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Advances in Microbe-
assisted Phytoremediation
of Polluted Sites
Advances in Microbe-
assisted Phytoremediation
of Polluted Sites
Edited by
Kuldeep Bauddh
Department of Environmental Sciences,
Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Ying Ma
Centre for Functional Ecology,
Department of Life Sciences,
University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Elsevier
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by
the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices,
or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein.
In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the
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products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-12-823443-3
Contributors...........................................................................................................................................xv
Zaira Khalid
Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Prem Chand Kisku
School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Department of Geology, Central University of Punjab,
Bathinda, Punjab, India
Anup Kumar
Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Vipin Kumar
Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian
School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India
Vineet Kumar
Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University,
Kanpur, UP, India
Amit Kumar
Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow, India
Manoj Kumar
Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand,
India
Sanjeev Kumar
Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand,
India
Narendra Kumar
Department of Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow,
UttarPradesh, India
Raushan Kumar
Central University of Jharkhand, Environmental Sciences, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Khushbu Kumari
Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Priyanka Kumari
Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Muhammad Laiq
Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
Pakistan
Anissa Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui
Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant
(UCEIV-UR 4492), SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Calais cedex, France
Ying Ma
Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra,
Portugal
xviii Contributors
Lala Saha
Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand,
India
Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu,
Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
Gauri Saxena
Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow, India
Mehran Shirvani
Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan,
Iran
Bhaskar Singh
Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
Shreya Singh
Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand,
India
Ritu Singh
Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
Soni Kumari Singh
Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India
Ravi Prakash Srivastava
Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow, India
Ankit Abhilash Swain
Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, Jharkhand,
India
Preetanshika Tracy
Department of Environmental Microbiology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Olga Turkovskaya
Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Saratov, Russia
Abid Ullah
Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa,
Pakistan
Pramila Devi Umrao
Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University,
Kanpur, UP, India
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In any event Pelias thought he had a good excuse not to keep his
end of the bargain with Jason, a common enough denouement in
itself, one that has been acted out untold times in both history and
fiction.
That is the plot of the legend, as related only to the probable fact
of the fleece’s existence. How the fleece came into being, that is,
how the golden ram descended from the heavens first into Greece
and then betook himself to the far off country of Colchis to be
slaughtered for his radiant coat, all would seem to lie in the realm of
pure myth. So would many other imaginative passages of the legend
as recited variously by bards who have embroidered on the tale.
And, of course, the episodic adventures of the Argonauts have little
or no bearing on the plot.
The story in its origin does appear to have been simply that of a
Greek expedition bent on military commerce in the Black Sea, the
first organized fur trading voyage in recorded history.
From the ancient Greeks, too, comes the English word which
describes the fur skin of an animal. Pelt, a contraction of peltry from
the old Anglo-French pelterie, is derived from the Greek pelta. A
pelta was a half shield made of the skin of an animal. It was carried
by the warriors of Greece and later by the Romans. A foot soldier
armed with a pelta and a short spear or javelin was called a peltast.
Hence also the verb pelt, used to indicate repeated blows by striking
or hurling missiles, as against a pelta.
Although the Greeks had competition on occasion from the
Persians and others, they drove a great trade in the Black Sea for
over a thousand years. At the Bosphorus they founded Byzantium,
one of the world’s best known emporiums. Great quantities of fur
trimmings for the tall bonnets and robes of the Mesopotamians were
traded there. The felting used so extensively by the Scythians, as
well as the valuable pelts which the Israelites used as temple
decorations and as offerings to the deity, all passed through this
famous fur market. And of course from Byzantium came the pelts
which the Greeks themselves used so extravagantly as house
decorations and body raiment, especially battle dress.
After the Romans took over Greece’s trade, they in turn carried on
a brisk commerce in pelts through Byzantium where lambskin,
marten, sable and ermine were exacted in vast quantities as tribute.
The market for pelts expanded tremendously under Rome’s
driving demand for luxuries. From the Slavic steppes and forests and
from the shores of the Black and Caspian Seas came all manner of
pelts. Furs of the finest quality—pure white ermine, black fox and
silvery sable—along with silks and gems, came by trade caravan
from Mongolia and Cathay, across the Asian wastes. Down the Nile
from deep in Africa travelled Ethiopians bearing their lion and
leopard skins. Arabian traders, having learned the law of the
monsoon winds, crossed the Indian Ocean to bring prime pelts as
well as spices and other riches from Hindustan and the Malay
Archipelago to the Mediterranean.
Italy was the main center of the world’s commerce in pelts, with
the Romans reaching out not only for the far eastern trade in
precious fur such as sable and ermine but into northern Europe, to
Flanders and even into Scandinavia for beaver, otter and bear—and
for more ermine. For ermine was becoming the garment of state
wherever royalty held court, pure white ermine being held in highest
esteem. Demand for this regal fur far exceeded the means of supply.
Not until the Germanic hordes cycloned down from the north did the
impetus of this Italian trade in fine pelts abate.
Then all trade, culture, and even most western knowledge of the
world, shrank almost into oblivion. The Dark Ages settled down upon
civilized Europe.