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CRITICAL
CARE
MEDICINE
An Algorithmic Approach
This page intentionally left blank
CRITICAL
CARE
MEDICINE
An Algorithmic Approach
Alexander Goldfarb-Rumyantzev, MD, PhD, PhD
Lecturer
Medicine
Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts

Contributing Author

Robert Stephen Brown, MD

Associate Chief for Academic Affairs, Nephrology Division Medicine
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts
Associate Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts

Associate Editor

Martin Shao Foong Chong, MBBS, MA (Oxon), MRCP,

FRCA, FFICM, FHEA
Magill Department of Anaesthesia
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital
London, UK
Elsevier
1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Ste 1800
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899

CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE: AN ALGORITHMIC APPROACH, FIRST EDITION ISBN:978-0-323-696074

Copyright © 2023 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the
Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance
Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions

This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).

Notice

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds or experiments described herein. Because of rapid advances
in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verication of diagnoses and drug dosages should be
made. To the fullest extent of the law, no responsibility is assumed by Elsevier, authors, editors or con-
tributors for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence
or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in
the material herein.

Content Strategist: Michael Houston

Content Development Specialist: Erika Ninsin
Publishing Services Manager: Deepthi Unni
Project Manager: Radjan Lourde Selvanadin
Design Direction: Margaret Reid

Printed in India
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 Dedication

To my family, and speci¿cally to my mom Tatiana, my late uncle Veniamin,

and my children Levi and Ben – my constant source of inspiration.

Alexander Goldfarb-Rumyantzev

To my wife Judy, son Bobby, and daughter Debbie

who have always supported my hours at work
and to the late Frank Epstein –
mentor, colleague, and friend for 40 years.

Robert S. Brown
This page intentionally left blank
 Dedicated in memory of Alexander Goldfarb-Rumyantzev, MD, PhD, PhD,
a colleague, co-author and friend,

This book is all Alex’ doing – its conception, structure and writing. His unexpected
passing on January 18th, 2021 was a loss to us all – his innovative thinking,
logic, spirit, wit and humor will not be forgotten.

Robert S. Brown, MD
This page intentionally left blank
Contributing Author
Robert Stephen Brown, MD
Associate Chief for Academic Aairs, Nephrology Division Medicine
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Boston, Massachusetts
Associate Professor of Medicine
Harvard Medical School
Boston, Massachusetts

Associate Editor
Martin Shao Foong Chong, MBBS, MA (Oxon), MRCP, FRCA, FFICM,
FHEA
Magill Department of Anaesthesia
Chelsea and Westminster Hospital
London, UK

ix
This page intentionally left blank
Preface

Critical Care Medicine is a broad subject that covers many areas and almost all subspecialties of
internal medicine. As one might remember from one’s years in residency, the ICU rotation is exciting
and the favorite of many. In this book we discuss practical issues of critical care medicine divided into
chapters by subspecialty. Speci¿cally, we separated the following aspects of critical care medicine:
respiratory, cardiac and circulation, infectious disease, water and electrolytes and acid-base disor-
ders, acute kidney injury and dialysis, gastroenterology, rheumatology, endocrinology, neurology,
and COVID-19. Arguably, many aspects of critical care medicine are also relevant to general internal
medicine. In eect, critical care is an internal medicine subspecialty focused on very sick people
(plus invasive procedures). As such, the chapters in this book are applicable to the practice of general
medicine as well. Therefore, the intended audience for this book includes critical care practitioners,
as well as internal medicine physicians, and fellows and residents in critical care, internal medicine,
and its subspecialties.
Let me point out what this book is NOT. First of all, it is important to note that the goal of this book
is not to give comprehensive coverage of the topics, nor to provide a fundamental understanding of
the physiology of the discussed conditions. Rather, we address the need for quick decision making
in situations where timing is of essence. This book is intended to be a source of quick reference to
provide help in approaching conditions frequently encountered in the intensive care unit, in formu-
lating the plan of care, and in making a decision regarding the next step in management of a critical
patient. In essence, this book allows the provider to alleviate the most urgent clinical matter and buy
some time to regroup, think, call consults, and obtain more detailed and comprehensive information.
By no means does it eliminates the need for a physician to read further and have a deeper understand-
ing of the subject—of special importance is the understanding of the physiology of critical illnesses.
Medicine is practiced in a rapidly changing environment and new information is coming daily. This
book does not substitute the need to be on the top of contemporary literature. Understanding of the
underlying disease process is very important, so, once the initial strategy is established and next steps
are clear in general terms, the provider should probably step back and get additional information from
more detailed sources. Along the same lines, this book cannot cover all topics, and the authors had to
be selective. Because the purpose of the book is to be a source of quick reference, we selected top-
ics representing common issues in critical care medicine, those that practitioners are dealing with on
almost a daily basis, and those that require decisive steps.
The format of this book is dierent from most textbooks in that it is based mostly on graphical
representation of information: diagrams, tables, algorithms. We believe that this format will be help-
ful to practitioners looking for concise data and references in an environment where decisions need
to be made quickly.
Most of the references used for this book are open access sources. We speci¿cally made an eort
to select appropriate sources that would be easily available to readers, unless these sources were
insucient.
Four chapters in this book (Water and electrolyte disorders, Acid-base disorders, Acute kidney
injury and dialysis, and COVID-19) were co-authored by Dr. Robert S. Brown.
We feel sure that you will ¿nd this book helpful in your daily practice and we are very much open
to suggestions how to make the next edition better.

Alexander S. Goldfarb-Rumyantzev, MD, PhD, PhD

xi
This page intentionally left blank
Contents

1. Respiratory Failure, 1
Alexander Goldfarb-Rumyantzev

2. Critical Care Cardiology and Hypertension, 32

Alexander Goldfarb-Rumyantzev

3. Renal Failure and Renal Replacement Therapy, 64

Robert Stephen Brown
Alexander Goldfarb-Rumyantzev

4. Water and Electrolyte Disorders, 90

Robert Stephen Brown
Alexander Goldfarb-Rumyantzev

5. Acid-Base Disorders, 118

Alexander Goldfarb-Rumyantzev
Robert Stephen Brown

6. Infectious Disease in Critical Care Practice, 132

Alexander Goldfarb-Rumyantzev

7. Critical Care Gastroenterology, 180

Alexander Goldfarb-Rumyantzev

8. Hematology and Oncology Aspects of Critical Care, 198

Alexander Goldfarb-Rumyantzev

9. Rheumatology, Immunology, Allergy, 223

Alexander Goldfarb-Rumyantzev

10. Endocrinology Issues in Critical Care, 242

Alexander Goldfarb-Rumyantzev

11. Toxicology Highlights, 260

Alexander Goldfarb-Rumyantzev

12. Neurology Aspects of Critical Care, 265

Alexander Goldfarb-Rumyantzev

13. COVID-19 and Critical Care, 283

Alexander Goldfarb-Rumyantzev
Robert Stephen Brown

14. Useful Formulae and Abbreviations, 299

Alexander Goldfarb-Rumyantzev

Index, 309

xiii
This page intentionally left blank
 CHAPTER 1

Respiratory Failure
Alexander Goldfarb-Rumyantzev

Pulmonary
The chapter addresses two large areas of critical care medicine, speci¿cally, acute respiratory failure
and means of arti¿cial gas exchange, such as mechanical ventilation and extracorporeal membrane
gas exchange.

Diagnostic Tests
Chest X-Ray Assessment Algorithm
• Technical issues:
○ view (anterior-posterior/lateral), position/rotation

○ quality and penetration

○ inspiratory eort (number of ribs)

• Evaluate soft tissue

• Evaluate bones: ribs, vertebrae
• Heart, mediastinum, trachea
• Lungs contour: costo-diaphragmal angles, diaphragm, presence of pleural eusion/pneumothorax
• Lungs parenchyma:
○ dilated hila (dilated veins in congestive heart failure [CHF], dilated arteries in congenital defects,

lymph nodes, tumor masses)

○ changes in lung parenchyma (e.g., in¿ltrate, pulmonary edema)

Changes in lung parenchyma on CXR

Air space disease/ Interstitial disease

alveolar patterns (interstitial/vascular
markings)

• Solitary vs. disseminated

changes
• Consolidation of the
lung/lobe/segment
• Infiltrates/patchy infiltrates
• Cavities/nodules

Pulmonary Function Test Interpretation

The pulmonary function test is used to diagnose and stage restrictive (caused by extrathoracic or intra-
thoracic problem) or obstructive lung disease. Restrictive lung diseases cause problems that impair
lung expansion, which lead to decreased lung volume (e.g., obesity, interstitial lung disease). On the
other hand, in obstructive lung disease, lung volume is usually preserved, but there is an impairment
to air Àow, potentially caused by bronchospasm or other airway obstruction.

1
2 CHAPTER 1 Respiratory Failure

Interpretation of the results of pulmonary function test

Restrictive pattern: Obstructive pattern:

↓FEV1, ↓FVC ↓↓FEV1

Extrathoracic Intrathoracic Emphysema: Asthma:

restrictive restrictive ↓DLCO, ↓DLCO
(obesity, kyphosis): (interstitial lung ↑or N TLC
↓TLC, ↓DLCO disease):
↓TLC, ↓↓DLCO

Arterial Blood Gas Analysis

Acid-base disorder diagnostic algorithm
The following diagram provides the algorithm of interpretation of arterial blood gases (ABGs)
used in conjunction with plasma chemistry. To use this algorithm, ¿rst examine the pH and iden-
tify acidemia or alkalemia, then using the bicarbonate concentration from the serum electrolytes
and pCO2, identify whether the primary cause of the disorder is metabolic or respiratory. Finally,
perform a calculation to examine if secondary metabolic compensation for a primary respiratory
disorder or respiratory compensation for a primary metabolic disorder is appropriate. If not, there
is a second primary disorder, considered to be a “complex” (meaning more than one) acid-base
disorder, rather than a “simple” (meaning single) acid-base disorder underlying the observed
changes.

Uses four values: pH, pCO2, HCO3 , anion gap

pH—acidemia or alkalemia

Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

(pH and pCO2 change in the opposite direction) (pH and pCO2 change in the same direction)

No difference between acute and chronic

0.08 for each 10 only about 0.04 for each 10
mm Hg change in mm Hg change in pCO2 due
pCO2 initially to secondary metabolic
compensation taking place
over about 24 hours
disorders since secondary respiratory
compensation occurs immediately
However, metabolic acidosis may occur
with a normal anion gap or with an increased
anion gap, an important distinction pointing
to different etiologies
Please note that more extensive discussion on acid-base disorders is available in the Chapter 5 of
this book.

2.e1
 CHAPTER 1 Respiratory Failure 3

Pleural effusion
The normal amount of pleural Àuid is about 10 mL. Pleural eusion might be formed due to sev-
eral potential causes: increased Àuid formation (increased amount of interstitial Àuid in the lungs,
increased intravascular pressure in the pleura, decreased pleural pressure, increased permeability of
the pleura, increased pleural protein level, increased amount of peritoneal Àuid disruption of blood
vessels or lymphatics in the thorax) or decreased Àuid absorption (obstruction of the lymphatics
draining pleural Àuid, disruption of the aquaporin system in the pleura, elevated systemic vascular
pressure). The ¿rst diagnostic question of pleural Àuid analysis is if it represents a transudate or an
exudate.2

Pleural effusion

Exudate Transudate
(WBC >1000, LDH fluid-to-plasma ratio >0.6, • Nephrotic syndrome
protein fluid-to-plasma ratio >0.5) • CHF
• Cirrhosis

↑ ↓Glucose (<60) ↑
• Malignant • <7.0 - Empyema • Pancreatitis • Empyema • TB
• PE • >7.2 - Benign (parapneumonic) • Malignant
• TB
• Rheumatoid arthritis

Diagnostic thoracentesis is indicated if thickness

of pleural fluid on decubitus x-ray >10 mm
Another random document with
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Chrysanthemum ttafs (Schf.)
fuscatum Def.
Chrysanthemum sp. (= gantes (Mk.)
Pyrethrum)

Citrullus colocynthis ⎰ !hhadeg, hhedīg (Is.)

Schrad. ⎱ hhagg, hhegg (M. Sr. D.)

Citrus Limonum Risso. līm (Mus.)

var. pumila Risso.
Cleome arabica L. netēn (Is. F. Sr.)
Convolvulus arvensis L. 'aluaía (Mus.)
Coriandrum sativum L. kúsbara (F. Sr.)
Crepis bulbosa Tausch. hhabb-el-kúrkub (Sch.)
Cressa cretica L. melléhha (F.)
Cuminum Cyminum L. karúia (Mk.)
Cupressus sempervirens ssérrual (F.)
L.
Cydonia vulgaris L. ssaférgel (Mus.)
Cynara cardunculus L. chórschuf (F.)
ngim (A.)
⎧
Cynodon Dactylon L. ⎨ !nigm (M. Dr. F. Is.)
⎩
ra'āth (Is.)
Cynomorium coccineum ttarthūth (Is.)
L.
 D

⎰ ghelga, ghelqa (S. Sr.)

Daemia cordata R.Br.
⎱ hhalīb-ddába', -ddéba' (M.)

Danthonia Forsskalii V. abu-ruqba, bu-ruqba (Is.)

Deverra scoparia Coss. ⎰ bissbēss (Schf.)

D. ⎱ !qes.sáhh, qus.sähh (Ab. Is. Dr.)

Dipcadi serotinum Med. chad.da (Is.)

Diplotaxis erucoides ragmā (F.)
D.C.

⎰ tlibssān (libssān?) (M.)

Diplotaxis harra B.
⎱ ssémmeri (F.)

Ecballium Elaterium faqqutss-el-hhomēr (D.)

Rich. (= Momordica)

⎧ qernēna (M.)
⎪ schōk-nofēsch (Is.)
Echinops spinosus L. ⎨
⎪ teskerá (Is. D. F.)
⎩ tssarr, tssorr (Is. Sr.)

Echinopsilon muricatus ⎰ chamla (M.)

Moq.T. (= Kochia) ⎱ chobbēla (M.)
Echiochilon fruticosum hhommēr (Is.)
Desf.
hhaméret-el-'elq (M.)
⎧
hhamīmesch, hhemēmisch (Schf. Is.
Echium humile Desf. ⎨
Dr.)
⎩
hharrīsch (D.)
Eremopyrum Ravennae dīss (F.)
L. (= Erianthus)
Eryngium ilicifolium schōk-foqá'a (Is.)
Desf.
Erodium cicutarium Litt. reggem, reqem (Is. D.)
Erodium glaucophyllum timmēr-el-ghorāb (Is.)
Ait.

Erodium malacoides ⎰ hhansāb (D.)

l'Her. ⎱ timmēr (F.)

⎰ 'alegá (Ab.)
Ephedra alata Dcne.
⎱ 'alénda (Ab. Sr.)

Euphorbia globulosa sub-el-'arūss (F.)

Coss. D.
Euphorbia Guyoniana B.
R. ⎫
⎬ hhalīb-ddéba' (Mab. Sr. Mus.)
Euphorbia helioscopia L.
⎭
Euphorbia peplus L.

Euphorbia Guyoniana B. ⎰ gochaï̄s (M.)

R. ⎱ lebbēn, libbēn (Is.)
 F

⎰ girsch (F.)
Fagonia kahirina B.
⎱ schouēk (Is.)

Farsetia aegyptiaca qeddām, qedhām (Ab. Is.)

Turra.

Ferula vesceritensis ⎰ !kelch, kelách, klách (Is. A. D.)

Coss. ⎱ kulécha (S.)

Ficus Carica L. (der karám (M.)

Baum)
Ficus Carica L. (die kartōss (Sch. M.)
Frucht)
Ficus Sycomorus L. súqqum (Is.)
Filago spathulata Presl. 'ottóum (Is.)
Foeniculum vulgare L. dibscha (M.)
Forsskaolea tenacissima hhorréq (M. D.)
L.
Frankenia pallida B. R. rukal, rukl (D.)
Frankenia thymifolia Df. bahlūl-el-kubb, bahlūl-el-qub (Sr.)
Fumaria numidica Coss. uarāq-en-nssa, uráq-en-nssuá (Sr.)
Fungi, omnes fuqá'a (Sch. Is.)
 G

Gagea circinnata Dr. tallémt-el-ghasal (Is.)

Globularia alypum L. !tésselgha (Is.)

Gymnocarpos ⎰ !gifna (Is. Ab. F.)

fruticosum Pers. ⎱ hhármak (F.)

Halocnemum qorēna, qrena (Sr. S. D. Is.)

strobilaceum Moq.
Haloxylon articulatum
Bge. ⎱
!hhármak (Sr. Is. M.)
Haloxylon salicornicum ⎰
Bge.

Haloxylon articulatum ⎰ báqel (S.)

Bge. ⎱ rimth (Sr. Is. F. D.)

Haloxylon salicornicum báqel (Schf.)

Bge.
Haplophyllum figel, fijgel (Is. D.)
tuberculatum Juss.
Hedypnois polymorpha bes.sūl-naga, bis.s-en-nāqa (Is.)
D.C.
Hedysarum carnosum !ssilla (F.)
Desf.
Helianthemum ⎧ el-kersch (Ab.)
sessiliflorum Pers. ⎪
!erqá (Is. Ab.)
⎨
⎪ erqá-ue-raqīq (D.)
⎩
er-reqīq (Is.)
Helichrysum rupestre ferch-tauss (F.)
Raff.
Henophyton deserti hhalqa (Sr.)
Coss. D.
Hibiscus esculentus L. genaúija (Sr.)

⎰ ssbūl-el-fār (Is.)
Hordeum murinum L.
⎱ ssebūl-el-fār (Fil.)

Hordeum tetrastichum K. scha'īr-en-nébi (Is.)

var.
Hyoscyamus albus L. ssekerān (Sch.)

I. J

Imperata cylindrica L. dīss (M. F. Is.)

Juglans regia L. (Frucht) gōs (Mk.)
Juncus maritimus L. ssmār (Is. S.)
Juniperus phoenicea L. 'ar'ār (A.)
 K

Koelpinia linearis Pall. telmet-el-hhánesch

Lablab vulgaris Savi luáija, luuáije (Sch.)

Lactuca sativa L. ssalátta (F.)
Lactuca scariola L. ssēf-ghorāb (Mus. F.)
arssfá (M.)
⎧
Lavandula multifida L. ⎨ g'āida, (dsch'āda) (Schf.)
⎩
!saraqttūn (Is.)
Limoniastrum Feei Batt. hhámert-rāss,
⎰
Limoniastrum ⎱ hhámret-rāss (Ab. F. Is.)
Guyonianum Coss. D.
Limoniastrum sēta (D. Sr.)
Guyonianum Coss.

⎰ 'aūsseg (M.)
Lycium arabicum B.
⎱ 'oūsseg (Sr.)

⎰ ssennágh (Is.)
Lygeum Spartum L.
⎱ ssunnágh (Is.)
 M

Malcolmia aegyptiaca ghorēra (F.)

Del.
Malva parviflora L. chobbēs (M. D. Sr.)

⎰ qassūss (D.)
Marrubium deserti Noë
⎱ tameriūt (D.)

Medicago arabica All. reqta (F.)

Medicago hispida W. néfel (D. M.)
Medicago sativa L. hhasska (D.)
Melilotus indicus All. 'aklīl (Sr.)
Mentha piperita L. na'na'a (Sch. Sr.)
Mentha Pulegium L. fleīju (Mus.)

⎧ erschāsch (D.)
⎪ jakkumú (Is.)
Moricandia arvensis
⎨
D.C.
⎪ !kurúmb, krumb (Fil. Schf.)
⎩ kurúmb-el-bill (F.)

Nerium oleander L. défla, difla (Sr.)

Neurada procumbens L. ⎧ keff-ess-sseb'ā (Is.)
⎨
ssa'ād (Ab.)
⎩
 ⎩ !ssa'adān (Ab.)

Nigella sativa L. ssinúg (Sr.)

ferrāg (Is.)
⎧
Nitraria tridentata Del. ⎨ !ghárdeq (Is.)
⎩
ghérdel (S.)
Notoceras canariense diqlet-en-Nūr (Is.)
R.Br.

Ononis angustissima kuschā'l (Is.)

Lam.

Opuntia Ficus indica ⎰ hendi (Mus.)

Haw. ⎱ schōk-hendi (F.)

Peganum Harmala L. hhármal (M. F. Sr.)

Pennisetum dichotomum abu-roqba (Ab. F.)
Del.

Perideraea fuscata ⎰ qorttēfa (A. Is.)

Webb. (= Anthemis) ⎱ nuār-rabī' (Fil.)
Periploca laevigata Ait. ⎰ ddaru (Schf.)
⎱
hhállab (Ab.)
Petroselinum hortense maqdnūss (Mk. F.)
Hoffm.
dhēl-el-charūf (Is.)
⎧
Phalaris minor Retz. ⎨ ssbul-el-fār (Is.)
⎩
ssebūl-el-fār (Fil.)

⎰ dhanūn (F. A. Is.)

Phelipaea violacea Desf.
⎱ 'erq-dhanūn (F.)

Phoenix dactylifera L. nachl (Is.)

busēt (F.)
⎧
Phragmites communis L. ⎨ dīss (Is.)
⎩
lirā' (Is. M.)
Picridium tingitanum chorēsch-el-erneb (Is.)
(Reichardia) Desf.
Pimpinella Anisum L. bessbēss, bessbāss (Sr. Schl.)
Pinus halepensis L. sembeīe (Is.)
(Zapfen)
Pistacia Terebinthus L. bettóm (Sr.)
(= P. atlantica Df.)
Plantago albicans L. élma (D. Is. F. M. Schf. S.)

⎰ bugenáhh (M.)
Plantago coronopus L.
⎱ kera'a-dgāga (Fil. F. Sch. Mus.)

⎰ odhna (Fil.)
Plantago Lagopus L.
⎱ rutilla (M.)
Plantago major L. matssātssa (Mab.)
Podospermum telma (Fil. Is.)
laciniatum D.C.
Pulicaria inuloides D.C. gremmēn (Mab.)
Pyrus communis L. ansásch (Mus.) [für: ingatss?]
Pyrus Malus L. tiffáhh (Mus.)

Raphanus sativus L. chárdal, chardel (Mus. Mk. F.)

Rapistrum Linnaeanum tlibssān (Fil. M.)
R.Br.

Reaumuria vermiculata ⎰ chorēsch (S.)

L. ⎱ karaschūn (Ab.)

Reseda Alphonsi dhirbān, dhiribān, dherenbān (D.)

Müll.Arg.

Reseda neglecta ⎰ dhēl-el-qatt.tt (Is.)

Müll.Arg. ⎱ dhrimbāl (Is.)

⎰ dhenb-el-charūf (Is. Schf. Ab.)

Reseda propinqua R.Br.
⎱ tamr-ghorāb (Is.)

⎰ rétam (F.)
Retama Raetam Webb.
⎱ rtém (Sr.)

Rhanterium adpressum 'árfeg, 'árfag (Is. Ab. Sr.)

Df.
Rhus oxyacantha Cav. ⎰ gedari (Sr.)
⎱
!lekk, leqq (S. Sr. Is.)
Ricinus communis L. chárua' (M. Sr. F.)
Rubia tinctorum L. fua (Sch.)

Rumex conglomeratus ⎰ lissān-báqar (Sch.)

L. ⎱ qarssa, qartssa (Mab.)

Rumex vesicarius L. hhommēdda (D.)

Saccharum spontaneum dīss (Is.)

L.

⎰ chorēsch (Is.)
Salicornia fruticosa L.
⎱ qorēna, qrēna (Sr. S. D. Is.)

⎰ gell, gill (F. M. Is. D.)

Salsola tetragona Del.
⎱ hhármak (Sr. Is. M.)

⎰ uūssra (D.)
Salsola vermiculata L.
⎱ sserīf (Fil. Is. Schf.)

⎰ baraqatūm (Is.)
Salvia lanigera Poir.
⎱ chaijātta (Is.)

Scirpus litoralis Schr. tāb (Is.)

⎰ qernēna (F.)
Scolymus hispanicus L.
⎱ sernīsch (Is.)
Scorzonera undulata gīs (Is. S. D.)
Vahl.

Senebiera Coronopus ⎰ hhorf (M. A. F.)

Poir. ⎱ kera'a-dgāga (Fil. F. Sch. Mus.)

Sonchus maritimus L. ssēf-ghorāb (Mus. F.)

Sonchus oleraceus L. tifāf, tilfāf (F. Fil.)
Statice Bonduelli Lest. hharscha, hharssa (F.)
Statice Limonium L. tésselgha, tésselqa (F.)
chorēsch (Is.)
⎧
Statice pruinosa L. ⎨ girsch (S.)
⎩
kuschā'l (Sch.)

⎰ chad.da (Is. D.)

Statice Thouinii Viv.
⎱ rīsch-el-cholār (F.)

Stipa tenacissima L. (= hhalfa (F.)

Macrochloa)
ssbūl-el-fār (Is.)
⎧
Stipa tortilis Df. ⎨ ssebūl-el-fār (Fil.)
⎩
tssemmā' (Is.)
Suaeda fruticosa L.
⎱
Suaeda vermiculata ssuēd (Dr. A. Sr.)
⎰
Forsk.
Suaeda pruinosa Lge. kubb (F. M.)
⎰
Suaeda vermiculata ⎱ chorēsch (F. S.)
Forsk.
Suaeda vermiculata qūm (B. F.)
Forsk.

Tamarix articulata V. éthel, athl (Sr.)

Tamarix brachystylis ttarfa (S.)
Gay.

⎧ matelān, metlēn (S.)

⎪ metlēn-hhorr (S.)
Thymelaea hirsuta L. ⎨
⎪ !methnēn, metnēn (Is.)
⎩ methnēn-bohhli (Ism.)

Thymelaea microphylla ⎰ methnēn-chorēsch (D.)

Coss. D. ⎱ metlēn-koslēn (S.)

damerān (Sr.)
⎧
Traganum nudatum Del. ⎨ !dhamarān (Ab. Schf. Sr.)
⎩
gifela (Is.)
Tylostoma Boissieri T. tischt-edd-ddaba' (Is.)
Typha angustifolia L. berbēt (Is.)

U
Urtica urens L. herrēq, hhorrēq (M. D.)

Vicia calcarata Desf. ssilla (F.)

Vicia faba L. fūl (Is.)

Withania somnifera Dun. 'allēq-dhīb (Mus.)

⎰ ssidr (Is. D. Sr.)

Ziziphus Lotus L.
⎱ tssidr (Is. D. Sr.)

⎰ safsāf (F.)
Ziziphus Spina-Christi L.
⎱ tssaftssāf (F.)

Zollikoferia mucronata B. lisslīss, lissliss (Is.)

Zollikoferia nudicaulis B. roqēm (D. Is. M.)
Zollikoferia resedifolia ⎧ kera'a-dgāga (M. F.)
Coss. ⎪
el-makár (Ab.)
⎨
⎪
 ⎪ tallémt-el-hhánesch (Is. D.)
⎩
telmet-el-hhánesch (S.)

⎰ láhhiet-gid.di (Is.)
Zollikoferia spinosa B.
⎱ léhhja-gid.dí (M.)

bilbāl (D.)
⎧
Zygophyllum cornutum
⎨ bu-qrēba (Dr. Ab. Is. Sr. Schf. F.)
Coss.
⎩
qudh.dham (M.)
 ABTEILUNG V

ARABISCHE PFLANZENNAMEN
AUS DEMKÜSTENLAND UND DEM TELL-BERGLAND
VON NORDOST-ALGERIEN
(BONA, LA CALLE UND HAMMĀM-MESKUTĪN)
ZUSAMMENGESTELLT NACH AUFZEICHNUNGEN IN DEN JAHREN 1908 UND
1910

ABKÜRZUNGEN:
Bona (B.) — La Calle (LaC.) — Hammâm-Meskutîn (H-M.)

A. ARABISCH-LATEINISCH GEORDNETER TEIL

a' b ch d -ds e' f

‫ا‬ ‫ب‬ ‫خ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ف‬
g h hh i. j k l
‫ج‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ح‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ك‬ ‫ل‬
m n q r s ss
‫م‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ز‬ ‫س‬
sch t th tss tt u
‫ش‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ص‬ ‫ط‬ ‫و‬

a'
‫ا‬

a'aqqarr (B.) ‫عقار‬ Phytolacca dioica L.

abi-neggār (B.)
a'in-baqar (H-M.)
akutun, aktūn (B.)
'allēq (B. H-M.)
almēlai-al'ali (B.) ‫المولى العالي‬
'amb-edh-dhīb
'aneb-edh-dhīb (H-M.)
'ánfes (B.)
'ántssal (B. H-M.)
asās (LaC.)
'aschba-kull-blía' (B.) ‫عشبه كل البليع‬
ballūtt-qescherīt (LaC.)
barrāka (LaC. B.)
baruēq (H-M.)
b'atssūtss-el-charūf (B.)
bebrūss (B.)
beqūqa, bqūqa (B.)
belgh-erniss (B.)
‫ابي نجار‬ Centaurea calcitrapa L.
Prunus domestica L.
‫اكتون‬ Chenopodium murale L.
Rubus discolor Weihe.
Bellis annua L.
Smilax aspera L.
‫عنفز‬ Trixago apula St.
‫عنصل‬ Urginea maritima Bak.
Daphne gnidium L.
Salvia bicolor Desf.
b
‫ب‬
Quercus Suber L.
Secale cereale L.
Asphodelus fistulosus L.
Reseda alba L.
‫بيبروس‬ Allium triquetrum L.
‫بقوقع‬ Arum italicum L.
‫ ⎰ بلغ الرنيس‬Umbellifer. sp. radix
⎱
 Sisymbrium officinale L.
bel-memūn, ‫⎰ بالميمون‬
Tamus communis L.
ben-memūn (B.) ‫بن ميمون‬ ⎱

belssfeng (B.) ‫بلسفنج‬ Viola odorata L.

berāqa (B.) ‫براقه‬ Phalaris caerulescens
Desf.

berr-ess-ssmūn, ‫⎱ برالسمون‬
Chloris Gayana Kth.
brssmūn (B.) ‫⎰ برسمون‬
beruāq (B.) ‫برواق‬ Asphodelus fistulosus L.
bessbēss-berri (B.) ‫بسبس برى‬ Conium maculatum L.
betssūl-elqétt.tta (H-M.) Sedum caeruleum Vahl.
bibrāss (H-M.) Allium subhirsutum L.
bibrūss (LaC.) Allium triquetrum L.
bissbéss (H-M.) Foeniculum vulgare L.
bohorr-el-berri (B.) ‫البهرالبري‬ Ornithogalum arabicum
L.
borbēt (LaC.) Iris Pseudacorus L.
btssal-dhīb (B.) ‫بصال ذيب‬ Muscari comosum
btssel-edh-dhīb (B.) ‫بصل الذيب‬ Urginea maritima Bak.
bugranān (H-M.) Inula viscosa Ait.
bu-gremēn (H-M.) Pulicaria viscosa L.
bu-hhad.dād (B.) ‫بو الحداد‬ Erica arborea L.
bu-mergūf (B.) ‫بو مرجوف‬ Hyoscyamus albus L.
bu-náfua', bū-néf'a (B.) ‫بو نافع‬ Cachrys peucedanoides
 Desf.
‫بو نجار‬ !Centaurea calcitrapa L.
⎧
(‫)بو نجار‬ Carlina corymbosa
bu-neggār (B. H-M.) ⎨
⎩ Eryngium triquetrum
Desf.
buqq (H-M.) Scolymus maculatus L.
bu-qra'ūn (B.), buqraōn ‫بو قراعون‬ Papaver Rhoeas L.
(H-M.)
bu-qornēn, bu-qornūn Trapa natans L.
(LaC.)
burgēm, bursēm (H-M.) Chrysanthemum
Clausonis Pom.
bursām, bursēm-el- Chrysanthemum
abjadd (H-M.) Coronarium L.
bu-schenēf, bu-eschnāf ‫بو الشناف‬ Erodium chium L.
(B.)
buschnēf (B. H-M.) !Borago officinalis L.
bu-schuēscha, bu- Trifolium repens L.
schuīscha (LaC. H-M.)
bu-tssāla, ‫⎰ بو الصله‬
Osyris alba L.
bu-tssāla' (B.) ‫⎱ بو الصالح‬
butssēla (H-M.) Scilla peruviana L.
bu-tssūfa (H-M.) Rosa canina L.

ch