy are GMIN “aMSO Hs ‘ssuuTes [Ud yuu Burdojrep sanrunoddo yoreonP? suauuostaue Jo Ue year JO Proneutwassip Pue US jaysestp ‘TOAUO? uonendod Jayem pue ios att ease [eH tal[428] Help Age India: Established in 1978, Help ,, contributes significantly towards the protection of 4. "i aged women population who are the worst yjeq,.!"! neglect in the society. MS of Vimochana Vimochana is a Bangalore-based NGO 1979, It is an activist group that fights for wom, Angala, a centre in Vimochana, helps the women i jobs. Besides, they find admission for their child Veer in orphanages if the mother is not able to look sfc" and provide medical treatment to women in need.” NEN: North East Network NEN was set up as part of the Beijing World Conference on Women, in 1995. The vision of NEN incorporates upholding gender justice, equality and respect for human rights. It works on areas like gender budgetary allocations and security of women in confi areas. The organization operates within the geographical boundaries of Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland and other parts of North East India. Azad Foundation ‘Azad Foundation works for the poor women living in urban India. It focuses principally on the abused women It works to ensure them with a life of dignity and make them independent. At the Foundation, women go through a six-month course which includes self-awareness, defen° trainings, sexuality and reproductive rightsand more.) have also collaborated with Sakha which is a wome? cab driver service for women clients in cities CREA found, en’ allenges the opPr® Founded in 2000 in New Delhi, nts organization. It ch: ge— {429} Irorganises and conduct programmes to increase oorms I Gene, awareness about sexuality and develop teh among, women. It is a part of International epen’s Organization in global south. sammaan Foundation: The Sammaan Foundation has been working since 2007 with an aim to empower the downtrodden, marginalized population of the society with focus on womnen by mainstreaming them by employment generation activities, micro-credit facilities providing health services. Smile Foundation: This foundation was instituted in 2002. The foundation is dedicated to make provisions of livelihood for youth, health care for rural villages and urban slums, education for children having a women component with it. Sutra: is the Society for Social Uplift through Rural Action. tis a Himachal Pradesh based organization. It has designed an innovative community led approach to tackle female feticide in rural areas. Samata: Andhra Pradesh - introduced a ground breaking education and research programme to tackle with child Marriage and child labour in India’s tribal communities which helped out the females. Sure: (Society To Uj a jplift Rural Economy): Rajasthan - has ise OPeda fresh model promoting peer learning on health sues among adolescents. ar Socity for Rural Industrialization) Bihar, Jharkhand transfor Hees technology in ground breaking ways to from trie ne Chtfepreneurial activists among young girls ‘bal and other marginalized communities. Oasis: Mad hya Pradesh — i i M ‘esh - spreading education through the ‘useum Model to impart interest? ®o dood { wa qeua siasaoysnt pue Ayypenbs Suraaiype sp.emoy 4IOM 04 ajdo; soSemoous pue Aupiqeiunoare ‘ssauanisuodsar cena ‘ssonoid Supyeuu uotspap ayp ul uoned nud sokqeunne [e89] suo Jo apap mouy ayy “AreroIpn{ ay) pue dane BUR /AHJOe aU aYH] SEULAALIS Jo JessaIPAL ax 10) ajquprad sjouueyp snoures azyinn pure yrvordde oy si04a9s aonshl oy, svete} ose ssavord siy, ‘syuaWaAHUD PUP SWYSis sy jnoge oreme AyeBaj aoejndod yeooy ayy SuBfeur 405 posure sa8iawua aroty Aja10s ayy jo JuaUIaMOdUIA [eBay a}ouNOsd pur ‘syy8tr prenBayes “[[e 107 aoNsn{ 3499s 0} 19ps0 Uy ‘stoquiaw Ajnuy ay9y3 Jo asoyy pur saay stay aaordwut 0} uoyoe aye} pue syYySEr tay Umea oF AyuMyLoddo ou avy {arp FYI OS “SPjoyasnoy sTayY UE pauTuo ysowrye are uawoMm 4ang ‘saoysnfur Sy 0} asn Us AaB YoTYM S}YBLE AIH Jo areme uattiom ayeur pur romoduta 0} st aSuaTeyD solew ayy via siyp Uy “A.qunod ap Jo UONDas paztfeurSzeUL yout siKp jo qy8y1d pue syurexysuod [ear ayy ye Yoo] Jou saop amparo.d uoyEyauajdwt ayy [[e aAoge pue ysomaureyy Aoxjod pue peo] au -aovy 0} avy Aau YIM sasnqe syst weUINy pur juauussesey Jo ayer ayy Aq pauayvaryy st UattOM Jo aDU;a}S? ayy “Ar0jDejsHVs WLOIy TRF Sf UBUIOM Jo VOHENYS ah SUOQESIS3] 1AYIO Pure UONNANSUOD ayy Aq pa1a}jo uwonpayoud yeSay ayy aytdsaq “Ayyear pue Aype8ay uaamjeg des BIL] e SWIOOT [9S a19Y} UBUIOM JO uoHpazord ayy oj pares uaag aavy smey [eraaas “YSnoy "UauTOM 40} paulle? 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As a result, jsomen do not have equal influence over the policy decisions that affect their lives. The participation of women in local government can have a particular influence on local and national development, global affairs and/or social issues that affect their families’ daily lives such as healthcare, education, infrastructure and asset formation. They are more under-represented in high-level decision- making positions, including as heads of state and government, members of parliaments and in cabinet positions. The factors commonly identified as barriers to women’s participation include gender stereo- types and outright discrimination, personal obstacles such as lack of confidence, culturally prescribed domestic roles, low voter education, women’s relative lack of financial and socio- economic capital, electoral systems, and political institutions that are not conducive to balancing family and public life. But without improving the leadership quality in the women , their development cannot be imagined. So, it becomes imperative now- For the political parties to develop incentives to attract women to the party by providing funding to run an election campaign, providing access to networks, arranging training and_ skills development for women candidates to stand for cle tions, or setting targets within the party fora Certain number of executive positions to be held by women. ning for women. vant to women hese toolkits should aim at increasing nd chances of success -and information-sastiduayua yeu pars UaUUORAtia saJUT ADIIOq oy sioptrord way deus INS dojrap uF alqeus ues 1 ABojouy>9, TUIOD a,0uUK9r sayrumroddo uauidojsaaq usuemodina Aap [IE Wosy JOU e ‘sartjod quauuamoduia sos ayqeynba sjsu 9x0 pue qeua pue sis 7 juowsamodua \ ‘woreuTsosut Me aanonpord 54 yur0uor? 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Int Raising awareness throu gh d violence: the media. 4. Ending gender-base' Inmany cultures, domestic violence including rape, incest, murder, acid attack, honou? killing etc. are endemic and nearly always occurs with impunity. To overcome these problems, women are to act collectively to demand justice from the police. Women are to be connected to networks that can draw public attention to cases. The abusive behavior towards women. must be viewed as ‘unacceptable. Communities need to have an important role in defining solutions to violence and providing support to victims. And men must be engaged in the process too, as agents of change standing alongside women to end violence. + Empows I“ izati i impo rered Non; government organizations: The role ear vernmental organizations in controlling the eal a ee and curbing its worse consequences is women or ler to curb domestic violence among, women, Sie seek the help of non-government donee eir efforts i domestic violence and insist for cae cree BI ensure justice to the victi e quick disposal of cases ould be made b ims. Vigorous sensitizati y them to end domestic vi one jomestic violence. 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Care Work: Care work encompasses care provided to dependent children, the elderly, the sick and the disabled in care institutions or in the home of the person requiring care. Cisgender: A term used to describe a person whose gender identity aligns with the sex assigned to them at birth. Commodity feminism: A variety of feminism that co-opts the movement's ideals for profit. Concrete ceiling: “Concrete ceiling” was coined in 2016 by Jasmine Babers to describe the significantly toughe hurdle women of color face in reaching elevated success in their careers. Equity feminism (conservative feminism): Christina Hoff Sommers, a resident scholar at the conservative American Enterprise Institute, is a champion of what she calls “ equity feminism.” In her view, “equity feminism” is focused on legal equality between men and women. Empowerment: Describes both the process and the outcome of people - women and men - taking control over their lives: setting their own agendas, gaining skills (or having their own skills 7 and knowledge recognized), increasing self-confidence, solving problems, and developing selfreliance. 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Gender parity addresses the ratio of female-to-male values (or males-tofemales, in certain cases) of a given indicator. Gender planning: A planning approach that recognizes the different roles that women and men play in society and the fact that they often have different needs. Gender relations : A specific sub-set of social relations uniting men and women as social groups in a particular community. Gender relations intersect with all other influences on social relations - age, ethnicity, race, religion = to determine the position and identity of people in a social group. Gender-roles: Social and behavioral norms that, within a specific culture, are widely considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex. These often determine the traditional responsibilities Gender fluidity: Not identifying with a single, fixed gender. Gender-neutral programming and policies: Programming and policies that do not centre gender concerns oF distinguish between genders in their design, interventions and monitoring Gender-responsive programming and policies: Intentionally employing gender considerations to affect the design, implementation and results of programmes and policies. Gender-responsive programmes and policies reflect girls’ and women’s realities and needs, in components such