ACTIVE FILTERS

Asst Prof Anjumol C S

Dept of EEE
TocH
ACTIVE FILTERS

• An active harmonic power

conditioner/compensator/filter is a device that
uses at least one static converter to meet the
“harmonic compensation” function
General blk dgm of active filters
SIGNAL CONDITIONING ( Distortion
current detection circuit ) .
• The voltage and current variables in power system
is sensed by using potential transformers, current
transformers, isolation amplifiers etc.
CONTROL CIRCUIT (The reference
signal generation)
• The next stage is the derivation of compensating
signal from the disrupted wave consists of both
fundamental wave and the harmonic content.
• It can be done by two different methods-
FREQUENCY DOMAIN APPROACH.
• Fourier transformation method
TIME DOMAIN APPROACH.
1. Instantaneous Reactive-Power (PQ)Theorem,
2. Synchronous-Reference-Frame Theorem,
3. Synchronous Detection Theorem,
COMPENSATION CURRENT
GENERATION CIRCUIT (Inverter)
• The third stage is the generation of gating signal for
harmonic suppression.
• Inverter will be having a capacitor in input side
known as Energy Storage capacitor
The DC capacitor serves two main purposes:
• (1) It maintains a DC voltage with a small ripple in
steady state
• (2) It serves as an energy storage element to supply
the real power deference between load and source
during the transient period
TYPES OF ACTIVE FILTERS:

• Active filter can be classified based on the

connection scheme as:
• Shunt active filter
• Series active filter and
• Hybrid active filter.
Shunt Active Power Filter
• This class of filter
configurations is the most
important and most widely
used type in active filtering
applications.
• The purpose is to cancel the
load current harmonics fed to
the supply.
• It can also contribute to
reactive-power compensation
and balancing of three-phase
currents
SERIES ACTIVE FILTER
The Series active filter
produces a PWM voltage
waveform which is added or
subtracted, to/from the supply
voltage to maintain a pure
sinusoidal voltage waveform
across the load.
The main advantage of series
filters over shunt ones is that
they are ideal for eliminating
voltage-waveform harmonics,
and for balancing three-phase
voltages.
Hybrid Active Power Filters

• They are typically the

combination of basic
APFs and passive filters.
• Hybrid APFs, inheriting
the advantages of both
passive filters and APFs
provide improved
performance and cost-
effective solutions.
SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTERS

• The shunt active power filter, with a self controlled

dc bus, has a topology similar to that of a static
compensator (STATCOM) used for reactive power
compensation in power transmission systems.
• Shunt active power filters compensate load current
harmonics by injecting equal but opposite
harmonic compensating current.
Power Circuit Topology
• The harmonic compensation performance of an
active filter depends mainly on
1. the technique used to compute the reference
current,
2. the design of inverter and
3. the control method used to inject the desired
compensation current into the line.
• Generated compensating current will be:
• Icomp = Isource – I loaD
 CONTROL STRATEGY
INSTANTANEOUS P-Q THEORY
• The source side instantaneous real and imaginary
power components can be calculated by using
• p =VαIα+ VβIβ Instantaneous Real Power
• q =VαIβ – VβIα Instantaneous Imaginary Power
• Each of these powers has fundamental component (1st component) and harmonicccomponent (
component)

• The instantaneous real and imaginary powers

include both oscillating and average components.
Average = fundamental component
• Oscillating= harmonicc component
• The equations for compensating current reference
in αβ axes can be written
•
• The reference current are calculated in order to
compensate harmonic voltage
• These reference source current signals are then
compared with sensed three-phase source , and
the errors are processed by hysteresis controller to
generate the required switching signals for the
shunt APF switches
SERIES ACTIVE POWER FILTERS
The control strategy -
Instantaneous pq theory
• • Current or voltage signals are sensed;
• • Compensating commands in terms of current
levels are derived;
• • The gating signals for semiconductor switches of
SAPF are generated using hysteresis based control
techniques.
• Clark transformation Theory.
• The source side instantaneous real and imaginary power
components can be calculated by using
Where; p =VαIα+ VβIβ Instantaneous Real Power
q = VβIα -VαIβInstantaneous Imaginary Power
• Each of these powers has fundamental component
(1st component) and harmonicc component (2nd
component)

• The instantaneous real and imaginary powers

include both oscillating and average components.
• Average = fundamental component
• Oscillating= harmonicc component
• Both the oscillating ph and imaginary q powers
represent the presence of harmonics in load current
which is to be eliminated.

• As V*cα and V*cβ are the reference voltage of Series

APF in α-β co-ordinates. These Voltage are transformed
into three phase a-b-c coordinates as given
VOLTAGE UNBALANCE
COMPENSATION
• . The reference signals for the voltage unbalance
control scheme are obtained by by compensating
the negative and zero sequence components
present in the source voltage