Power System Simulation Lab Manual New (2)

EEL332 Power Systems Lab Manual
INDEX
Sl.No NAME OF EXPERIMENT CYCLE PAGE

. No.
1 1
Y-BUS FORMULATION
1
LOAD FLOW STUDIES FOR A GIVEN POWER SYSTEM USING M i P o w er
LOAD FLOW STUDIES FOR A GIVEN POWER SYSTEM USING M i P o w er

2
FAULT STUDIES FOR A GIVEN POWER SYSTEM USING MiPower

3
4
FAULT STUDIES FOR A GIVEN POWER SYSTEM USING MiPower
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF A SINGLE AREA POWER SYSTEM USING
5 MATLAB
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF A TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM USING

6 MATLAB
7 REACTIVE POWER CONTROL USING MATLAB
8 PLOT THE IV CHARACTERISTICS OF A PV MODULE AND DETERMINE

MAXIMUM POWER POINT USING MATLAB
9 FERRANTI EFFECT AND REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION
10 EARTH RESISTANCE
11 STUDY OF POWER FACTOR IMPOVEMENT
12
NUMERICAL OVER CURRENT RELAY TESTING
13
INSULATION TESTING HT & LT CABLE
Toc H Institute of Science & Technology EEE Department

EXPERIMENT NO:1
Y- BUS FORMATION USING MiPower
Figure shows the line diagram of a simple four bus system. Table gives the
line impedances identified by the buses on which they terminate. The shunt
admittance at all the buses is assumed negligible. Form Y bus
BUS 1 BUS 2
BUS 4
BUS 3
SAMPLE 4 BUS SYSTEM



Experiment No: 2,3
LOAD FLOW STUDIES FOR A GIVEN POWER SYSTEM USING

M i P o w er
Figure below shows a single line diagram of a 5bus system with 2
generating units, 7 lines. Per unit transmission line series
impedances and shunt susceptances are given on 100MVA Base,
real power generation, real & reactive power loads in MW and
MVAR are given in the accompanying table with bus1 as slack,
obtain a load flow solution with Y-bus using Gauss- Siedel method
and Newton Raphson method. Take acceleration factors as 1.4 and
tolerances of 0.0001 and 0.0001 per unit for the real and imaginary
components of voltage and 0.01 per unit tolerance for the change in
the real and reactive bus powers.
G
(3) (4)
(1)
(2) (5)
G
IMPEDANCES AND LINE CHARGING ADMITTANCES FOR THE SYSTEM
Table: 1.1
Bus cone Impedanc Line Charging
From- e R+jX B/2
1-2 0.02+j0.06 j 0.030
1-3 0.08+j0.24 j 0.025
2-3 0.06+j0.18 j 0.020
2-4 0.06+j0.18 j 0.020
2-5 0.04+j0.12 j 0.015
3-4 0.01+j0.03 j 0.010
4-5 0.08+j0.24 j 0.025

GENERATION, LOADS AND BUS VOLTAGES FOR THE SYSTEM

Table: 1.2
Bus Bus Generation Generation Load Load
No Voltage MW MVAR MW MVAR
1 1.06+j0.0 0 0 0 0
2 1.00+j0.0 40 30 20 10
3 1.00+j0.0 0 0 45 15
4 1.00+j0.0 0 0 40 5
5 1.00+j0.0 0 0 60 10
General procedure for using Mi-Power software

1. Double click on the MiPower icon present in the desktop.
2. Click ok and click on MiPower button, then select super user than click ok.
3. A blue screen MiPower window will appear, then double click on the power
system editor to get MiGui window.
Load flow studies
1. Select menu option Database Configure. Configure Database dialog
is popped, Click Browse button.
2. Open dialog box is popped up, then browse the desired directory and
specify the name of the database (file name).
3. Create the Bus-bar structure as given in the single line diagram.
Note: since the voltages are mentioned in the PU, any KV can be assumed.
So the base voltage is chosen as 220 KV
4. After creating the Buses draw the transmission line according to the single
line diagram given.
5. Place the generator and enter it’s ratings on the respective Bus number
mentioned in the single line diagram.
6. Similarly as generator place the load and its data.
7. Go to solve menu in that select load flow analysis, select case (as no
1), select study info..
8. Load flow studies window will appear in that select gauss seidel method (,
then enter the accretion factor 1.4 or 1.6, then mention slack bus as Bus no
1, finally select print option as detailed results with data then press ok.
9. Click on execute button, then click on the report. Select standard finally
click on OK.
Procedure to enter the data for performing studies using MiPower
MiPower - Database Configuration

Open Power System Network Editor. Select menu option Database Configure.
Configure Database dialog is popped up as shown below. Click Browse button.

Open dialog box is popped up as shown below, where you are going to browse the desired
directory and specify the name of the database to be associated with the single line
diagram. Click Open button after entering the hired database name. Configure Database
dialog will appear with path chosen.
Note: Do not work in the MiPower directory.

Click OK button on the Configure database dialog. The dialog shown below appears.

Uncheck the Power System Libraries and Standard Relay Libraries. For this example these
standard libraries are not needed, because all the data is given on pu for power system libraries
(like transformer, line\cable, generator), and relay libraries are required only for relay co-
ordinate studies. If Libraries are selected, standard libraries will be loaded along with the
database. Click Electrical Information tab. Since the impedances are given on 100 MVA
base, check the pu status. Enter the Base and Base frequency as shown below. Click on
Breaker Ratings button to give breaker ratings. Click OK to create the database to return to
Network Editor.
Bus Base Voltage Configuration
In the network editor, configure the base voltages for the single line diagram. Select menu
option Configure→Base voltage. The dialog shown below appears. If necessary change
the Base-voltages, color, Bus width and click OK.

Procedure to Draw First Element - Bus
Click on Bus icon provided on power system tool bar. Draw a bus and a dialog appears
prompting to give the Bus ID and Bus Name. Click OK. Database manager with
corresponding Bus Data form will appear. Modify the Area number, Zone number and
Contingency Weightage data if it is other than the default values. If this data is not furnished,
keep the default values. Usually the minimum and maximum voltage ratings are ± 5% of the
rated voltage. If these ratings are other than this, modify these fields. Otherwise keep the
default values.
Bus description field can be effectively used if the bus name is more than 8 characters. If bus
name is more than 8 characters, then a short name is given in the bus name field and the bus
description field can be used to abbreviate the bus name. For example let us say the bus name
is Northeast, then bus name can be given as NE and the bus description field can be North
East.





Experiment No: 4
FAULT STUDIES FOR A GIVEN POWER SYSTEM USING
MiPower
Figure shows a single line diagram of a 6-bus system with two identical generating units, five
lines and two transformers. Per-unit transmission line series impedances and shunt
susceptances are given on 100 MVA base, generator's transient impedance and transformer
leakage reactances are given in the accompanying table.
If a 3-phase to ground fault occurs at bus 5, find the fault MVA. The data is given below.
Bus-code Impedance Line Charging

p-q Zpq Y’pq/2
3-4 0.00+j0.15 0
3-5 0.00+j0.10 0
3-6 0.00+j0.20 0
5-6 0.00+j0.15 0
4-6 0.00+j0.10 0
Generator details:
’
G1= G2 = 100MVA, 11KV with X d=10%
Transformer details:

T1= T2 = 11/110KV , 100MVA, leakage reactance = X = 5%

Mi Power Data Interpretation:
SOLUTION: All impedances are on 100MVA base
In transmission line data, elements 3 – 4 & 5 – 6 have common parameters. Elements 3 - 5

& 4 – 6 have common parameters. Therefore 3 libraries are required for transmission line.
As generators G1 and G2 have same parameters, only one generator library is required.
The same applies for transformers also.
General procedure for using Mi-Power software

1. Double click on the MiPower icon present in the desktop.
2. Click ok and click on MiPower button, then select super user than click ok.
3. A blue screen MiPower window will appear, then double click on thepower
system editor to get MiGui window
Short Circuit Analysis

1. Select menu option Database Configure. Configure Database dialog
is popped, Click Browse button.
2. Open dialog box is popped up, then browse the desired directory and
specify the name of the database (file name).
3. Create the Bus-bar structure as given in the single line diagram.
4. After creating the Buses draw the transmission line according to the single line
diagram given.
5. Place the generator and transformer; enter its ratings on the respective Bus
number mentioned in the single line diagram.
6. Similarly as generator place the load and its data.
7. Go to solve menu in that select Short Circuit analysis, select case (as no 1),
select study info..
8. In short circuit data select: 3 phase to ground fault, then in option select
‘select buses’ in that select which bus fault has to be created
9. Click on execute button and then click on the report. Select standard finally
click on OK.

Procedure to enter the data for performing studies using Mi Power
Mi Power - Database Configuration

Open Power System Network Editor. Select menu option Database→Configure.
Configure Database dialog is popped up. Click Browse button.
\\enter here
to specify
the name

Open dialog box is popped up as shown below, where you are going to browse the desired
directory and specify the name of the database to be associated with the single line diagram.
Click Open button after entering the desired database name. Configure Database dialog will
appear with path chosen.
Select the folder and give database

name in File name window with
.Mdb extension.
And now click on Open.
Click
OK
Click on OK button in the Configure database dialog, the following dialog appears.
Uncheck the Power System Libraries and Standard Relay Libraries. For this example these
standard libraries are not needed, because all the data is given on p u for power system
libraries (like transformer, line\cable, generator), and relay libraries are required only for relay
co-ordination studies. If Libraries are selected, standard libraries will be loaded along with the
database. Click electrical information tab.

Since the impedances are given on 100 MVA

base, check the pu status. Enter the Base MVA
and Base frequency as shown below. Click
Breaker Ratings tab. If the data is furnished,
modify the breaker ratings for required voltage
levels. Otherwise accept the default values. Click
OK button to create the database to return to
Network Editor.
Bus Base Voltage Configuration

In the network editor, configure the base voltages
for the single line diagram. Select menu option
Configure Base voltage. Dialog shown below
appears. If necessary change the Base-voltages,
color, Bus width and click OK.
Procedure to Draw First Element - Bus

Click on Bus icon provided on power system tool bar. Draw a bus and a dialog appears
prompting to give the Bus ID and Bus Name. Click OK. Database manager with
corresponding Bus Data form will appear. Modify the Area number, Zone number and
Contingency Weightage data if it is other than the default values. If this data is not furnished,
keep the default values. Usually the minimum and maximum voltage ratings are ± 5% of the
rated voltage. If these ratings are other than this, modify these fields. Otherwise keep the
default values.
Bus description field can be effectively used if the bus name is more than 8 characters. If bus
name is more than 8 characters, then a short name is given in the bus name field and the bus
description field can be used to abbreviate the bus name. For example let us say the bus name
is Northeast, then bus name can be given as NE and the bus description field can be North
East.

After entering data click save, which invokes Network Editor. Follow the same procedure
for remaining buses. Following table gives the data for other buses.
Bus data
Bus Number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Bus Name Bus1 Bus2 Bus3 Bus4 Bus5 Bus6
Nominal voltage 11 11 110 110 110 110
Area number 1 1 1 1 1 1
Zone number 1 1 1 1 1 1
Contingency Weightage 1 1 1 1 1 1
Procedure to Draw Transmission Line
Click on Transmission Line icon provided

on power system tool bar. To draw the line
click in between two buses and to connect to
the from bus, double click LMB (Left Mouse
Button) on the From Bus and join it to
another bus by double clicking the mouse
button on the To Bus .Element ID dialog
will appear.
Enter Element ID number and click OK. Database manager with corresponding Line\Cable
Data form will be open. Enter the details of that line as shown below.
Enter Structure Ref No. as 1 and click on Transmission Line Library >> button. Line &
Cable Library form will appear. Enter transmission line library data in the form as shown for
Line3-4.
After entering data, Save and Close. Line\Cable Data form will appear. Click Save, which
invokes network editor. Data for remaining elements given in the following table. Follow the
same procedure for rest of the elements.

Transmission Line Element Data

Line Number 1 2 3 4 5
Line Name Line3-4 Line3-5 Line3-6 Line4-6 Line5-6
De-Rated MVA 100 100 100 100 100
No. Of Circuits 1 1 1 1 1
From Bus No. 3 3 3 4 5
To Bus No. 4 5 6 6 6
Line Length 1 1 1 1 1
From Breaker Rating 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000
To Breaker Rating 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000
Structure Ref No. 1 2 3 2 1
Transmission Line Library Data

Structure Ref. No. 1 2 3
Structure Ref. Name Line3-4 & 5-6 Line3-5 & 4-6 Line3-6
Positive Sequence Resistance 0 0 0
Positive Sequence Reactance 0.15 0.1 0.2
Positive Sequence Susceptance 0 0 0
Thermal Rating 100 100 100
Procedure to Draw Transformer
Click on Two Winding Transformer icon provided on power system tool bar. To draw the
transformer click in between two buses and to connect to the from bus, double click LMB
(Left Mouse Button) on the From Bus and join it to another bus by double clicking the mouse
button on the To Bus Element ID dialog will appear. Click OK.

Transformer Element Data form will be open. Enter the Manufacturer Ref. Number as 30.
Enter transformer data in the form as shown below. Click on Transformer Library >>button.
Transformer library form will be open. Enter the data as shown below. Save and close library
screen.
Transformer elements networknt editor.

data form will appear. Click Save button, which invoke
In the similar way enter other transformer details.

nd
2 Transformer details
Transformer Number 2
Transformer Name 2T2
From Bus Number 6
To Bus Number 2
Control Bus Number 2
Number of Units in Parallel 1
Manufacturer ref. Number 30
De Rated MVA 100
From Breaker Rating 5000
To Breaker Rating 350
Nominal Tap Position 5
Procedure to Draw Generator
Click on Generator icon provided on power system tool bar. Draw the generator by clicking
LMB (Left Mouse Button) on the Bus1. Element ID dialog will appear. Click OK.
Generator Data form will be opened. Enter the Manufacturer Ref. Number as 20. Enter Generator data in
the form as shown below.
Click on Generator Library >> button. Enter generator library details as shown below.
Save and Close the library screen. Generator data screen will be reopened. Click Save button,
which invokes Network Editor. Connect another generator to Bus 2. Enter its details as given
in the following table.

2 nd Generator details
Name GEN-
2
Bus Number 2
Manufacturer Ref. Number 20
Number of Generators in Parallel 1
Capability Curve Number 0
De-Rated MVA 100
Specified Voltage 11
Scheduled Power 20
Reactive Power Minimum 0
Reactive Power Maximum 60
Breaker Rating 350
Type of Modeling Infinit
e
Note: To neglect the transformer resistance, in the multiplicationfactor table give the X to R Ratio
as 9999.
TO solve short circuit studies choose menu option Solve →Short Circuit Analysis or click
on SCS button on the toolbar on the right side of the screen. Short circuit analysis screen
appears
2 Click here to open short circuit studies screen
1 Click here to select case no

Study Information.
3. Click here
1. Click here
2. Click here
In Short Circuit Output Options select the following.
Click OK
Afterwards click Execute. Short circuit study will be executed. Click on Report to view the
report file.
Click here to execute
1 Click here
for report

’
’

EXPERIMENT NO:5
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF A SINGLE AREA POWER SYSTEM
Aim: To obtain the frequency response of single and two area power system using MATLAB
Apparatus: MATLAB 6.1
Formula used:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Where
D = damping coefficient
GG – gain of generator
GT - gain of turbine
GP - gain of power
KP – power system constant

KT- turbine constant

KG- generator constant
TP – power system time constant

TG- generator time constant

Procedure:
1. Open Matlab-->Simulink--> File ---> New---> Model
2. Open Simulink Library and browse the components
3. Connect the components as per circuit diagram
4. Set the desired voltage and required frequency
5. Simulate the circuit using MATLAB
6. Plot the waveforms
SIMULINK RESULTS:
Single Area Power System Block Diagram

Graph:
RESULT

EXPERIMENT NO:6
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF A TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM
Aim: To obtain the frequency response of two area power system using MATLAB
Apparatus: MATLAB
Formula used:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Where
D = damping coefficient
GG – gain of generator
GT - gain of turbine
GP - gain of power
KP – power system onstant

KT- turbine constant
KG- generator constant
TP – power system time constant

TG- generator time constant

Procedure:
1. Open Matlab-->Simulink--> File ---> New---> Model
2. Open Simulink Library and browse the components
3. Connect the components as per circuit diagram
4. Set the desired voltage and required frequency
5. Simulate the circuit using MATLAB
6. Plot the waveforms
SIMULINK RESULTS:
Single Area Power System Block Diagram

Graphs:
RESULT

EXPERIMENT NO : 6
REACTIVE POWER CONTROL USING CAPACITOR BANK
AIM
To determine the power diagram, active, reactive, apparent power, power factor
correction in a 3 phase transmission line with RL load
SOFTWARE USED
MATLAB

THEORY
Power in an AC Circuit
Reactive power in inductive loads

Reactive power (Q) is a term for the imaginary (non-real) power from inductive loads
like motor or capacitive loads (less common). It is generally measured in units of VARs
(volt-amps reactive)
Inductive loads such as chokes, motors, inductive heating equipment, generators,
transformers, and arc welding equipment produce an electrical lag that is commonly
referred to as inductance. This inductance causes a phase difference between current and
voltage which cause low pf
Causes Of Low Power Factor
Inductive Loads
 90% of the industrial load consists of Induction Machines (1-ϕ and 3-ϕ). Such
machines draw magnetizing current to produce the magnetic field and hence work
at low power factor.
 For Induction motors, the pf is usually extremely low (0.2 - 0.3) at light loading
conditions and it is 0.8 to 0.9 at full load.
 The current drawn by inductive loads is lagging and results in low pf.
 Other inductive machines such as transformers, generators, arc lamps, electric
furnaces etc work at low pf too.
Variations In Power System Loading

 Today we have interconnected power systems. According to different seasons and
time, the loading conditions of the power system vary. There are peak as well as
low load periods.
 When the system is loaded lightly, the voltage increases and the current drawn by
the machines also increases. This results in low power factor.

Harmonic Currents
 The presence of harmonic currents in the system also reduces the power factor.
 In some cases, due to improper wiring or electrical accidents, a condition known as
3-ϕ power imbalance occurs. This results in low power factor too.
Power Factor Correction

Low power factor is mainly due to lagging currents drawn by inductive loads.
 For pure inductance, current lags behind voltage by 90°.

 For pure capacitance, current leads voltage by 90°.
 If we use capacitors to draw leading current, we can cancel the effects of lagging
inductive current and hence improve the power factor.
Capacitor-based power factor correction circuits

There are various methods of improving the power factor of a load or an installation.
One of the commonly used methods involves adding power factor correction capacitors
to the network. Figure shows a simple circuit consisting of an AC source and an
inductive load.
. The R and L are present in all inductive equipments and the C is used for pf
improvement.
Here, IL = current drawn by the circuit capacitor C isn't used,
ϕL = phase angle between voltage V and load current IL,
IC = capacitive current drawn by C,
I = resultant current when C is used,
ϕ = phase angle between voltage V and net current I.
 As shown in the above phasor diagram, ϕ < ϕL

 Therefore cos ϕ > cos ϕL, hence power factor is improved

RESULT


EXPERIMENT NO: 7
Plot the IV & PVcharacteristics of a PV module and determine Maximum

Power Point.
AIM
To plot the V-I Characteristics of the solar cell and hence determine the maximum power point
and fill factor
THEORY:
The solar cell is a semi conductor device, which converts the solar energy into electrical energy.
It is also called a photovoltaic cell. A solar panel consists of numbers of solar cells connected in
series or parallel. The number of solar cell connected in a series generates the desired output
voltage and connected in parallel generates the desired output current. The conversion of
sunlight
(Solar Energy) into electric energy takes place only when the light is falling on the cells of the
solar panel. Therefore in most practical applications, the solar panels are used to charge the lead
acid or Nickel-Cadmium batteries. In the sunlight, the solar panel charges the battery and also
supplies the power to the load directly. When there is no sunlight, the charged battery supplies
the required power to the load
IV Curve
The IV curve of a solar cell is the superposition of the IV curve of the solar cell diode in
the dark with the light-generated current.1 The light has the effect of shifting the IV
curve down into the fourth quadrant where power can be extracted from the diode.
Illuminating a cell adds to the normal "dark" currents in the diode so that the diode law
becomes:
where IL = light generated current.
Plotting the above equation gives the IV curve.The power curve has a a maximum
denoted as PMP where the solar cell should be operated to give the maximum power
output. It is also denoted as P MAX or maximum power point (MPP) and occurs at a
voltage of VMP and a current of IMP.

Solar Cell I-V Characteristic Curve

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

RESULT
Vmp =
Imp =
Voc =
Isc =
Fill factor =
Pmax =

EXPERIMENT – 8
FERRANTI EFFECT AND REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION
AIM
To simulate and study Ferranti effect using MATLAB SIMULINK
PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
Voltage at the sending end of a 3-phase, 50 Hz transmission line is

230kVwith source impedance with resistance 1 Ω, and inductance of 1mH. Line
parameters are R=0.2568 Ω/km, L=2 mH /km, C=8.6X10-9 F/km. Compare the
receiving and sending end currents and voltage
THEORY AND PROCEDURE

FERRANTIEFFECT
A long transmission line/cables draws a substantial quantity of
charging current. If such a line/cable is open circuited or very lightly
loaded at the receiving end, the voltage at receiving end may become
greater than voltage at sending end due to capacitive reactance. This
is known as Ferranti Effect. Both capacitance and inductance is
responsible to produce this effect. The capacitance (which is
responsible for charging current) is negligible in short line
but significant in medium line and appreciable in long line. Hence,
this phenomenon occurs in medium and long lines. The figure shown
below is representing a transmission line by an equivalent pi(π)-
model. The voltage rise is proportional to the square of the line
length.


RESULT
Simulated the phenomenon of Ferranti effect for medium, transmission line
using MATLAB SIMULINK model. It is observed that receiving end voltage is
greater than sending end voltage

EXPERIMENT No.9
EARTH RESISTANCE
AIM
To determine the resistance to earth of the given earthing system and design an earthing
system from soil resistivity of the given area.
OPERATING PRINCIPLE
The principle used in measuring the earth resistance is based on simple Ohm’s law.
a) MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTANCE
To measure the earth resistance with digital earth tester it should be used three terminal
type. For that terminals E1 and P1 are to be shorted and connected to the earth
connection whose resistance has to be found.
Connected as per the Fig.1 and take the reading by pressing the test switch. Note down
the reading displayed on the L.C.D of the instrument.

b) MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTIVITY

To find out the earth resistivity for preferred positioning and depths of electrical
system four terminal method is to be used. Connect the instrument terminals as per
Fig.2
All the four spikes to be buried in one straight line and distance between them to be
kept same. The value of ‘L’ may be kept between 10m to 20m. Take the reading by
pressing the test switch (taking care of range factor). Observed value is in ohms. Let it be
( Rm). The value of Earth resistivity( ρ) may be obtained from the following formula.
ρ=2πLR ohms cm
Where R= value of Earth Resistance measured in ohms.
L= Distance between spikes incms.
ρ=Earth resistivity in ohms cm.
π=3.14
To avoid error due to the wire resistance first short the wires and note down the
meter reading Let it be (Rw). Then connect the wires to the electrodes as explained
above. This reading minus the reading with the wire shorted will give actual value of
resistance.
So actual R= Rm - Rw .
RESULT
Earth Resistance =
Earth resistivity =

EXPERIMENT NO. 10
Study of Power Factor Improvement
AIM
To improve the power factor of an inductive load by connecting capacitor in parallel with
• it.
INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION
Ideally the power factor of load should be unity. However, in practice, inductive loads are
very common. Such loads have very low power factor. This is not desirable as it increases
the maximum demand (VA drawn by the load) on the power supply source. If the maximum
demand exceeds the permissible limit, the consumer will be penalized by the power distribution
company. So, it is necessary to improve the power factor. To do this, a capacitor is connected in
parallel with the inductive load. To understand how to improve factor by connecting a capacitor
in parallel with the inductive load, we use the circuit shown in Figure 1. When the capacitor is
300 V
0-5 0-5 A
M L
A
A C V
240 Inducti
V ve
50 V 0-300 Load
Hz V
Figure 1: Circuit for study of improvement of power factor.
not connected, from the meter readings, we get
P . Σ
P
P = V I cos θ1 =⇒ cos θ1 = =⇒ θ 1 = cos−1 VI (1)
VI
From this we can find the reactive power supplied by the source
Q1 = V I sin θ1 (2)
when capacitor is not connected. If the desirable power factor is cos θ2 > cos θ 1, then, the over-
all reactive power supplied by the source corresponding to the new power factor cos θ2 is given
by
Q2 =V I sin(cos−1 θ2) (3)
where Q2 < Q1. Therefore, the reactive power to be supplied by the capacitor to be connected
in parallel with the load, and its reactance are given by
V2 V2
Q
1 − Q2 = X =⇒ XC = (4)
C Q1 − Q2

EEL332 Power System Lab Manual
TABULAR COLUMN
Load 1:
Case V Volts I Amps Power Factor
Without C
With C =
Load 2:

Without C
With C =
Load 3:
Without C
With C =
Load 4:
Without C
With C =
Load 5:
Without C
With C =
Table 1: Readings obtained on the trainer.
Therefore, the value of capacitor to be connected is given by

1
C=
2π f XC
where f is the frequency of the supply. Figure 2 shows the front panel of the trainer which
is used in the experiment.

Procedure
1. Realize the circuit shown in Figure 1 by connecting one inductive load
using patch cords on the front panel of the trainer.
2. Switch on power and record all meter readings in Table 1. Calculate the
power factor without capacitor and enter it in the same table.
3. Assume a new power factor value which is greater than the value found in
the previous step. For this new desirable power factor calculate the capacitor
to be connected in parallel using Eqs. (3) to (5).
4. Connect the capacitor of value calculated above in parallel with the

inductive load connected in Step 1 and determine the new power factor by
taking the meter readings. Desired capacitor value may have to be realized
by series-parallel combinations of capacitors provided in the trainer module.
5. Repeat the above mentioned steps for different inductive loads.
Front panel of power factor improvement trainer
RESULT

EXPERIMENT NO. 11
OVER CURRENT RELAY
AIM
This trainer kit consists of three parts-Current source, Relay and Timer
a) Current source
This part consists of 0-20A AC current source with Digital AC Ammeter.
Variable current output terminals are provided on the front panel. The 230V single
phase AC is applied to the autotransformer through the Mains ON switch.The
secondary of the autotransformer is connected to the primary of the stepdown
transformer. The 3.5V/ 20A secondary of this step down transformer is connected to
the series circuit consisting of a 20A Digital panel ammeter and a front panel
mounted Selector switch.
b). Relay
This part consists of PROK DEVICES make 1 phase Numerical / Microprocessor
based over current relay. Relay inputs and Trip outputs are terminated on the front
panel. Current Transformer of 4A/1A are connected to the Relay input.
c). Timer
A 4 digit Timer with a resolution of 0.001 sec is connected to one set of normally
open contact of the Relay under test. Another set of normally open contact is
connected to the Trip indicator. After setting the required test current with the
Selector switch in the Set position , this switch is put to the Start position. This
causes the set current to flow through the CT input of the Relay under test and
simultaneously the Timer is started as indicated by the relay ON indicator. At the
end of the preset time , Relay under test closes it’s NO contacts connected to the
Timer and the Trip indicator . The Timer stops and the Trip indicator glows.
PROCEDURE
1. Set the output current source setting control to minimum position.
2. Switch On the aux. power supply of the Kit . Remove Relay front cover.
3. Put the selector switch to OFF position. In this position the Relay
parameters can be set.
4. Set the required trip time(TM), trip characteristics (MODE) and set over
current (PM) values on the relay. Refer relay manual for setting the
parameters.
5. Connect the OUTPUT current terminals to CT input terminals and CT
output terminals are internally connected to Relay input terminals. Connect
Trip input terminals to Trip output terminals of the Relay.
6. Set the load current above the set over load current by varying the
autotransformer. Ammeter current is 4 times the relay input current, because
of 4A/1ACT. Relay shows the current ¼ of Ammeter current and this
current is the fault current.
7. Put the Selector switch to OFF position.

8. Put the selector switch to START position. The Relay ON indicator glows.
Timer starts counting . DEF/IDMT LED on the relay starts blinking
depending on which mode we have selected .DEF Led blinks if DEF is
selected . IDMT LED blinks if NI, NI-1.3 or L Time is selected.
9. Relay will Trip after the set time, since the current is more than the set over
current and trip indicator glows and current source also trips. DEF/IDMT
LED on the relay stops blinking . Timer stops. Note down the current and
time.
10. Repeat the above for different TMS and note down the time and current.
11. Repeat the same for different PMS- different set current-Is
12. Repeat the same for different trip time characteristics.
TABULAR COLUMN
Experiment No.1 : Normal inverse Time Characteristics of OC Relay:
Sl.No. Plug Setting Time Fault current RelayTrip Theoretical

–PS multiplier time-sec Trip time-
1A
sec
1s=0.5-2.0A TMS-0.1-2.0
Experiment No.2 : Normal Inverse -1.3s Time characteristics of OC Relay.

1A
sec
1s=0.5-2.0A TMS-0.1-2.0

Experiment No.3 : Normal Inverse -3s Time characteristics of OC Relay.

1A
sec
1s=0.5-2.0A TMS-0.1-2.0
Experiment No.3 : Long Time Delay- Time characteristics of OC Relay.

1A
sec
1s=0.5-2.0A TMS-0.1-2.0
Experiment No.4 : Definite Time - Time characteristics of OC Relay.
Sl.No. Plug Setting Time Fault current RelayTrip

–PS multiplier time-sec
1A
1s=0.5-2.0A TMS-0.1-2.0

GRAPH
A graph of the operating characteristics of the relay is drawn. The plug setting
multiplier is plotted on the X-axis and the time of operation on the Y-axis . Curves
are drawn for different time setting multipliers. The curves are plotted for Normal
Inverse., very inverse and extremely inverse characteristics.
RESULT

EXPERIMENT NO: 12
INSULATION TESTING HT AND LT CABLE
AIM: To test the insulation resistance of HT and LT cable.
Technical Specification

PANEL INSTRUCTION

OPERATION:
1. INSULATION MEASUREMENT
1. Connect the test line to terminal L/U/V and E . Then connect to the testing
insulation. Terminal G should be connected to the protection ring or earth
throughout the whole testing period.
2. Press the PO button to turn on the meter, LCD displays”1”.

W
3. Choose proper range as needed.
4. Turn the function selection switch to choose proper range, Press the TEST
button, then the high voltage between terminal E and L/V will be output.
5. Press and Hold the TEST button for over 2secs, beeper alarms which
indicates that the meter enters into testing mode and automatically
extends the testing time for 30 seconds. Beeper alarms in every 2
seconds. Press the button again to exit the mode at any time.
6. During the testing ,press the HOLD button to hold the result. Press the
button again to exit hold mode.
7. When in testing mode, if LCD displays1, there may be two reasons:
A) the tested insulation is over the max .range or

B) The tested circuit is open.

Note: when pressing the TEST button,there are high voltage outputting
between terminals E and L/v. It is normal that if the reading is flashing
and not stable at first, but will soon displays 1 or a stable reading.
If the LCD can not display a stable reading in a long testing time , it may be
caused by;
a). the test line is too long.
b). the humidity of the work condition is too high.
c).the tested insulation needed be connected to terminal COM.
d). the tested insulation is not stable and in the interface mode.
LOW RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT AND CONTINUITY TEST.

Turn the function selection switch to select the 200Ω position . Connect
the red test lead to terminal V/U and the black test lead to terminal COM.
View the LCD and get the test reading. If LCD displays 1, it indicates
that the tested resistance is larger than 200Ω or open circuit. If the
resistance is lower than 30Ω, beeper alarms.

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EEL332 Power Systems Lab Manual

Sl.No NAME OF EXPERIMENT CYCLE PAGE

LOAD FLOW STUDIES FOR A GIVEN POWER SYSTEM USING M i P o w er

FAULT STUDIES FOR A GIVEN POWER SYSTEM USING MiPower

LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF A TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM USING

7 REACTIVE POWER CONTROL USING MATLAB

8 PLOT THE IV CHARACTERISTICS OF A PV MODULE AND DETERMINE

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology EEE Department

Y- BUS FORMATION USING MiPower

SAMPLE 4 BUS SYSTEM

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Experiment No: 2,3

LOAD FLOW STUDIES FOR A GIVEN POWER SYSTEM USING

IMPEDANCES AND LINE CHARGING ADMITTANCES FOR THE SYSTEM

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GENERATION, LOADS AND BUS VOLTAGES FOR THE SYSTEM

General procedure for using Mi-Power software

Procedure to enter the data for performing studies using MiPower

MiPower - Database Configuration

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Note: Do not work in the MiPower directory.

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Bus Base Voltage Configuration

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Procedure to Draw First Element - Bus

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Toc H Institute of Science & Technology EEE Department

Toc H Institute of Science & Technology EEE Department

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Bus-code Impedance Line Charging

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T1= T2 = 11/110KV , 100MVA, leakage reactance = X = 5%

SOLUTION: All impedances are on 100MVA base

In transmission line data, elements 3 – 4 & 5 – 6 have common parameters. Elements 3 - 5

General procedure for using Mi-Power software

Short Circuit Analysis

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Procedure to enter the data for performing studies using Mi Power

Mi Power - Database Configuration

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Select the folder and give database

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Since the impedances are given on 100 MVA

Bus Base Voltage Configuration

Procedure to Draw First Element - Bus

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Procedure to Draw Transmission Line

Click on Transmission Line icon provided

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Transmission Line Element Data

Transmission Line Library Data

Procedure to Draw Transformer

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Transformer elements networknt editor.

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Procedure to Draw Generator

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1 Click here to select case no

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In Short Circuit Output Options select the following.

Click here to execute