Advanced Mechanics of Solids Lecture Notes on Advanced Mechanics of Solids Surendra Kumar CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur and Ludhiana Gill Road, Ludhiana - 141006, Punjab AcSIR- Jan 2023 Surendra Kumar, CSIR-CMERI lige ©Advanced Mechanics of Solids Topic 1* Introduction to Tensors Contents: * Introduction * Lecture notes are for educational purpose only. Not to be distributed. AcSIR- Jan 2023 Surendra Kumar, CSIR-CMERI lige 3Advanced Mechanics of Solids Introduction © Tensors provide a concise mathematical framework for formulation and solving physical problems. An extension of scalar, vector and matrix (multi-dimensional array in a given basis). © Denoted by indices giving their positions in the array, as subscripts (and superscripts), following the symbolic name (e.g. 2nd order tensor t,,, where i and j are indices running from 1 to n). Rank of tensor © The no. of indices required to identify each component is called the order, degree or rank of the tensor. ¢ A scalar is a non-directional number e.g. mass, temperature, and this is a ‘tensor of zero rank’ (3° (i.e. 1) components). AcSIR- Jan 2023 Surendra Kumar, CSIR-CMERI lige]Advanced Mechanics of Solids A vector has magnitude and direction specified with 3' (i.e. 3) components, e.g. uy . ir ‘ 7 displacement, ti = 4 u, =[u, U. ] , and is a ‘tensor of first rank’. Us A tensor of second rank requires 3° components (i.e. 9) e.g. Stress. Using basis vectors (@,,é,,é,) (not necessarily unit vectors), i can be expressed as: io i 3 =(1 09) Gi=ué,+u,6,+ué, o,f=> uz, (TI) a Co 10)” : p-Coogt ae Einstein summation convention: Eq. (T1) can be written in contracted form as: u=ué. Sun metion ign is dipbeds AcSIR- Jan 2023 Surendra Kumar, CSIR-CMERI ligeAdvanced Mechanics of Solids In the suffix notation, a repetitive letter suffix (in this case, i) indicates that the sum must be formed of all terms obtainable by assigning to the suffix the values 1, 2 and 3. Kronecker delta function: 1 ifi=j =) aaa * (0 ifi#j 1 09 0 55 ¢ \ = i 5 (3 3 @ _ Sy @)-@) 85 Bee Bt St Bae yg | AcSIR- Jan 2023 Surendra Kumar, CSIR-CMERI ig)Advanced Mechanics of Solids Dot product: @-V=(ug).(ve,)=uv, (8-2, )=uv,5, =u, Vector product: Ux¥ =(ue)x(v,é,)=uy, (6 xé,) =uy 6,8 et ee ic VU YY = & (Ey UY) Cie Permutation operator: 1 (i,j, k is even permutation of 1,2,3) = -1 (i,j, kis odd permutation of 1,2,3) 0 (repeated index) An even (odd) permutation of 123 is a permutation that can be obtained from 1,2,3 by an even (odd) no. of two element exchange. eux AcSIR- Jan 2023 Surendra Kumar, CSIR-CMERI ligt]Advanced Mechanics of Solids Ean = 1 Reem permutatin Eas = fan Cie Cary eo Matrix multiplication: ©) Ca) (a) Eas Anse Common Differential Operations in Tensor Notation = odd prevmutatinn © Partial derivative symbol with a subscript index (e.g. i) is used to denote the ith component of the Cartesian gradient operator V: 6 6,=V,=— x, ¢ A comma preceding a subscript index (say, ‘i*) denotes partial differentiation with respect to the ith spatial coordinate in Cartesian systems (i.e. x;): OA éu, eae UU a = That's all. AcSIR- Jan 2023 Surendra Kumar, CSIR-CMERI eae A